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Rereading the narration of the Battle of Badr in the Qurʾan based on structuralist models allows getting acquainted with the elements of the narrative structure and new angles in them. With the aim of a morphological analysis of the narrative of the Battle of Badr, this article wants to answer the question that according to the model of Vladmir Propp, which functions and characters are more important in the structure of this narrative? The hypothesis of this research is that although there are substantial differences between the functions in Propp's model and the narrative discourse in the Qur'an, there are also identifiable points of adaptation. The results of this descriptiveanalytical research indicate that the Battle of Badr is a single-movement narrative that is formed by the need function (the need of Muslims to neutralize the threat) and the evil function (the Quraysh's military campaign). The promise of victory is also a motivating factor that drives this trend. The third type of development of the story takes place through the pair of functions of entrusting the difficult mission and carrying it out, which leads to the function of the hero's victory in the conflict with the villain. Among the seven characters of Propp, five characters are prominent in this narrative. Among them, the character of the benefactor (God) has the highest frequency of functions, and the majority of these functions is providing or giving an object (divine help). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social work is characterized as a helping profession. Consequently, the nature and purposes of social work revolve around concepts of help and helping. In this article, I explore what happens when the extended family network and friends are brought together by child welfare services to make decisions to help a child. Based on analyses of a single videotaped family group conference, this article offers insights into the challenges and complexities families face when dealing with the mandated task to devise a plan that meets the child's needs. By examining sequences of interaction where friends and family members discuss future scenarios with some cast as beneficiaries and others as benefactors, I show how some of these complexities can be captured in terms of the relationship between benefactive stance and benefactive status. The complexities include ambiguities regarding the relationship between nominated future scenarios and the problem(s) they were designed to solve. Furthermore, participants dealt with uncertainties regarding who was more inclined towards specific future scenarios and thus understood to be the actual beneficiary. Additionally, the analysis shows that social identities ascribed to recipients when resolutions to problems were linked to family members' past shortcomings complicated the acknowledgement and acceptance of assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine strategies for attracting and retaining financial sponsors and athletic benefactors in the field of women's sports. The statistical population included all sports managers, heads of sports federations, as well as sponsors and athletic benefactors in the sports sector. Data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire (after confirming its reliability and validity). Factor analysis was used to identify the strategies and barriers that influence the attraction and retention of financial sponsors, and ANOVA and independent t-tests were employed to test the research hypotheses. SPSS and AMOS software packages were used for data analysis and processing. Eight factors were identified as strategies and barriers for attracting and retaining sponsors and benefactors in women's sports. These factors, based on higher factor loadings, were labeled as supportive, economic, social, and managerial strategies, while the barriers were categorized as economic, legal, social, and cultural barriers. After prioritizing these components, supportive strategies were considered the top priority, economic strategies the second, managerial strategies the third, and social strategies the last for attracting sponsors and benefactors. Additionally, legal barriers were identified as the top priority, followed by economic barriers in second place, social barriers in third, and cultural barriers as the last in terms of obstacles to attracting financial sponsors. The test indicated no significant differences between the views of senior managers and operational managers regarding the strategies for attracting and retaining sponsors and benefactors, nor in the perceived barriers to attracting and retaining them from the perspectives of these two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the historical context of writing and the thematic and stylistic features of the prefaces dedicated to the patrons of Arabic Christian printing in the Middle East, namely the prince of Wallachia Constantin Brâncoveanu and the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Mazepa. These prefaces are contained in the first old prints in Arabic script which were