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The aim of this research is to determine whether water literacy levels of secondary school students in Turkey varies in terms of different variables. The research is designed within the survey model. The sampling of the research consists of 408 secondary school students enrolled in schools in Turkish cities of Istanbul, Ankara, Trabzon, Kutahya, and Yozgat. Data is collected via 3 sub-dimensional water literacy scale developed by Sözcü and Türker, (2020a) as well as personal information sheet developed to determine water literacy levels of secondary school students. As a result of the research, when the scores of the secondary school students from the sub-dimensions of the water literacy scale were evaluated, it was found that the gender variable did not make a significant difference on the water literacy, but there was a significant difference in terms of the class level variable, advantaging class’ 5 and 6. There was a significant different in the parent education variable, disadvantaging illiterate parents. Likewise, the significant difference was in advantage of those with lower family income in the family income variable; in advantage of internet users in internet usage variable; in advantage of city dweller students for the sub-dimension of water conservation in the variable of the settlement they live in; in advantage of villager students for the sub-dimension of water sensitivity; in advantage of those who had less time to be in nature for the sub-dimension of water sensitivity in the variable of being in the natural environment.

Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal etki düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma betimsel tarama modeli olarak dizayn edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda araştırmaya 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında Gazi Üniversitesinde Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 106’sı erkek 56’sı kadın (%34,6) olmak üzere toplam 162 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, katılımcıları tanımlamaya yönelik araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ile sosyal etki düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik Ekşi ve diğ. (2021) tarafından geliştirilen “Sosyal Etki Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ilk olarak normallik varsayımları için öne çıkan çarpıklık ve basıklık değerleri incelenmesi neticesinde dağılımın normal olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi, lisanslı olarak spor yapma ve spor topluluğuna üyelik durumu değişkenlerine göre sosyal etki düzeyleri arasındaki farkları belirlemek için t-testi kullanılmıştır. t-testi için Cohen’in d analizi sonucunda elde edilen anlamlı farkın ortalamaları arasındaki farklardan etkilenme düzeyi ile ilgili değerler de hesaplanmıştır. Bununla birlikte araştırma kapsamında yaş ve sosyal etki düzeyi değişkeni arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Katsayısı tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular sonucunda, cinsiyet değişkenine göre erkek katılımcılar lehine anlamlı farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşılık, eğitim düzeyi, lisanslı olarak spor yapma spor türü ve spor topluluğuna üyelik durumu değişkenlerine göre ise anlamlı farklılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte yaş ile sosyal etki düzeyi arasında pozitif yönde zayıf bir ilişki olsa da elde edilen bu ilişkinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre sosyal etki düzeyi; yaş, eğitim, durumu, lisanslı sporcu olma durumu, spor topluluğuna üyelik durumu ve spor türü değişkenlerine göre benzer bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle sosyal etki düzeyinin farklı ve daha geniş örneklemler üzerinde araştırılması önerilmektedir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chiropractic high velocity low amplitude (HVLA) sacroiliac and lumbosacral manipulation on the sprint, jump racing and jumping performance of amateur soccer players with asymptomatic dysfunction of the sacroiliac and lumbosacral joints. The 20-m sprint, 20-m jump racing and horizontal jumping distance of the soccer players analyzed in this study were measured before and after the applications. Sprint and obstacle course racing time were measured by stopwatch and video recordings. In total, 30 patients were included in the study. The participants were divided into 2 groups each with 15 members and were randomly selected. A sham manipulation was applied to the control group and chiropractic HVLA lumbosacral and sacroiliac manipulation was applied to the experimental group. The 20-m sprint time of the control group decreased from 3.49 & x202f;s to 3.46 & x202f;s. In the experimental group the 20-m sprint time decreased from 3.44 & x202f;s to 3.22 & x202f;s. The sprint values of the experimental group were statistically significantly faster than the control group (p & x202f;< 0.05). In the control group the 20-m obstacle course time decreased from 3.87 & x202f;s to 3.79 & x202f;s. In the experimental group the 20-m obstacle course racing time decreased from 3.75 to 3.60 & x202f;s. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p & x202f;> 0.05). In the control group the horizontal jump distance increased from 266.93 & x202f;cm to 268.80 & x202f;cm. This score increased from 261.13 & x202f;cm to 267.80 & x202f;cm in the experimental group. Comparison of the horizontal jumping distance revealed that the experimental group had a statistically significant better performance than the control group (p & x202f;< 0.05). Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der chiropraktischen Iliosakral- und Lumbosakralmanipulation mit hoher Geschwindigkeit und niedriger Amplitude (HVLA) auf die Sprint-, Sprungrenn- und Sprungleistung von Amateurfußballspielern mit asymptomatischer Dysfunktion der Iliosakral- und Lumbosakralgelenke zu untersuchen. Die in dieser Studie analysierten 20-m-Sprint, 20-m-Sprungrennen und die horizontale Sprungweite der Fußballspieler wurden vor und nach den Anwendungen gemessen. Die Zeiten der Sprint- und Sprungrennen wurden mittels Stoppuhr und Videoaufnahmen gemessen. Insgesamt wurden 30 Patienten in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Teilnehmer wurden in 2 Gruppen mit je 15 Mitgliedern aufgeteilt und nach dem Zufallsprinzip ausgewählt. In der Kontrollgruppe wurde eine Scheinmanipulation und in der Versuchsgruppe eine chiropraktische lumbosakrale und sakroiliakale Manipulation mit „high velocity low amplitude“ (HVLA) angewendet. Die 20-m-Sprintzeit der Kontrollgruppe verringerte sich von 3,49 auf 3,46 s. In der Versuchsgruppe sank die 20-m-Sprintzeit von 3,44 auf 3,22 s. Die Sprintzeiten der Versuchsgruppe waren statistisch signifikant schneller als die der Kontrollgruppe (p0,05). In der Kontrollgruppe erhöhte sich die horizontale Sprungweite von 266,93 auf 268,80 cm. In der Versuchsgruppe stieg dieser Wert von 261,13 auf 267,80 cm. Der Vergleich der horizontalen Sprungwerte ergab, dass die Versuchsgruppe eine statistisch signifikant bessere Leistung als die Kontrollgruppe aufwies (p

