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Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our research study investigates how expressions and acts of kindness are leveraged through non-monetary value exchange practices to improve individual and community well-being when money was scarce. A qualitative netnographic study was conducted to examine the non-monetary value exchange practices amongst members of the Barter for Better Fiji platform. Data were collected through online observation and participation, conversational interviews, and archival and netnographic methods. The interpretation of the data revealed that Barter for Better Fiji members leveraged an 'economy of kindness' through three non-monetary value exchange practices (i.e. bartering, near-money exchange and donating) to improve individual and community well-being. The marketing theory and practice implications of leveraging expressions and acts of kindness through value exchange practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on archival sources and previously underexplored famine testimonies, this article provides the first study of gender and women's experiences during the Kazakh famine. First, I provide a discussion of motherhood in this time of catastrophe. Traditional parental norms collapsed in a similar way to other catastrophes across the world. The second part of the article offers a discussion of who survived the famine. I argue that many parents preferred saving their sons at the expense of their daughters and consequently more boys survived the famine than girls. Son preference manifested itself strongly in the catastrophic years of famine as saving a man's lineage was deemed to be essential. The last part discusses sexual violence and sexual barter. I show that rape and prostitution were relatively less widespread in Kazakhstan, while sexual violence and barter frequently took a different form. Instead of directly raping women, abusers usually forced women to marry them as second wives. Unlike many examples in world history, sexual barter usually took place not between women and men, but between abuser men and male relatives of female victims. Son preference and the sale of women are reflections of how strongly patriarchal the nomadic society was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early modern book economy thrived on a system of bartering, swapping printed sheets for printed sheets or other valuable bookish material. Widely discussed as Tauschhandel in the context of the Frankfurt Book Fair, this practice continued to flourish in the Low Countries during the seventeenth century as the fair's popularity declined. This article examines the bartering practices between the Officina Plantiniana in the city of Antwerp, the best-documented print business of the handpress era, and merchants and booksellers in its northern neighbour Amsterdam. While the output of the Plantin presses is well studied, its input, including maps, lottery tickets, reams of high-quality French and Dutch paper, and even luxury objects such as sugar and globes, has gone unrecognised. Ultimately, I argue that Dutch sellers were motivated to barter with the Officina by their superior access to books, paper, and other luxury goods, and their robust professional and personal networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medium of exchange for the transactions has been continuously evolved right from the stage of barter system to the current cashless economy. The cashless transactions, in real sense, the transaction between two entities without a medium of exchange. This paper intends to analyze the Cashless transactions in terms of value and volume. For this study the cashless transactions data is analyzed for 5 years. The secondary data is collected from RBI website. The RBI Annual Report 2019-20 and 2021-22 are used to analyze the total cashless transactions in the past 3 years. The statistical tools like Graph, Chart and percentage has been used to analyze the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of economics, work is typically considered a form of barter for wages. This perspective reduces work to a mere activity serving profit, productivity, and, ultimately, the economy. Such a reduction also diminishes the person performing the work, treating them merely as a "cog in a machine." To fully appreciate its true meaning, work must be seen as labor serving temporal goods and as a pathway to contemplation. This paper argues that personalist economics is necessary to achieve contemplative labor, affirming the totality of the person--as composed of both body and soul--involved in work and economic activity. Consequently, both the person and their work are irreducible to mere profit, productivity, and economic activity. In this light, the paper seeks to answer the question: Is it possible to retrieve the meaning of the person in today's economy through labor? