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IntroductionParkinsonism is a neurodegenerative disorder. Pomegranate (POM) has been previously shown to have a dopaminergic neuroprotective effect against Parkinsonism.ObjectiveThe aim of the current study is to compare the efficacy of POM, vinpocetine, Propolis, Cocoa or L-dopa using RT-induced Parkinsonism rat model.MethodsRats were divided into seven groups; one normal and five RT model groups. One of the RT (2.5 mg/kg sc) groups served as non-treated parkinsonism model whereas the others were treated with either L-dopa (10 mg/kg PO) or with POM (150 mg/kg PO) together with each of the following; vinpocetine (VIN) (20 mg/kg PO), Propolis (300 mg/kg PO), Cocoa (24 mg/kg PO). Motor and cognitive performances were examined using three tests (catalepsy, open-field, Y-maze). Striatal dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholinesterase, GABA, Glutamate, GSK 3B, BDNF levels were assessed as well as MDA, SOD, TAC, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOs and caspase-3. Also, histopathological examinations of different brain regions were determined.ResultsTreatment with L-dopa alone or with all POM combination groups alleviated the deficits in locomotor activities, cognition, monoamine levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers as well as caspase-3 expression induced by RT.ConclusionCombinations of POM with each of VIN, Propolis or Cocoa have a promising disease-modifying antiparkinsonian therapy even without being given as an adjuvant to L-dopa.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the basic chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment, but its use is restricted due to noxious side effects. One of the major side effects that restrict its medical use is kidney failure. The PPAR-α agonists have been displayed to have beneficial effects against drug-induced nephropathy in animals. Similarly, PPAR-γ agonists have revealed nephroprotection by haemodynamic, vascular, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and metabolic effects. This study examined the nephroprotective effects of fenofibrate (FENO) and pioglitazone (PIO) against the nephrotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats and illustrate the probable mechanisms underlying these protective effects. For this purpose, Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing (200 to 230 g) were allocated into seven groups treated for 15 days as following: control (50% corn oil + 50% DMSO p.o), fenofibrate (100 mg/kg p.o) and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg p.o) as well as four groups of DOX (15 mg/kg i.p on 11th day). DOX groups included DOX alone and DOX with protective drugs fenofibrate, pioglitazone or both of them. As a result of doxorubicin nephrotoxicity; serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly elevated. Moreover, renal glutathione (GSH) was significantly reduced while tissue lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and caspase-3 (Casp-3) were significantly increased. Administration of fenofibrate and pioglitazone either alone or in combination significantly attenuated DOX-induced injury by suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. The above-mentioned biochemical markers were affirmed by histological assessment. In conclusion, Fenofibrate, pioglitazone and their combination possess promising protective effects against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of p38-MAPK/ NF-κB p65 pathway with superiority to the combination.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs that is commonly prescribed worldwide. However, the use of PPIs is accompanied with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease by mechanisms not entirely known. In the present study, omeprazole administration was found to cause a rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 signaling cascade accompanied with an increase in cyclin B1expression in rat kidney. In addition, administration of omeprazole enhancedthe activity of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM-17) ane the phosphorylation ofepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).Interestingly, concomitant administration of the pharmacological inhibitor of EGFR, gefitinib along with omeprazole caused an almost complete reduction of the phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2 induced by omeprazole. Moreover, omeprazole administration significantly increased lipid peroxidation and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rat kidney. Collectively, Omeprazole activates ERK1/2 signaling cascade that could be translated to an increase in the expression of the cell proliferation gene cyclin B1inreactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. These effects may contribute to omeprazole-mediated chronic kidney disease.

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia where symptoms gradually deteriorate over years. We previously reported that social isolation exacerbates memory loss while mental and physical activities maintain cognitive functions. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural chelator, and wheatgrass, natural antioxidant could provide CNS health-promoting effects. Purpose The study aimed to investigate the combined effects of EGCG and wheatgrass together with mental and physical activities against AD in socialized and isolated conditions. Study design Rats were classified into socialized and corresponding isolated groups. Methodology Eight groups of rats (4 socialized and 4 isolated) were exposed to mental and physical activities using Swimming test and Y-maze (each for one time/week) during four weeks of the experiment. Two groups of both socialized and isolated were normal while the others (AD model) received daily AlCl3 (70 mg/kg IP). Normal and AD model groups received also either saline for control or EGCG (10 mg/kg every other day IP) & wheat grass (100 mg/kg PO daily) for treated groups. The brain Aβ, AChE, monoamines, inflammatory mediators, oxidative parameters and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured. Histopathological examination of brain sections was also conducted. Results Brain neurological damage is more severe in isolation-associated AD. Treatment of EGCG and wheatgrass together with mental and physical activities (Ph & M) showed higher protection against hazards of AlCl3 and isolation than mental & physical activities alone especially in isolated groups. Their protection was indicated by the significant decrease in Aβ, AChE, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β together with the increase in SOD, TAC, brain monoamines, BDNF which confirmed by improvement in histopathological pictures of brain sections. Conclusion It was concluded that, EGCG and wheatgrass together with mental and physical activities can protect against neuronal degenerations associated with the development of AD particularly in social isolated conditions than mental and physical activities alone.

