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This paper assesses the relationships between women's dietary diversity and various indicators of agricultural biodiversity in farms of the Hauts-Bassins, a cotton-growing region in rural western Burkina Faso. A sample of 579 farms representative of the region was surveyed at three different periods of the year. Using a qualitative 24-h dietary recall, we computed a women's dietary diversity score (WDDS-10) based on ten food groups. We used four crop diversity indicators: crop count (CC), Simpson's index (SI), nutritional functional diversity (NFD) and production diversity score (PDS) based on the same food groups as in the WDDS-10. We also counted the number of agroforestry tree species that provide food and the number of animal species raised. Mean WDDS-10 was low (3.4 +/- 1.5 food groups) and did not vary between seasons, whereas the food groups consumed changed according to harvests. Farm production is based on cereals and cotton with low diversity (on average 2.2 +/- 1.0 food groups were cultivated on each farm). Results of mixed models showed that WDDS-10 is positively associated with PDS and the number of agroforestry trees species. In this area, dietary diversity of women in farming households depends on the on-farm production of nutritionally diverse crops, partly because when a crop is produced some of it is usually consumed by the members of the farm household. In addition, WDDS-10 was found to be negatively associated with cotton production when managed by male farm heads, but positively when managed by women. Our results show that assessing the relationships between WDDS-10 and agricultural biodiversity depends on how the latter is assessed. In Burkina Faso, enhancing agricultural biodiversity, especially nutrient-dense crops and agroforestry trees, could be an appropriate way to improve dietary diversity.

This paper reviews the available knowledge on nutritional requirements of non-surgically castrated male pigs to promote their potential for higher feed efficiency while ensuring low risk of boar taint and good carcass and meat qualities. Reasons for giving entire males ad libitum access to diets enriched with amino acids to satisfy their high potential for protein deposition are presented. This also applies to immuno-castrated male pigs, which can be fed as entire males until the second vaccination, when their requirements for essential amino acids decrease significantly. As boar taint is a crucial issue when producing entire male pigs, effects of incorporating various feed ingredients to reduce skatole and indole levels are discussed in terms of their efficacy and mode of action. With a low carcass adiposity, entire males have a lower intramuscular lipid content than females and barrows, which decreases the organoleptic quality of the meat, and adipose tissues whose fatty acids may be highly unsaturated, which modifies the technological aptitude of dry cured products., Quelles stratégies alimentaires pour couvrir les besoins nutritionnels des porcs mâles entiers et/ou immuno-castrés et pour réduire les risques d'odeur de verrat dans la viande ? Cet article fait le point sur les connaissances relatives aux besoins nutritionnels des porcs mâles non castrés chirurgicalement, dans la perspective de favoriser leur potentiel pour une meilleure efficience alimentaire, tout en veillant à maintenir un faible risque d'odeurs de verrat et à préserver les qualités de la carcasse et de la viande. Les raisons pour lesquelles une alimentation à volonté des mâles entiers, avec des aliments plus concentrés en acides aminés, doit être privilégiée, sont présentées, notamment pour optimiser leur potentiel de développement de la masse protéique. Elles s'appliquent également aux porcs mâles immuno-castrés, qui peuvent être nourris comme les mâles entiers jusqu'à la deuxième vaccination. Au-delà, leurs besoins en acides aminés essentiels sont nettement inférieurs à ceux des mâles entiers. Le risque d'odeur de verrat de la viande étant un problème crucial à maîtriser dans la production de mâles entiers, les impacts de l'incorporation de divers ingrédients alimentaires susceptibles de réduire les teneurs en scatol et indole sont discutés, tant pour ce qui concerne leur efficacité que les mécanismes mis en oeuvre. Avec une très faible adiposité de carcasse, les mâles entiers présentent, d'une part, une teneur en lipides intramusculaires inférieure à celle des femelles et des mâles castrés chirurgicalement, qui pénalise la qualité organoleptique de la viande et, d'autre part, un tissu adipeux dont les acides gras peuvent être fortement insaturés, ce qui modifie l'aptitude technologique au séchage des produits. What kind of feeding strategies should be used to meet nutritional requirements of entire male pigs and or immuno-castrated pigs and to reduce the risk of boar taint in meat?

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:16:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The savannas (called Cerrado) are the second-largest vegetation formation in Brazil after the Amazon rainforest, with about 2 million km2. Roots have been found in very deep soil layers in Cerrado ecosystems, which suggests a crucial role of deep rooting in the supply of water and nutrients over dry periods. The aim of our study was to gain insight into the complementarity of common Cerrado woody species in taking up mobile nutrients throughout deep soil profiles. In a closed-canopy savanna with dense woody understory, labeled nitrate was injected into the soil at six soil depths (0.1, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, or 12.0 m) with three plots per depth, at two dates (in rainy and dry seasons). Five months after labeled nitrate injection, young leaves were sampled and foliar δ15N was determined in each plot in the three most common woody species (Coussarea hydrangeifolia, Miconia albicans and Xylopia aromatica). The maximum depth of 15N uptake was dependent on the species. X. aromatica trees took up 15N from a maximum depth of 9 m and exploited a much larger soil volume than the two other species, with the uptake of 15N at a horizontal distance of up to 5 m between the trunk and the injection site. The behavior of M. albicans and C. hydrangeifolia was similar, with a strong uptake of 15N only in the 0–1.5 m soil layer, within 2 m horizontally from the injection site. The depth of 15N uptake over the dry season was not related to the diameter at breast height of the woody plants sampled. We show that roots can take up labeled nitrogen from a depth of 9 m in tropical wooded savannas, which suggests an important role of deep-rooted species in closing biogeochemical cycles on highly weathered tropical soils. São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agriculture CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRA IRD Montpellier SupAgro Department of Ecology University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo State University (Unesp) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agriculture São Paulo State University (Unesp) Institute of Biosciences FAPESP: 2015/25946–0

L'obésité est le résultat d'un déséquilibre entre les apports énergétiques et les besoins nutritionnels. On estime aujourd'hui qu'il y a plus de 41 millions d'enfants obèses dans le monde et, en France, 17% de la population présente une obésité. Les complications à moyen et à long terme sont devenues un enjeu majeur de Santé Publique: le diabète de type 2 a vu sa prévalence augmenter de 600% entre 58 et 93, les collégiens français ont perdu 25% de leur capacité cardio-vasculaire en 40 ans. L'objectifs est donc de diminuer la prévalence du surpoids et de l'obésité chez les enfants et chez les adultes. Pour y parvenir, la France s'est dotée du Plan National Nutrition et Santé et d'outils d'information et d'éducation du grand public afin d'agir sur la composante alimentaire de l'obésité. L'importance d'une action sur la sédentarité et l'influence des écrans est actuellement analysée et intégrée dans la lutte au quotidien. Aujourd'hui, le pharmacien a un rôle essentiel dans la prévention et l'éducation thérapeutique des patients par sa proximité, sa visibilité, sa compétence scientifique,et sa relation privilégiée. Le pharmacien est devenu un acteur dans la stratégie de lutte contre l'obésité, son rôle : identifier, orienter et accompagner.