The purpose of this study is to examine scientific publications about Geography Education in terms of bibliometric indicators. Case study method, one of the qualitative research methods, was applied in this study. The scanning range of bibliometric data obtained from the WoS database generated by Clarivate Analytics covers the dates between 1975 and March 2020. The bibliometric analysis technique was conducted in the study. As a result of the analyses, it was revealed that 559 of 64,874,978 studies registered in the WoS database between 1975 and 2020 were the studies related to Geography Education. It was also observed that 196 (35.06%) of these records were in the education / training research category. Through the analyses, it was concluded that the most common type of publication related to Geography Education was the articles with a total number of 196. Moreover, it is seen that approximately 106 of the published articles have been published during the years between 2016 and 2020. This rate indicates that the educational researches related to Geography Education have increased in recent years. In addition, at the end of the analyses, it was comprehended that there are 330 different authors contributing to the related field. It was determined that a total of 535 different keywords were utilized in 196 articles, and the most effective journal was the “Journal of Geography and Environmental Education”. Besides, it is observed that the researchers from 25 different countries have published some articles that contribute to the field. In this regard, the most active country is the United States, and it is respectively followed by Britain, Australia, and Turkey. That Turkey with 18 articles takes place at the 4th rank among the 25 different countries indicates that some comprehensive studies related to this field are carried out.

The aim of this study is to determine the awareness of primary teachers about the teaching of location and direction concepts. The study was designed according to a qualitative research model, and the data was collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by researchers consisting of open-ended questions. The study group consisted of seven primary teachers working in Eskisehir, Mersin and Nevsehir provinces of Turkey. In determining the study group, the convenience sampling technique was used from purposeful sampling methods. The interviews were conducted in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year and the data obtained were analyzed by content analysis. The study findings showed that participants were aware that the concepts of “location” and “direction” constitute a necessity in the curriculum and that the teaching of these concepts provides benefits and convenience to students both in school life and in daily life practice.

The aim of this research is to determine the impact of activity-based teaching on students' map literacy academic achievements in teaching secondary school seventh grade map skills subjects. The research was carried out in a semi-experimental design model with a pretest-posttest control group. The academic achievement test, consisting of a total of 12 items at three different difficulty levels, was used as a data collection tool in the study. The developed measurement tools were applied to 61 people from seventh grade students studying in thirteen different secondary schools located in Talgar district in Almaty region of Kazakhstan. Directional variance analysis (repeated measures) technique was used for repeated measurements on a single factor to solve the sub-problems of the study. According to the results of the research, easy, medium difficulty, difficult questions and total test scores of the experimental group students who applied the activity-based learning model and the control group students who applied the program-based learning were found to be similar according to the group variable. In contrast, easy, medium difficulty, difficult questions and total test scores related to map skill subjects of experimental group students and control group students were found to be significant in favor of experimental group according to the measurement variable and the common effect of group*measurement factors. In other words, activity-based map skills teaching applied to the experimental group is more effective in increasing the academic success of secondary school seventh graders in map skills than Program-based teaching applied to the control group. Accordingly, it is recommended that secondary school students acquire map skills while enriching these skills with activities.

The aim of this study is to determine the scope validity of the graph drawing interpretation skill checklist that can be used in social studies teaching. The literature review was made while the draft skill checklist was prepared at first. There have generally been some graph drawing and interpretation skill checklist studies at secondary and higher education levels. However, a graph drawing and interpretation skill checklist prepared for the social studies course at the primary education level has not been found. In the next step, items of the graph drawing and interpretation skill checklist were prepared. It has been benefitted from the literature on the graph drawing and interpretation for this. Attention has been paid to the preparation of items that assess the graph drawing and interpretation skill at the elementary education level. The scope validity of the items was analyzed employing the technique developed by Lawshe (1975) based on assessments of 10 specialists in their field. Analysis results show that the scope validity ration of the skill checklist was sufficient, thereby being workable in assessing the graph drawing and interpretation skill in social studies teaching.