There is a recent rise in the number of birth defects. This could be related to folic acid deficiency. Folic acid, as an antioxidant, is an important factor in preventing birth defects during embryonic development. This study, via content uniformity measurements and medical history, aimed to investigate the role of folic acid before and during pregnancy and to measure the content uniformity of different brands of folic acid tablets. The statistical study aimed to determine the relationship between folic acid consumption, miscarriage, and anomalies in newborn babies. The study studied a sample of 300 women based on their medical records. There was no significant effect (p-value = 0.143) of folic acid consumption on the frequency of anomalies. On the other hand, there was a high significant relation (p-value = 0.003) between folic acid consumption and miscarriage. The correlation, principally with miscarriage, coincides with previous studies and highlights the importance of folic acid supplementation before and during gestation. Content uniformity measurements were made on three famous folic acid brands (Folic Acid-Nile, Folicum-Julphar and Wockhardt-UK) available at local pharmacies. Measurements on the three folic acid brands were conducted in compliance with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) (2010) test for content uniformity. Ten tablets from each brand were tested using the UV spectrophotometric method. The results showed that only the first brand name passed the content uniformity test, while the other two brands did not comply with the standards. This result highlights the problem of under-dosing in commercially available folic acid dosage forms, and identifies the need for taking action towards the implementation of quality control on all medical drugs.

Objective The present work was designed to investigate whether fenofibrate could ameliorate olanzapine deleterious effect on insulin resistance via its effect on fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21)-adiponectin axis without affecting olanzapine antipsychotic effect in postweaning socially isolated reared female rats. Method Treatment with olanzapine (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or fenofibrate (100 mg/kg, orally) have been started 5 weeks after isolation, then behavioral tests, hippocampal content of neurotransmitters, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed. Moreover, insulin resistance, lipid profile, FGF-21, adiponectin, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers of adipose tissue were assessed. Results Treatment of isolated-reared animals with olanzapine, or fenofibrate significantly ameliorated the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by postweaning social isolation. Co-treatment showed additive effects in improving hippocampal BDNF level. Besides, fenofibrate reduced the elevation in weight gain, adiposity index, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and FGF-21 level induced by olanzapine treatment. Also, fenofibrate increased adiponectin level which was reduced upon olanzapine treatment. Moreover, fenofibrate improved both adipose tissue oxidative stress and inflammatory markers elevation as a result of olanzapine treatment. Conclusion Fenofibrate could ameliorate olanzapine-induced insulin resistance without affecting its central effect in isolated reared rats via its action on FGF-21-adiponectin axis.

Rodents post-weaning isolation could be considered a significant early-life model of chronic stress. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of female rats post-weaning isolation on different behavioral tests and neurochemical parameters. On postnatal day 21, female pups were housed either isolated or socially in groups (4/cage) for 6 weeks. After the 6th week adult female rats were behaviorally examined using open field test, three chamber social interaction test, hole board test and condition avoidance test. In addition, hippocampal content of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were measured. Isolated female rats exhibited behavioral changes, female rats shows a significant increase in anxiety and a significant decrease in locomotor activity in comparison to the control group using open field test . Moreover, female rats isolation promoted a significant decrease in sociality index as compared to control groups. Finally, female rats post-weaning isolation of invoked a significant impairment in long-term and short-term memory evaluated by both conditioned avoidance and hole board tests, in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, female rats post- weaning isolation induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmitter alterations. Collectively female rats post weaning isolation had significantly prompted both behavioral and neurochemical changes which could represent the essential important symptoms of schizophrenia.