International audience; Managing the nitrogen (N) supply in agroecosystems is a critical issue to ensure sufficient food production while preserving the environment. Intercropping is known to be a sustainable means of reducing the use of N-fertilizers. However, managing the N supplied to a crop while optimising the use of N by different species in a mixture remains a challenge. This is partly due to the difficulty of assessing the N requirements of each component in the mixture separately in order to correctly drive the performance of the whole system. The methods used to assessplant N nutrition status were initially developed for sole crops. In this review, i) we present different approaches adapted from these previous works to determine the N nutrition status of crops in intercrops; ii) we then compare the predictions of some of them, based on a European database of experimental results regarding cereal–grain legume and perennial grass–legume mixtures; and iii) we discuss the interests and limitations of current indices for mixed crops. We conclude that no single approach is currently valid to assess the N nutrition status of crops within the entire range of possible mixtures explored by farmers. However, some indices based on the N dilution theory perform well regarding the most common situations of balanced binary intercrops. Further research is now needed to properly address the cases of complex mixtures and severely shaded crops.

Freshwater fishes from the Tonle Sap Lake are used in several programs to improve the nutritional status of children and pregnant women. Our aim was to characterize the overall nutritional profile and heavy metal contents of ten freshwater fish species. The lipid contents ranged from 1.4 to 10.0 g/100 g and fish can be considered rich in omega 3. The vitamin A content was ten times higher in small fish eaten whole than in fillets of large fish; the same applies to the Fe and Zn contents, but to a lesser extent. Mn, As and Pb contents were over the maximum permissible levels in several fishes. According to SAIN and LIM classification, the ten fish species belong to the food groups recommended for health. However, when heavy metals were integrated in LIM, seven species were ranked into the food to consume in small quantities. Globally, the most interesting fish species was Henicorhynchus siamensis.

Guide d'aide a la conception de la fertilisation des plantations de palmier a huile, cet ouvrage expose dans un langage clair comment definir dans chaque plantation les recommandations d'engrais qui prennent en compte les specificites de chaque site. Les auteurs presentent les principes d'interpretation des resultats d'analyse des tissus vegetaux, principalement les folioles, en tenant compte de l'influence des facteurs propres a chaque plantation (âge, materiel vegetal, climat, sol). Ils detaillent comment on determine experimentalement les teneurs de reference en elements mineraux specifiques de la plantation et les regles d'echantillonnage pour suivre l'etat nutritionnel de la plantation. La priorite est donnee aux facies (sol, materiel vegetal) les plus specifiques des surfaces plantees plutot qu'a une representation moyenne des parcelles. Ce guide explique comment creer des baremes de fertilisation pour atteindre les teneurs foliaires optimales tirees de l'experimentation, et confronter ces donnees a des informations issues des systemes d'information geographiques. Ce systeme d'aide a la decision est concu pour etre valable dans toutes les situations. Au-dela de l'optimisation economique de la fertilisation, les preoccupations environnementales sont prises en compte : la sante des sols et l'efficience de l'absorption doivent etre integrees dans la strategie de fertilisation en optimisant les pratiques culturales pour l'application des engrais et la gestion de la matiere organique. Ce guide est illustre par de nombreux exemples issus des essais dans des conditions variees de sol, de climat et de materiel vegetal en Afrique et en Amerique latine.

Effect of total substitution of soybean meal in a low-protein diet fed to finishing broilers. 22nd European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition

La couverture des besoins nutritionnels pendant la lactation est très dépendante de la production laitière et de la consommation d’aliment, et varie largement entre les truies. En pratique, l’ajustement des apports alimentaires aux besoins individuels est difficile car les besoins sont établis à partir des performances moyennes du troupeau. L’acquisition de données à haut débit sur l’animal et son environnement permet d'envisager le développement de systèmes d’alimentation de précision. Le modèle développé combine les connaissances récentes sur l’utilisation des nutriments par la truie allaitante avec les données disponibles en élevage sur les truies à la mise-bas (rang, poids vif, épaisseur de lard dorsal) et sur leurs performances individuelles (ingestion journalière d'aliment de la truie, taille de portée et gain moyen quotidien des porcelets) pour estimer leurs besoins nutritionnels journaliers et par kg d’aliment. L’approche est testée sur une base de données constituée de 1450 lactations. Les effets de l’élevage (A, B), de la semaine de lactation (S1, S2 et S3+) et du rang de portée (P1, P2 et P3+) sont significatifs sur les performances des truies et sur leurs besoins journaliers en énergie métabolisable, lysine et phosphore digestibles. Le besoin moyen en lysine digestible par kg d’aliment est plus bas en S1 (6,4 g/kg), puis se stabilise en S2 (8,0 g/kg) et S3+ (7,8 g/kg). Il est plus bas pour les truies P3+ (6,7 g/kg) et P2 (7,3 g/kg) que P1 (8,3 g/kg) du fait de l’ingestion plus élevée des truies multipares. Les évolutions du besoin en phosphore selon la semaine et le rang sont comparables. L’utilisation des données d’élevage permet d’intégrer l’effet de la variabilité des performances sur les besoins nutritionnels individuels des truies allaitantes. En pratique, les besoins individuels pendant la lactation pourraient être mieux couverts par une alimentation de précision., Meeting nutritional requirements during lactation depends on milk yield and feed intake and varies among sows. In practice, meeting nutritional supplies and individual requirements is difficult because requirements are established at the herd scale from average performance. Acquiring data on sows and their environment at high-throughput allows the development of new precision feeding systems. The model developed combines current knowledge about nutrient use during lactation with on-farm data available on lactating sows at farrowing (parity, body weight, backfat thickness) and on their individual performances (litter size, average daily gain of the litter, sow daily feed intake) to estimate nutritional requirements per day and per kg of feed. The approach was tested on a database of 1450 lactations. The effect of farm (A, B), week of lactation (W1, W2 and W3+) and parity (P1, P2 and P3+) were significant on sow performances and on their daily requirements for metabolizable energy, digestible lysine and phosphorus. The average required dietary concentration of digestible lysine was low at W1 (6.4 g/kg) and then stabilised at W2 (8.0 g/kg) and W3+ (7.8 g/kg). It was lower for P3+ (6.7 g/kg) and P2 sows (7.3 g/kg) than P1 sows (8.3 g/kg) due to the higher feed intake of multiparous sows. The changes in digestible phosphorus requirements according to week of lactation and parity were similar. The use of on-farm data allows to integrate the effect of performance variability on individual requirements in lactating sows. In practice, individual requirements during lactation could be better met with a precision feeding strategy.