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The "Esquela Tusuy" dance is a cultural manifestation deeply rooted in the Uchumiri Peasant Community (Condesuyos, Peru), reflecting the intersection between traditional cultural practices and community identity. This ethnographic study reveals how the dance, beyond being a mere artistic expression, is a complex system of meanings that articulates social relations, economic practices of barter, and Andean spirituality, through the veneration of Pachamama and Apu Coropuna. The dance is organized around rituals that include the preparation, journey, and return of the llama herders, being a living expression of collective memory and a mechanism of social cohesion. The adopted methodology was based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews, allowing a detailed understanding of Uchumiri's cultural dynamics. Despite contemporary challenges, "Esquela Tusuy" remains a central pillar for the affirmation of cultural identity and community resistance, underlining the importance of dance in the conservation of cultural heritage and in the articulation of local identities against national narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative, many studies have analysed Beijing’s geoeconomic diplomacy. However, analysis has principally focused on the investment and financial aspects, ignoring the strategic dimensions of military technology exports and the means of financing them. This paper seeks to fill this scholarship gap by critically exploring Chinese defence countertrade deals, especially barter and offset, as a component of geoeconomic diplomacy. The findings suggest that while China’s geoeconomic diplomacy reflects traditional Western mercantilist goals, it also displays uniquely Chinese characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies that have examined consumer behavior have focused more on purchasing intention than selling intention. Sellers hold certain personal values or economic views when selling their second-hand products on auction sites, and so do barter site exchangers, but the latter have values that differ from the former. In this study, we investigate how second-hand owners (sellers or exchangers) determine whether to place an item on an auction or barter site. Based on the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model, we used a validated questionnaire to explore several internal and external factors. We found that four factors--perceived product condition, reference group, online word of mouth, and reference price--supported both the intention to use auction sites and their actual use, while we found two factors--personal value and reference group--supported barter site use. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to further observe how utilitarian and hedonic personal values have different effects on sellers' brain activities and decision-making behaviors regarding site choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is about private law contracts and their social, economic, and religious background in Sasanian Persia (224–651) before the advent of Islam. After a brief introduction to the sources and research method, the paper examines Zoroastrian moral teachings about obligations in general and contractual obligations in particular. To emphasise the religious background, the Avestan hymn to Mithra and the Vendidad are scrutinised which have a classification of contracts and a pyramid of sanctions for their breach. The second part of the article analyses private law contracts, which can be found in the Sasanian Law Book called Madigan I Hazar Dadestan, such as sale, barter, donation, lease, and loan, together with legal guarantees such as surety and pledge. In addition to legal dogmatics, attention is also paid to gaps in the law and the opportunities they provide for parties to achieve unlawful ends with legal means, as well as the prudence of Sasanian lawyers and how they stopped such abuses of the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marketplace of ideas metaphor has long influenced how scholars and practitioners understand public relations' role in U.S. discourse and democratic society, yet it is rarely questioned. We argue that the unacknowledged aspirations and Western, capitalist values embedded in the marketplace of ideas could cloud understandings of public relations in society and absolve practitioners of certain consequences of the discourses they put forth due to the function of the invisible hand symbolism operating within it. This work draws mostly from rhetorical and marketplace theory in public relations, including fully functioning society, to present five central limitations of the marketplace metaphor. A case example of U.S. discourse about trans women in sports showcases the shortcomings of the marketplace metaphor in practice. We introduce the bazaar and other compatible metaphors to inspire alternative, figurative thinking about societal communication and address some of the limitations we present, though we also ask questions about the marketplace of ideas to improve its fit with contemporary public relations. This essay offers theoretical and practical contributions by extending metaphors to explain practitioner responsibility in societal discourse and outline the importance of suiting metaphors to particular public relations contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a macro-foundation for why the specific value of 2% is a valid inflation target. The approach postulates that innovations generate transactional cost savings by comparison to barter. The optimal velocity of money is derived as a function of productivity growth and of long-term and short-term interest rates, with coefficients reflecting the leverage ratio of depository institutions and the degree of bias in technical progress in the transaction technology. The model is tested for the U.S. (for aggregates M1, M1RS, and M1S) over the period 1959–2007. Setting the inflation target rate equal to the growth rate of velocity leads to an inflation rate near 2% and is akin to pursuing the Friedman k-% rule. This rule provides flexibility to prevent deflation. A long-term Taylor-type rule is derived. A robustness test is also conducted by extending the sample period up to 2023, covering sustained episodes of unconventional U.S. monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the very simple stages of human civilization, the provision of the