Search

AbstractIntroductionObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsFor Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, it has not been possible to calculate individual doses from the cytogenetic data and compare them with the physically estimated doses. This is because the cytogenetic studies used solid Giemsa staining which only provides the percent of cells bearing at least one stable-type aberration (most of the unstable-type aberrations had already disappeared), and a gamma-ray dose plus a 10-times neutron dose was used to integrate the data for both cities.To compare the FISH-derived gamma-ray dose with the DS02R1-derived gamma-ray dose after correcting for a contribution of the neutron dose. It was also an attempt to determine if the frequency of stable-type aberrations had remained unchanged after the exposure.Stable exchange-type aberration data was obtained using the 2-color FISH method from 1,868 atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The collected frequency was first extended to a genome-equivalent frequency. Then, by using known induction rates of exchange-type aberrations in vitro caused by neutrons and gamma-rays, respectively, and the mean relationship between the neutron and gamma-ray doses in the DS02R1 estimates for the survivors, the gamma-ray effect was estimated from the total yield of translocations.It was found that over 95% of individual cytogenetic gamma-ray doses fell within the expected range of plus/minus about 1 Gy from the DS02R1 dose and the mean slope for the linear regression was 0.98, which reassures us of the validity of the DS02R1 study.The present results demonstrate the validity of the individual DS02R1 doses, and that the frequency of stable-type aberrations in blood lymphocytes did not decay over the years, and thus is useful for retrospective dose evaluations of exposures which took place in the distant past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the depiction of the USS Indianapolis disaster in American cinema, particularly through Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975). Topics include the influence of the "Indianapolis speech" in Jaws on public awareness of the naval disaster, the decline in subsequent film adaptations about the USS Indianapolis, and the connection between the disaster and broader historical and cultural contexts such as the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and post-Cold War U.S.-Japanese relations.

This document provides an overview of the life and career of Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey, Australia's only Field Marshal who served in both World War I and World War II. It focuses on Blamey's return to Australia in 1942 and his appointment as C-in-C of the Australian Military Forces. The document highlights Blamey's collaboration with General Douglas MacArthur and their mutual respect and admiration. It also discusses the challenges faced by Blamey in leading the Australian forces in the Papua campaign against the Japanese. Despite controversies and criticism from some historians, the document emphasizes Blamey's significant contributions to the allied campaigns and calls for a reevaluation of his legacy and greater appreciation for his role in Australian history. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores Sir Frank Kermode's experiences during World War II, particularly his time in the Royal Navy. It discusses his observations of his commanding officers and his own lack of notable achievements. The article also raises questions about the connection between Kermode's wartime experiences and his later career as a writer. Additionally, it mentions Kermode's literary pursuits, personal relationships, and his play "The Golden Calf: A Tragedy," which revolves around themes of love, betrayal, and self-discovery. The text also discusses Kermode's experiences in Australia during the war, where he gave a lecture and wrote poetry. It concludes by mentioning Kermode's continued preoccupation with the war in his poetry. [Extracted from the article]

This article delves into the concept of formlessness in black aesthetic practices, specifically in African contemporary/experimental dance. It asserts that the formlessness of blackness is not merely a visual or performance element, but rather a result of structural violence. The article analyzes the work of choreographers Germaine Acogny and Faustin Linyekula, who utilize dance to examine colonial violence and challenge Western ideas of form. It also explores the relationship between choreography and colonialism, as well as how black choreographers disrupt and dismantle traditional forms and techniques. The article concludes by critiquing Western narratives of artistic innovation and the exclusion of African contributions to the avant-garde. [Extracted from the article]

