Search

Contemporary conservation science requires mediating conflicts among nonhuman species, but the grounds for favoring one species over another can be unclear. We examined the premises through which wildlife managers picked sides in an interspecies conflict: seabird conservation in the Gulf of Maine (GOM). Managers in the GOM follow a simple narrative dubbed the gull problem. This narrative assumes Larus gulls are overpopulated and unnatural in the region. In turn, these assumptions make gulls an easy target for culling and lethal control when the birds come into conflict with other seabirds, particularly Sterna terns. Surveying historical, natural historical, and ecological evidence, we found no scientific support for the claim that Larus gulls are overpopulated in the GOM. Claims of overpopulation originated from a historical context in which rising gull populations became a nuisance to humans. Further, we found only limited evidence that anthropogenic subsidies make gulls unnatural in the region, especially when compared with anthropogenic subsidies provided for other seabirds. The risks and consequences of leveraging precarious assumptions include cascading plans to cull additional gull populations, obfuscation of more fundamental environmental threats to seabirds, and the looming paradox of gull conservation—even if one is still inclined to protect terns in the GOM. Our close look at the regional history of a conservation practice thus revealed the importance of not only conservation decisions, but also conservation decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El palangre de superficie es un arte pesca dirigido a la captura de peces pelágicos, el cual puede enganchar especies vulnerables como tiburones, tortugas, aves y mamíferos marinos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la incidencia de estos grupos en la pesca de barcos nodrizas ecuatorianos. La base de datos fue proporcionada por el Instituto Público de Investigación de Acuicultura y Pesca, correspondiendo a registros de observadores a bordo, para el período 2019-2023. La principal carnada utilizada fue Dosidicus gigas. Se encontró el uso de anzuelos tipo “C” y “J”, siendo el segundo el más utilizado. Un total de 14 especies de tiburones, una de raya (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) y una de mantarraya (Mobula birostris) incidieron en la pesca con palangre. Prionace glauca, Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis, A. superciliosus e Isurus oxyrinchus tuvieron la incidencia anual más alta. La incidencia de tiburones mostró una baja relación con la cantidad de lances. Las aves marinas reportadas fueron 25 especies, alimentándose o deambulando. Oceanites gracilis y Procellaria parkinsoni tuvieron la mayor incidencia. Los delfines fueron los mamíferos marinos más representativos, el Género Delphinus fue el más abundante, sin evidencia de mortalidad. Las tortugas Chelonia mydas y Lepidochelys olivacea presentaron registros recurrentes, mientras que Caretta caretta y Dermochelys coriacea fueron esporádicas. Los tiburones fueron el único grupo que presentó mortalidad, mientras que, las tortugas presentaron lesiones corporales sin mortalidad. Bajo este escenario, es necesario desarrollar y aplicar medidas de manejo que promuevan la protección de las especies vulnerables.