necessities of life was carried out by exchanging necessities (bartering). Money has a very strategic position in the world economic system, so it is not easy to replace it with other media. In Islamic economics, money is only seen as a medium of exchange, and not as a commodity. The role of money is intended to eliminate injustice, dishonesty, and exploitation in the barter economy. Initially, the function of money was namely as a medium of exchange. However, in its development, the main function began to shift. Economic system analysts view the function of money not only as a medium of exchange but also as a commodity so that money can be bought and sold like a commodity. In this research, the author formulates a problem as to what is the concept of money from an Islamic economic perspective and its function from an Islamic economic perspective. In this research, the author uses library research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic must be analyzed as a syndemic, resulting from the interaction between diseases and political and socioeconomic macro-processes that affect food sovereignty, mainly of women. The peasant movements propose, as a way out of the multi-crises, the transformation of the food system, based on food sovereignty and feminist principles. In this article, we use data from a transdisciplinary investigation and a report produced by women to guide actions in relation to gender issues, COVID-19 and food systems, as a basis for the analysis of a particular case in Mexico: the initiatives carried out to confront the COVID-19 syndemic by coffee-growing women, peasant and popular feminists, in two communities in the mountains of Veracruz. The objective of this article is to demonstrate that these women have managed to strengthen the bonds of solidarity in their communities, of reciprocity with Mother Earth and comprehensive health care through the strengthening of ancestral practices (plant gathering and barter), and new tools (self-care circles and digital media). This article demonstrates how the ways of life of these women, their creativity and resilience materialize locally, and thus proposes the construction of another narrative by and about peasant women.

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The academy has traditionally tended to classify the study about money into two approaches that are often considered incompatible: commodity money and debt money. The first one presents money as a commodity that, thanks to its particular characteristics, allows transactions to be carried out in a much more efficient way than the simple barter. The second one considers that money is a type of debt used in a certain institutional context to facilitate transactions, normally issued by one State to distribute the resources produced in the territory over which it exercises its power. In this work, it is argued that these two approaches are not necessarily incompatible and that an analytical tool can be used to detect a common framework and thus better address the nature of money: the "control space" of the State. JEL Classification: E40, E42, E52 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since acquiring money is not, and is not intended to be, directly in the social interest, the economic principles suitable for capitalism must, in the long run, resolve the possible institutional conflicts between acquiring money for the business enterprise and producing real output for the benefit of society-at-large. Mainstream economic theory since Adam Smith has suppressed this structural quarrel by presuming the capitalist monetary economy operates as if it were a barter economy. Ironically, money as an institution of capitalism is presumed neutral with respect to both employment and output, but President Lincoln never believed this, and in the Mercantilist tradition of Hamilton-Adams-Clay- Carey ("The American System"), his Greenbacks institutionally effectuated the National Capitalism of the(se) United States. At issue had been whether to concentrate capital (North) or disperse it westward (South), whether to create a national bank to finance internal growth (North) or whether to oppose the system of finance-capital and paper credit (South). Throughout the Civil War, the North's non-neutral view of money versus the South's (orthodox commodityexchange) neutral view of money proved critical to this embattled national decision of societal production (North) versus State's rights. Ultimately, the North's instituting the monetary-economic insights of the National Capitalist via Abraham Lincoln proved decisive [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large Brazilian agribusiness lender introduces a new contracting technology: grain warehouses. Using runner‐up warehouse locations as a control group, I find that construction of these warehouses permits a new debt contract, namely, barter credit repayable in grain. This contract increases borrowers' debt capacity and reduces borrowing costs. The effects are stronger when grain price risk is higher, for municipalities with weaker courts, and for financially constrained borrowers. These findings are consistent with barter credit reducing financial market imperfections by mitigating borrowers' output price risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the complexities of assessing the correct basis for taxation in barter transactions involving influencers, bloggers, and other service providers who receive non-monetary compensation. It explores the subjective approach of the European Court of Justice in determining the basis of assessment and highlights the challenges and potential limitations of this method in practical situations.