This study aims to determine the level of map literacy of social studies prospective teachers. The research was carried out using the correlational survey model. "Developing Valid and Reliable Map Literacy Scale" were utilized as the data collection tool. The research was conducted on 221 social studies undergraduate students in the 2016-2017 academic year. Multiple linear regression analysis technique was applied for the sub-problems of the research. The findings of the research regarding the correlations between the predictive variables and the dependent variable showed a positive and moderate correlation between the students’ levels of map literacy and variables such as competence in the frequency of using map, the frequency of activity by maps, and the level of interest in geography. On the other hand, a positive and weak correlation was explored between the students’ levels of map literacy and variables such as the frequency of activity with maps. The results of the partial correlations between the predictive variables and the dependent variable indicated that the students’ levels of map literacy had a positive and weak relationship with the frequency of using map and the frequency of activity with maps variables. On the other hand, that students’ levels of map literacy were determined to have a positive and moderate relationship with the level of interest in geography variable. In addition, students’ levels of map literacy were found out to have a moderate and significant relationship with the frequency of using map, the frequency of activity with maps, and the level of interest in geography variables. The results of the research explored that the map activities were a moderate predictor of map literacy. For this reason, it is suggested that emphasis should be given to the courses and practices that will develop the students’ map skills in the social studies undergraduate curriculum.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of map literacy of pre-service geography teachers. The research was carried out using the relational survey model . The data collection tool used in the research was the map literacy scale. The research was conducted on 391 undergraduate geography students in 2016-2017 academic year. Multiple linear regression analysis technique was applied in solving the sub problems of the research. According to the findings of the research; when the correlations between the predictive variables and the dependent variable were examined, a positive and moderate correlation was seen between the level of map literacy of geography pre-service teachers and variables such as competence in the frequency of using map, the frequency of activity by maps, and the level of interest in geography. When the partial correlations between the predictive variables and the dependent variable were examined, it was determined that the undergraduate geography students had a positive and weak relationship between map literacy levels and the frequency of using map and the frequency of activity by maps variables. On the other hand, it was determined that undergraduate geography students had a positive and moderate relationship between map literacy levels and the level of interest in geography variable. In addition, under graduate geography students had a moderate and meaningful relationship with their map literacy level together with the frequency of using map, the frequency of activity by maps, and the level of interest in geography variables. According to the results of the research, it is seen that the activities that geography undergraduate students perform with the maps are a moderate predictor of map literacy. For this reason, it is suggested that emphasis should be given to the courses and practices that will develop the map skills in the geography undergraduate programs.

The current study aims to determine prospective teachers’ opinions about WebQuest applications by both introducing them to the WebQuest teaching materials and obtaining their experiences in the WebQuest design process. This study employs phenomenology as a qualitative research approach. The study was conducted in the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year with the third year undergraduate students in the social studies education department of a state university in Ankara. Two different data collection tools, a Peer Evaluation Form and an Interview Form, were used. Content analysis was used to analyze the data obtained. According to the findings of the study, social studies preservice teachers think that teacher supervision of Webquest teaching activities is advantageous. Preservice teachers defined the specific principles of WebQuest teaching activities as a weak factor. Additionally, preservice teachers emphasized that WebQuest teaching activities are difficult to implement in environments where Internet and computer facilities are not available. Even though almost half of the participants stated that they wanted to include WebQuest teaching activities in their classes when they started the teaching profession, they expressed about their concerns.

This study deals with the evaluation of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model’s parameterization schemes when used for global horizontal irradiation (GHI) forecasts, to assess the feasibility of solar energy utilization. The study area is the southeastern Anatolia (SEA) region of Turkey, with favorable weather conditions for solar energy generation. The results indicate that the values in the hourly output of GHI in the model were overestimated for all configurations at all stations compared to observations. The relative mean bias error values at five stations for all configurations vary between 10-21% for clear-sky and 17-30% for partly-cloudy conditions. Similarly, the relative RMSE values at the five stations vary between 20-39% for clear sky and 41-70% for partly-cloudy conditions. However, there are noticeable differences among the various configurations of the WRF parameterizations.

This study examines the social studies teacher candidates' perceptions of national identity. The research was carried out by using the quantitative method within the scanning model. 536 students in 4 state universities who were studying social studies in different regions of Turkey were reached. In the study, the 5-point likert grading system is used along with a "perception of national identity" scale which consists of 20 items and 2 factors. The analysis of the obtained data was done through the SPSS 22.0 package program. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and averages were used to analyze the data; t-test, one-way variance analysis and Kuruskal Wallis H tests were applied. According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the social studies teacher candidates' national identity perception levels were high.The national identity perception levels of social studies teacher candidates did not differ significantly according to gender. The national identity perception levels did not differ significantly according to the social-class variable. The national identity perception levels did not differ significantly according to the residential unit variable of where they had lived before university. There was a significant difference in the national identity perception levels of social studies teacher candidates according to the family variable and the institutional variable where the national identity was acquired. The national identity perception levels of social sciences teacher candidates were found to be significantly different based on the elements of history and religion; the most influential factors in the acquisition of national identity. In this research, a quantitative data collection tool was used. Therefore, the existing situation has been identified and tried to be described. Qualitative research is recommended to deal with national identity perception situations in a more detailed and in-depth manner and to determine why and how national identity in individuals is formed.

Coşkun, Reşat (Arel Author), Background: In our study, it was aimed to research the effect of kinesiological tape on pain, shoulder movement angles, and daily life activities. Methods: The control group (n:15) was applied with classical physiotherapy program including ultrasound, tens and exercise. The experiment group (n:15) was applied kinesiological-tape for seven days in addition to classical physiotherapy and rehabilitation program. Pretreatment and post-treatment pains of the patients were measured by using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the goniometer was used to measure the shoulder ranges, Constant-Murley measured daily life activity levels, and DASH-T measured shoulder disability level.Results: As the VAS scores of the control group inactivity reduced by 11,21 points, the scores of the experiment group decreased by 24,53 points. The difference in scores between the two groups is significant statistically (p0,05). For shoulder movement opening, all records of the experiment group are significantly better than that of the control group, except the flexion increase. Conclusion: Kinesiological tape application ensuring a reduction in pain for rotator cuff injury in a shorter period is a treatment also providing significantly better results in shoulder movement recovery, increase in functionality, and a decrease in disability.