Seabirds interact with fishing vessels to consume fishing discards and baits, sometimes resulting in incidental capture (bycatch) and the death of the bird, which has clear conservation implications. To understand seabird–fishery interactions at large spatiotemporal scales, researchers are increasing their use of simultaneous seabird and fishing vessel tracking. However, vessel tracking data can contain gaps due to technical problems, illicit manipulation, or lack of adoption of tracking monitoring systems. These gaps might lead to underestimating the fishing effort and bycatch rates and jeopardize the effectiveness of marine conservation. We deployed bird‐borne radar detector tags capable of recording radar signals from vessels. We placed tags on 88 shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea, Calonectris borealis, and Calonectris edwardsii) that forage in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem. We modeled vessel radar detections registered by the tags in relation to gridded automatic identification system (AIS) vessel tracking data to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of seabird–vessel interactions and identify unreported fishing activity areas. Our models showed a moderate fit (area under the curve >0.7) to vessel tracking data, indicating a strong association of shearwaters to fishing vessels in major fishing grounds. Although in high‐marine‐traffic regions, radar detections were also driven by nonfishing vessels. The tags registered the presence of potential unregulated and unreported fishing vessels in West African waters, where merchant shipping is unusual but fishing activity is intense. Overall, bird‐borne radar detectors showed areas and periods when the association of seabirds with legal and illegal fishing vessels was high. Bird‐borne radar detectors could improve the focus of conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "island syndrome" refers to similarity in the biology of island organisms, but its generality is questionable, as the scope of species and traits examined are often limited. Here, I show that birds breeding exclusively on islands (breeding island endemics) evolved smaller clutches, using a dataset of 4,530 bird species. Using an inclusive definition of a breeding island endemic, which also encompasses migratory species and seabirds, I examine the evolution of clutch sizes in island breeding species using phylogenetic generalized linear models. Across disparate phylogenetic hypotheses, and after accounting for biological and geographical co-variables, I show that breeding island endemic landbirds (470 species) evolved smaller clutch sizes than continental breeding species (3,818 species). I show that the evolution of clutch size follows the expectations of the island syndrome, as among breeding island endemic landbirds there is a positive relationship between clutch size and breeding range area. Finally, I reinforce the view that the island syndrome is a general pattern in birds, spanning diverse phylogenetic and ecological groups, by showing that in a seabird-only dataset (242 species), breeding island endemic seabirds show evolution of smaller clutch sizes. In a model of the full dataset of both landbirds and seabirds (4,530 species) there was no evidence of an interaction of being a seabird with breeding island endemicity, showing that seabirds and landbirds respond in the same way. This study, using more than 40% of all bird species, provides the first evidence of a general evolutionary response in a life history trait, clearly showing the island syndrome as a general evolutionary tendency associated with island environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanding use of wind farms as a source of renewable energy can impact bird populations due to collisions and other factors. Globally, seabirds are one of the avian taxonomic groups most threatened by anthropogenic disturbance; adequately assessing the potential impact of off-shore wind farms (OWFs) is important for developing strategies to avoid or minimize harm to their populations. We estimated avoidance rates of OWFs--the degree to which birds show reduced utilization of OWF areas--by Sandwich Terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) at 2 breeding colonies in western Europe: Scolt Head (United Kingdom) and De Putten (the Netherlands). The foraging ranges of birds from each colony overlapped with multiple OWFs. We modeled GPS tracking data using integrated step selection functions (iSSFs) to estimate the relative selection of habitats at the scale of time between successive GPS relocations--in our case, 10 min, in which Sandwich Terns traveled ~2 km on average. Besides the effects of OWFs and the direct surroundings of OWFs, iSSFs considered distance from the colony and habitat characteristics (water depth and sediment grain size) as well as movement characteristics. Macro-avoidance rates, where 1 means complete avoidance, were estimated at 0.54 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.7) for birds originating from Scolt Head and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.56) for those from De Putten. Estimates for individual OWFs also indicated avoidance but were associated with considerable uncertainty. Our results were inconclusive with regard to the behavioral response to the areas directly surrounding OWFs (within 1.5 km); estimates suggested indifference and avoidance, and were associated with large uncertainty. Avoidance rate of OWFs significantly increased with turbine density, suggesting that OWF design may help to reduce the impact of OWFs on Sandwich Terns. The partial avoidance of OWFs by Sandwich Terns implies that the species will experience risks of collision and habitat loss due to OWFs constructed within their foraging ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seabirds spend most of the year offshore, out of human sight, covering great distances while migrating and foraging for food often in remote areas of the high seas. Several small seabirds that anthropogenic activities might threaten have hitherto remained untracked. One such species is the anti-tropical White-faced Storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina. Indeed, its movements and activity patterns are largely unknown, although often regarded as dispersive. In this study, we aimed to identify the post-breeding movements and the daily activity patterns of White-faced Storm-petrels breeding in Cabo Verde (P. m. eadesorum). We tracked five adults with geolocators (GLS) between 2019 and 2022 and modelled their routes using Satellite Geolocation for Animal Tracking (SGAT). We programmed geolocators to record when the bird was dry or on the water to understand their daily activity patterns during the non-breeding period. Results showed that the White-faced Storm-petrels breeding in Cabo Verde are truly migratory, heading towards the northwest Atlantic in May-June and returning in October-November through the northeast towards Cabo Verde, following a clockwise movement. Birds spent the non-breeding period in areas associated with seamounts along the mid-Atlantic Ridge and south of the Azores. In addition, we found that the species is mainly active at night during the non-breeding season, suggesting that it takes advantage of the diel vertical migration of zooplankton and nekton associated with seamounts. The time spent on the water increased before returning to the colony, probably due to reduced flying ability during the moulting period. Our data add to the growing evidence that the North-central Atlantic is a crucial location for the conservation of pelagic seabirds and highlights the need to protect these remote areas from the increasing human impact on the high seas.—Medrano, F., Repullés, K., Militão, T., Leal, A. & González-Solís, J. (2024). Migratory movements and activity patterns of White-faced Storm-petrels Pelagodroma marina breeding in Cabo Verde. Ardeola, 71: 101-118. Las aves marinas pelágicas pasan la mayor parte del año en alta mar, recorriendo grandes distancias y a menudo en áreas remotas poco protegidas de alta mar. Considerando que varias especies de aves marinas pueden estar siendo afectadas por actividades antrópicas durante su migración, es relevante conocer las zonas visitadas durante esta etapa. Una especie cuya migración es poco conocida es el paíño pechialbo Pelagodroma marina. Hasta ahora, no se había investigado si realizan una migración o solo existe dispersión. Además, la especie es nocturna durante la incubación y diurna/nocturna durante la cría del pollo, pero no se conocen sus patrones de actividad durante la migración. En este estudio, caracterizamos los movimientos migratorios del paíño pechialbo en Cabo Verde (P. m. eadesorum), rastreando seis adultos con geolocalizadores (GLS) entre 2019 y 2022, y modelamos sus rutas migratorias. Para comprender su actividad diaria fuera, registramos el tiempo que pasan en el agua mediante geolocalizadores. Los resultados mostraron que la especie migra en mayo-junio dirigiéndose hacia el noroeste del Atlántico, y regresan en octubre-noviembre por el noreste hacia Cabo Verde, en el sentido de las agujas del reloj. Las principales áreas no reproductivas están ubicadas a lo largo de la Dorsal Atlántica y al sur de Azores, un área con numerosos montes submarinos. Los datos de actividad mostraron que la especie es principalmente nocturna y que el tiempo que pasan en el agua tiende a aumentar antes de regresar a la colonia, probablemente debido a una capacidad de vuelo disminuida durante el proceso de muda. Nuestros datos se suman a la evidencia que muestra que el Atlántico norte central es un sitio clave para la conservación de las aves marinas pelágicas y resalta la necesidad de proteger estas áreas remotas para mitigar los crecientes impactos de las actividades humanas en alta mar.—Medrano, F., Repullés, K., Militão, T., Leal, A. y González-Solís, J. (2024). Movimientos migratorios y patrones de actividad de los paíños pechialbos Pelagodroma marina que anidan en Cabo Verde. Ardeola, 71: 101-118. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean Shag Gulosus aristotelis desmarestii is a conservation priority seabird endemic to the Mediterranean and Black Seas that is considered a valuable sentinel of marine ecosystem health. However, knowledge of its population size and dynamics in the Adriatic Sea is limited. Here, the majority of the population breeds in Croatia, with a high proportion of birds migrating northwards to the Gulf of Trieste and Venice Lagoon during the non-breeding period. To bridge this knowledge gap, a first coordinated census was undertaken in 2020 and 2021 in the Adriatic region (Italy, Slovenia and Croatia), which supports 20-33% of the total non-breeding Mediterranean subspecies population. In 2020 a total of 4,993 birds were counted while in 2021 the count was 4,871. Italy hosted the largest number of birds (x̄ = 3,040), followed by Croatia (x̄ = 951) and Slovenia (x̄ = 941), with most of the birds (c. 69%) roosting on mussel farms. To fully comprehend the non-breeding population dynamics, we conducted an estimation of the 13-year (2010-2022) population trend in the Gulf of Trieste. During this period, the population strongly declined (–44.7%) for reasons yet to be identified. In 2012-2014, a population fluctuation coincided with an exceptionally wet winter and spring at the Croatian breeding colonies. It is possible that changes in migration strategy, such as new migratory routes, by this partial migrant may have partially offset the decline of birds in the Gulf of Trieste, as the Venice Lagoon population increased during the same period. Overall, the Adriatic population appears to be declining and yet subject to dynamic changes in its non-breeding distribution. To fully comprehend the reasons behind this trend, further research of both breeding and non-breeding populations is necessary. —Scridel, D., Utmar, P., Koce, U., Kralj, J., Baccetti, N., Candotto, S., Ciriaco, S., De Luca, M., Pascucci, M., Sartori, A., Tinarelli, R., Sava, S., Vicario, G. & Spoto, M. (2024). Conservation status of the Mediterranean Shag Gulosus aristotelis desmarestii in the Adriatic Sea during the non-breeding period: baseline population, trends, threats and knowledge gaps. Ardeola, 71: 19-42. El cormorán moñudo mediterráneo Gulosus aristotelis desmarestii es una especie prioritaria de conservación, endémica del mar Mediterráneo y el Mar Negro, y se considera un valioso centinela de la salud del ecosistema marino. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre el tamaño y la dinámica de la población de G. a. desmarestii en el Mar Adriático es limitado. Aquí, la mayoría de la población se reproduce en Croacia, con una alta proporción de aves que migran hacia el norte hasta el golfo de Trieste y la laguna de Venecia durante el período no reproductivo. Para cerrar esta brecha de conocimiento, se realizó un primer censo coordinado en 2020 y 2021 en la región del Adriático (Italia, Eslovenia y Croacia), que alberga del 20% al 33% de la población total de la subespecie mediterránea en el período no reproductivo. En 2020 se contabilizaron un total de 4.993 aves, mientras que en 2021 la cifra fue de 4.871. Italia albergó el mayor número de aves (x̄ = 3,040), seguida de Croacia (x̄ = 951) y Eslovenia (x̄ = 941), y la mayoría de las aves (aproximadamente el 69%) se posaron en granjas de mejillones. Para comprender completamente la dinámica de la población en el período no reproductivo, se realizó una estimación de la tendencia de la población en el golfo de Trieste durante 13 años (2010-2022). Durante este período, la población ha experimentado un fuerte declive (–44.7%) por razones aún por identificar. En 2012-2014, se observó una fluctuación temporal de la población coincidiendo con un invierno y primavera excepcionalmente húmedos en las colonias de reproducción croatas. Además, es posible que los cambios en la estrategia de migración (es decir, nuevas rutas migratorias) de esta especie parcialmente migratoria hayan contrarrestado la disminución de las aves en el golfo de Trieste, ya que hubo un aumento de la población en la laguna de Venecia durante el mismo período. En general, la población del Adriático parece estar disminuyendo y su distribución en el período no reproductivo está sujeta a cambios dinámicos. Para comprender completamente las razones detrás de esta tendencia, se necesitan investigaciones adicionales sobre la población en período reproductivo y no reproductivo.—Scridel, D., Utmar, P., Koce, U., Kralj, J., Baccetti, N., Candotto, S., Ciriaco, S., De Luca, M., Pascucci, M., Sartori, A., Tinarelli, R., Sava, S., Vicario, G. y Spoto, M. (2024). Estado de conservación del cormorán moñudo mediterráneo Gulosus aristotelis desmarestii en el mar Adriático durante el período no reproductivo: población de referencia, tendencias, amenazas y lagunas de conocimiento. Ardeola, 71: 19-42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of the sixth mass extinction, limited resources are forcing conservationists to prioritize which species and places will receive conservation action. Evolutionary distinctiveness measures the isolation of a species on its phylogenetic tree. Combining a species' evolutionary distinctiveness with its globally endangered status creates an EDGE score. We use EDGE scores to prioritize the places and species that should be managed to conserve bird evolutionary history. We analyzed all birds in all countries and important bird areas. We examined parrots, raptors, and seabirds in depth because these groups are especially threatened and relatively speciose. The three focal groups had greater median threatened evolutionary history than other taxa, making them important for conserving bird evolutionary history. Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, New Zealand, and the Philippines were especially critical countries for bird conservation because they had the most threatened evolutionary history for endemic birds and are important for parrots, raptors, and seabirds. Increased enforcement of international agreements for the conservation of parrots, raptors, and seabirds is needed because these agreements protect hundreds of millions of years of threatened bird evolutionary history. Decisive action is required to conserve the evolutionary history of birds into the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has resulted in a marked advancement in the breeding phenology of many bird species. Since the timing of many monitoring programs is based on calendar dates, changes in the timing of birds' breeding seasons may result in a mismatch with the census period. Using data from a long-term population study of Common Murres (Uria aalge; Common Guillemots in Europe) on Skomer Island, Wales, together with simulations, we show that the 2-week advance in the timing of breeding in Common Murres between 1973 and 2020 has serious implications for the timing of census counts. We show that because censuses have traditionally been conducted during the same fixed calendar period each year, the size of the breeding population has been underestimated. We recommend that censuses of breeding seabirds be made relative to the median egg-laying date rather than on specific calendar dates. Since climate change has resulted in a widespread advance in the timing of birds' breeding seasons in the northern hemisphere, our results may be relevant to Common Murres at other colonies, and to other bird species worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the projected increases in shipping activity and hydrocarbon extraction globally, there is an increased risk of negative ecological impacts from oil pollution on the marine environment, including seabirds. Oil Vulnerability Indices (OVIs) are a common approach to assess seabird species vulnerability to oil pollution and to identify where species are most at risk, typically across regional spatial scales and for a relatively limited number of species. This approach generally requires comprehensive data on at-sea distributions and densities; however, for many regions, these data are limited. We present a simplified OVI to assess seabird species vulnerability to oil pollution. To create the spatial component of the OVI, we used a predictive foraging radius approach, using existing colony size and foraging range data, to project at-sea distributions of seabird populations during the breeding season. We demonstrate this approach over a large spatial scale, the eastern North Atlantic, which includes areas where seabird at-sea data are lacking. Our results reveal areas off west Greenland, Iceland, and Norway where seabirds are most vulnerable to oil pollution during the breeding season, largely driven by large colonies of auks (Alcidae). We also identify locations along the coast of mainland Norway, Iceland, and Scotland, where seabirds are particularly at risk to oil pollution associated with major shipping routes. Identifying areas where species are most at risk can help inform where, and which, measures should be put in place to mitigate the impacts of oil pollution, such as protecting and avoiding high risk areas, for example, through adopting dynamic Areas to be Avoided (ATBAs). Our simplified OVI combined with the predictive foraging radius approach can be adapted to other regions globally that lack seabird-at-sea distribution data, to other marine wildlife, and to assess risk from hydrocarbon extraction and other anthropogenic threats, including fishing activities and offshore renewable developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man-made debris is a global problem for seabirds because it is ingested by many species. Markham's Storm Petrel Hydrobates markhami, which breeds in the Atacama Desert and is endemic to the Humboldt Current in the eastern South Pacific, has been poorly studied in this regard. Earlier studies found low levels of man-made debris in the species' diet. We quantified the present-day frequency-occurrence of man-made debris in fledglings and adults of Markham's Storm Petrel in Chile. We found that 16 of 25 fledglings and all adults contained man-made debris in their digestive tract, indicating the prevalence of man-made debris in this species' diet is higher than previously reported. Additional work is needed to assess the importance of this finding to conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Censos recientes revelan un declive poblacional acusado de la gaviota patiamarilla Larus michahellis en buena parte de su área de distribución. Ya a mediados de la década de 2010 se registró en la costa vasca un declive cercano al 50% respecto al censo de 2007. Tras repetir el censo en 2021, el objetivo de este artículo es (1) actualizar el tamaño poblacional de la especie en la región, (2) calcular su tendencia y (3) evaluar su actual estado de conservación. En términos absolutos la población ha pasado de un promedio de unas 4200 parejas reproductoras durante la década de 2000 a 1861 parejas en 2021 (56% de disminución). Hay pequeñas colonias, especialmente en torno al estuario del río Nervión, para las que no se tienen datos en 2021, por lo que la cifra dada para este año sería ligeramente mayor. Regionalmente, no obstante, se observan diferencias notables. En Gipuzkoa la población ha disminuido un 6%, mientras que en Bizkaia el declive alcanza un 82%. El número de colonias tiende a disminuir ligeramente, pasando de un máximo de 27 colonias en la década de 2000 a 24 en 2021. Además, el número de colonias con más de 100 parejas ha pasado de 10 durante la década de 2000 a 4 en la actualidad. Cabe mencionar: (1) el fuerte descenso o práctica desaparición de las que fueron las colonias más importantes de la costa vasca, situadas en Bizkaia (destacan en este contexto Lekeitio, Izaro y Aketx) y (2) el mantenimiento de las colonias más orientales, situadas en Gipuzkoa, que convierte a Ulia en la colonia más numerosa de la costa vasca en la actualidad. Otro aspecto de interés es la creación de nuevas colonias en el denominado Gran Bilbao, ubicadas a lo largo del estuario del Nervión. De continuar el declive, la especie podría rarificarse como reproductora en varios tramos de costa y pasar a estar casi amenazada. Abstract : Recent studies suggest a severe decline in yellow-legged gull populations across much of their distribution range. Already by the mid 2010s, the Basque coast was found to suffer declines of nearly 50% as compared to the global census conducted in 2007. After repeating the census in 2021, the aim of this study is to (1) update the population size of the breeding population of the yellow-legged gull on the Basque coast, (2) estimate its trend and (3) evaluate and update its conservation status. Overall, the population dropped from ca. 4200 adult breeding pairs during the first decade of the 21st century to 1861 pairs in 2021 (a 56% decline). There are a number of small colonies, especially around the Nervión river mouth, for which there was no data in 2021, so the actual population for that year may in fact be slightly higher. We also detected regional differences. In Gipuzkoa, the population was observed to decrease just 6%, whilst in Bizkaia the decline was 82%. The number of colonies also declined overall, from 27 colonies during the first decade of the 21st century to 24 in 2021. Moreover, the number of colonies with more than 100 pairs was found to decline from 10 during the first decade of this century to 4 in 2021. Overall, it must be emphasised that the main colonies existing in Bizkaia during the decade of 2000 are now in decline or have disappeared (e.g., Lekeitio, Izaro and Aketx), whilst the most eastern colonies located in Gipuzkoa seem to remain stable, hence Ulia is now the main yellow-legged gull colony of the Basque coast. Another interesting aspect is the creation of colonies around the Nervión river mouth, within the so-called Gran Bilbao. Should this steep decline continue, the species may become rare as a breeding bird in many areas along this coast, and may even be considered as being almost threatened.