The evaluation of public policies in the field of agricultural and agri-food products is mainly carried out in monetary terms (evaluation of the consumer/producer surplus). Concerning food security, this assessment is mainly done in terms of the quantity of food or caloric intake, possibly disaggregated in some main components (protein, fat, carbohydrates); but the analysis of national nutrient availability is rarely performed. The Reconcil project propose to build a coherent database reconciling, HS6 trade databases such as those of UN/COMTRADE or COMEXT (Eurostat) and food composition tables. This will allow the evaluate trade policies not only with traditional indicators but also to assess the impact on the coverage of people's nutritional needs. The database is available upon request.

Résumé; Variability across and within fish species in energy utilization efficiency. 18. ISFNF International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding "40 years of research in fish nutrition"

Improving the genetic yield potential (YP) of tropical, irrigated rice varieties is a priority objective of rice breeding programs worldwide in the interest of achieving food security and maintaining political stability. But YP has stagnated at about 10 Mg ha−1 since the Green Revolution. We present a survey of researchers' current top yields across different environments and countries, experimentally investigate YP-related traits and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of 12 elite materials, and use a simple model to explore traits that would raise the yield ceiling. The survey indicated that maximal grain yield is between 5 and 12 Mg ha−1 depending on radiation during flowering and grain filling. The experiments conducted in several environments in the Philippines indicated that (1) different morphologies in terms of panicle number and size and leaf size lead to similar YP due to trait–trait compensation, and (2) differences in RUE are partly attributable to variation in terminal senescence which is strongly environment dependent. Simulations thus focused on post-floral physiological processes, namely dynamics of light interception, carbon assimilation and maintenance burden. Scenarios of different degree of stay-green indicated that terminal senescence is essential to limit N requirements and maintenance burden, but partial stay-green would strongly benefit RUE and YP, particularly if accompanied with increased leaf photosynthetic capacity. The need to increase pre-floral C and N reserves for grain filling is discussed, resulting in a concept to refine current ideotypes such as IRRI's New Plant Type and China's Super Hybrid Rice. In conclusion, current best tropical breeding products do not have higher YP than some varieties dating 30–40 years, and new concepts are needed in rice breeding. Breeding for such plants should be done under high N inputs.

Partie 3 : Le rationnement des animaux; Spécificités de l'alimentation des ruminants en régions chaudes

On commercial farms, young growing pigs are frequently affected by health problems from multifactorial origins (e.g. environmental changes, biosecurity, management, and feed) that result in inflammation and activation of body defenses. Inflammation states alter animal metabolism in such a way that nutrients (particularly amino acids) are diverted from the use for growth towards the production of defense-related proteins and low-molecular-weight compounds (e.g., nitric oxide, H2S, and glutathione) for supporting the activity of rapidly dividing cells such as immune cells and enterocytes. Furthermore, amino acids may act specifically as signaling molecules to regulate metabolic pathways during inflammation. Thus, new knowledge on the specific role and metabolism of each amino acid is needed to refine nutritional recommendations for pigs of different phenotypes and genotypes, with the objective of maintaining animal health and performance under sub-optimal rearing conditions. This paper aims at summarizing recent advances in research on the functional roles of amino acids related to swine health. Specifically, the review highlights current knowledge on the impact of inflammation on the intake and metabolism of amino acids; their relevance for the physical gut mucosal barrier and antioxidant defense, as well as their roles in the syntheses of defense molecules and in the regulation of immune response. Practical implications for feeding strategies adapted to various health conditions of growing pigs are also discussed along with our general perspectives on related research.

One of the major questions in the current ecological debate about global change is whether phenotypic plasticity will enable species to respond to the rapid pace of ongoing environmental change. The general objective of this thesis was to study the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) depletion on the plasticity of two species, the European bar (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the striped bass (Moronesaxatilis). In juvenile European bass, the combined effect of an increase in temperature and of a reduction in availability of n-3 nutritional PUFA resulted in marked modifications of the profile in neutral muscular fatty acids and a smaller liver mass.At high temperature, growth was increased with the two diets which suggests an absence of nutritional deficiency.Conversely, diet did not affect the hepatic transcriptional factors involved in regulation of FA bioconversion. Juveniles fed the low AGLPI n-3 diet had a higher critical swimming speed in presence of hypoxic or hypoosmotic constraints. In striped bass juveniles, AGLPI n-3nutritional availability brought modifications of lipid profile both in muscle (neutral fraction) and in liver. Diet with low AGLPI n-3 was associated with a larger cardiac mass, but had no effect on growth in cold water. A higher stress level was observed in FW which was associated to higher mortality.These results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global changes on marine organisms and pave the way for new research perspectives., Une des questions cruciales dans le débat écologique actuel est de déterminer si la plasticité phénotypique pourra permettre aux espèces de répondre au rythme rapide des changements environnementaux en cours. L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’étudier les effets d’un appauvrissement en acide gras polyinsaturés du type n-3 (AGLPI) sur la plasticité de deux espèces, le bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) et le bar rayé (Morone saxatilis). L’effet combiné d’une augmentation de la température et d’une réduction en disponibilité des AGLPI n-3 nutritionnels chez les juvéniles de bar européen a entrainé une modification importante des acides gras neutres musculaires ainsi qu’un taux de croissance et une masse hépatique plus faibles. À température élevée, une croissance accrue a été observée avec les deux régimes, suggérant une absence de carence. En revanche, l’aliment n’a pas eu d’effets sur les facteurs transcriptionnels hépatiques liés à la régulation de la bioconversion des AG. Les juvéniles nourris avec le régime appauvri en AGLPI n-3 présentaient une vitesse critique de nage accrue en présence de contraintes hypoxiques et hypoosmotiques. Chez le bar rayé, le régime alimentaire modifie les profils en AG du muscle (fraction neutre) et du foie. Le régime pauvre en AGLPI n-3 a été associé à une augmentation de la masse cardiaque, sans effet sur la croissance en eau froide. Un niveau de stress plus élevé associé à des mortalités a été observé en eau douce. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l’impact des changements globaux sur les organismes aquatiques et ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.

Mediterranean countries have lost their traditional dietary patterns and face emerged diseases linked to a non-balanced diet associated to excessive energy consumption. Tunisia is confronted to the triple burden linked to the coexistence of undernourishment (reduced to 5% but still remaining), nutrient deficiencies and obesity. Nutritional transition was largely influenced by the food subsidy system. Food security was insured by Tunisian social policies based on direct subventions to families and indirect ones by lowering the prices of essential food products (wheat, milk, seed oils, sugar and tomato paste). In this context, we consider the following questions: (i) Do domestic food availabilities in Tunisia able enough to comply with the nutritional needs of the population? (ii) If Tunisian people decided to comply with the WHO nutritional recommendations what would be the impact on the Tunisian supply and demand?