Background: Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. As polymorphisms in human platelet antigens (HPA) exhibit a prothrombotic nature, we hypothesized that specific HPA polymorphisms could have a role in the pathogenesis of VOC in SCD.Aim of Study: This study investigated HPA-3 T2622G among Egyptian SCD patients.Patients and Methods: This study included 100 SCD patients and 50 controls. Patients were divided into, VOC group (n=60), and steady-state group (n=40). Genotyping was done using PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymor-phism (RFLP) technique.Results: The HPA-3 mutant genotypes were significantly associated with SCD compared to controls (p=0.001), while no significant difference was observed between VOC and steady-state groups (p=0.169). Regarding the frequency of VOC episodes, the HPA-3 homozygous mutant genotypes showed significant differences (p=0.001). The HPA-3 mutant genotypes were significantly correlated with generalized type of VOC (p=0.006) and need for hospitalization (p=0.003). Regarding VOC complications, the HPA-3b/3b genotype was significantly associated with acute chest syndrome (p=0.008) and stroke (p=0.012).Conclusion: The HPA-3 T2622G is common among SCD patients. Although it is not a major determinant of vasculo-cclusion in SCD, it is significantly associated with VOC complications and may alter their outcome.

Background Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive abilities as well as bone loss. Physical and mental activities maintain cognitive functions as well as increase bone mass by inhibiting bone resorption. VIN and CoQ10 are neuroprotective drugs that possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Aims To study the effect of PH&M on enhancing the neuroprotective role of VIN and CoQ10 combination during induction of AD model in rats besides their role against bone mass loss associated with AD model. Main methods Six groups of rats were received saline, AlCl3, and PH&M daily either alone or with a combination of VIN and CoQ10 for 4 weeks. Various biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the extent of brain damage such as ACHE, β-secretase, chitinase, Aβ, tau protein, and monoamines besides the inflammatory and antioxidant parameters. Serum levels of minerals as well as 25-OHD, PTH, RANKL, and OPG levels were measured to detect the extent of bone impairment. Also, histopathological changes were evaluated in different brain regions and hind paw. Key findings VIN and CoQ10 combination together with PH&M significantly attenuated the neurodegeneration induced by AlCl3 administration through the improvement of AD markers in brain tissue as well as oxidant and inflammatory markers. Bone resorption markers, serum minerals, and PTH levels were also normalized too. Significance Neuroprotective drugs together with PH&M have a more protective effect against AD and bone loss rather than PH&M alone.

Hepatic injury is one of the most common complications associated with cisplatin (CIS) use. Recently, liver protection lines are being discovered to stop the hepatic cell death due to inflammatory and apoptotic perturbations. l-arginine has protective effects in several models of liver injury. This study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of l-arginine against CIS-induced acute hepatic injury in rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: control, l-arginine, CIS, l-arginine + CIS. Liver function, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis markers were assessed. l-arginine pretreatment protected the liver against CIS-induced toxicity as indicated by significantly alleviating the changes in liver function along with restoration of the antioxidant status. This finding was confirmed with the markedly improved pathological changes. l-arginine showed anti-inflammatory effect through the reduction of liver expression of iNOS, TNF-α, and NF-κβ, which were ameliorated to significant levels. Furthermore, l-arginine administration downregulated the liver expression of the apoptotic marker, caspase-3. The results recommend l-arginine as a hepatoprotective agent against CIS toxicity. Mostly, this hepatoprotective effect of l-arginine involved anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities.

The current study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of methylseleninic acid (MSA) and grape seed extract on tamoxifen-induce hepatotoxicity in female rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawely rats were randomly allocated into: control, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Tam (30 mg/kg, for 10 days), GSE (600 mg/ kg), MSA (0.2 mg/kg) and GSE+MSA groups. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase activity, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected. Histopathological examination of the liver and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 were performed. Tamoxifen-induced liver injury in rats was successfully established. Tamoxifen significantly elevated hepatic catalase activity, MDA, nitric oxide contents, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. It significantly reduced serum ALT activity and hepatic protein content and significantly increased caspase-3 expression in the hepatic tissue. In addition, fatty changes, inflammatory cells infiltration and apoptosis were detected. Administration of GSE or MSA as single protective treatment resulted in restoring serum ALT and hepatic catalase activities to their normal values. Single MSA restored hepatic MDA, NO and total protein contents to their normal values while GSE restored serum IL-6. Combined pre-treatment induced hepatoprotective effect, reversed all variables significantly to the normal levels. While rats’ liver pretreated with single GSE or MSA showed weak positive caspase-3 expression, combined pre-treatment rats showed absence of caspase- 3 expression as normal rats and exhibited normal liver architecture. The results indicate significant modulatory effects of GSE and MSA combined treatment in overcoming and preventing the observed hepatotoxic adverse effects of tamoxifen.