Presencia marginal de plástico en nidos de gaviotas patiamarillas (Larus michahellis) en el sureste del golfo de Vizcaya El enredo en nidos y el consumo de plástico pueden ser algunas de las causas de mortalidad en los pollos de varias especies de aves marinas. Los desechos de plástico se eligen como material para la construcción de los nidos y, según se ha podido evaluar, la presencia de plástico en los nidos de las colonias de aves marinas es abundante. En este estudio, determinamos la utilización de desechos antropogénicos en la construcción de los nidos de una población de gaviotas patiamarillas, Larus michahellis, que depende en gran medida de los vertederos para buscar alimento. En 2019, se tomaron muestras de dos colonias del sureste del golfo de Bizcaya, en España: Getaria, donde no se encontró ningún desecho, y Ulia, donde el 40 % de los nidos tenía algún tipo de material artificial, aunque en todos los casos estos desechos representaron menos del 5 % de la superficie del nido. De estos nidos, uno tenía un trozo de tela, cinco tenían cuerdas y 20 tenían plásticos de embalaje flexible. Estos resultados contrastan con otras especies de aves marinas que se enfrentan a problemas de conservación debido al uso creciente de plástico para construir los nidos. Habida cuenta de la reducida presencia de restos artificiales (principalmente plástico) en los nidos de este estudio, es poco probable que se produzca mortalidad por el enredo en material de desecho o su ingestión.