Updating requirements and multiple responses to diets of dairy goats to better tackle resilience and feed efficiency, example of the new french Inra Feed Unit System (Systali). 68. Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP)

The elderly population is growing increasingly. In 2030, 1/3 of the population will be over 60 years old. However this population has specific nutritional needs and often, oral impairments such as loss of tooth and/or decrease of salivary flow. Therefore it is necessary to develop foods adapted for the elderly, in terms of organoleptic properties and nutritional composition. In this context, the purpose of this work is to study the impact of oral impairments of elderly persons on food comfortability and bolus properties during the consumption of dairy products.76 elderly persons (ages 66 to 88, 42 women and 34 men), with or without oral health problems in terms of dental and/or salivary status were recruited. Four dairy products with identical composition but different textures (soft, hard, pasty and dry) were studied. Food comfortability of the four dairy products was assessed by means of a questionnaire based on bolus formation, pain, texture and flavor perception. The time and number of cycle required to form the bolus for elderly person consuming each product was measured (video) as rheological properties (compression test) and saliva incorporated (dry extract) in each bolus. Statistical analysis (correlation, ANOVA, MFA) of the data were performed.Despite a wide array of texture, dairy products were comfortable for the elderly whatever their oral health. According to the food comfortability questionnaire, neither bolus formation, nor pain or organoleptic properties were significantly affected by the dental and/or salivary status of the elderly. The stimulated saliva flow was positively correlated with the amount of saliva incorporated in the bolus. Moreover dental status was correlated with the hardness of the bolus and results suggested that the dental status affected also the texture perception.Finally, food comfortability of our products was not affected by the oral health contrary to the bolus properties.

Les graines de légumineuses : un trésor nutritionnel. 4. Journée de conférences et d’échanges JCE2017

Maison de la Science en Bretagne Située sur le campus de Beaulieu de l'Université de Rennes 1, la Maison pour la science en Bretagne a ouvert ses portes en septembre 2014. Initiée par la Fondation "La main à la pâte" et par l’Académie des sciences, cette Maison est le fruit d’une collaboration exemplaire entre les universités, les grandes écoles bretonnes (dont AGROCAMPUS OUEST) et le rectorat d’académie. Elle propose à l’ensemble des professeurs des écoles et des collèges de l’académie de Rennes de participer à des actions de développement professionnel dans les domaines scientifiques. La 1re action de développement personnel, à destination des enseignants du collège, a eu lieu les 19 et 20 janvier avec l’intervention de plusieurs enseignants-chercheurs du dépt Productions animales, agroalimentaire, nutrition (PSAN). Romain Jeantet, Amélie Deglaire, Valérie Lechevalier, Françoise Nau et Catherine Guérin ont animé le module : « Les pieds dans le plat : transformer et conserver les aliments ». Infos : www.maisons-pour-la-science.orgContact : romain.jeantet@agrocampus-ouest.fr; Transformer les denrées agricoles en aliments: pourquoi et comment?. 2 iéme action de développement personnel, à destination des enseignants du collège: module : « Les pieds dans le plat : transformer et conserver les aliments ».

Bases de la nutrition et formulation en aquaculture

In most countries, male pigs are physically castrated soon after birth to reduce the risk of boar taint and to avoid behaviours such as fighting and mounting. However, entire male pigs are more feed efficient and deposit less fat than barrows. In addition, many animal welfare organizations are lobbying for a cessation of castration, with a likelihood that this could lead to inferior pork unless an alternative method is used to control boar taint. An alternative to physical castration is immunization against gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF) which allows producers to capitalize on the superior feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of boars without the risk of boar taint. From a physiological perspective, immunized pigs are entire males until shortly after the second dose, typically given 4 to 6 weeks before slaughter. Following full immunization, there is a temporary suppression of testicular function and a hormonal status that resembles that of a barrow. Nutrient requirements will be different in these two phases, before and after full immunization. Given that there have been few published studies comparing the lysine requirements of entire males and barrows in contemporary genotypes, it is useful to use gilt requirements as a benchmark. A series of meta-analyses comparing anti-GnRF immunized boars and physical castrates and use of nutritional models suggest that the lysine requirement of entire males before the second immunization is 5% higher than for gilts, from 25 to 50 kg BW, and by 8% from 50 to 95 kg. Given that the penalty in growth performance for having inadequate dietary lysine is greater in males than in gilts or barrows, it is important to ensure that lysine requirements are met to obtain the maximum benefits of entire male production during this phase. After the second immunization, the lysine requirement of immunized males decreases and may become more like that of barrows. In addition, a consistent effect of full immunization is a marked increase in voluntary feed intake from about 10 days after the second dose. Putting these together, the estimated lysine requirement, expressed in terms of diet composition, falls to 94% of the gilt level. Although general principles can be described now, further research is needed to fully define the lysine requirements of immunized boars. It is important that the temporal pattern of tissue deposition rates and feed intake be explored to be incorporated into models to predict nutrient requirements over the period of rapidly changing metabolism.

L'alimentation du porc représente une part majeure du coût de production (environ 60-70%) et est un puissant levier pour maitriser le niveau des performances. L'aliment et ses caractéristiques se retrouvent également dans les piliers sociétal, environnemental et économique du développement durable au travers, par exemple, de la modulation de l'impact sur l'environnement, sur le comportement et la santé des animaux ou sur la qualité des produits et, bien entendu, sur l'efficience technico-économique du système de production. L'objet de cette synthèse est de faire un état des lieux des connaissances actuelles sur la nutrition du porc et de tirer quelques perspectives sur les recherches futures. Les travaux conduits depuis 25 ans ont permis de produire, d'une part, des concepts et des données nouvelles pour évaluer les aliments tels que les acides aminés digestibles au niveau iléal, la valeur énergétique nette fonction du stade physiologique du porc ou la teneur en phosphore digestible et, d'autre part, les connaissances et les outils pour évaluer les besoins nutritionnels du porc par les méthodes factorielles ou les techniques de modélisation de façon à s'adapter à l'évolution continue des caractéristiques des animaux ou à de nouveaux objectifs, contextes et contraintes de production. Les futurs travaux et outils à développer devront viser la caractérisation rapide et fiable des aliments (méthodes NIR, par exemple), une meilleure utilisation digestive des parois végétales (par les enzymes, par exemple), une nutrition de plus en plus précise adaptée à chaque porc (modèles stochastiques) et, de façon résumée, une amélioration du rendement d'utilisation de toutes les ressources alimentaires disponibles pour leur transformation en protéines animales par le porc., Feed represents up to 60-70% of the total cost of pig production and is a powerful tool for controlling performance. Feed and its characteristics are also involved in the society, environmental and economic pillars of sustainable development including, for instance, control of the impact of animal production on the environment, animal welfare, product quality and the technical and economic efficiency of production systems. The objective of this review is to summarize the available knowledge on pig nutrition and to provide a few areas for future research. Studies conducted over the last 25 years have produced new concepts and data for evaluating feeds, such as the standardized ileal digestible amino acid content, the net energy values dependent on physiological stage or the digestible phosphorus content. They have also produced knowledge and tools for evaluating nutritional requirements according to factorial methods and modelling techniques, in order to follow regular changes in animal characteristics or in the objectives, constraints and contexts of production. Future research and new tools should focus on the rapid characterisation of the nutritional value of feeds (NIR methods, for instance), on improving the digestive utilization of dietary fibre (with enzymes, for instance), with precise nutrition adapted to each pig (stochastic models) and, more globally, on improving the efficient use of all feed resources for the pig to transform them into animal proteins.