Search on encrypted data refers to the capability to identify and retrieve a set of objects from an encrypted collection that suit the query without decrypting the data. Users probably search not only exact or fuzzy keyword due to their lack of data content. Therefore, they might be search the same meaning of stored word but different in structure, so, this paper presents synonym multi-keyword search over encrypted data with secure index represented by hierarchical bloom filters structure. The hierarchical index structure improves the search process, and it can be efficiently maintained and constructed. Extensive analysis acquired through controlled experiments and observations on selected data, show that the proposed scheme is efficient, accurate and secure.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of such diseases that represent the most prominent cause of dementia in elderly people. To explore the possible neuroprotective effect as well as mechanism of action of Vinpocetine either alone or in combination with EGCG, CoQ10, or VE & Se in ameliorating aluminum chloride-induced AD in rats. Rats were received AlCl3 (70 mg/kg) intraperitoneal daily dose for 30 days along with EGCG (10 mg/kg, I.P), CoQ10 (200 mg/kg, P.O), VE (100 mg/kg, P.O) & Se (1 mg/kg, P.O) as well as Vinpocetine (20 mg/kg, P.O) either alone or in combination. Results revealed that the combination of Vinpocetine with EGCG showed the best neuroprotection. This protection in the brain was indicated by the significant decrease in Aβ and ACHE. The same pattern of results were shown in the levels of monoamines and BDNF. In addition, the combination of Vinpocetine with EGCG showed more pronounced anti-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β) and antioxidant (MDA, SOD, TAC) effects in comparison to other combinations. These results were confirmed using histopathological examinations as well as DNA fragmentation assays. Vinpocetine with EGCG showed pronounced protection on neurons against AD induced by AlCl3 in rats.

Baricitinib, is a selective and reversible Janus kinase inhibitor, is commonly used to treat adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A fast, reproducible and sensitive method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of baricitinib in rat plasma has been developed. Irbersartan was used as the internal standard (IS). Baracitinib and IS were extracted from plasma by liquid&ndash, liquid extraction using a mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane (1:1) as extracting agent. Chromatographic separation was performed using Acquity UPLC HILIC BEH 1.7 &micro, m 2.1 &times, 50 mm column with the mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3) (97:3). The electrospray ionization in the positive-mode was used for sample ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Baricitinib and the IS were quantified using precursor-to-production transitions of m/z 372.15 &gt, 251.24 and 429.69 &gt, 207.35 for baricitinib and IS, respectively. The method was validated according to the recent FDA and EMA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The lower limit of quantification was 0.2 ng/mL, whereas the intra-day and inter-day accuracies of quality control (QCs) samples were ranged between 85.31% to 89.97% and 87.50% to 88.33%, respectively. Linearity, recovery, precision, and stability parameters were found to be within the acceptable range. The method was applied successfully applied in pilot pharmacokinetic studies.

Cryptography is the science that concern of protecting data by transforming its comprehensible form into incomprehensible one. This study aims to compare between Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encryption algorithms in image encryption using MATLAB. The comparison is done in the terms of testing image encryption quality for each algorithm. In addition, analyzing the histogram and correlation results. The results showed that AES algorithm has a better image encryption quality with a more convergent columns in the histogram. Moreover, AES algorithm correlation coefficient tends to be closer to the zero, thus a stronger correlation. Generally, the outcomes of this study showed that the AES algorithm is better than RSA algorithm in image encryption.1

Pimavanserin is a new drug approved by the FDA for Parkinson's disease psychosis and other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we developed a UPLC-MS/MS method to quantify pimavanserin disposition in the brain and its pharmacokinetics in mice. Vilazodone was used as the internal standard. Pimavanserin and IS were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether and separated using an Acquity UPLC BEH™ C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of solvent A (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) and B (0.1% formic acid in 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer) (A: B, 70:30 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were performed at m/z 428.23 → 98.15 for pimavanserin and m/z 441.70 > 155.03 for the IS. The developed method was found to be sensitive, fast, and reproducible. The linearity of the method was ˃0.99 over the range of 0.1–300 ng/mL in plasma and 0.25–300 ng/g in the brain homogenate. Precision and accuracy were within the acceptance range. The method was applied to pharmacokinetics and brain uptake studies, which showed that pimavanserin penetrates the blood-brain barrier and reaches a Cmax of 21.9 ± 6.66 ng/g in 2.0 h. We also found that pimavanserin brain to plasma ratio (Kbrain/plasma) is 0.16 ± 0.05 and it is rapidly eliminated.

This paper presents searchable encryption with access control under multi-user setting with secure index represented by Hash Table structure encrypted by \( RC2 \) encryption algorithm and combine with Cipher-text Policy Attribute Based Encryption \( \left( {CP - ABE} \right) \). It can be efficiently constructed and implemented. Extensive analysis on selected data shows that proposed scheme is efficient and accurate.