published in Wallachia (the 1701 Liturgikon and the 1702 Horologion) and in Aleppo (the 1706 Psalter and the 1708 Tetraevangelion). The inclusion of accompanying texts of this kind to the books was due, firstly, to the European tradition of those times, and secondly, to the sincere gratitude of Syrian Christians for the material support that the Church of Antioch desperately needed. Mazepa's financial assistance came at a time when the newly created Aleppo printing press was on the verge of ceasing its activities due to lack of funds. The hetman allocated six thousand gold pieces, which made it possible to print several more books before the printing press ceased to function after 1711. The prefaces in honor of both patrons were signed by the former patriarch of Antioch (at that time metropolitan of Aleppo) Athanasios III Dabbās, the initiator of Arabic printing in the East. In addressing his benefactors, the author resorts to the genre of panegyric, closely intertwined with the sermon, which brings the texts of the analyzed prefaces closer to the style of baroque sermon that was widespread in Europe at the time. The texts contain many quotations from Scripture, allusions to biblical images and events and historical figures. The leitmotif of the panegyric is the theme of alms, in the context of patrons' donations to Arabic printing. By using such stylistic devices as metaphor, simile, antithesis, and parallelism, the virtues of the benefactors are praised, and they are compared to biblical characters, apostles, and saints. The publication offers a Ukrainian translation of the first preface from the Bucharest Horologion (1702) and the Aleppo Psalter (1706) dedicated to Constantin Brâncoveanu, as well as the preface in honor of Ivan Mazepa from the Aleppo Tetraevangelion (1708), known in historiography as the "Mazepa's Gospel". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined whether grateful people are prone to sacrificing other people for the sake of their benefactors, themselves for the sake of their benefactors, and themselves for the sake of other people. Study 1 used a vignette methodology to induce participants' gratitude, and Study 2 an autobiographical recall procedure. In Study 1, the participants who received benevolent benefits in the vignette (gratitude condition) were more likely to sacrifice other people for the sake of their benefactors compared to those receiving benefits without benevolent intention (indebtedness‐baseline condition). The same method revealed a tendency for grateful people to sacrifice themselves for benefactors and others. Study 1's results could not be replicated by the preregistered analysis in Study 2. However, gratitude positively correlated with their propensity to sacrifice other people for the sake of benefactors, though it was not a preregistered analysis. The findings reveal the bright and dark sides of the consequences of gratitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into Captain Samuel Alfred Warner's dogged campaign to sell two inventions – his submersible mine and "long range" missile – to the British government in the 1840s and 1850s. Departing from a historiography that dismisses Warner as a fraudster, it clarifies how he managed to generate widespread interest in his weapons technologies for nearly twenty years. I therefore analyze three key elements of his self-promotion: his personal branding, his pitch, and his simultaneous embrace and rejection of publicity. Neither elite nor highly educated, Warner ran up against a culture of "polite science" that distinguished disinterested practitioners from profit-minded schemers. To establish his credentials, he emphasized his practical maritime experience and represented himself as a martyr willing to bear the scorn of a disbelieving establishment. In pitching his devices, Warner capitalized on alarmism over border security and the integrity of the empire; he declared that they could hobble France's modernizing navy and quickly end colonial conflicts. When skeptics began to fret over the proliferation of his destructive weapons, Warner flipped the script and lauded the threat of mutual annihilation as a deterrent to needless warfare. The issue of publicity, however, would ultimately be Warner's professional undoing. Despite successful demonstrations, his clashes with official investigators and his refusal to disclose his chemical secrets led critics to dispute the originality of his discoveries. An examination of Warner's self-promotional strategies, his fraught interactions with the British state, and the ambivalent public reaction to his contraptions provides insight into how scientific authority was acquired and lost in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of food and drink policies in U.S. academic law libraries over the past two decades. It examines changes in attitudes and policies regarding food consumption by comparing data from surveys conducted in 2002 and 2022. It discusses the reasons behind these shifts, including the changing nature of libraries as "third places" and the desire to create more welcoming environments for patrons.