La relation entre la pauvreté monétaire et la consommation alimentaire est complexe. A partir d'une enquête malienne, on montre que le niveau des dépenses totales par tête reflète mal la couverture des besoins caloriques. De nombreux ménages se retrouvent dans une situation paradoxale par rapport à l'interprétation la plus courante de la relation entre revenu et sous-alimentation. Des ménages pauvres parviennent à couvrir leurs besoins caloriques en consommant des calories à bas prix, alors que des ménages avec un niveau élevé de dépenses n'y parviennent pas parce qu'ils consomment des calories chères, ou qu'ils sacrifient l'alimentation au profit des dépenses de santé ou de transport.

International audience; Increasingly more studies are raising concerns about the increasing consumption of meat and the increasing amount of crops (cereals and oilseeds in particular) used to feed animals and that could be used to feed people. The evolution of this amount is very sensitive to human diets and to the productivity of feed. This article provides a 2050 foresight on the necessary increase in crop production for food and feed in three contrasting scenarios: diets with no animal products; current diets in each main region of the world; and the average diet of developed countries extended to the whole world. We develop empirical aggregate production models for seven world regions, using 43 years and 150 countries. These models realistically account for the contribution of feed from food plants (i.e. plants that would be edible for humans) and of grassland to animal products. We find that the amount of edible crops necessary to feed livestock in 2050 is between 8% and 117% of today's need. The latter figure is lower than that in comparable foresight studies because our models take into account empirical features occurring at an aggregate level, such as the increasing share of animal production from regions using less crop product per unit of animal product. In particular, the expected increase in animal production is estimated to occur mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where the amount of feed from food crops required per unit of animal product proves to be lower than that in other areas. This 117% increase indicates that crop production would have to double if the whole world adopted the present diet of developed countries.

International audience; The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) are considered to be among the next-limiting amino acids for growth in piglets. In earlier studies, we estimated the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val : Lys (lysine) requirement to be at least 70%, whereas the Ile : Lys requirement may be as low as 50%. Because the BCAA partially share a common route of catabolism, the supply of one BCAA may affect the availability of the other BCAA. Four experiments were conducted to determine the response of 6-week-old piglets to the Val supply in relation to the other BCAA. A deficient supply of Val or Ile typically results in a reduction in average daily feed intake (ADFI). Experiment 1 was designed to determine the effect of a limiting Val supply, independent of the effect on feed intake. In a dose–response study using restrictively fed piglets, nitrogen retention did not increase for an SID Val : Lys supply greater than 64%. In the remaining experiments, piglets were offered feed ad libitum using ADFI, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio as response criteria. The interaction between the Val and leucine (Leu) was studied in Experiment 2 in a 2 × 2 factorial design (60% and 70% SID Val : Lys, and 111% and 165% SID Leu : Lys). Performance was considerably lower in piglets receiving 60% Val : Lys compared with those receiving 70% Val : Lys and was lowest in piglets receiving the diet with low Val and high Leu content. To further evaluate the interaction between Val and Leu, a dose–response study was carried out in which the response to Val supply was studied in combination with high Leu supply (165% Leu : Lys). Using a curvilinear-plateau model, the average SID Val : Lys requirement was 72%. However, low Val supply (60% SID Val : Lys) reduced performance by 13% to 38%, which was much greater than what we observed in earlier studies. Experiment 4 was carried out to test the hypothesis that the Val requirement is not affected by low Ile supply (50% SID Ile : Lys). Performance was not improved for Val : Lys supplies greater than 65%, which may indicate that Ile (and not Lys) was second-limiting in this study. In conclusion, the first response of piglets to deficient Val supply appears to be a reduction in ADFI, rather than a reduction in ADG or nitrogen retention. A large supply of Leu may not affect the Val requirement per se, but may aggravate the consequences of Val deficiency.

Cocoa is globally the third agricultural commodity traded in terms of value. The cocoa world production is relatively stable since 2010, amounting to around 4.5 million tonnes. Eight countries account for 90 % of the cocoa production, of which four West African countries. Under traditional cultivation practices, cocoa yields are poor with an average of ten fruits per cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), even though it has a potential to yield more than 100 fruits. As for most tree crops, the yields are depending on many factors, of which the more important are planting material, climate, cultural practices, and soil. Cacao is cultivated on many types of soil, and in various conditions, from agroforestry systems to full sun. Soil degradation and low soil fertility are among the main causes of low cocoa productivity. However, despite this inherent low fertility, most of the cocoa farmers do not use fertilizer because they are not well informed of the agricultural and fertilizers issues. Here we first review why fertilizers are used and how to optimize their effects, particularly farming practices and soil fertility management in full sun or shaded plantations. Secondly, we describe soil diagnosis and the foliar diagnosis, the two complementary approaches that were developed to assess the nutritional needs of cacao. The soil diagnosis provides a means to improve soil nutrient availabilities, while foliar diagnosis provides information on the cacao health. Third, we review the methods used to design fertilizer formulae and doses, and how they are calculated. Fertilizer inputs and mode of application are determined from the local conditions and farming practices. Finally, we review the effects of nutrients on the characteristics of the cocoa tree and cacao product. Finally, some current issues are discussed, such as the use of advising a single formula for a whole region or country and how to develop adoption of fertilizer by cocoa farmers.

in press; Transformation, qualités nutritionnelles et consommation des produits céréaliers

Because of their intense metabolism, lactating sows are highly sensitive to high ambient temperatures, which induce a reduction in their voluntary feed intake and milk production. This also result s in an increase in mobilization of body reserves, which may impair reproduction after weaning, and a decrease in piglet weight gain. In the context of climate change which increases the frequency of periods of heat stress, the aim of this work was to quan tify the relationships between ambient temperature and sow and piglet performance, and to use these relationships in a prediction model of nutrient utilization by sows. A database with 46 publications and 254 observations was built in order to adjust predi ction equations for different criteria such as feed intake, respiratory frequency, body temperature, litter growth, and milk production. These equations were then incorporated into a simulation model including (i) a bioclimatic module predicting the effect of outdoor temperature on the indoor temperature perceived by the sow and (ii) a nutrition module predicting the effect of temperature on feed intake, milk production, energy and amino - acid utilization, and body reserves. This enabled a decision - making to ol to be developed for the prediction of performance and nutritional requirement of lactating sows in different climatic conditions. The model was used to simulate the effect of climate on sow's and piglets' performance using climator climate database for West and South France. The results show significant effects of season and region on animal performance and nutritional requirements. The simulations performed for years 2045 - 2050 indicate that these effects tend to become more marked with climate change. I n practice the model developed should enable feed composition to be better adapted to the season and to the geographical location of farms and to expected changes of climate for the future