Chronic stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. A sensory contact model induces mixed anxiety/depression-like behaviors. Repeated experience of victories or defeats may change neurophysiological status, the immune system and brain neurochemistry in opposite directions. The objective of this study was, therefore, to establish a sensory contact model for studying the impact of psychosocial stress in mice and investigate its influence on behavioral, neurochemical and immunological changes of both winners and losers.

Backgrounds Modern dietary habits have been associated with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Curcumin is a natural herbal found to suppress cellular oxidative states and could be beneficial in NASH. This study investigates the effect of curcumin in an animal model of NASH. Materials and methods Fifty rats were allocated into five groups. Control, High Fat Diet (HFD), curcumin prophylactic (CP) and therapeutic (CT) groups. HFD regimen was given for 16 weeks. Curcumin was given along with HFD (prophylactic) or after establishment of the model for two weeks (therapeutic). Livers and blood samples were harvested for histological, biochemical, and molecular studies. Key findings Livers from HFD groups showed vascular, inflammatory, cellular degenerative and fibrotic changes. The hepatic damage was reflected by the increased serum liver enzymes. HFD groups showed excessive fibrotic change. Interestingly, curcumin administration as prophylactic or therapeutic significantly preserved and/or restored liver structure. This was evidenced by the normalization of the liver enzymes, preservation and/or reversibility of cellular changes and the decrease of the stage of fibrosis. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 gene (Nrf2) expression showed no changes in the HFD groups, however it showed upregulation in curcumin treated groups. Thus, the protective and therapeutic effect of curcumin could be induced through upregulation of the Nrf2 gene. Curcumin has a beneficial prophylactic and therapeutic effect that could hinder the development and/or treat NASH in susceptible livers. Significance Curcumin has a beneficial prophylactic and therapeutic effect that could hinder the development and/or treat NASH in susceptible livers.

Aim: 16 thioxoquinazolines were evaluated in vivo for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema assay. Results: In particular, out of the targets (1–16), compounds 4 and 6 displayed the highest anti-inflammatory activity (≥80%) and furtherly tested against complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Significant reduction in the serum level of IL-1β, COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 in the complete Freund’s adjuvant rats is demonstrated by compounds 4 and 6. Furthermore, compound 4 showed non-selective activity against COX-1 and COX 2, however, compound 6 was specific toward COX-2. Molecular docking study has demonstrated the possible binding modes of the active quinazolines 4 and 6 in the COX-2 active site. Conclusion: These targets could be used as templates for further development of new derivatives with potent anti-inflammatory activity.

Introduction: Orlistat is the only FDA approved drug for long term management of obesity. It reduces the absorption ofdietary fat by inhibiting lipase enzyme. Many cases of pancreatitis were clinically reported in people who used orlistat.Aim of The work:The aim of the present study is to shed a light on the possible deleterious effect of orlistat on thenormal pancreatic tissue, and the molecular mechanisms beyond these changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty six female albino rats were divided into 4 groups: Control Group I (a) without treatment and I (b) received only1 ml fish oil. Group II received 30 mg/kg/day of orlistat dissolved in 1ml of fish oil orally for 8 weeks. Group III, received 40 mg/kg/day of orlistat .Group IV (a) & (b) withdrawal groups. Pancreas was dissected out and processed for histological and immunohistochemical study for CASPASE, TNF, INOS and INSULIN. Results: Orlistat caused variable degrees of pancreatic tissue degeneration, dilatation of pancreatic ducts with retained secretion, fatty degeneration and congestion. Inflammatory cells infiltration observed in both pancreatic acini and islets of Langerhan,s only with high dose (40mg/kg).Positive immunoreactivity for activated caspase 3 and iNOS being more evident in high dose and decrease inimmunoreactivity for anti-insulin antibody. immunoreactivity for TNF-α had been shown in high dose. These effectsdisappear after low dose withdrawal only. Conclusion: Orlistat may induce inflammation, fatty degeneration and impaired insulin production in the pancreas. These effects are dose dependent, and it should be taken in consideration while prescribing orlistat as a treatment for obesity.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with significant morbidity. Cardamonin is a natural chalcone derivative with considerable anti-inflammatory activity. Herein, the potential protective effect of cardamonin against UC was tested in a rat model.Rats were given 10 or 30mg/kg/day of cardamonin orally for 14days before induction of UC. On the 14th day of treatment, UC was induced by intrarectal instillation of 2ml 3% acetic acid. Twenty four h after acetic acid instillation, rats were sacrificed and colons were analyzed by macroscopic and histopathological examination. Colon lipid peroxidation was examined by biochemical evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα levels were measured by ELISA. Moreover, caspase-3 and COX-2 were assessed by immunohistochemical analysis.Cardamonin at 10 and 30mg/kg decreased the disease activity index and macroscopic damage index scores, and significantly reduced histopathological deterioration. Additionally, cardamonin reduced levels of MPO, iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα and MDA (p0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed down-regulation of COX-2 and caspase-3 in groups treated with cardamonin.Cardamonin has a protective effect against acetic acid-induced colitis. This effect may be due to reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Background & aim Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling neurological illness. This study investigated the effect of rosuvastatin (RSU) addition to the antipsychotic drug: olanzapine (OLZ) in treatment of post-weaning isolation rearing (IR) damaging effect and assessed behavioral impairment, metabolic and hepatic abnormalities, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Methods Treatment with OLZ (6 mg/kg, P.O.) and/or RSU (10 mg/kg, I.P.) have been started 6 weeks after isolation. We assessed behavioral tests, serum cortisol level, and hippocampal content of neurotransmitters. In addition, we assessed histopathology, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers of hippocampus, liver and adipose tissue Results Treatment of IR animals with OLZ, and/or RSU significantly counteracted the changes in hippocampus, liver and adipose tissue induced by post-weaning IR. Co-treatment of IR rats with both OLZ and RSU showed additive effects in some areas like improving both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in both hippocampus and liver, histopathology of liver, oxidative stress markers of adipose tissue, β3 adrenergic receptors (ADRβ3), serum cortisol and total cholesterol. In addition, RSU alone alleviated the damage of IR rats by the same efficacy as OLZ with more benefit in cognition and exploration. Conclusion post-weaning IR as a model has behavioral, hippocampal, hepatic and marked metabolic changes more relevant to schizophrenia than drug-induced models. These effects were ameliorated by RSU and/or OLZ that are explained by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress and anti-hyperlipidemic properties. Interestingly, co-treatment with both drugs showed a better effect.