Bu arastirmanin amaci, farkli programlardaki lisans ogrencilerinin harita okuryazarlik duzeylerini cesitli degiskenler acisindan incelemektir. Arastirma tarama modelinde gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmada veri toplama araci olarak Koc ve Demir (2014) tarafindan gelistirilen Developing Valid and Reliable Map Literacy Scale isimli harita okuryazarlik olcegi uygulanmistir. Arastirma, 2015-2016 ogretim yilinda Cumhuriyet Universitesi’nde 9 farkli fakultede ogrenim goren 391 ogrenci uzerinde gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmanin alt problemlerinin cozumlenmesinde; t-testi ve tek yonlu varyans analizi (One Way ANOVA) kullanilmistir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore, arastirmaya katilan lisans ogrencilerinin harita okuryazarlik (bilgi-beceri ve yeterlik) testi toplam puanlari cinsiyet, fakulte, harita kullanma siklik duzeyi, dogal ortamdaki cesitli aktivitelere katilma duzeyi, gunluk yasamda harita kullanma amaci ve cografya dersine ilgi duzeyi degiskenlerine gore farklilik gostermistir. Soz konusu farkliliklar; erkek ogrenciler, Tip, Dis Hekimligi Fakultesi ogrencileri, haritayi daha sik kullanan, aktivitelere fazla katilan ve cografya dersine cok fazla ilgi duyan ogrenciler lehine bulunmustur. Arastirma sonuclarina gore lisans ogrencilerinin harita okuryazarliklarinin gelistirilmesi icin harita ile ilgili zorunlu ve secmeli dersler konulmasi onerilmektedir.

Aim of this study is to determine map skill levels of primary education second stage students. Research’s screening model has been applied abiding by quantitative method. In research, achievement test that was developed by the researcher has been applied as data aboutcollection tool. Study group includes 1080 students studying in 6th, 7th, 8th grades in totally 12 schools, including 6 public schools and 6 private schools, in Ankara and Tokat provinces during 2009-2010 academic year. For research’s sub-problem analysis, t-test and one way analysis of variance (One Way Anova) has been employed; frequency, percentage, arithmetic average values have been used. According to the findings of the study, primary education second grade students’ total map skill test results differentiates according to the class variables and aforesaid difference has been in favor of eight class students. It has been determined that students studying in private schools’ primary education second grade are better in terms of map skill levels than the ones studying in state schools. It has also been determined that students whose settlement areas are metropolitans have higher map skill levels than the ones whose settlement areas are cities. Map skill levels of students whose teacher’s graduation is from social sciences are higher than the students whose teacher’s graduation is from history and geography. It has been determined that primary education second grade students’ skill scores of understanding and interpretation of symbols, direction finding, map reading and interpretation, scale using, distance measuring, position and coordination determination significantly differentiates according to the school type variable. Significant differences’ being in favor of the private schools has been specified Bu araştırmanın amacı, ilköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerininharita beceri düzeylerini belirlemektir. Araştırma tarama modelinde, nicel yönteme bağlı kalınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen başarı testi uygulanmıştır. Çalışma gurubunu 2009–2010 öğretim yılında Ankara ve Tokat illerinde 6 özel ve 6 devlet okulu olmak üzere toplam 12 okulda 6,7 ve 8. sınıfta öğrenim gören 1080 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın alt problemlerine ilişkin verilerin çözümlenmesinde; ttesti ve tek yönlü varyans analizi ( One Way Anova) yapılmış; frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama değerleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, ilköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinin toplam harita becerisi testi puanlarının sınıf değişkenine göre farklılaştığı, söz konusu farklılığın sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin lehine olduğu bulunmuştur. İlköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinden özel okulda eğitim alan öğrencilerin harita beceri düzeyleri devlet okulunda eğitim alan öğrencilere göre daha iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yerleşim yeri büyükşehir olan öğrencilerin harita beceri düzeyleri yerleşim türü şehir olan öğrencilere göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğretmen mezuniyeti sosyal bilgiler olan öğrencilerin harita becerisi düzeylerinin, öğretmen mezuniyeti tarih ve coğrafya olan öğrencilere göre daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. İlköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinin sembolleri anlama ve yorumlama, yön bulma, harita okuma ve yorumlama, ölçek kullanma, uzaklık ölçme, konum ve koordinat belirleme becerileri puanlarının okul türü değişkenine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığı bulunmuştur. Anlamlı farklılıkların özel okul lehine olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This research aims to determine the environmental literacy level of teacher candidates of social studies and evaluate this in terms of various variables. For this purpose, environmental literacy survey that includes the components such as “information, affective tendencies, behavioral and cognitive skills” is conducted among 1587 teacher candidates at each grade level from six universities’ Faculty of Education Social Studies Education Departments in Turkey. As a result of this research in which descriptive scanning method is used, it is found that teacher candidates of social studies are intermediate level environmental literate. As income level has no effect on teacher candidates’ environmental literacy; variables such as gender, level of environmental curiosity, existence of family members that have environmental awareness, the frequency of presence in natural areas, the frequency of participation in environmental activities and taking environmental education course in university are effective on teacher candidates’ environmental literacy. The results of the research have importance in the sense of shedding light on what might be the necessary elements to make individuals who will enter the educational system, environmentally literate. Bu araştırmada Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının çevre okuryazarlık düzeylerini belirlemek ve çeşitli değişkenler açısından bir değerlendirmesini yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye’de altı farklı üniversitenin Eğitim Fakültelerinin Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dallarında her sınıf düzeyinde öğrenim gören 1587 öğretmen adayına “bilgi, duyuşsal eğilim, davranış ve bilişsel beceri” bileşenlerinden oluşan çevre okuryazarlığı anketi uygulanmıştır. Betimsel tarama yöntemi kullanılan bu araştırmanın sonucunda SosyalBilgiler öğretmen adaylarının orta düzeyde çevre okuryazarı oldukları görülmüştür. Öğretmen adaylarının çevre okuryazarlıkları üzerinde gelir düzeyinin bir etkisi görülmezken; cinsiyet, çevre merak düzeyi, ailede çevreye duyarlı birey bulunma durumu, doğal alanlarda bulunma sıklığı, çevresel aktivitelere katılma sıklığı ve üniversitede çevre eğitimi dersi alma değişkenlerinin etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, eğitim sistemi içerisine girecek olan bireyleri çevre okuryazarı yapmak için gerekli olan unsurların neler olabileceği konusuna ışık tutması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Ground-based solar-radiation observations have rather high random errors, which were sourced from maintenance, calibration and/or inaccurate instruments in Turkey. Satellite-based radiation data obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were compared with reliable ground observations, and it was found that the global solar incident insolation data of the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) dataset is usable, with a rather low mean relative error of about 4%. Therefore, monthly and annual spatial distribution over Turkey and solar-radiation time series were analysed in order to detect the potential of solar radiation and to find out variations and trends, respectively.