Notre étude a analysé les effets de la quantité d‟herbe offerte (QO) et de la complémentation énergétique sur l‟ingestion d‟herbe de juments de selle en lactation pâturant des repousses de bonne qualité. Trois niveaux de QO au ras du sol : bas, moyen et haut, i.e. 35, 52,5 et 70 g MS.kg PV-1.j-1, ont été testés en ajustant la surface offerte au fil. Pendant 3 périodes de 2 semaines, 3 groupes de 3 juments complémentées (C, 2,6 kg MS orge.j-1) et 3 groupes de 3 juments non complémentées (NC) ont pâturé chaque QO selon un carré latin. Toutes les juments, qu‟elles soient complémentées ou non, ont répondu de la même façon aux variations de QO en augmentant linéairement leur ingestion d‟herbe de 18,5 à 23,4 g MS.kg PV-1.j-1 avec l‟augmentation de la quantité d‟herbe offerte. Cependant, l‟apport d‟orge a permis aux juments C de réaliser une ingestion de matière sèche totale digestible et une ingestion d‟énergie nette supérieures à celles des juments NC. Contrairement aux juments C, les juments NC ne couvraient plus leurs besoins énergétiques sur les QO basse et moyenne. La relation linéaire entre la QO et l‟ingestion d‟herbe a permis d‟estimer à 66 g MS.kg PV-1.j-1 (i.e. 39 kg MS.jument-1.j-1) le seuil de QO en-dessous duquel les juments en lactation nécessitent une complémentation énergétique pour satisfaire pleinement leurs besoins dans nos conditions de pâturage., Our study investigated the effects of daily herbage allowance (DHA) and energy supplementation on daily herbage intake in lactating saddle mares grazing high-quality regrowths. Three contrasting DHAs at ground level: low, medium and high, i.e. 35, 52.5 and 70 g DM.kg BW-1.d-1, were obtained by adjusting pasture strip width. For 3 successive 2-week periods, 3 groups of 3 supplemented mares (S, 2.6 kg DM barley.d-1) and 3 groups of 3 non supplemented mares (NS) grazed each DHA according to a Latin-square design. Whichever their level of supplementation, all the mares responded in the same way to DHA variations by linearly increasing their herbage intake from 18.5 to 23.4 g DM.kg BW-1.d-1 with increasing DHA. However, barley supplementation allowed to S mares to realize total digestible dry matter intake and net energy intake higher than the ones of NS mares. Contrary to S mares, NS mares no longer met their energy requirements on low and medium DHA. The linear relation between DHA and herbage intake allowed to estimate at 66 g DM.kg BW-1.d-1 (i.e. 39 kg DM.mare-1.d-1) the DHA threshold below which lactating mares need an energy supplementation to fully meet their requirements in our grazing conditions.

La truie allaitante est particulièrement sensible aux températures élevées qui entrainent chez ces animaux une réduction de la consommation d’aliment et de la production laitière. Ceci s’accompagne d’une mobilisation accrue des réserves corporelles et d’un ralentissement de la croissance des porcelets. Dans le contexte du changement climatique qui accroit la fréquence des épisodes de forte chaleur, l’objectif de ce travail est d’établir par méta‐analyse les lois de réponse de la truie et de sa portée à la température, pour ensuite les utiliser dans un modèle permettant d’adapter les apports nutritionnels au climat. Une base de données comportant 46 publications et 254 observations a été constituée et des équations ont été ajustées pour prédire l’influence de la température ambiante sur différents critères, comme la consommation d’aliment, le rythme respiratoire, la température corporelle, la croissance de la portée et la production laitière. Ces équations sont ensuite utilisées dans un modèle de prédiction de l’effet du climat. Un premier module bioclimatique permet de déterminer l’effet de la température extérieure sur la température perçue par la truie. Un second module prédit les effets de la température sur la consommation d’aliment et la production de lait, et représente, sur la base du modèle InraPorc, les effets sur l’utilisation de l'énergie et des acides aminés et sur les réserves corporelles. L’ensemble de ce travail permet de disposer d’un outil pour prédire les performances et déterminer les besoins nutritionnels pour différentes situations climatiques en prenant également en compte les caractéristiques des animaux. En termes d'applications pratiques, ceci devrait permettre de mieux adapter la composition de l'aliment en fonction de la saison et de la localisation des élevages., Because of their intense metabolism, lactating sows are highly sensitive to high ambient temperatures, which induce a reduction in their voluntary feed intake and milk production. This also results in an increase in mobilization of body reserves, which may impair reproduction after weaning, and a decrease in piglet weight gain. In the context of climate change which increases the frequency of periods of heat stress, the aim of this work was to quantify the relationships between ambient temperature and sow and piglet performance, and to use these relationships in a prediction model of nutrient utilization by sows. A database with 46 publications and 254 observations was built in order to adjust prediction equations for different criteria such as feed intake, respiratory frequency, body temperature, litter growth, and milk production. These equations were then incorporated into a simulation model including (i) a bioclimatic module predicting the effect of outdoor temperature on the indoor temperature perceived by the sow and (ii) a nutrition module, based on InraPorc®, predicting the effect of temperature on feed intake, milk production, energy and amino‐acid utilization, and body reserves. This enabled a decision‐making tool to be developed for the prediction of performance and nutritional requirement of lactating sows in different climatic conditions. In practice this should enable feed composition to be better adapted to the season and to the geographical location of farms.

Quantitativement, dans l’alimentation des poissons, le phosphore est l’élément minéral le plus important. Les données actuelles montrent que, chez les différentes espèces de téléostéens et de crustacés, le besoin en phosphore disponible se situe entre 0,4 et 0,9 % de l’aliment. La disponibilité du phosphore issu de différents ingrédients varie beaucoup entre espèces. Une fois le besoin couvert, l’excès de phosphore semble s’éliminer par voie urinaire. Nos connaissances sur le flux de phosphore chez les poissons sont cependant assez limitées. Il y a lieu aussi d’acquérir des données sur le rôle du phosphore d’origine alimentaire dans la régulation de l’état dynamique des structures osseuses et dans la prévention des déformations squelettiques. Du point de vue du maintien de la qualité du milieu, l’excès de phosphore se traduit souvent par une eutrophisation accrue des milieux aquatiques récepteurs. Même si l’impact environnemental de l’aquaculture demeure faible en termes de phosphore comparé aux autres activités humaines et qu’une forte teneur en phosphates ne soit pas nuisible aux poissons, il y a lieu d’éviter un apport en excès et d’assurer la meilleure utilisation des apports. Compte tenu du développement de l’aquaculture, de la diversité des espèces rencontrées et des enjeux liés à la diminution de la farine de poissons dans leur alimentation, l’étude du besoin nutritionnel en P et sa disponibilité retiennent une attention particulière des nutritionnistes., Quantitatively, phosphorous is the major mineral in fish nutrition, Available data for different species of teleosts or crustaceans show that dietary P supply should be between 0.4 and 0.9% of the diet. The availability of phosphorus from feed ingredients varies between species, depending upon the presence or absence of gastric digestion. Once the requirements are satisfied, a major portion of absorbed P is released through urinary excretion. Our current knowledge on phosphorus flow in fish is rather limited. There is also a need for a greater understanding of the role of dietary phosphorus in the regulation of formation and resorption of skeletal tissues. From the environmental point of view, given the potential adverse effects of excess P in promoting eutrophication of water bodies, there is more than ever, a serious need for optimising dietary supply, improving availability and decreasing excess effluent discharge into the aquatic environment.