The use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been extensively studied in war and peace literature. Research abounds on the ethical debates surrounding the bombing, the legal and political ramifications of the use of nuclear weapons, the socio-cultural underpinnings of the peace movements, and the somatic and psychological consequences of the bombing. However, Hiroshima's reconstruction has rarely been studied from the scholarly lens of peacebuilding approaches that cover various aspects of post-war reconstruction. The city and prefectural governments of Hiroshima published several reports on Hiroshima's history of reconstruction over the years, and as of 2014, with an aim to support peacebuilding efforts elsewhere and contribute to achieving a peaceful world. Using policy analysis, new empirical data, updated historical accounts, and interdisciplinary lenses, the contributions in this Special Issue respond to this objective by bridging the past war experience and the present peace aspirations from Hiroshima to bring new insights into post-war reconstruction and peacebuilding research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This interdisciplinary study demonstrates how an anthropogenic narrative emerged in the immediate aftermath of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and how it became a strategic tool to drive Hiroshima's reconstruction processes, ascribing a new identity to the devastated city as a global advocate for peace. The atomic bomb survivors' nascent anthropogenic discourse emerged as hearsay partially based on scientific news but primarily reflecting the survivors' immediate and visceral observation of life at ground zero. The discourse evolved in synergy with the annual Peace Declarations and other public discourses, mobilising the hibakusha and changing their outlook. The study reveals, through a hybrid method of quantitative and qualitative analyses of over 20,000 testimonies from a-bomb survivors, the power of the anthropogenic discourse from ground zero in turning ad hoc disaster recovery efforts into the sustainable development of the city while fostering community consciousness for societal and global peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rachel DiNitto's book, "Fukushima Fiction: The Literary Landscape of Japan's Triple Disaster," examines the literary responses to the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan. The book analyzes various narratives that address the cultural trauma and contemporary problems resulting from the disaster. DiNitto argues that these narratives provide counter-narratives to governmental and national narratives, and also explores the connections between Fukushima fiction and atomic bomb literature as well as global nuclear fiction. While the book has some repetition and could have delved deeper into the role of nonhumans in the narratives, it is a valuable resource for researchers studying literary responses to the disaster. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Black Fire Burning With A Dark Gemlike Brilliance; White Rose (contd)" by Barry Hill explores themes of war, wisdom, and love. The author references Hakuin, a figure who seems knowledgeable about the war and emphasizes the futility of seeking wisdom and attaining knowledge. The article also mentions Butternut, a character who represents indifference and acceptance. In the second part of the article, titled "White Rose (contd)," the author introduces a song from Russia and describes a woman who embodies wisdom and love. The article concludes with author notes about Barry Hill's background and his latest collection of essays. [Extracted from the article]

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a carcinogen. This has been established beyond doubt from many years of studies such as those conducted among the survivors of the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later from the Chernobyl accident. Despite immense progress in the field of carcinogenesis, complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind IR-induced cancer remains elusive. In particular, the long gestation period between exposure to IR and the onset of cancer, frequently unpredictable, and sometimes lasting for many years, remains poorly understood. The centrality of DNA damage and misrepair in carcinogenesis research has not entirely benefited IR-induced cancer research and the past decade has seen a shift in understanding radiation-driven cellular mechanisms beyond simplistic models of targeted DNA damage. This paper presents a viewpoint on the gaps in our knowledge of IR-induced cancer with a focus on the nontargeted bystander effect, the mechanisms underlying which may be key to radiotherapeutic advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the introduction of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in history education in 2023 and the challenges it poses, especially regarding academic integrity. It delves into the ethical implications of using AI to assist students with their assignments and discusses the need to foster critical thinking, collaborative inquiry, and ethical intelligence in history classrooms.

Arguing that 'health inequities are critical determinants of health system fragility', Georgina Miles in her essay I How can healthcare systems become more resilient to the impacts of climate change? On 27 SP th sp of July, as this issue was being finalized, there was limited media coverage of the 70 SP th sp anniversary of the Korean War Armistice. [Extracted from the article]