Solar energy applications need reliable forecasting of solar irradiance. In this study, we present an assessment of a short-term global horizontal irradiance forecasting system based on Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) meteorological model and neural networks as a post-processing method to improve the skill of the system in a highly favorable location for the utilization of solar power in Turkey.

The optimum values of the section variables (side slope, bottom width, flow depth, and radius) for triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular channels are computed by minimizing the cost of the channel section. Manning's uniform flow formula is treated as the constraint of the optimization model. The cost function is arranged to include the cost of lining, the cost of earthwork, and the increment in the cost of earthwork with depth below the ground surface. The optimum values of section variables are expressed as explicit functions of unit cost terms. Unique values of optimum section variables are obtained for the case of minimum area or minimum wetted perimeter problems. Key words: open channel design, optimization, minimum cost, best hydraulic section.

Bu araştırma; Düzce ilinde öğrenim gören lise öğrencilerinin coğrafya dersinde verilen deprem eğitimine ilişkin görüşlerini çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmacılar tarafından lise öğrencilerinin coğrafya dersinde verilen deprem eğitimine ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Araştırma tarama modelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2011-2012 öğretim yılında Düzce il merkezinde çeşitli liselerde öğrenim gören öğrencilerden random olarak seçilen 411 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizi SPSS 17.0 istatistik programı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; frekans, yüzde, ortalama değerleri kullanılmış; ilişkisiz örneklemler için t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda lise öğrencilerinin coğrafya dersinde verilen deprem eğitimine ilişkin görüşleri cinsiyet, oturdukları konutun mülkiyet durumu, oturdukları binanın kat sayısı, gelir, en fazla güven duyulan kurum değişkenlerine göre benzer bulunmuştur. Buna karşılık lise öğrencilerinin coğrafya dersinde verilen deprem eğitimine ilişkin görüşleri okul türü değişkenine göre farklılaşmıştır. Yapılan çoklu karşılaştırma testi sonucuna göre meslek lisesi ile Anadolu öğretmen lisesinde öğrenim gören öğrenciler arasında fark bulunmuş, meslek lisesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin coğrafya dersinde verilen deprem eğitimini daha yeterli buldukları belirlenmiştir.

Global solar radiation data obtained from actinographs of the Turkish State Meterological Service were compared with data obtained from pyrheliometers that were established recently to determine if the actinograph data were usable in practice. It has been found that the observed actinograph data have a rather high error rate with 14.7% annual and 42.1% monthly averages. It has, however, not been possible to smooth these errors as they are absolutely random. Thus, a well known quadratic model was used to produce available radiation data. A quadratic relationship between solar insolation and duration of solar radiation data has been investigated in order to estimate monthly average global irradiance for Ankara, Antalya, Samsun, Konya, Urfa and Izmir. The data from August 1993 to July 1995 have been used in the quadratic model. But, observations of Izmir differ from other stations covered for about four years. Solar insolation data used in the quadratic model were obtained from the pyrheliometer with model CR10. Duration of bright sunshine data were obtained from a Siap, Frans or Muller sunshine recorder with 60° global lens. A general quadratic formula was found that represents the whole of Turkey. The estimated monthly average global solar radiation data, then, were produced from this quadratic formula. Comparison of the estimated and measured values showed that the quadratic model was able to estimate global radiation with about a 4% annual relative error and the estimated data seemed to be more reliable than the data measured by actinograph.

Bu arastirma; Duzce ilinde ogrenim goren lise ogrencilerinin cografya dersinde verilen deprem egitimine iliskin goruslerini cesitli degiskenler acisindan incelemek amaciyla gerceklestirilmistir. Bu amac dogrultusunda arastirmacilar tarafindan lise ogrencilerinin cografya dersinde verilen deprem egitimine iliskin goruslerini belirlemek amaciyla bir olcek gelistirilmistir. Arastirma tarama modelinde gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu, 2011-2012 ogretim yilinda Duzce il merkezinde cesitli liselerde ogrenim goren ogrencilerden random olarak secilen 411 ogrenci olusturmaktadir. Verilerin analizi SPSS 17.0 istatistik programi kullanilarak yapilmistir. Verilerin analizinde; frekans, yuzde, ortalama degerleri kullanilmis; iliskisiz orneklemler icin t-testi ve tek yonlu varyans analizi (ANOVA) teknikleri uygulanmistir. Arastirma sonucunda lise ogrencilerinin cografya dersinde verilen deprem egitimine iliskin gorusleri cinsiyet, oturduklari konutun mulkiyet durumu, oturduklari binanin kat sayisi, gelir, en fazla guven duyulan kurum degiskenlerine gore benzer bulunmustur. Buna karsilik lise ogrencilerinin cografya dersinde verilen deprem egitimine iliskin gorusleri okul turu degiskenine gore farklilasmistir. Yapilan coklu karsilastirma testi sonucuna gore meslek lisesi ile Anadolu ogretmen lisesinde ogrenim goren ogrenciler arasinda fark bulunmus, meslek lisesinde ogrenim goren ogrencilerin cografya dersinde verilen deprem egitimini daha yeterli bulduklari belirlenmistir.