Les aliments pour l’homme, outre leurs aspects nutritionnels de couverture des besoins, ont acquis depuis peu une valeur santé. Face à ce phénomène, de nouveaux besoins de connaissances concernant les constituants des aliments sont apparus. Cet article a pour objet de montrer les points forts et les lacunes dans les connaissances relatives à la valeur nutritionnelle de la viande de lapin. 50 publications ont été sélectionnées. Pour des lapins aux âges et poids commerciaux d’abattage, les teneurs en protéines (21 + 1,5 % de viande fraîche), eau (72,5 + 2,5 % de viande fraîche) et minéraux totaux (1,2 + 0,1 % de viande fraîche) sont similaires dans les différents travaux et ne nécessitent pas d’autres investigations. Les principales causes de variations de la teneur en lipides (5 + 3,3 % de viande fraîche) sont connues et bien décrites (région anatomique et alimentation principalement). La viande de lapin est pauvre en sodium (49 mg/100 g) mais riche en phosphore (277 mg/100 g). Les teneurs en certains éléments tels le fer (1,4 mg/100 g), le cuivre ou le sélénium ne sont pas suffisamment bien établies. Par ailleurs les teneurs d’autres oligo-éléments n’ont à notre connaissance jamais été évaluées. Enfin, les données disponibles semblent indiquer que la viande de lapin montre un profil global en vitamines proche de celui observé chez le poulet. Il est cependant nécessaire de confirmer ces observations. La viande de lapin présente une teneur en cholestérol relativement basse comparativement aux autres viandes de 59 mg/100g et un ratio en acides gras oméga 6 / oméga 3 avantageux de 5,9. L’équilibre en acide gras de la viande de lapin, animal monogastrique et herbivore, montre par ailleurs une remarquable plasticité en fonction de l’équilibre en acide gras de la ration., The nutritional value of rabbit meat was reviewed from 50 publications. For rabbits at commercial slaughtering age and weight, protein (21.0 +/- 1.5% of fresh meat), water (72.5 +/- 2.5% of fresh meat) and total mineral (1.2 +/- 0.1% of fresh meat) contents are relatively stable among studies, and do not require further investigations. Main variations in the lipid contents (5.0 +/- 3.3% of fresh meat) mainly originate from anatomical area and diet and are well described. The sodium content of rabbit meat is low (49 mg/100 g) while phosphorus level is high (277 mg/100 g). Iron (1.4 mg/100 g), copper or selenium contents are not sufficiently established. To our knowledge, the contents of many other trace elements have never been evaluated. The data available seem to indicate that rabbit meat shows a profile in vitamins close to those observed in chickens, but it is necessary to confirm these observations. A cholesterol content of 59 mg/100 g and a ratio omega 6/omega 3 of 5.9 make rabbit meat attractive for health purposes. The fatty acid profile of rabbit meat, which is a monogastric and herbivorous animal, shows a remarkable plasticity to the dietary fatty acid profile.

The aim of this study was to compare the modifications in mammary gland metabolism by supplying an ideal versus an imbalanced essential AA (EAA) profile at low and high metabolizable protein (or PDIE, its equivalent in the INRA feeding system). Four lactating, multiparous Holstein cows received 4 treatments composed of 2 basal diets containing 2 levels of PDIE (LP or HP) and 2 different infusions of AA mixtures (AA− or AA+) in the duodenum. The AA+ mixture contained Lys, Met, Leu, His, Ile, Val, Phe, Arg, Trp, and Glu, whereas the AA− mixture contained Glu, Pro, and Ser. The infusion mixtures were iso-PDIE. The diet plus infusions provided 13.9 versus 15.8% of crude protein that corresponded to 102 versus 118 g/kg of dry matter of PDIE in LP and HP treatments, respectively. The treatments were designed as a 2 × 2 crossover design of 2 levels of PDIE supply (LP vs. HP) with 28-d periods. Infusions of AA in the duodenum (AA− vs. AA+) were superimposed to diet within each 28-d period according to 2 × 2 crossover designs with 14-d subperiods. Increasing the PDIE supply tended to increase milk protein yield; however, the efficiency of PDIE utilization decreased and the plasma urea concentration increased, indicating a higher catabolism of AA. The AA+ treatments increased milk protein yield and content similarly at both levels of protein supply. This was explained by an increase in the mammary uptake of all EAA except His and Trp. The mammary uptake of non-EAA (NEAA) was altered to the increase in EAA uptake so that the total AA uptake was almost equal to milk protein output on a nitrogen basis. The ratio between NEAA to total AA uptake decreased from 46% in LPAA− to 40% in LPAA+, HPAA−, and HPAA+ treatments. The PDIE efficiency tended to increase in the AA+ versus the AA− treatments because the NEAA supply and the amount of NEAA not used by the mammary both decreased. Nevertheless, our AA+ treatments seemed not to be the ideal profile: the mammary uptake-to-output ratio for Thr was higher than 1 in LPAA−, but it decreased to 1 in all the other treatments, suggesting that Thr was deficient in these treatments. Conversely, an excess of His was indicated because its uptake was similar in AA+ and AA− treatments. In conclusion, balancing the EAA profile increased milk protein yield and metabolizable protein efficiency at both levels of protein supply by increasing the mammary uptake of EAA and altering the NEAA uptake, leading to less AA available for catabolism.