Using detailed administrative data that link French firms and workers over the years 2002 to 2007, the authors document declines in worker-level wages ahead of the time their employer is acquired by a foreign firm that are more than offset by gains in wages that emerge after cross-border acquisition. Specifically, relative wages fall by an estimated 7.5% in the years just before foreign acquisition, and they rise by approximately 12.5% in the years afterward. Changes in workers' earnings are evident in both wages and in-kind payments given to workers. Moreover, the authors provide theoretical foundations for the conditional mean independence assumption that underlies commonly applied empirical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “Esquela Tusuy” dance is a cultural manifestation deeply rooted in the Uchumiri Peasant Community (Condesuyos, Peru), reflecting the intersection between traditional cultural practices and community identity. This ethnographic study reveals how the dance, beyond being a mere artistic expression, is a complex system of meanings that articulates social relations, economic practices of barter, and Andean spirituality, through the veneration of Pachamama and Apu Coropuna. The dance is organized around rituals that include the preparation, journey, and return of the llama herders, being a living expression of collective memory and a mechanism of social cohesion. The adopted methodology was based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews, allowing a detailed understanding of Uchumiri’s cultural dynamics. Despite contemporary challenges, “Esquela Tusuy” remains a central pillar for the affirmation of cultural identity and community resistance, underlining the importance of dance in the conservation of cultural heritage and in the articulation of local identities against national narratives.

The evolution of currency traces its roots back to the earliest stages of human civilization, where various modes of exchange, ranging from barter to metal-based transactions, shaped the landscape of trade. The initial practice of direct goods exchange, known as barter, was succeeded by the Commodity System, wherein specific items served as mediums of trade. The Metal System further streamlined transactions through the use of metal coins, although it presented its own set of challenges. The shift from physical commodities to symbolic representations of value marked a crucial turning point, leading to the introduction of paper currency as a means to address the complexities associated with metal-based transactions. Notably, historical records indicate widespread acknowledgement of the legitimacy of these evolving exchange systems by Muslim scholars. However, a pivotal moment arose in 1971 when paper currency detached from tangible assets like gold and silver, sparking diverse opinions among Muslim scholars regarding its compatibility with Shariah principles. In the contemporary era, the landscape of currency has expanded to include credit cards and digital currencies as alternative mediums of exchange. The advent of these modern methods has prompted ongoing discussions among scholars about their Shariah status. This article delves into the historical trajectory of currency evolution and explores the diverse perspectives within the Muslim scholarly community regarding the Shariah compliance of both traditional and contemporary forms of currency. By doing so, it aims to shed light on the intricate and multifaceted nature of exchange systems throughout history and in our present times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze technology as the instrument that facilitates and drives the development of collaborative strategies. The focus is the promotion of mutual support initiatives originating from the population, in the central highlands of Ecuador (the Andes). The Design/Methodology is quantitative, with descriptive and inferential scope with nonprobabilistic sampling, made up of direct observation, interviews and surveys applied to 215 people. Inferential statistics are applied by classification of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) type in R-Studio. The results obtained reveal that, on average, users exchanged 14 products, although the reliable range includes between 10 to 18 products, a result that is evidenced by the standard deviation. Technology is socially shaped; therefore, the use of technological platforms stimulates collaborative exchange that allows the population to survive, seen as a practice that is resumed to minimize and compensate for the inefficiency of the state. Three aspects to highlight: a) barter resurfaces when capitalist exchange breaks down and technology favors this type of exchange; b) the state is replaced by community and family leadership and the social subject is redefined beyond a "citizen"; and c) the denial of the classic capitalist system, by managing to transfer value without transferring currency, supported by technology. Originality/Value through the absence of studies that connect topics such as technology-barter is well covered in this article, it is an addition for those interested in socialeconomic sciences and who want to find novel topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old manuscripts are cultural products of the ancestors of modern Indonesians and contain highly valuable cultural information. As such, they were sought after by other nations, who have managed to acquire them in various ways, including by taking them, bartering them with other items or buying them. It is thus no wonder that a lot of Indonesian manuscripts are now housed in various institutions in other countries, including the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (STABI) in Germany. This article aims to describe the Indonesian manuscripts that are now housed in STABI and to trace how they ended up there, with a particular focus on the physical condition of the manuscripts using the codicological approach. As the research shows, the Indonesian manuscripts housed in STABI are from various regions, including Java, the Batak lands, Aceh, Bima, Lampung and Makassar, and in the Malay language used all over Southeast Asia. The manuscripts date from the 15th century onwards, and they were acquired as a result of purchase or as gifts from certain institutions or individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on Thomas Reades Rootes Cobb, a member of the planter class who defended slavery in his writings. Cobb's idealistic portrayal of slavery as a barter system between the more intelligent and less intelligent is a myth; in reality, the plantation economy generated currency through the trade of land and enslaved people, and social currency through the ordering of White male labor.