The given text is a review of two books. The first book, "China, Faits Accomplis and the Contest for East Asia: The Shadow of Shifting Power" by Joshua Adam Hastey, examines the relationship between state power shifts and China's use of territorial revisions in the South China and East China Seas. The book provides an analysis of faits accomplis in international relations conflict and offers insights into rising and declining state interactions. The second book, "When the Shooting Stopped: August 1945" by Barrett Tillman, explores the events of August 1945 in the Pacific theater of operations after the conclusion of World War II in Europe. The book discusses the tenuous ceasefire, the postwar era, and the gradual cessation of combat operations after Japan's surrender. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the cultural phenomenon of two films, "Oppenheimer" and "Barbie," being released on the same day and creating a portmanteau called "Barbenheimer." The films, which seem like polar opposites, have sparked public comment and debate. The article includes essays by two historians of technology, Aimee Slaughter and Rachel Maines, who offer their perspectives on the films. Slaughter critiques "Oppenheimer" for its omissions and lack of diverse perspectives, while Maines explores the history and subversive aspects of Barbie. Both authors argue that the films reinforce gendered imaginaries of science and technology, but also engage with the public's understanding of these subjects in unexpected ways. [Extracted from the article]

"Get the Damn Story: Homer Bigart and the Great Age of American Newspapers" by Thomas W. Lippman is a comprehensive biography of Homer Bigart, one of the most celebrated US journalists of the twentieth century. Bigart covered wars around the globe, including World War II and the Korean War, and also wrote about significant events such as the trial of Adolf Eichmann and the Army-McCarthy hearings. Lippman traces Bigart's career from his humble beginnings as a copy boy to his rise as a two-time Pulitzer Prize winner. While the book acknowledges problematic aspects of Bigart's work, it also highlights his value as a relentless and inquiring journalist. However, the book could have delved more into the institutional challenges and social inequities perpetuated by newspapers during the "great era of American newspapers." Overall, Lippman's biography provides valuable insights into Bigart's life and legacy, but further analysis is needed to situate his work within the broader context of journalism. [Extracted from the article]

For more than half a century, nuclear energy has been among the main issues of public concern, and thus of political, social as well as environmental debate. Nuclear energy has generated a long-standing controversy that began with the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which comprise one of the most crucial turning points of contemporary history, from WWII up to the present. This paper aims to deal with a shorter period within this long and still controversial history. It focuses on the 1970s, when in Italy—as well as in the United States and Western Europe—the 1973 oil crisis made clear the need to diversify energy supply sources. As a result, national and international interest in nuclear power increased. The transition to a fully-fledged nuclear industry was to be achieved by the end of the century, with the launch of the first fast breeder reactors (FBRs). In Italy, the National Committee for Nuclear Energy (Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare - CNEN), in agreement with the National Electricity Board (Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica - ENEL) and the newly established regional political bodies (Regional Councils), were entrusted with the task of drawing up the national map of sites suitable for nuclear facilities, and especially for nuclear power plants. The paper aims to provide an overview of the main geological issues that fueled the Italian 'nuclear siting controversy' during the 1970s. It focuses also on some still unpublished topics, such as those about the ENEL–CNEN Joint Study Commission for the Seismic Problems Associated with the Installation of Nuclear Plants and the drafting of a first national map of areas suitable for radioactive waste repositories. The matters under discussion here are significant because of the link with some key issues still open in contemporary debates on nuclear energy, such as planning and siting of nuclear facilities. It is also worth noting that some current global emergencies (e.g., the war in Ukraine and climate change) have brought the European, and more generally international, debate back to the urgency of energy diversification, including nuclear power in the energy generation mix. Historical analysis, although focused on particular case studies from the past, can help to better understand such a complex issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the long‐lasting consequences of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in 1994, the Japanese government implemented the current in‐force Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Law. This substantial policy offers medical, health and welfare measures and even incorporates some reparations‐like aspects. Nevertheless, atomic bomb survivors' organisations have severely criticised the government for failing to adequately address the entirety and inhumanity of the atomic bomb damage by refusing to enact the law on a clearly stated principle of 'state compensation'. As such, we attempt to clarify empirically what aspects of survivors' suffering are most closely associated with their demands for 'state compensation'. Based on statistical model‐based analysis, survivors who deem that 'state compensation' should be enacted experience frequent flashbacks of the bombings, disadvantaged life opportunities and economic concerns, among others. We conclude the study by considering the difficulty in addressing the consequences of nuclear weapons use and testing through programmes that approximate, but fail to establish, clear reparations‐based measures, such as the current Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trauma experienced by survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima manifests itself in various ways when they commit their stories to paper. Through practice-based research into translating the atomic narratives in Personal Accounts of the Atomic Bomb, this article explores how the translator can analyse the source language articulation of trauma to transmit the unfamiliar and unfathomable experience of the A-bomb. Drawing upon Deane-Cox's concept of the translator as the secondary witness, this paper emphasises the centrality of metaphorical images invoked by trauma survivors and draws the translator's focus to the cultural references embedded within. It also highlights the survivors' use of sensory perceptions as a means of giving shape to their experiences, creating an illocutionary intensity that must be retained in translation. Exploring the translation of trauma narratives not only expands the breadth of research into trauma translation but also makes more widely available first-person accounts of the physical and emotional impact of the A-bomb in Hiroshima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter six, on the Munich Olympics massacre brought back vivid, chilling memories for me, as Cinquegrani skilfully integrates the real-time television coverage of the unfolding tragedy with the movies made in its aftermath. Cinquegrani's concept is as intellectually stimulating as it is original, and his filmography (which includes many lesser-known films from many different traditions) is impressive. "Space" is the new frontier in film studies, and Maurizio Cinquegrani's I Film, Hot War Traces and Cold War Spaces i is an important contribution to a developing field. [Extracted from the article]

