Search

Economic relations among allied countries have long been examined in international relations, but research usually focuses on trade. In this paper, I apply and extend this argument to inward foreign direct investment (IFDI). Three cases of Chinese capital intended for investment in the United States (US) were examined to investigate whether the security relations with the partner country affect state decision-making regarding accepting IFDI. I demonstrated that the policy of accepting IFDI varied by whether the investing company’s home country was an ally of the US. Implications of these findings are discussed, for example, globalization of capital will expand between allies and be limited with non-allies.

To promote and raise the awareness of accurate knowledge on pesticide residues, the symposium program on risk communication on pesticide residues was held by the broadcasted online style. The risk communication program was statistically evaluated using a pre- and post-program online questionnaire survey. We had the questionnaire answers of the 105 valid participants. The analysis of post-program questionnaires shows that the risk communication program was effective in terms of levels of understanding and interest. Pre-program risk perception or awareness of safety assessments was significantly and positively correlated with awareness for establishing standard values of pesticide residues by the analysis of pre-program questionnaires. Risk perception after the program was significantly higher than before the program, suggesting that risk perception increased due to the program by analysis the same question between pre- and post-program questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis suggests that the participants with higher pre-program awareness of safety assessments or pre-program awareness for establishing standard values appeared to have higher levels of understanding and post-program risk perception.

戦争を防ぐにはどのような方法が可能であるかという古典的な問いに対して、国際政治学においては、世論に平和教育を施せば、戦争を起こそうとする為政者を止めることが出来るのではないかという処方箋が、長らく論じられてきた。本稿は、この古典的な命題を、世論調査の結果を用いて客観的に検証するものである。特に、朝鮮戦争の事例を取り上げて、世論の担い手である公衆が戦争を阻止する可能性の有無及び公衆が戦争推移に及ぼす影響の有無について、検討しようとするものである。分析の結果、朝鮮戦争の事例は、①世論は、後に誤りであると考えられる戦争であっても、当初は支持してしまうこと、②誤りであると認識して世論が不支持を表明しても、終結させることが困難であること、の2点を、重要な含意として示すものであることが明らかとなった。

The purpose of this study is to consider the “alienness” and the “otherness” in “Self”, and the inside and outside of “Self”, and the boundary between them, by focusing on the unconsciousness and the body. “Self” is not monolithic, but it contains something which one can not readily feel as one’s own or does not want to feel one’s own. The unconsciousness and the body, in particular, are felt alien to “Self”, and carry even the “otherness” as well, in that we can not control them completely. This indicates that the structure of “self inside/ others outside” is not always conclusive, or the inside and outside of “Self” are not fi xed statically, but they exist changing places or intertwining at various levels. The inside and outside of “Self”, and the boundary between them, are considered being referred to the sociological concept of “stranger”. From the viewpoint of psychology, it is supposed that “stranger” exists not only outside of “Self”, but also inside of “Self”. This means that relation not only with the outside “stranger”, but also with the inner “stranger” forms the boundary between the inside and the outside of “Self ”. That boundary continues to be updated （renewed）constantly, and we usually have to concern ourselves in the subject of the “alienness” and the “otherness” to be oneself. Then it is indicated that “Self” is a dynamic process itself over its inside and outside. On the basis of this discussion, it is also pointed out that perceiving “Self” from the manysided and fl exible viewpoint is required in psychological clinic.

［目的］本研究の目的は，THA術後早期の靴下着脱方法と股関節屈曲可動域の関連を検討することである。［対象］THA術後3～5週経過した男女74名（81関節）を対象とした。［方法］各対象者の靴下着脱方法を記録し，座位，長座位，正座位，臥位o立位，自助具の使用の5つのパターンに分類し，各着脱方法間での股関節屈曲可動域を比較した。［結果］臥位o立位での方法が32.1％と最も多く，次いで正座位，座位と自助具の使用，長座位の順であった。また，股関節屈曲可動域は各方法間で有意差が認められた。［結語］THA術後早期の股関節屈曲可動域は靴下着脱方法に影響を与えることから，THA術後の靴下着脱方法の指導の一助となることが期待された。

n-Amyl alcohol was examined as a source for the synthesis of the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) unit of the biopolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)), by Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp. and several methylotrophic bacteria. A. eutrophus and Ps. lemoignei synthesized P(3HB-co-3HV) from glucose and n-amyl alcohol under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Many of methylotrophic bacteria grown on methanol synthesized the copolyester from methanol and n-amyl alcohol under nitrogen-deficient conditions. The content and composition of the polyester varied from strain to strain. Paracoccus denitrificans differed from all others in having a higher content of 3-hydroxyvalerate units in the copolyester synthesized.

Strains of two types of methylotrophic bacteria, Paracoccus denitrificans and Methylobacterium extorquens, synthesized the copolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) when methanol and n -amyl alcohol were added together to nitrogen-limited medium. The composition of the copolyester differed considerably between the two strains: the copolyester from P. denitrificans was comparatively rich in 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). The 3HV content of the copolyester synthesized by this strain increased with increasing concentrations of n -amyl alcohol. Its maximum content was 91.5 mol% under the conditions used. In M. extorquens, the maximum 3HV content was limited to 38.2 mol%. Since n -amyl alcohol served as a substrate for a standard methanol dehydrogenase, the enzyme was proposed to oxidize both methanol and n -amyl alcohol in the first step of copolyester synthesis from these substrates by methanol-grown cells.

Many types of myosin have been found and characterized to date, and already nearly 20 classes have been identified. However, these myosin motors can be classified more simply into two groups according to their head-structure, i.e. double- or single-headed myosins. Why do some myosin motors possess a double-headed structure? One obvious possible reason would be that the two heads improve the motor's processivity and sliding performance. Previously, to investigate the possibility that the double-headed myosins simultaneously interact with parallel arrayed two actin filaments in the presence of Mg-ATP, we developed an in vitro assay system using actin bundles formed by inert polymers. Using that system, we show here that skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM), a double-headed myosin derivative, but not subfragment-1 (S-1), a single-headed one, was able to contract or elongate actin bundles in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar elongation or contraction of actin bundles can also be induced by other double-headed myosin species isolated in the native state from Dictyostelium, from green algae Chara or from chicken brain. The results of this study confirm that double-headed myosin motors can induce sliding movements among neighboring actin filaments. The double-headed structure of myosins may also be important for generating tension or elongation in actin bundles or gels, and for organizing polarity-sorted actin networks, not just for improving their motor processivity or activity.