Her birey almış olduğu coğrafya eğitimi sayesinde doğal ve beşeri unsurları boş bir kâğıda kodlayabilir. Fakat coğrafi unsur detaylarının nitelik ve niceliği bireyden bireye büyük oranda çeşitlilik gösterir. Bu açıdan zihin haritaları, bireylerin aynı bölge veya mekân hakkında nasıl farklı düşündükleri konusunda önemli ipuçları vermektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’de öğrenim gören Türk ve yabancı uyruklu lisans öğrencilerinin zihinlerindeki Avrupa Birliği algısını ve bu algı üzerinde etkili olan faktörleri belirlemektir. Araştırmada betimsel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma evrenini, 2010-2011 eğitim öğretim yılında Ankara ilindeki devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören lisans öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise bu üniversitelerde öğrenim gören ve random olarak seçilen 286’sı Türk, 228’i yabancı uyruklu olmak üzere toplam 514 lisans öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak çeşitli değişkenler ve dilsiz Avrupa Birliği haritasından oluşan bir anket kullanılmıştır. Anket uygulanan öğrencilerden, Avrupa Birliğine üye ve aday olan ülkeleri harita üzerinde belirtmeleri istenmiştir. Öğrencilerin, harita üzerine yerleştirdikleri her bir doğru ülke için 1 puan verilerek katılımcıların toplam puanları elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 15.0 paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama değerleri kullanılmış; t- Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; yükseköğretim öğrencilerinin Avrupa Birliği algısı puanlarının cinsiyet, uyruk, gelir, fakülte değişkenleri açısından farklılaşırken yaş ve lisans öncesi yaşadıkları yer değişkenlerine göre farklılaşmadığını göstermiştir. Katılımcılar, en fazla tarih, siyaset, sanat, sağlık ve spor konusundaki yayınları takip ederken; çevre, ekonomi ve diğer süreli-süresiz yayınları daha az takip etmektedir., Every individual can code natural and human facts in to an empty paper with the geography education but quality and quantity of geopgraphic details differ greatly from person to person. From this point of view, mind maps are giving important clues about how individuals think differently about the same areas and places. The purpose of this research is to determine the EU perception in the minds of Turkish and foreign college students and the factors which affect this perception. Descriptive scanning method was used in this research which intends to appreciate the EU perception. Scanning patterns is the research approach which intend to depict an existing or former situation. Undergraduate students who studied in state and foundation universities in 2010-2011 school year in Ankara form the system of this research. 286 Turkish, 228 foreign, 514 in total undergraduate students from these universities which were chosen randomly form the sample of the research. In the research, survey was used as data collection tool to measure the European Union perception in the mind map of the participators. The students were asked to show the member and candidate countries of European Union. Participants’ scores were obtained by giving 1 point for each accurate country they showed on the map. The datas were transferred to a computer by using SPSS 15.0 package program. In the analysis of the datas, frequency, arithmetic average value was used, t-Test and simplex variance analysis (ANOVA) technics were applied. α=.05 level of significance was used in interpretation and analysis of datas. According to research evidences EU perception percentage points of college students differ in genger, ethnicity, faculties they are studying but the effect of where college students live and age are similar on the points of EU perception. The college students who participate in the research generally follow history, politics, art, health and sports editions while environment, economy and other editions are being followed less.

Bu araştırmanın amacı ülkemizin çeşitli yükseköğretim kurumlarında coğrafya eğitimi alan lisans öğrencilerinin bölge kavramı konusundaki bilişsel düzeylerini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye’de altı farklı üniversitenin Eğitim ve Edebiyat Fakültelerinin coğrafya Öğretmenliği ve Coğrafya Bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 165 lisans öğrencisine bölge kavramı ve özelliklerini içeren yapılandırılmamış 8 adet sorudan oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Betimsel tarama yöntemi ve içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılan bu araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesinde, araştırma problemi ve alt problemlerine uygun olarak, frekans, yüzde aritmetik ortalama değerleri kullanılmış; t- Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Lisans öğrencilerinin bölge kavramına ilişkin bilişsel düzeyleri bölüm ve üniversite değişkenine göre farklılaşırken, cinsiyetlerine göre farklılaşmadığı bulunmuştur. Coğrafya eğitimi alan lisans öğrencilerinin, bölge kavramına ve bölge türüne yönelik bilişsel düzeyleri 1. ve 6. sorularda oldukça yüksek iken 2.,3.,4.,5. ve 7. sorularda oldukça düşük olduğu bulunmuştur., The aim of this study is to define the cognitive levels of undergraduate students, having geography education in the higher education institutions in our country, about the concept of region. In line with this aim, a survey comprising eight unstructured questions about the concept and characteristics of region was applied to 165 undergraduate students having education in the departments of Geography Teaching and Geography of the faculties of Education and Letters at six different universities in Turkey. Descriptive surveillance and content analysis methods were used in this research and to analyse the data obtained from the research, corresponding with the problems and subproblems, frequency, arithmetic mean, percentage of values have been used; ttest and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques were applied. The cognitive levels of undergraduate students differentiate with respect to the variables of department and university while not differentiating with respect to gender. The cognitive levels, regarding the concept and type of region, of undergraduate students receiving geography education have been found to be high for the questions 1 and 6, while being considerably low for the questions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