Little is known about how to manage grazing horses, including the thresholds under which energy supplementation is required. Here we investigated the effects of daily herbage allowance (DHA) and energy supplementation (ES) on daily herbage intake in lactating mares of light breeds grazing high-quality regrowth during summer. Three contrasting DHA, low (LOW), medium (MED), and high (HIGH), that is, 35.0, 52.5, and 70.0 g DM∙kg BW(-1)∙d(-1), respectively, were obtained by adjusting pasture strip width. Eighteen Anglo-Arab and French Saddle lactating mares were either supplemented with 2.6 kg DM barley/d (SUP group; n= 9) or left nonsupplemented (NSUP group; n = 9) throughout the experiment. For 3 successive 2-wk periods, 3 groups of SUP mares (n = 3) and 3 groups of NSUP mares (n = 3) grazed each DHA according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Pregrazing sward surface height (SSH) was similar between treatments (26.6 cm), but postgrazing SSH differed significantly between each DHA (2.9, 4.4, and 5.7 cm for LOW, MED, and HIGH, respectively; P < 0.001). Herbage DMI (HDMI) increased linearly from 18.5 to 23.4 g DM∙kg BW(-1)∙d(-1) with increasing DHA (i.e., 0.13 kg DM eaten/kg DM of herbage offered; P < 0.001) independently of ES and with no significant ES × DHA interaction. This increase in HDMI resulted from an increase in grazing time between LOW (961 min/d) and MED and HIGH (1,021 min/d; P < 0.01) and from an increase in intake rate between LOW and MED (11.8 g DM/min) and HIGH (13.6 g DM/min; P < 0.01). Total digestible DMI (TDDMI) and NE intake (NEI) increased linearly from 12.3 to 15.2 g DM∙kg BW∙(-1)d(-1) and from 136.6 to 165.8 kJ∙kg BW(-1)∙d (-1)with increasing DHA (P < 0.001), respectively. Total digestible DMI and NEI were significantly lower for NSUP than for SUP mares: 12.5 vs. 14.9 g DM∙kg BW(-1)∙d(-1) (P < 0.01) and 134.6 vs. 166.5 kJ∙kg BW(-1)∙d(-1) (P < 0.001), respectively. Whereas SUP mares always met their energy requirements, NSUP mares no longer met theirs when DHA fell below 66 g DM∙kg BW(-1)∙d(-1) (i.e., 39 kg DM∙mare(-1)∙d(-1)).

Antony Jesu Prabhu, P. (2015). Minerals in fish: does the source matter? PhD thesis. Wageningen University, The Netherlands.Minerals are a group of micro-nutrients essential to fish. Meta-analysis of literature data was performed to identify the appropriate response criterion to determine the mineral requirement of fish. The meta-analysis revealed that, vertebral mineral concentrations or specific enzyme activities provide stringent requirement estimates compared to weight gain. Dietary intake forms the major route of mineral supply to fish; however fish are also capable of acquiring dissolved minerals from the rearing water. Changes in the dietary composition or mineral concentration of rearing water could have an impact on the mineral balance in fish. In this thesis, high fat diets, diets devoid, or low in fish meal and rearing systems with high water mineral concentrations were studied for their impact on the mineral balance in rainbow trout or common carp. Increased available phosphorus levels were needed (0.4% vs. 0.8%) in high fat diets to improve whole body and vertebral mineralisation as indicated by ash, P and Ca concentrations. However, supplementing phosphorus to complete plant ingredient based diets negatively affected the absorption and utilisation of micro-minerals namely Zn, Cu and Se. In rainbow trout that received complete plant ingredient based diets, the endogenous loss of Zn was higher and of Cu was lower resulting in Zn depletion and Cu accumulation in the body. Further, the hepatic metabolism of Fe and Cu was affected in rainbow trout fed the plant ingredient based diets, possibly due to the alterations in bile or cholesterol metabolism. With regard to the minimal dietary levels required, supplementation of Zn and Se were required beyond the levels recommended by NRC (2011) to maintain body balance in rainbow trout and common carp when fed complete plant ingredient based diets. Common carp reared in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) with high concentration of minerals in the water was able to acquire and retain minerals from water. However, only in the case of Se, they were able to compensate for a part of the dietary requirement. On the whole, higher dietary levels of P and Ca are required in the diet of fast growing rainbow trout; dietary levels of Zn and Se have to be increased beyond present recommended levels in plant ingredient based diets for rainbow trout and common carp. Low water exchange RAS has multiple effects on the whole animal physiology of fish and requires further research for better understanding.

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The ageing population, worldwide: opportunities and solutions. Innovative food and nutrition solutions to meet the nutritional and taste needs of ageing consumers. Appetite for innovation consumer pleasure and health

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Aims : Nutritional requirements of #Lactobacillus fermentum$ Ogi E1 were studied in order to define a simplified fermentation medium. Methods and Results : When grown with MRS-medium in 21 bioreactors, a biphasic pattern of growth and metabolite production was observed. Study of nutritional requirements resulted in a simplified medium (SYAM) that allowed, under anaerobiosis, similar results to be obtained as in MRS medium, but without biphasic fermentation kinetics. The best substrates for both growth and amylase production were starch and maltose. Although melibiose, raffinose, fructose, sucrose and glucose also supported growth, lower amylase activity was observed. Conclusions : The physiology of the strain can be investigated with SYAM medium, using either starch or maltose as substrate. The strain also presented potential for alpha-galactoside fermentation. Significance and Impact of the Study : #Lactobacillus fermentum$ was one of the dominant bacteria of African maize dough fermentations. Amylolytic strains with activity against other compounds (i.e. raffinose) suggested a potential to be used as starter for cereal fermentation. (Résumé d'auteur)

International audience; Resource acquisition within the soil is a complex process, which consists of several sub-processes involving both the soil and the plant. A brief analysis of the whole system is presented, first by focusing on the components of the system, and then on the successive events. This analysis stresses the diversity and specificity of the components involved, as well as their interactive roles, at several organisation levels, both in space and time. Therefore, a systemic approach using dynamic models is defended in order to gather available knowledge and gain new insight within the whole system. In comparison to many of the traditional modelling approaches, which tended to over-simplify the plant part of the system, some new and promising attempts are presented. These new models give a good illustration of what can be expected to be gained by associating structural and functional characteristics of the plant components.; Introduction sur l'environnement souterrain et l'acquisition des ressources, avec références particulières aux arbres. Les modèles de simulation devraient inclure la structure et les fonctions de la plante. L'acquisition des ressources du sol est un processus complexe, que l'on peut subdiviser en plusieurs processus plus élémentaires faisant intervenir conjointement la plante et le sol. Nous faisons une brève analyse de ce système, en insistant d'abord sur ses composants, puis sur les événements successifs. Cette analyse révèle la diversité et la spécificité des composants impliqués, ainsi que leurs rôles interactifs, à plusieurs niveaux d'organisation dans le temps et dans l'espace. Aussi, nous défendons une approche systémique, utilisant la modélisation dynamique, pour synthétiser les connaissances disponibles, et obtenir ainsi un nouvel éclairage sur le système pris dans sa globalité. En comparaison avec les approches de modélisation traditionnelles, qui tendent à simplifier outrageusement la partie plante du système, nous présentons quelque démarches nouvelles et prometteuses. Ces derniers modèles illustrent bien les progrès que l'on peut escompter en associant davantage les caractéristiques structurales et fonctionnelles des composants de la plante.