Despite the long history of Buddhist glory in the Bengal region, there are few scholars who have paid much attention to scrutinizing extensive research on Buddhism in Boṅgabhūmi. This research paper explores a narrative historical account of Buddhist transmission in Boṅgabhūmi, from its inception to the present day. In demonstrating a clear scenario of the growth of Buddhism in Boṅgabhūmi, this research delves into crucial Buddhist figures, benefactors, and scriptures and how they have contributed to the spread of Buddhism in the Bengal Delta from the past to the present. As this study demonstrates, the Buddha’s teachings have touched the hearts of the seekers of the truth in the region of Boṅgabhūmi from the time of the Buddha (approximately 2600 years ago) to the modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Japan, when a beneficiary receives benefits from a benefactor, it is not unusual for the beneficiary to use apologies to express gratitude. However, literature has not fully investigated how received gratitude and apologies impact Japanese benefactors' perceptions. This experimental study examined how received gratitude and apologies influenced 671 Japanese participants' (benefactors) negative and positive face as well as their self-efficacy. The results showed that the participants who received a message with gratitude or both gratitude and apologies perceived that their negative and positive face were less threatened than those in a control condition. Contrary to literature, those who received gratitude did not have high levels of self-efficacy. However, their self-efficacy was high after they received apologies only when they put more effort into helping a beneficiary. This study revealed unique roles of gratitude and apologies in meeting various psychological needs of Japanese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vakıflar Dergisi is the property of T.C. Vakiflar Genel Mudurlugu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the complex themes within Mark Twain's satirical novel. Topics include the duality of Hank Morgan's character as a philanthropist and oppressor, the significance of his daughter Hello-Central as a symbol of technological progress, and the critique of medieval and modern cosmologies through the narrative's resolution.

As a character strength, gratitude is linked with positive emotions and can potentially provide many benefits to children and adolescents. Yet little is known about how and why children typically experience gratitude, and how to promote its development. We conducted 10 focus groups and written exercises with 38 Colombian fifth-graders (19 girls and 19 boys), from one public school and two private schools, to explore different components of their gratitude experiences, namely, the benefactors, benefits, feelings, and behavioral expressions associated with gratitude, using a theoretical/deductive thematic analysis. There were many commonalities in the themes of the gratitude elements found in both girls' and boys' answers, and in both public and private schools. One element of gratitude not anticipated in the analysis was the degree of effort that children saw benefactors (particularly family members) investing in them. These findings can be used to inform educational interventions, making them more relevant to children in Colombian and other Latin American contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test the effectiveness of 2 different written inductions of gratitude toward God and analyze the content and outcomes of these gratitude expressions. We recruited 1,170 predominantly Christian U.S. participants across 3 CloudResearch datasets. Participants were randomly assigned to write about gratitude to God or another benefactor, including people, parents, country, and unspecified benefactors, or to write about their daily activities. Study 2 further probed nuances related to control group instructions, and Study 3 examined outcome measures related to well-being and prosociality. The participants who wrote about gratitude toward God more frequently mentioned basic needs and self-transcendence and less frequently mentioned material items compared to other benefactors. They also showed high levels of expansive emotions and religious intentions. Our research provides methodological insights relevant to gratitude writing inductions and sheds light on the content and outcomes of gratitude toward God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanitas: Revista de Estudos Greco-Latinas is the property of Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Yu et al. (2022, Study 2), beneficiaries are less likely to feel grateful toward benefactors who exhibit immoral behavior, indicating that gratitude is morally sensitive. As a preregistered conceptual replication study, the present study aimed to examine which specific immoral attribute of benefactors would weaken beneficiariesʼ gratitude. The participants of this study were presented with a vignette, in which the benefactors offered to introduce a doctor to them who could help with their physical problems. Referring to moral foundation theory, we randomly assigned one of six moral traits of benefactors: immoral with respect to care, fairness, loyalty, authority, purity, or morally neutral. Preregistered analyses revealed that beneficiaries felt less grateful toward benefactors who were immoral with respect to loyalty and purity. Furthermore, immorality in those two moral foundations weakened beneficiariesʼ other appraisals that were consistent with the findings of the original study, while immoral benefactors with respect to care significantly affected neither these appraisals nor gratitude. Results suggest that one should carefully discern the influence of certain kinds of immorality on gratitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Gratitude" has multiple meanings. One