Our results indicate that the abundance of forage fish rarely affects predator productivity, which suggests that the extra-precautionary management of forage fish would rarely achieve the intended benefits for marine predator populations. Keywords: ecosystem-based fisheries management; ecosystem models; forage fish; marine mammals; precautionary management; predator-prey dynamics; seabirds; small pelagics; aves marinas; dinámicas depredador-presa; mamíferos marinos; manejo de pesquerías basado en el ecosistema; manejo precautorio; modelos de ecosistemas; peces pelágicos pequeños EN ecosystem-based fisheries management ecosystem models forage fish marine mammals precautionary management predator-prey dynamics seabirds small pelagics aves marinas dinámicas depredador-presa mamíferos marinos manejo de pesquerías basado en el ecosistema manejo precautorio modelos de ecosistemas peces pelágicos pequeños 1540 1551 12 10/05/21 20211001 NES 211001 Introduction Forage fish are small pelagic fish (e.g., herrings, sardines, and anchovies) that provide benefits to both people and marine ecosystems. We quantified the frequency with which forage fish abundance influences predator productivity and used these findings to reflect on the extent to which extra-precautionary regulations on forage fish are likely to have the intended benefits for their predators. [Extracted from the article]

Identifying drivers of ecosystem change in large marine ecosystems is central for their effective management and conservation. This is a sizable challenge, particularly in ecosystems transcending international borders, where monitoring and conservation of long-range migratory species and their habitats are logistically and financially problematic. Here, using tools borrowed from epidemiology, we elucidated common drivers underlying species declines within a marine ecosystem, much in the way epidemiological analyses evaluate risk factors for negative health outcomes to better inform decisions. Thus, we identified ecological traits and dietary specializations associated with species declines in a community of marine predators that could be reflective of ecosystem change. To do so, we integrated count data from winter surveys collected in long-term marine bird monitoring programs conducted throughout the Salish Sea--a transboundary large marine ecosystem in North America's Pacific Northwest. We found that decadal declines in winter counts were most prevalent among pursuit divers such as alcids (Alcidae) and grebes (Podicipedidae) that have specialized diets based on forage fish, and that wide-ranging species without local breeding colonies were more prone to these declines. Although a combination of factors is most likely driving declines of diving forage fish specialists, we propose that changes in the availability of low-trophic prey may be forcing wintering range shifts of diving birds in the Salish Sea. Such a synthesis of long-term trends in a marine predator community not only provides unique insights into the types of species that are at risk of extirpation and why, but may also inform proactive conservation measures to counteract threats--information that is paramount for species-specific and ecosystem-wide conservation.

The Great Barrier Reef is an iconic ecosystem, known globally for its rich marine biodiversity that includes many thousands of tropical breeding seabirds. Despite indications of localized declines in some seabird species from as early as the mid‐1990s, trends in seabird populations across the reef have never been quantified. With a long history of human impact and ongoing environmental change, seabirds are likely sentinels in this important ecosystem. Using 4 decades of monitoring data, we estimated site‐specific trends for 9 seabird species from 32 islands and cays across the reef. Trends varied markedly among species and sites, but probable declines occurred at 45% of the 86 species‐by‐site combinations analyzed compared with increases at 14%. For 5 species, we combined site‐specific trends into a multisite trend in scaled abundance, which revealed probable declines of Common Noddy (Anous stolidus), Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscatus), and Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), but no long‐term changes in the 2 most widely distributed species, Greater Crested Tern (Thalasseus bergii) and Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster). For Brown Booby, long‐term stability largely resulted from increases at a single large colony on East Fairfax Island that offset declines at most other sites. Although growth of the Brown Booby population on East Fairfax points to the likely success of habitat restoration on the island, it also highlights a general vulnerability wherein large numbers of some species are concentrated at a small number of key sites. Identifying drivers of variation in population change across species and sites while ensuring long‐term protection of key sites will be essential to securing the future of seabirds on the reef. Article Impact Statement: Four decades of monitoring reveals troubling trends for seabird breeding populations across the Great Barrier Reef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeledonia is the property of Asociacion Ornitologica de Costa Rica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El propósito fue determinar el nivel de cumplimiento en la protección de las aves marinas, para ello se realizó un análisis documental de los Reglamentos de Organización y Funciones, así como el marco normativo nacional e internacional con un enfoque de competencias a fin de identificar que competencias eran compartidas y exclusivas, se encontró que si está establecido las entidades nacionales con competencias exclusivas y compartidas como el MINAM, SERFOR, SERNANP, PRODUCE, IMARPE, AGRORURAL por lo tanto se concluye que, si está determinado las competencias, pese a ello, aún no se aprobó el Plan Nacional de Conservación de Aves Marinas, por lo que el nivel de protección de las aves marinas desde la implementación de planes de gestión es insuficiente.

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ardeola is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Ornitologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Caribbean Ornithology is the property of Society for the Conservation & Study of Caribbean Birds and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Las asociaciones entre aves marinas y mamíferos marinos es un evento común en todos los mares y océanos del mundo. Muchos autores han denominado estas asociaciones como relaciones comensalistas, oportunistas o parasitarias, según el efecto que dicha interacción resulte sobre una o ambas especies relacionadas. Con la finalidad de describir la existencia de agrupaciones entre Sotalia guianensis y aves marinas en la porción sur del Golfo de Venezuela, desde junio 2011 a junio 2012 se realizaron observaciones en plataformas móviles de grupos de este cetáceo y aves marinas, utilizando el protocolo "group-follow" bajo la metodología de "Ad libitum sampling". Todos los avistamientos fueron georreferenciados, realizándose anotaciones de la ocurrencia o no-asociación con aves marinas, de igual forma, se registró la especie y el número de aves presentes al momento de la interacción. Se realizaron 721 avistamientos, de los cuales en 197 eventos se registró asociación entre aves marinas y Sotalia guianensis. Las especies de aves marinas residentes que presentaron mayor frecuencia en eventos de asociación con S. guianensis fueron: Fregata magnificens (49%; n=98), Phalacrocorax brasilianus (29,5%; n=59) y Pelecanus occidentalis (22,5%; n=45); siendo Thalasseus maxima (71%; n=142) la única especie migratoria. Durante las observaciones realizadas en el período de muestreo se notó la presencia de una especie de golondrina (Riparia riparia) en un solo evento de agrupación con Sotalia guianensis. Dichas asociaciones aves-delfines, sólo fueron observadas cuando notables congregaciones de peces fueron registrados, donde el o los grupos de delfines realizaban alguna actividad con grandes movimientos de agua, lo que pudiese permitir a las aves realizar un menor gasto energético en la ubicación y la captura de la presa.