But if the rights violations of slavery provide clear side-constraints against the slave-owner's coercion of slaves, why do the rights violations perpetrated by Norwegian officials not equally supply side-constraints against continuing to operate the government? The appropriate position to adopt would seem to be that legitimate regimes have moral powers that illegitimate regimes lack, but they are able to morally bind their constituents only when they are operating justly. After all, if one believes that only democratic regimes are legitimate (as many do), and that democratic states have a distinctive authority, this might explain why states can retain their legitimacy despite perpetrating injustices. As Michael Walzer puts it, "It is a feature of democratic government that the people have a right to act wrongly - in much the same way that they have a right to act stupidly.". [Extracted from the article]

This paper focuses on the play, "Pictures of That Summer (Ano natsu no e)," which is inspired by the "Paintings of the Atomic Bomb" project in Hiroshima. Through an analysis of its dramatization, the paper develops a theoretical framework for investigating the generation of the collective memory of catastrophes through works of art. In this light, through interviews, it then examines the experiences of professional actors involved in the dramatization. The actors struggle with the difficult task of constructing a communicative activity which conveys the memories of survivors, in a secondary manner, on stage. The paper discusses the means employed to address this challenge, and shows that intergenerational boundary crossing with respect to the transmission of the memory of catastrophes is supported by the crossing of boundaries between various educational fields, such as schools, museums, and theaters, and between various representations, in oral, pictorial, and theatrical form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few occupational studies of women exposed to ionizing radiation. During World War II, the Tennessee Eastman Corporation (TEC) operated an electromagnetic field separation facility of 1152 calutrons to obtain enriched uranium (235U) used for the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Thousands of women were involved in these operations. A new study was conducted of 13,951 women and 12,699 men employed at TEC between 1943 and 1947 for at least 90 days. Comprehensive dose reconstruction techniques were used to estimate lung doses from the inhalation of uranium dust based on airborne measurements. Vital status through 2018/2019 was obtained from the National Death Index, Social Security Death Index, Tennessee death records and online public record databases. Analyses included standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and Cox proportional hazards models. Most workers were hourly (77.7%), white (95.6%), born before 1920 (58.3%), worked in dusty environments (57.0%), and had died (94.9%). Vital status was confirmed for 97.4% of the workers. Women were younger than men when first employed: mean ages 25.0 years and 33.0 years, respectively. The estimated mean absorbed dose to the lung was 32.7 mGy (max 1048 mGy) for women and 18.9 mGy (max 501 mGy) for men. The mean dose to thoracic lymph nodes (TLNs) was 127 mGy. Statistically significant SMRs were observed for lung cancer (SMR 1.25; 95% CI 1.19, 1.31; n = 1654), nonmalignant respiratory diseases (NMRDs) (1.23; 95% CI 1.19, 1.28; n = 2585), and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) (1.13; 95% CI 1.08, 1.18; n = 1945). For lung cancer, the excess relative rate (ERR) at 100 mGy (95% CI) was 0.01 (–0.10, 0.12; n = 652) among women, and −0.15 (–0.38, 0.07; n = 1002) among men based on a preferred model for men with lung doses <300 mGy. NMRD and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were not associated with estimated absorbed dose to the lung or TLN. There was little evidence that radiation increased the risk of lung cancer, suggesting that inhalation of uranium dust and the associated high-LET alpha particle exposure to lung tissue experienced over a few years is less effective in causing lung cancer than other types of exposures. There was no statistically significant difference in the