distinction is between gratitude with and without a benefactor. This paper presents two daily diary studies examining the experience of gratitude without a benefactor. In the first, some participants wrote each day about something good caused by someone else whereas others wrote about something good caused neither by self nor other. In the second, all participants wrote each day about something good caused neither by self nor other. Both studies included a novel measure of gratitude designed to distinguish gratitude with and without a benefactor. Across both studies, participants reported feeling gratitude even without a benefactor, and the novel measure of gratitude predicted daily gratitude even after controlling for other gratitude measures. In study 2, participants reported that benefactorless gratitude made them feel the motivational goals of being more obligated, spiritual, resourceful, indebted, generous, celebratory and wanting to help someone else, even after controlling for joy. Some analyses suggest that gratitude with a benefactor is particularly associated with obligation. For instance, in study 1, daily gratitude with a benefactor was more related to obligation than gratitude without a benefactor. These studies suggest that distinctions between gratitude with versus without a benefactor warrant continued exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitation is an interaction where one species (the benefactor) positively impacts another (the beneficiary). However, the reciprocal effects of beneficiaries on their benefactors are typically only documented using short‐term datasets. We use Azorella selago, a cushion plant species and benefactor, and a co‐occurring grass species, Agrostis magellanica, on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island, comparing cushion plants and the grasses growing on them over a 13‐year period using a correlative approach. We additionally compare the feedback effect of A. magellanica on A. selago identified using our long‐term dataset with data collected from a single time period. We hypothesized that A. selago size and vitality would be negatively affected by A. magellanica cover and that the effect of A. magellanica on A. selago would become more negative with increasing beneficiary cover and abiotic‐severity, due to, e.g. more intense competition for resources. We additionally hypothesized that A. magellanica cover would increase more on cushion plants with greater dead stem cover, since dead stems do not inhibit grass colonization or growth. The relationship between A. magellanica cover and A. selago size and vitality was not significant in the long‐term dataset, and the feedback effect of A. magellanica on A. selago did not vary significantly with altitude or aspect; however, data from a single time period did not consistently identify this same lack of correlation. Moreover, A. selago dead stem cover was not significantly related to an increase in A. magellanica cover over the long term; however, we observed contrasting results from short‐term datasets. Long‐term datasets may, therefore, be more robust (and practical) for assessing beneficiary feedback effects than conventional approaches, particularly when benefactors are slow‐growing. For the first time using a long‐term dataset, we show a lack of physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative interaction, in contrast to the majority of short‐term studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae is the property of Uniwerystet Kardynala Stefana Wyznskiege w Warzawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the beginning of the 20th century, for the Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire to recognize the Izh-Bubi madrasah as the strongest educational institution, located in a small Tatar village, serious financial support was required. This article will focus on the activities of the benefactors of the Izh-Bobya village, Sarapulsky district, Vyatka province. Among them were those who donated their land for the construction of madrasah buildings; who took over its material equipment and built a new spacious mosque so that they could perform the Friday shakirda prayer in it; who helped the leaders of the educational institution to legitimize the innovations that they introduced. I believe that Izh-Bobyansky merchants-philanthropists made a significant contribution to the development of the Tatar enlightenment at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is gratifying that even today there are followers of their good deeds. The article also provides information about the activities of modern philanthropists – Izh-Bobyans.

By drawing on service encounter data in Japanese, this paper analyzes a previously undocumented request action initiated by a service provider to a client as a necessary step to provide the service. The service provider and their client, both exercising respective deontic rights, collaboratively construct a request turn in particular ways. In this case, due to the Japanese SOV word order, the service provider takes advantage of segmenting their request turn to allow the recipient clients to begin compliance, who thereby acquiesce to the service provider's deontic authority at the earliest point. By bringing the request turn to completion after the client's compliance while reflexively showing their deontic and beneficiary stances in the turn final component, the service provider displays commitment to balancing out their relative deontic status to the client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text discusses accounts from early Byzantine hagiographical texts depicting the activities of bankers and usurers in the period from the early 5th to the second decade of the 7>th century. Texts by Palladius of Helenopolis, John of Ephesus, John Moschos, and Leontius of Neapolis are analysed. In the collated material we