How did Fletcher Christian, leader of the mutiny on the Bounty, find Pitcairn Island when the supposed location was 342 km west of its actual location? This study in applied historical geography explores whether seabirds were the potential navigational beacons pointing to the whereabouts of Pitcairn. Flight distances are drawn from seabird foraging range studies that employed Global Positioning System (GPS) with tracking devices. These data are used to construct foraging range buffers around Pitcairn and the other three islands of the Pitcairn Islands (Oneo, Henderson, and Ducie). The results indicate that seabirds effectively extend island sighting distance and perhaps guided Christian to Pitcairn Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografía (RBMO) is the property of Universidad de Valparaiso, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) breeding at inland lakes in North America have experienced significant population declines since the 1960s. Although management actions aimed at mitigating effects of habitat loss and predation have been largely effective, numbers continue to decline, which suggests that the population may be limited during the nonbreeding season. Between 2013 and 2015, we used light-level geolocators to track Common Terns nesting at 5 inland colonies--from Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada, to the eastern Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada--to identify migratory routes and stopover and wintering sites and to determine the strength of migratory connectivity among colonies. Within 46 recovered tracks, we found evidence of a longitudinal gradient in use of migration routes and stopover sites among colonies and identified major staging areas in the lower Great Lakes and at inland and coastal locations along the Atlantic coast, Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico. Low migratory connectivity across inland colonies illustrates high intermixing within wintering sites, with many birds spending the nonbreeding season in Peru (70%) and the remainder spread throughout the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America. While the large spatial spread and intermixing of individuals during the nonbreeding season may buffer local effects of climate change and human disturbance, the aggregation of individuals along the coast of Peru could make them vulnerable to events or changes within this region, such as increased frequency and intensity of storms in the Pacific, that are predicted to negatively influence breeding productivity and survival of Common Terns. Identifying sources of mortality during the nonbreeding season, quantifying winter site fidelity, and reinforcing the importance of continued management of inland breeding colonies are vital priorities for effective conservation and management of this vulnerable population. Los individuos de Sterna hirundo que crían en los lagos del interior en America del Norte han experimentado disminuciones poblacionales significativas desde los 1960s. Aunque las acciones de manejo dirigidas a mitigar los efectos de la perdida de habitat y la depredación han sido enormemente efectivas, los numeros continuan disminuyendo, sugiriendo que la poblacion puede estar limitada durante la estacion no reproductiva. Entre 2013 y 2015, usamos geo-localizadores de nivel de luz para seguir a individuos de S. hirundo anidando en cinco colonias tierra adentro desde el Lago Winnipeg, Manitoba hacia el este en la region de los Grandes Lagos, para identificar las rutas migratorias y los sitios de parada e invernada, y para determinar la fortaleza de la conectividad migratoria entre las colonias. De los 46 recorridos recuperados, encontramos evidencia de un gradiente longitudinal en el uso de rutas migratorias y sitios de parada entre las colonias e identificamos las principales areas de parada en la parte baja de los Grandes Lagos y en sitios tierra adentro y costeros a lo largo de la Costa Atiantica, Florida y el Golfo de Mexico. Una baja conectividad migratoria de las colonias tierra adentro muestra una alta entremezcla adentro de los sitios de invernada, con muchas aves pasando la estación no reproductiva en PerU (70%) y el resto distribuidos a lo largo del Golfo de Mexico, America Central y noroeste de Sud America. Mientras que la gran distribucion espacial y la entremezcla de individuos durante la estacion no reproductiva pueden amortiguar los efectos locales del cambio climático y los disturbios humanos, la agregacion de individuos a lo largo de la costa de Peru podría hacerlos vulnerables a eventos o cambios dentro de esta region, como el aumento en la frecuencia e intensidad de tormentas en el Pacífico que se predice que influenciarán negativamente la productividad reproductiva y la supervivencia de S. hirundo. Identificar las causas de mortalidad durante la estacion no reproductiva, cuantificar la fidelidad a los sitios de invernada y reforzar la importancia de un manejo continuo de las colonias reproductivas tierra adentro son prioridades vitales para la conservacion y el manejo efectivo de esta poblacion vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Red-billed Tropicbird is listed as a threatened species in Mexico. There is a notable lack ofbasic information about this species in the world. Between January-May 2015 and 2016 weconfirmed its nesting on Clarion Island (there were reports and counts of couples flying around theisland, but no evidence of nests). We estimate approximately 48 nesting couples on the island. Thebreeding season occurs between the months of December and May. When comparing our datawith a report of couples flying in 1990 it seems that the population has remained relatively stablefor the last 25 years.

We reviewed available information on seabirds inhabiting Easter Island, Salas y Gómez Island and Desventuradas Islands and their adjacent waters through an analysis of published and grey literature. Results obtained indicate that a total of 37 species are present in the study area and that, among the orders represented, the Procellariiformes and Charadriiformes are the dominant taxa (29 species). Moreover, the family Procellariidae is represented by 13 species and Laridae by 7 species. There has been an increase in new records over the past six years but no systematic studies have been developed. The need for further research that focuses on ecological aspects and anthropogenic impacts is critical in order to develop adequate conservation strategies.

The masked booby (Sula dactylatra dactylatra) colony at Middle Cay, Pedro Bank, 60 miles south of Jamaica, has been affected by challenges resulting from anthropogenic disturbances. Despite habitat degradation, the colony displays resilience by remaining extant on the cay. Between June 2008 and June 2009 we investigated the colony’s health (mainly breeding success). Data were collected once per month for twelve months and included one day, seven day and 24 hour (day and night continuous observational) sojourns. Forty-four nests were marked and monitored using a novel method for marking seabird nests based on painted seashells. Data collected from the colony included: the presence/absence/number of egg(s)/chick(s) in nests, offspring maturity, adult attendance at nests and the time of data collection. An average of 227 adult birds constituted the colony. Using the Mayfield Method and the “Naïve Estimator” for comparison, the colony’s breeding success was determined to be 37.20% despite a hatching success of 40% and a fledgling success of 93%. This is less than the estimated 45.77% success typical of healthy colonies of sulids such as the masked booby elsewhere. Based on the breeding success calculations the long term survival of this colony is at risk and needs active conservation.

Entre agosto de 1997 y abril de 1998, se evaluó, al sur de la punta guanera de San Juan de Marcona, la mortandad de las poblaciones de aves marinas. Especies de alimentación exclusivamente pelágica y de distribución restringida al ámbito de la Corriente Peruana, como las aves guaneras Pelecanus thagus, Sula variegata y Phalacrocorax bougainvillii, el pingüino Spheniscus humboldti y el zarcillo Larosterna inca, mostraron una correlación significativa en el comportamiento mensual, relacionados con la temperatura superficial del mar y con la ausencia del recurso anchoveta Engraulis ringens durante el evento "El Niño". Otras especies consideradas en el análisis presentaron una mortandad diferente, como la gaviota de Franklin Larus pipixcan y la gaviota gris Larus modestus, en ambos casos, las especies se alimentaron de recursos alternativos, como Calosoma sp. y Emeríta analoga, respectivamente.