lung cancer risk estimates between men and women. The elevation of certain causes of death such as CeVD is unexplained and will require additional scrutiny of workplace or lifestyle factors given that radiation is an unlikely contributor since only the lung and lymph nodes received appreciable dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several French cartoons making fun of the Fukushima nuclear disaster have caused public outrage in Japan. While nuclear energy is often considered a sensitive issue iii the country. Japanese press cartoonists have nevertheless played with it in various ways since the post-war period. Through the analysis of cartoons and comic strips (four cell mangas) published in the daily newspapers Asabi, Mainichi. and Yomiuri at seven key dates of the nuclear era— from the atomic bombing of Hiroshima (1945) to the nuclear accident of the Fukushima Daiichi plant (2011)-this paper analyzes how press cartoons were able to provide an original perspective on nuclear news in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the case of nuclear energy. Currently, the worldworld is facing one of the greatest energy crises due to the Russo-Ukrainian war. This conflict has lead to limited sources of gas, causing a dramatic decrease in energy supply, leading to emerging energy crisis risks. This is one on the main purposes of reviewing nuclear energy as a possible energy alternative in the future. Apart from presenting the basis of nuclear energy and nuclear reactors, we attempt to compare this source of electricity with other renewable energy forms, such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power. Furthermore, we illustrate the benefits and drawbacks that have been observed regarding nuclear power as well as its contribution to economic growth and the impact it has had on the environment. It has been said that, with the use of nuclear power, air pollution will be reduced because of the elimination of greenhouse gases. However, nuclear power, apart from the final product, generates waste that in this case is radioactive, meaning that the management and disposal techniques are of the utmost importance. Of course, unfortunate events that involved nuclear power do exist and are unfortunately engraved in our memories. Both the nuclear accidents, such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima, and nuclear weapons usage by military forces, the well-known atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bring great controversy regarding the adaptation of nuclear power. As is presented in the paper, since the beginning of the new millennium the scheme of energy production and electricity production appears to have changed drastically. By using available data reported by BR, we illustrated that the production of energy and electricity has increased over the last 22 years (2000–2021) due to excessive demand; however, what is more important to mention is the share of both electricity and energy derived from renewable forms such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power. It is shown that more and more countries adopt those sources of energy than did in previous decades. It is crucial to note that it is not the science that causes catastrophic events, but rather the errors of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to these losses, I was unaware of just how little comfort the scientific explanations provided patients who were struggling to fulfill the socio-cultural norms that accompany carrying a pregnancy to term. While I have been a practicing Obstetrician in Japan for over twenty years, the biggest lessons I've learned have been through my own pregnancies, the first three of which ended in miscarriages. [Extracted from the article]

Diehl examines in detail how Nagasaki's post-bomb identity developed at the intersection of multiple forces, interests, and desires, many of which relate to the city's Catholic history. Diehl describes how, through Nagai, the religious interpretation of the atomic bombing came to dominate post-bomb Nagasaki literature. Resurrecting Nagasaki: Reconstruction and the Formation of Atomic Narratives: Chad R. Diehl, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018, xiii, 176 pp. [Extracted from the article]