find relatively little information depicting the activities of bankers and usurers. Neither do we find any further details of the conditions under which money loans were granted. However, we note the statement that the cancellation of a loan, even if forced by circumstances (even if due to the intervention of a holy man), is charitable in nature and the 'lost' capital by the creditor in such a case bears the characteristics of a merciful deed. Most of the analysed accounts are presented in a somewhat fanciful way, which, however, should not question the information conveyed by the narrative. Two aspects of the analysed accounts are most significant. Firstly, the absence of any criticism of the Alexandrian Church deriving, even if not high, some profits (interest) from monetary loans. Secondly, in the accounts analysed we note a peculiar narrative, or in fact a new way of reasoning, by means of which the authors wanted to reach their audience, the potential benefactors. Thus, we become acquainted with somewhat naïve tales of how the benefits of granting a non-refundable loan to the needy, not only to the poor but also to merchants who traded on the high seas (?) would quite quickly return to the merciful benefactor, in a tangible material benefit, while he was still alive. We do not find such an argument in the patristic texts of the 4th and 5th centuries, where accounts of this kind merely refer to a prediction or even a guarantee of 'heavenly interest' that could tip the scales in favour of the merciful donor (creditor) at the Last Judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on specific case studies concerning the representation of the figure of the poor in bishop Gregory of Tours' 'Libri Historiarum'. The analysis of this source demonstrates how the needy, although on the edge of society, nevertheless constituted a significant spiritual resource for those who wanted to ensure the purification from their sins through alms, especially the richest. This constituted a dynamics of reciprocal remuneration through which, on the one hand, the suffering of the indigent was made less arduous by the charity of the divites; on the other hand, the pauperes themselves were believed to act in favour of their earthly benefactors in the afterlife. Although certainly marginal figures, the poor were not, therefore, completely excluded from Merovingian society in the sixth century. Rather, in the Gaul of the 'Libri Historiarum', an attempt was made to offer them adequate assistance thanks to the concrete measures taken by those who, whether lay or ecclesiastical, recognised, as Peter Brown has pointed out, the figure of Christ in every needy. Such benefactors were able to offer help to those who extended their hands to receive alms. At the same time, they earned a credit for the salvation of their souls to enter the kingdom of heaven. The different social function of the poor, as illustrated by Gregory of Tours, finds a full correspondence in the theological and social vision of other illustrious Christian authors of the sixth century, such as bishop Caesarius of Arles and, above all, Pope Gregory the Great. These maintained that, according to divine providence, the inferior pay respect to the superior and the superior show benevolence towards the inferior, thus creating a single concordant harmony. The paper, therefore, highlights the different social functions of pauperes both by studying some specific figures of indigents and by examining the ecclesiastical mentality concerning the general question of poverty and its effects on marginalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers Dickens's story "The Italian Prisoner" to argue that the author's reluctance to write on the Italian Risorgimento was not due to opportunism on his part. Dickens wished the Neapolitan prisoners could speak for themselves and only when he understood no story was forthcoming, did he set about writing it. The story eventually focuses around a huge bottle of wine that an ex-prisoner entrusts to the narrator to take back to his benefactor in England. The bottle becomes a symbol of the difficulties any narrator faces when seeking to bring a true story from one culture into another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among philosophers who study gratitude, there is much disagreement about what gratitude is and when it is called for. One thesis no one has questioned, however, is the thesis that in order to be grateful to a benefactor, a beneficiary must believe that that benefactor exists. In this essay, I lay out novel reasons to doubt this thesis, and I explore a striking implication of rejecting it: the implication that doubters of various kinds—not just religious people in periods of doubt, but also lifelong agnostics, and even some atheists—might be capable of gratitude to God. I begin by developing a hypothetical case that demonstrates people can be grateful to human benefactors whose existence they doubt. My case shows that gratitude to a doubted benefactor is consistent with hoping that benefactor turns out not to exist. I then show how my case implies that theists in periods of doubt, agnostics, and a particular kind of atheist could be grateful to God, despite a lack of belief in his existence, and despite a lack of faith in God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a semi-supervised thin cloud removal framework referred to as mutually beneficial guides. It is featured by two fundamental operations, i.e., (a) beneficial model guide and (b) beneficial objective guide. They are operated in terms of the iterative training of two benefactor networks, i.e., (a) a model benefactor network and (b) an objective benefactor network. The beneficial objective guide benefits the model benefactor network by guiding its training with the cloud removal results of cloudy images given by the objective benefactor network