En este trabajo se analiza la evolución de la población de gaviota patiamarilla Larus michahellis Naumann, 1840 en Gipuzkoa, con el fin de determinar si esta población ha aumentado o no durante los últimos años. Se desarrolla un modelo de crecimiento poblacional a partir de datos de censos llevados a cabo en tres colonias de referencia (Ulia-Faro, Santa Clara y Geteria), para el periodo 2000-2013, mediante el programa TRIM. La población estudiada ha pasado de 354 parejas (pp.) en 2000 a 299 pp. en 2013. Observamos un ajuste malo de nuestros modelos (modelo de crecimiento nulo y modelo que estima un cambio log-lineal de la población) a los datos que, no obstante, tanto para todas las colonias como para cada una de las colonias por separado, el modelo que estima un cambio log-lineal se ajusta mejor a los datos. Globalmente, la tendencia de las colonias es incierta (estable). Por colonias, las tendencias son dispares, lo cual indicaría dinámicas distintas. En el caso de Ulia la colonia disminuye durante el periodo de estudio, mientras que en Santa Clara la colonia es estable, y en Getaria aumenta. Globalmente, durante el periodo de estudio, el descenso de Ulia se habría compensado con las tendencias observadas en las otras dos colonias.

The island of Kaua'i, Hawaii, USA, holds a large breeding populations of the endangered Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and a majority of the world population of the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus newelli). We evaluated island-wide population trends of both species. For Newell's Shearwaters, we considered radar counts at 13 sites between 1993 and 2013 and annual island-wide tallies of fledglings retrieved after being grounded by light attraction in 1979-2015 (Save Our Shearwaters [SOS] program}. For Hawaiian Petrels, we considered radar counts alone. Radar data indicated a 78% decline overall in numbers of Hawaiian Petrels (at an average rate of ~6% per year) and a 94% decline overall in numbers of Newell's Shearwaters (at an average rate of ~13% per year) during the survey period. Most (92%) radar sites showed significant declines of Newell's Shearwaters across the entire survey period, as did 62% of sites for Hawaiian Petrels. The SOS recovery effort collected 30,522 Newell's Shearwater fledglings between 1979 and 2015. When we compared this dataset in pre- and post-Hurricane Iniki (September 1992) periods, we found a significant downward trend after Hurricane Iniki, similar to the trend seen in the radar data. The large-scale declines found in this study are not surprising, considering the significant threats facing both species on Kaua'i, which include powerline collisions, light attraction, introduced predators, and habitat modification--threats which were potentially exacerbated after Hurricane Iniki. Improved conservation initiatives and an increased understanding of the various threats facing the 2 species are key to reversing these declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Red-billed Tropicbird is listed as a threatened species in Mexico. There is a notable lack of basic information about this species in the world. Between January-May 2015 and 2016 we confirmed its nesting on Clarion Island (there were reports and counts of couples flying around the island, but no evidence of nests). We estimate approximately 48 nesting couples on the island. The breeding season occurs between the months of December and May. When comparing our data with a report of couples flying in 1990 it seems that the population has remained relatively stable for the last 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se analizó la relación entre la variabilidad de la tasa de captura incidental de aves marinas en la pesquería palangrera pelágica de pez espada (Xiphias gladius) y diversos factores temporales, ambientales, espaciales y pesqueros, entre 2007 y 2009. Los resultados muestran que las operaciones de pesca de esta flota afectan principalmente a los albatros, grupo que concentra el 83,7% de la captura incidental de aves marinas registrada en el período. Esta captura incidental se debe en primera instancia a la presencia del Frente Subtropical del Pacífico Sur, sistema que provoca la sobreposición entre la actividad de esta flota con la distribución espacial de aves marinas durante la fase residente del período no reproductivo. La variabilidad en esta captura incidental estaría fuertemente relacionada a los estímulos visuales (medido mediante el porcentaje de luces químicas y porcentaje de calamar) y las condiciones de luminosidad ambiental existentes en los períodos de forrajeo diurno y nocturno de estas aves marinas durante el calado (medido a través del desfase de la hora del ocaso con respecto a la hora de inicio del calado y fase lunar).We analized the relationship between the variability in the rate of seabird bycatch in pelagic longline fishery for swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and several temporary, environmental, spatial and fisheries factors for the fishing period from 2007 to 2009. The results show that the fishing operations of this fleet mainly affect the albatross, group that accounts for 83.7% of the incidental catch of seabirds recorded in the period. This bycatch is due primarily to the presence of the South Pacific Subtropical Front, a system that causes the overlap between the activities of this fleet with the spatial distribution of these seabird species during the resident phase of the nonbreeding period. By the other hand, the variability in bycatch would be strongly linked to visual stimuli (measured by the percentage of chemical lights and percentage of squid) and the existing ambient lighting conditions during the set (measured by the lag time of sunset with respect to time start set and lunar phase).