Introduction: Recent years have witnessed a marked increase in use of Wi-Fi devices in daily life. This new technology was approved to cause many health hazards.Aim of the work: to investigate the histological structure changes occurred in the lung of the adult male albino rats after short and long time exposure of Wi-Fi router devices.Materials and method: This study was carried out on 30 adult male albino rats. They were exposed to the 2.45 GHz radiation from Wi-Fi router device which was placed at 25 cm from the animals. Animals were divided into 3 groups 10 rats each: Group I (control): Rats were isolated in a room away from router device. Group II (6 hours): Rats were exposed to router device for 6 hours per day for 30 days. Group III (24 hours): Rats were exposed to router device for 24 hours per day for 30 days. Histological, immune-histochemical (Caspase 3 & iNOS antibodies), and morphometric studies were done.Results: Both 6 hours and 24 hours groups showed marked histological and immune-histochemical changes in the lung tissues when compared with the control group, however, changes in the 24 hours group is more severe when compared with the 6 hours group. Conclusion: Nowadays, the utilization of Wi-Fi routers devices becomes unavoidable in work and inside our homes. So, if we fail to control the radiation exposure time many people are likely to become sick. From this study, the exposure to such devices can cause bad effects on the lung tissue which increases with prolonged exposure time. So we should control the usage of these devices to save our health.

Several reports have highlighted the role of vinpocetine in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of vinpocetine in AD under social isolation conditions has not yet been elucidated. Henceforth, this study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of vinpocetine in aluminum-induced AD model associated with social isolation. Social isolation increased the escape latency in Morris water maze (MWM) test, elevated the immobility score and decreased swimming score in forced swimming test (FST) in aluminum treated rats. However, vinpocetine enhanced acquisition in MWM test and exerted anti-depressive effect in FST. The histopathological examination showed marked deterioration in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of AD isolated rats, while vinpocetine revealed overt improvement. In addition, the levels of amyloid-β protein (Aβ), phosphorylated-tau (Ser396), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα), p- Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β) (Tyr216), and β-secretase (BACE1) gene expression were increased in socially isolated aluminum treated rats, yet, vinpocetine treatment reversed these deteriorating effects. Hence, this study provides profound insights into the role of vinpocetine in AD particularly in the conditions of social isolation. The effects of vinpocetine might be attributed not only to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but also to its suppressing effect on GSK3β activity and its downstream BACE1.

The highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are successful in the treatment of depression mood and anxiety disorders. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of fluexotine and buspirone when given orally in three dose levels (5, 10 and 15 mg/ kg) not only for eight weeks on gastric lesions and oxidative markers in normal rats' mucosal integrity, but also for four weeks on gastric mucosal lesions in rats treated with indomethacin- induced ulcers. The results of this study showed that in normal rats, the administration of fluoxetine induced gastric lesions while buspirone caused no lesions. The indomethacin administration resulted in the development of gastric mucosal lesions. Furthermore, co-administration of fluoxetine and indomethacin enhanced the development of gastric mucosal lesions that were coupled with disturbance in antioxidant status. Buspirone, in contrast, significantly decreased the development of gastric mucosal lesions in rats treated with indomethacin. In conclusion, fluoxetine caused the development of gastric mucosal lesions and aggravate the effect of indomethacin to induce ulcer, however, buspirone had a protective effect that may be attributed to its antioxidant properties. Key words: Fluoxetine, buspirone, peptic ulcer, indomethacin-induced ulcer, oxidative stress.

A simple network model is derived for describing the transient response of a two-phase gravity-assisted heat-pipe at startup, steady, and shutdown states using AL 2 O 3 nano-fluid. In order to obtain a stable suspension of 4% Al 2 O 3 nano-fluid aluminum oxide particles are coated with polyethlene glycol (PEG), then dispersed in a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) solution, and after that subjected to gamma irradiation at different doses. The heat pipe is divided into two heat carriers; evaporator and condenser. An energy balance for each carrier is carried out to estimate temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, thermal resistances, time constants, and other thermal characteristics at three different heat loads; 500, 1000, and 1500 W. Governing equations of the transient behavior can be simplified into first-order linear ordinary differential equations, which can be solved by the linear algebra formalism method yielding the heat-pipe temperatures. The transient response of a gravity-assisted heat pipe is found to depend mainly on the average evaporator thermal resistance. Increasing the heat loads causes a sharp reduction in the thermal resistance and in the time constants, which leads to better performance of the heat pipe. The evaporator and condenser heat transfer coefficients are thus found to increase with increasing power, so that at 500 W heat load the obtained evaporator heat transfer coefficient at steady state is approximately 100 W/m 2 °C, while doubling the heat load causes h e to increase to as much as 1100 W/m 2 °C; i.e. more than 10 times the value attained with half that load. Increasing the heat load further to 1500 W gives about 3900 W/m 2 °C; i.e. more than 3 times the value obtained with 1000 W. The variation in the corresponding values of the condenser heat transfer coefficients are much less than those obtained for the evaporator as they lie in the range of 1534–1557 W/m 2 °C at heat loads 500 up to 1500 W. The effect of adding 4 vol.% AL 2 O 3 nanoparticles to water is investigated by estimating the physical properties of the nanofluid at steady state for the three investigated input powers and comparing them with those of water. The most important feature of them is the thermal conductivity, which is found to increase by 27% above that of water. The dynamic viscosity of the 4 vol.% AL 2 O 3 nano-fluid is found to increase by 10% over all selected powers. The replacement of ordinary cooling fluid with nano-fluid has thus no noticeable effect on the flow dynamics but it considerably enhances the heat transfer properties.

Liver has great capacity to detoxify toxic substances and synthesized useful principles. Therefore, damage to the liver inflicted by hepatotoxic agents is of grave consequences. Protein malnutrition produces profound effects on biochemistry and physiology of the body as well as growth failure of most body organs. Cisplatin is a member of anticancer drugs that elicits many hepatotoxicity. The study was carried out to investigate the possible hepato-curative and hepato-protective effect of l-arginine either alone or in combination with silymarin against hepatotoxicity resulted from cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) treatment in normally fed and protein malnourished male albino rats. All treatments were administered for 5 consecutive days (l-arginine, 200 mg/kg i.p.) and (silymarin, 100 mg/kg i.p.) after and before cisplatin injection. In the cisplatin group, the results revealed significant decrease in the body weight and increase in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as liver body weight ratio. Antioxidant status was suppressed as manifested by significant decline in reduced glutathione content and total protein level along with decreased enzymatic activity of super oxide dismutase and increased lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, an effect that was enhanced by combination with protein malnutrition. Administration of l-arginine was effective in decreasing cisplatin hepatotoxicity that restore of anti-oxidant machinery and blunting of mounted malondialdehyde levels. Moreover, histological examination demonstrated that l-arginine significantly reduced cellular infiltration, congestion blood vessels, degenerative changes in hepatocytes and fatty changes. It is concluded that the combined administration of l-arginine with silymarin represents a promising strategy to restrain the cisplatin hepatotoxicity.