This survey was carried out by way of screening model in order to reveal tourism perceptions of foreign students studying in Turkey and their views about natural and cultural tourism values of Turkey. 142 foreign students studying at Gazi University Turkish Learning Center (TOMER) in 2009-2010 academic year were selected as study group for the survey. In the study, a questionnaire including 22 questions which was developed by the researcher in order to determine perceptions of foreign students as to tourism and natural and cultural tourism values of Turkey was utilized as a data collection tool. With the aim of analyzing subproblems of the survey, frequency (f), percentage (%), arithmetic mean ( X ) were used, and also chi-square test, t-test and one-way variance analysis (One-Way Anova) were performed When breakdown of students who attended the survey is analyzed with regard to countries, Iraq is placed on the top with 55 students. Tanzania (20), Moldavia (14), Kirghizstan (10), Malawi (8), Kenya (7) and other countries (28) follows Iraq. Foreign students indicated that they visited Blue Mosque (59,2%), Hagia Sophia Museum (48,6%), Topkapi Palace (39,4%), Dolmabahce Palace (21,1%), and Mevlana Museum (12%) from among the aforementioned tourism values As a result of the analyses, perception scores of foreign students did not show significant difference in terms of gender variance, variance of family income state and high school which was attended., Bu araştırma Türkiye’de öğrenim gören yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin turizm algılarını ve Türkiye’nin doğal ve kültürel turizm değerlerine ilişkin görüşlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla tarama modeliyle yapılmıştır. Araştırma için Gazi Üniversitesi Türkçe Öğretim Merkezi’nde (TÖMER) 2009 - 2010 eğitim öğretim yılında öğrenim gören 142 yabancı öğrenci çalışma grubu olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin turizm ve Türkiye’nin doğal ve kültürel turizm değerlerine ilişkin algılarını belirlemek amacıyla araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen 22 soruluk bir anket uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS paket programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın alt problemlerinin çözümlenmesinde frekans (f), yüzde (%), aritmetik ortalama ( X ) kullanılmış ayrıca Ki-Kare testi, t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (One-Way Anova) uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin ülkelere göre dağılımı incelendiğinde; 55 kişi ile Irak ilk sırada gelir. Irak’ı Tanzanya (20), Moldova (14), Kırgızistan (10), Malavi (8), Kenya (7) ve diğer ülkeler (28) izlemektedir. Yabancı uyruklu öğrenciler yukarıda belirtilen turizm değerlerinden Sultan Ahmet Cami (%59,2), Ayasofya Müzesi (%48,6), Topkapı Sarayı (%39,4), Dolmabahçe Sarayı (%21,1) ve Mevlana Müzesi’ni (%12) ziyaret ettiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Yapılan Analizler sonucu yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin algı puanları cinsiyet, aile gelir durumu ve mezun olunan lise türü değişkenine göre anlamlı bir fark göstermemiştir.

The present study is concerned with the total ozone variation in Ankara, Turkey (39 degrees 57' N;32 degrees 53 E) and developing a total ozone prediction model by Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and single-site aerological data (1984-2006). The daily averages of the total column ozone over Ankara show a seasonal variation, with larger values in spring/winter and lower in autumn/summer and a large day-to-day variability. In this study, in order to forecast the total column ozone over Ankara, a multi-linear regression equation was performed. Predictors are selected by stepwise regression method. The ozone value on the previous day, temperature at the 100 hPa pressure level, previous day's temperature for the 700 hPa pressure level and temperature difference for 50 hPa and 500 hPa are the most important predictors. The success of monthly prognostic total column ozone models built up for Ankara is tested by using Brewer MK III Spectrophotometer data and satellite (OMI) data with the upper-air data in 2007. The Brewer MKIII has been in operation since November 2006 in Ankara. The ground-based one-year data show good agreement with the satellite OMI data.

We evaluated the radiographic and functional results of treatment with locked unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures in adults.Seventy-eight femoral shaft fractures of 70 adult patients (57 men, 16 women; mean age 36 years; range 18 to 77 years) were treated with locked unreamed intramedullary nailing. The fractures were on the right in 39, on the left in 29, and bilateral in five patients. Eighteen patients (24.7%) had open fractures and 28 patients had associated pathologies. The mean time from injury to surgery was 10.7 days (range 3 to 15 days). The fractures were classified according to the Winquist-Hansen system and functional results were evaluated according to the Thoresen criteria. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 12 to 54 months).Union was achieved in 73 fractures (93.6%) of 69 patients within a mean duration of 14 weeks (range 10 to 28 weeks). Four fractures (5.2%) united after dynamization and one patient (1.2%) required revision with a circular external fixator following dynamization. The mean duration of hospitalization was 19.8 days (range 8 to 26 days). According to the Thoresen criteria, the results were excellent or good in 64 patients (87.7%), and moderate or poor in nine patients (12.3%). Fifty-six (76.7%) and 13 (17.8%) patients returned to previous work and daily activities with no or minor limitations in a mean of 12 weeks, respectively. Perioperatively, a distal fissure occurred in nine patients, and distal locked screws were improperly placed in two patients. Postoperative complications included delayed union in four patients, nonunion in one patient, and superficial infection at the site of distal screws in two patients.Intramedullary locked nailing may be the preferred method in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in adults due to high union but low complication rates, early mobilization of the patient, and satisfactory functional results.