Environmental education strategies have customarily placed substantial focus on enhancing ecological knowledge and literacy with the hope that, upon discovering relevant facts and concepts, participants will be better equipped to process and dissect environmental issues and, therefore, make more informed decisions. The assumption is that informed citizens will become active citizens--enthusiastically lobbying for, and participating in, conservation-oriented action. We surveyed and interviewed and used performance data from 432 participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST), a scientifically rigorous citizen science program, to explore measurable change in and links between understanding and action. We found that participation in rigorous citizen science was associated with significant increases in participant knowledge and skills; a greater connection to place and, secondarily, to community; and an increasing awareness of the relative impact of anthropogenic activities on local ecosystems specifically through increasing scientific understanding of the ecosystem and factors affecting it. Our results suggest that a place-based, data-rich experience linked explicitly to local, regional, and global issues can lead to measurable change in individual and collective action, expressed in our case study principally through participation in citizen science and community action and communication of program results to personal acquaintances and elected officials. We propose the following tenets of conservation literacy based on emergent themes and the connections between them explicit in our data: place-based learning creates personal meaning making; individual experience nested within collective (i.e., program-wide) experience facilitates an understanding of the ecosystem process and function at local and regional scales; and science-based meaning making creates informed concern (i.e., the ability to discern both natural and anthropogenic forcing), which allows individuals to develop a personalized prioritization schema and engage in conservation action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Eastern Tropical Pacific is well known for its diverse fauna, the seabirds occurring off Costa Rica's Pacific coast have received little scientific attention. With seabirds now the fastest declining avian group, a better understanding of seabird diversity and abundance in this region is urgently needed. We report on observations of Costa Rica's Pacific seabirds made during 19 days of observations on 11 offshore trips from 2006-2010. We provide, for the first time, spatially and seasonally explicit information on the distribution of 41 species of seabirds (nine families). Species diversity is higher during the dry-wet season (36 species) and wet-dry season transitions (36 species) than during the dry season (19 species). The fauna included three threatened species (Pterodroma phaeopygia, Procellaria parkinsoni, and Puffinus creatopus) and two near-threatened species (Psueudobulweria rostrata and Thalasseus elegans), highlighting the importance of Costa Rican waters for the conservation of seabirds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En 1998 y 1999 revisé las colonias de aves acuáticas que anidan en Isla San Jorge, La Purinera e Isla Montague, en el norte del Golfo de California, al igual que la de lobos marinos de la Isla San Jorge. Encontré que El Niño coincidió con que los bobos cafés de San Jorge dejaran de anidar y se ausentaran de la isla, al tiempo que llegaban varios miles de bobos de patas azules. Las condiciones de El Niño coincidieron con un incremento en el número de individuos anidantes de gallitos menor, elegante y máximo y de rayadores, en Montague. Ni los patos buzo orejones en San Jorge, ni los gallitos menores en La Purinera, ni las garzas níveas, perros de agua , gaviotas risueñas, ni gallitos picogrueso, en Montague, parecen haber sido afectados. Los lobos marinos en San Jorge duplicaron aproximadamente su población, sin que esto repercutiera sobre la producción de crías. La Niña coincidió con un regreso de las poblaciones de las especies anteriores a las condiciones previas a El Niño. Además, durante 1999 en San Jorge anidaron gaviotas plomas y patos buzo de Brandt. Esa gaviota había dejado de anidar hacía mucho tiempo en San Jorge, y el pato buzo nunca se había registrado anidando ahí. Es prematuro concluir si estos registros fueron resultado de La Niña o de fenómenos en otra escala. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2003.42.3.944

Between 1999 and 2003 we collected information on the breeding distribution and abundance of 12 seabird species occurring on nine islands off the coasts of north and central Chile (27°-33°S). The Peruvian booby Sula variegata was the most abundant seabird with a breeding population of ca. 18,000 pairs concentrated in two islands, followed by the Humboldt penguin Spheniscus humboldti with ca. 9,000 pairs, the largest colony being at Chañaral Island with ca. 7,000 pairs. Kelp gulls Larus dominicanus bred at all the surveyed sites in colonies of variable size, ranging from 40 to 2,000 pairs. Peruvian diving-petrels Pelecanoides garnotii and Peruvian pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis bred at restricted sites, but generally in large colonies. Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, wedge-rumped storm-petrels Oceanodroma tethys, Neotropical cormorants Hypoleucos brasiliensis, guanay cormorants Leucocarbo bougainvillii, red-legged cormorants Stictocarbo gairmardi, band-tailed gulls Larus belcheri and Inca terns Larosterna inca nested at few sites forming small colonies (from a few to 150 pairs). Two new breeding sites are reported for the Peruvian diving-petrel and nesting of the wedge-rumped storm-petrel is confirmed on the Chilean coast for the first time. Despite protective status, most of the islands showed human disturbance, derived mainly from guano harvesting, egging and tourism. On at least five of these islands we were able to confirm introduced mammals including rats, rabbits and cats. These factors are likely to be detrimental to seabirds and thus demand detailed assessment. Further comprehensive ornithological surveys in other areas are needed so as to improve the scarce knowledge that we currently have on the seabird populations along the Chilean coast

We analyzed a collection of 738 bird bones, representing a minimum of 71 individuals, found in a settlement of hunter-gatherers from the mid-Holocene, 5,000 years BP, in the coastal locality of Chan Chan, southern Chile. The camp was inhabited for over ca. 500 years, during which time a steady hunting pressure on the local marine resources was exerted, particularly on seabirds. The most abundant taxon (bones/number of individuals) was the red-legged cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi (551/44) which was also the prey which provided the highest edible proportion of body mass. Albatrosses Thalassarche cf. melanophris (103/12) and shearwaters Puffinus cf. griseus (20/5) were secondary prey. Cormorants were presumably hunted at their breeding colonies (which are still present in the area) so it is probable that egging also occurred. Because they are pelagic, albatrosses could have been hunted at sea, but the adequate technology for this (boats, hooks) is not apparent in the archaeological record. The bird assemblage obtained in the sample does not qualitatively differ from that of the present, indicating a reasonable stability in species richness from the considered period until the present. The high diversity of coastal resources in Chan Chan was likely important in leading to the, at least seasonal, occupation of these areas by hunter-gatherers and also may have encouraged the development of the adequate technology for the exploitation of these resourcesSe analizaron 738 restos óseos de aves, correspondientes a un mínimo de 71 individuos, encontrados en un asentamiento de cazadores-recolectores del Holoceno medio, 5.000 años AP, en la localidad costera de Chan Chan, sur de Chile. El campamento fue habitado durante al menos 500 años, tiempo durante el cual se ejerció una presión de caza persistente sobre los recursos marinos locales, particularmente las aves marinas. El taxón más numeroso (restos/ número de individuos) fue el lile Phalacrocorax gaimardi (551/44) que además fue la presa comestible más aprovechable. Albatros Thalassarche cf. melanophris. (103/12) y fardelas Puffinus cf. griseus (20/5) fueron presas secundarias. Los cormoranes fueron presumiblemente cazados en sus colonias reproductivas (las que aún existen en la zona) por lo que es probable que también se hayan consumido los huevos. Por sus hábitos pelágicos, los albatros pudieron haber sido cazados en el mar, aunque la tecnología necesaria para ello (botes, anzuelos) aún no ha sido demostrada en el registro arqueológico. El ensamble avifaunístico de la muestra no difiere cualitativamente del actual, lo que indica una estabilidad en la riqueza de especies desde el período considerado hasta el presente. La gran diversidad de recursos costeros de Chan Chan habría sido importante en la ocupación de estos sectores por grupos de cazadores-recolectores, al menos estacionalmente, lo que además habría estimulado el desarrollo de tecnologías para su explotación