at each iteration. This operation explores the cloudy images whose cloud-free images are unavailable for training, and thus augments the normally insufficient training data for cloud removal in a semi-supervised fashion. The beneficial model guide benefits the objective benefactor network by transferring a historically optimal model benefactor network to it at each iteration. This operation enables the objective benefactor network to provide reliable cloud removal results for training the model benefactor network. Therefore, the two benefactor networks mutually benefit each other from different aspects during the iterative training such that their capabilities of removing clouds are gradually enhanced. Specifically, we construct the benefactor networks in terms of a cross-scale content fusion structure where multi-scale features are fused to the pixel-to-pixel residual processing blocks. The structure is in favor of both coherent and high-resolution cloud removal results. Experiments on both Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A images validate that the framework of mutually beneficial guides outperforms other methods in thin cloud removal. The implementation code of the framework of mutually beneficial guides is available at: https://gitee.com/xuzunxiao/mutually-beneficial-guides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested whether manipulating construal level would change the experience of gratitude or other expansive emotions (gratitude, awe, compassion) and negative emotions. We also examined whether construal level was correlated with the type of gratitude benefactor that participants spontaneously listed, focusing especially on God and non-theistic intangible benefactors compared to tangible human benefactors. We manipulated construal level in 265 U.S.-based CloudResearch participants to test preregistered hypotheses that high-level construals would elicit more examples of gratitude toward intangible benefactors and increase expansive emotions. We conducted additional exploratory analyses, investigating whether attitude accessibility of God as a benefactor was correlated with increases in expansive emotions. High construal level manipulation was associated with more frequently listing non-theistic intangible benefactors. Further, trait construal level predicted expansive emotions. Additionally, attitude accessibility of God as a benefactor was positively related to expansive emotions. We discuss future research possibilities to differentiate between gratitude toward tangible and intangible benefactors and the use of attitude accessibility as an implicit measure of benefactor importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Ibero-American social movements and influence of social confrontations staged in France after the Paris Commune and historiography has bequeathed a vast bibliographical production with the which can document the popular movements before and after the Industrial Revolution.

This article argues that a thus far neglected aspect of Luke's Christology is the portrayal of Jesus as a benefactor. It interprets the use of lexemes of the semantic domain euergetes ("benefactor") in Luke-Acts (Luke 22:25; Acts 4:9; 10:38) against the background of ancient sources. The common feature of designating kings and emperors as saviours and benefactors fits perfectly, both with Luke's use of the title "saviour" for Jesus and with his royal Christology, but adds a decisive new aspect: Jesus, the heavenly lord and judge, is not a tyrant, but a beneficial ruler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As South Asian Englishes have been studied regarding their structural levels but only few studies have focused on their pragmatics, this study investigates thanking strategies in the spoken parts of the British, Indian, and Sri Lankan components of the International Corpus of English. The paper answers the questions: Do variety, speaker age and gender, context formality, position within the speaker turn, and the presence of a benefactor, intensifier, and reason influence the choice between thank and thanks; and what implications do these findings have for the notion of pragmatic nativisation? In a multifactorial analysis, a conditional inference tree identifies age, benefactor, intensifier, and variety as significant predictors while a random forest highlights the importance of variable interactions with variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues on the myth of the self-made man and the representation of the fairy godfather and analyzes the intersection between opportunity and American meritocracy in American literature. Topics discussed are origin of the self-made man, older men as a figurative godfather who serves as benefactor and sponsor of a godchild's livelihood, influence of a godfather on a young man, rise of a self-made man toward becoming a successful man as a result of his godfather's intervention.

In order to understand our present and future work in planting the seeds of solidarity, we excavate the past, through an exploration of transnational solidarity and the vestiges of U.S. legislative policy and philanthropy. Through life notes and sharing circles, we examine policies (Morrill Act of 1862, Refugee Act of 1980, and the Gates Millennium Scholars Program of 1999) that shaped our experiences as researchers, benefactors, and peoples of lands. Through a process of truth-telling and time traveling, we explore questions, tensions, and contradictions of our histories, our place in this world, and our interconnections with each other. We offer seeds that recognizes the juxtaposition of solidarity, a knowing of others' deep history, perplexing the abject and magical, and clairvoyance reflexivity. The work examines how we bond in difference and in the struggle, in qualitative research and in our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]