The gendered impact of fear from persistent insecurities informs women's navigation within and through conflict- and conservation-shaped landscapes. This article introduces a feminist emotional geography approach into discussions concerning the relationship between conservation and conflict studies to explore how navigation of fear enables women's self-determination and agency in generating survival strategies with(in) such 'violent environments'. Based on visual ethnographic methods employed around Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the photo diaries and narratives of two women illustrate their attempts to make sense of their fears in order to develop emotional and behavioral coping responses in the form of bartering and performativity. Going beyond a dominant focus on 'everyday resistance' against oppressive conservation practices and other armed actors in conflict, I argue that this fear-induced coping allows to account for the compliances and collaborations unfolding with landscape and actors, that afford the women a sense of integrity, agency and ownership of their body and mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US withdrawal from the nuclear deal and its ratcheting up of sanctions aimed to cut Iran's oil revenues virtually to zero by reducing trade between Tehran and its top foreign customers, especially China. This article examines the dynamics of the Sino‐Iranian oil business and finds that the Chinese have never terminated their imports; instead, when Beijing cannot deal with Tehran directly, it continues the flow through subterranean methods. This practice holds some benefits for both sides, but the Iranian economy has become highly dependent on bartering with the East Asian power: exporting crude and receiving part of the revenues in Chinese goods and services. The two countries have vowed to keep up the oil trade, as sanctions have led Iran toward a growing economic and technological orientation toward the East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article historically examines the boom in US first-run syndication during the 1980s. At this time, Hollywood-based major distributors eagerly entered this market, thanks to regulatory and industrial changes, in an effort to create competing unwired television networks. The article presents a contextual history to describe these changes and uses two sustained case studies—Viacom's Superboy and Buena Vista TV's DuckTales —to more closely examine these syndicators. Through these case studies, the article demonstrates the shared industrial strategies of these distributors in exploiting pre-sold brands, globalized labor, and package deals for programing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While archaeologists now have demonstrated that barter and trade of material commodities began in prehistory, theoretical efforts to explain these findings are just beginning. We adapt the central place foraging model from behavioral ecology and the missing-market model from development economics to investigate conditions favoring the origins of household-level production for barter and trade in premodern economies. Interhousehold exchange is constrained by production, travel and transportation, and transaction costs; however, we predict that barter and trade become more likely as the number and effect of the following factors grow in importance: (1) local environmental heterogeneity differentiates households by production advantages; (2) preexisting social mechanisms minimize transaction costs; (3) commodities have low demand elasticity; (4) family size, gender role differentiation, or seasonal restrictions on household production lessen opportunity costs to participate in exchange; (5) travel and transportation costs are low; and (6) exchange opportunities entail commodities that also can function as money. Population density is not a direct cause of exchange but is implicated inasmuch as most of the factors we identify as causal at the household level become more salient as population density increases. We review archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic evidence for premodern marketing, observing that the model assumptions, variables, and predictions generally receive preliminary support. Overall, we argue that case study and comparative investigation of the origins of marketing will benefit from explicit modeling within the framework of evolutionary anthropology.