We evaluated the radiographic and functional results of locked intramedullary nailing in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.Nineteen patients (14 men, 5 women; mean age 51.8 years; range 20 to 87 years) underwent locked intramedullary nailing for subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. The fractures were on the right in nine patients and on the left in 10 patients. The injuries were caused by a simple fall (n=12), motor vehicle accident (n=4), falling from a height (n=2), and gun shot (n=1). Six patients had associated fractures and nine patients had preexisting medical problems. The fractures were classified according to the Russel-Taylor system. The results were evaluated according to the Harris scoring system. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 12 to 58 months).The mean operation time was 40 minutes and the mean amount of bleeding was 150 ml. Union was obtained in all the patients, occurring after dynamization in four. According to the Harris system, the results were excellent in 10 patients (52.6%), good in six patients (31.6%), moderate in two patients (10.5%), and poor in one patient (5.3%). Outcomes were adversely affected by associated fractures and preexisting medical problems. All the patients returned to daily activities in a mean of 12 weeks. At surgery, a distal fissure occurred in two patients and, postoperatively, three patients developed superficial infections at the site of distal screws.Intramedullary nailing may be the preferred method in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur due to high rates of union, early mobilization of the patient, short operation time, and less perioperative bleeding.

We evaluated the radiographic and functional results of the Lindgren-Turan operation in the treatment of hallux valgus.Twenty-nine feet of 25 patients (15 women, 7 men; mean age 42 years; range 20 to 68 years) were treated by the Lindgren-Turan method. Of these, 24 feet with appropriate follow-up were included. Intermetatarsal and hallux valgus angles were measured on preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up anteroposterior radiographs. Pain was evaluated by a visual analog scale. The range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was measured at the end of follow-ups. The mean follow-up period was 26.5 months (range 6 to 54 months).Postoperatively, the mean corrections were 6.9 degrees and 5.1 degrees in the hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles, respectively (p0.05). At the end of the follow-up period, the mean loss of correction was 1.8 degrees for the hallux valgus angle, and 0.5 degrees for the intermetatarsal angle; the mean pain score decreased from preoperative 7.78 to 1.35 (p0.05) and the mean range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was 56.8 degrees dorsiflexion and 14.9 degrees plantar flexion. The mean time to return to presurgery activity levels was 44.2 days (range 30 to 70 days). Of the patient group, 83.3% expressed satisfaction with the surgical outcome. Clinical and radiographic evaluations showed excellent results in 15 (62.5%), good in seven (29.2%), and unsuccessful in two patients (8.3%).The Lindgren-Turan osteotomy is a preferable method in the surgical treatment of patients with moderate hallux valgus.

This study was designed to determine surgical indications in tibial plateau fractures and to evaluate the effect of surgical treatment on the outcome.Forty patients (12 women, 28 men; mean age 39 years; range 18 to 75 years) underwent surgical treatment for 41 tibial plateau fractures. Final evaluations included 37 patients (38 knees). Fractures were classified according to the Schatzker's system, being type 1 (11 fractures), type 2 (11), type 3 (1), type 4 (6), type 5 (5), and type 6 (7). The indications for surgery were defined as the presence of depression, displacement, and instability being greater than 4 mm, 10 mm, and 10 degrees, respectively. The mean follow-up was 35.8 months (range 6 to 107 months).Clinical results were assessed using the Rasmussen criteria. Successful results accounted for 86.8%. The results were excellent, good, moderate, and poor in 14 knees (36.8%), 19 knees (50%), three knees (7.9%), and 2 knees (5.3%), respectively. Postoperative complications included deep (2 patients) and superficial (2 patients) infections, malunion in two patients, arthrofibrosis in three patients, and myositis ossificans in one patient. Radiologic evaluations were based on the Resnic and Niwayama's system, which showed successful outcome in 73.6%. The results were excellent in 11 knees (28.9%), good in 17 knees (44.7%), moderate in six knees (15.8%), and fair in four knees (10.6%).In order to achieve satisfactory results in tibial plateau fractures that meet surgical indications including depression (4 mm), displacement (10 mm), and instability (10 degrees), special attention should be given to obtain a rigid osteosynthesis with early mobilization and to avoid weight-bearing until bone healing is completed.

We evaluated the results of open surgical release in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and assessed the necessity of a clinical scoring system and electromyography (EMG) in the postoperative follow-up.The study included 24 wrists of 15 patients (9 females, 6 males; mean age 49.2 years; range 23 to 70 years) in whom a diagnosis of CTS was made by clinical examination and EMG. The patients underwent open surgical release and were followed-up for a mean of 21.5 months (range 7 to 40 months), during which they were evaluated by the Boston scale (BS) for clinical scoring and EMG. Postoperative findings of BS and EMG were compared in terms of their utility during follow-up.Statistically significant differences were found between preoperative and follow-up EMG values of motor distal latency, sensorial latency, combined motor muscle potential amplitudes, and sensorial latency amplitudes (p0.05). Of twenty-four wrists, 16 (66.6%) showed improvement, and eight (33.3%) showed marked improvement. Similarly, preoperative and follow-up BS scores showed significant differences in favor of treatment results (p0.05). The Boston scale scores and EMG results were found consistent in showing treatment outcome.Open surgical release of CTS provides favorable results that can be sufficiently evaluated by the clinical scoring system alone. Electromyographic studies do not seem to add extra benefits to the postoperative evaluation of patients with CTS.