Kinetic studies on the sorption of radioactive Se (IV) ion on Amberlite MB9L have been carried out under a wide range of temperature, pH, initial concentration, and resin weight. Analyses of the experimental data by two theoretical models commonly used to explain the ion exchange kinetics and shrinking core model (SCM), and homogeneous diffusion model (HDM) against exponential diffusion decay model (EDM) show a greater preference of EDM over HDM and SCM at all reaction conditions. The obtained regression coefficient values in case of HDM and SCM are in general not high enough to give a satisfactory fit for the experimental data. The estimated values for EDM parameters provides a good satisfactory fit for the yielded adsorption results as the corresponding linear regression values are high. The sorption process is found to be accompanied with fast film diffusion and slow diffusion between the reacted layer and the shrinking un-reacted core within the ion exchange resin. It also shows that ion excha...

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Patients with severe PE exhibit significantly lower serum progesterone concentrations. There is limited information about the use of progesterone to manage or treat PE.Aim of the work: To investigate the possible protective and/or therapeutic effects of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) therapy in a rat model of PE and the possibly involved mechanisms that monitored biochemically, histologically, and immunohistochemically.Methods: Twenty-four pregnant female albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (6 rats/each): The control group, preeclampsia group (PE-group), prophylactic group, and treated group. The mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and 24-hour protein in urine were determined. Rats were sacrificed at day 22 of gestation and placentae were processed for paraffin.Results: The MAP and proteinuria in the PE-group were significantly higher compared to the control group. The prophylactic and treated groups showed significant decrease in MAP and proteinuria as compared to PE-group. In the treated group, they nearly returned to the normal levels. The histological examination of the PE-group showed dilated maternal blood sinuses, depositions of hemosiderin granules and numerous phagocytic trophoblastic cells containing cytoplasmic hemosiderin granules. Fetal blood vessels showed homogenous acidophilic material occluding their lumen, edema of the extra-embryonic fetal membranes and intra-villous tissue, and numerous nucleated RBCs. The prophylactic group showed some improvement while the treated group showed more or less normal maternal blood sinuses and interhemal membrane with few hemosiderin granules and few nucleated RBCs. There was a significant increase in caspase-3 expression and a significant decrease in the eNOS expression in PE-group compared to the control group. While the prophylactic and the treated groups had a significant decrease in caspase-3 expression and a significant increase in the eNOS expression compared to PE-group.Conclusion: The biochemical, morphological and morphometric findings suggested that the administration of 17-OHPC to preeclamptic rat decreased blood pressure, proteinuria, inflammation, apoptosis, and improved vascular eNOS expression in placenta. The 17-OHPC possessed curative effect on L-NAME induced PE changes in rat placenta which was more obvious than its protective effect.

The main objective of this work was to synthesize novel compounds with a benzo[de][1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-a]isoquinoline scaffold by employing (dioxo-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl) thiourea as a building block. Molecular docking was conducted in the COX-2 active site to predict the plausible binding mode and rationalize the structure–activity relationship of the synthesized compounds. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by HREI-MS, and NMR spectra along with X-ray diffraction were collected for products 1 and 5. Thereafter, anti-inflammatory effect of molecules 1–20 was evaluated in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema method, revealing significant inhibition potency in albino rats with an activity comparable to that of the standard drugs indomethacin. Compounds 8, 9, 15 and 16 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity. However, thermal sensitivity-hot plat test, a radiological examination and motor coordination assessment were performed to test the activity against rheumatoid arthritis. The obtained results indicate promising anti-arthritic activity for compounds 9 and 15 as significant reduction of the serum level of interleukin-1β [IL-1β], cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2] and prostaglandin E2 [PGE2] was observed in CFA rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0321-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The sorption mechanism of 75Se(IV) on Amberlite MB9L is investigated under a wide range of pH, initial concentration, and resin weight to give a proper solution for the decontamination as a result of radioactive selenium. The sorption ability of is found to be high except in highly acidic environment. A monolayer exchange mechanism is confirmed and the reaction rate is found to be controlled by diffusion. The overall equilibrium equation and sorption parameters are estimated. Thus, Amberlite MB9L can be used as barrier to avoid the release of radioactive selenium from the stored nuclear wastes when exposed to groundwater.

This study is concerned with the design, construction, simulation, and pre-operation of a fluidized-bed reactor for low level radioactive waste treatment by a new chelating resin. In this respect a new mathematical model is suggested to account for the effect of fluid velocity and to determine the key parameters that affect the overall mass transfer. In general, the column height and the diffusion resistance on the resin side control the extent of separation in the reactor. Lowering the particle falling velocity and increasing the column height increase the adsorption extent. The studied variables include the flow rates, feed concentration, column height, working temperature, and pH of the feed solution. Increasing the initial concentration causes the adsorption to increase and the maximum conversion is obtained at the near-neutral condition. Temperature increasing, on the other hand, decreases the adsorption extent. The theoretically calculated results from the mathematical model developed in this study for predicting the conversion extent are found to be in good agreement with the data obtained from the experimental study.