Search

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disability among young adults. Anti-inflammatory drugs have shown to be effective in MS. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been shown and proven in many phytotherapy studies. This study aimed to evaluate effects of ginger essential oil on preventing myelin degradation in a rat model of MS.Materials and Methods: In this study, we divided 49 rats into 7 groups; 4 control and 3 experimental groups that received 3 different dose of ginger essential oil (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day) for treatment of cuprizone-induced demyelinated rats. Basket test and transmission electron microscopy were performed in this study. Olig2 and Mbp genes and proteins were respectively evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Histologically, cuprizone created demyelination in the corpus callosum fibers. Remyelination of fibers was seen in the group treated with the medium dose of ginger essence, by toluidine blue staining. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed increased thickness of the myelin of fibers in all 3 treated groups (p

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a global health emergency. Currently, there are no completely effective therapeutic medications for the management of this outbreak. The cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory medical condition due to excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even mortality. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be helpful for the treatment of patients. Evidence suggests that the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are dramatically different between mild and severe patients, so they may be important contributors to the cytokine storm. Several serum markers can be predictors for the cytokine storm. This review discusses the cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on interferons (IFNs) and ILs, and whether they can be used in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we highlight several microRNAs that are involved in these cytokines and their role in the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19.

Abstract The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created health challenges in all parts of the world. Understanding the entry mechanism of this virus into host cells is essential for effective treatment of COVID-19 disease. This virus can bind to various cell surface molecules or receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to gain cell entry. Respiratory failure and pulmonary edema are the most important causes of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, especially proinflammatory cytokines, are the main mediators of these complications. For normal respiratory function, a healthy air–blood barrier and sufficient blood flow to the lungs are required. In this review, we first discuss airway epithelial cells, airway stem cells, and the expression of COVID-19 receptors in the airway epithelium. Then, we discuss the suggested molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel damage in COVID-19. Coagulopathy can be caused by platelet activation leading to clots, which restrict blood flow to the lungs and lead to respiratory failure. Finally, we present an overview of the effects of immune and non-immune cells and cytokines in COVID-19-related respiratory failure.

Background: Mucin-1(Muc1) is one of the first molecules in the endometrium that confronts implanting embryos.There is insufficient knowledge about the impacts of diabetes and drugs developed for diabetes treatment on expressionof this molecule at the time of implantation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of diabetes andinsulin, metformin and pioglitazone on Muc1 expression at the time of implantation.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on a total of 63 female Wistar rats divided into 9groups. To induce type 1diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ) and for induction of type 2 diabetes, nicotinamide (NA) andSTZ were injected intraperitoneally. For superovulation, human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionicgonadotropin (HCG) were used. Insulin, metformin and pioglitazone were administered for two weeks. Finally,the endometrial expression of Muc1 was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR).Results: Muc1 expression was non-significantly increased in type 1 and type 2 diabetic groups compared to the controlgroup (P=0.61 and 0.13, respectively); also, it increased in insulin-treated type 1 diabetic group compared to thecontrol group (P=0.0001). Its expression was increased in insulin-treated type 1 diabetic group compared to untreateddiabetic group (P=0.001). The expression level of Muc1 was significantly reduced in superovulated and insulin-treatedtype 1 diabetic group compared to the insulin-treated type 1 diabetic group (P=0.001).Conclusion: One of the causes of fertility problems in diabetes, is changes in Muc1 expression during implantation.On the other hand, the use of insulin in these patients can even lead to overexpression of this gene and worsen thecondition. However, these changes can be partially mitigated by assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as superovulation.Also, treatment with metformin and pioglitazone can restore Muc1 expression to near normal levels andhas beneficial effects on implantation

Background: Implantation requires intimate crosstalk between the embryo and uterus for a successful establishment of pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus may lead to implantation failure. The effect of diabetes and its therapeutic drugs on implantation is still largely unclear. Objective: To assess the endometrial expression changes of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), at the time of implantation in diabetic rats following treatment with Metformin and Pioglitazone. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight 6-8-wk-old Wistar female rats weighing 200-250 gr were divided into four groups (n = 7/each). Type 2 diabetes was induced and Metformin and Pioglitazone were applied for 4 wk. The expression of VEGFA and LIF was measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: The relative expression of VEGFA transcript was higher in the diabetic (p = 0.02) and Metformin-treated (p = 0.04) rats compared to the control group. Furthermore, the VEGFA transcript level significantly reduced in Pioglitazone-treated diabetic rats (p = 0.03). LIF expression was elevated in the Metformin- and the Pioglitazone-treated rats and reduced in the diabetic group in comparison with the control group. Compared to the diabetic rats, the expression of LIF was significantly elevated in the Metformin- (p = 0.01) and Pioglitazone-treated (p = 0.03) groups. Conclusion: The expressions of LIF and VEGFA were altered in diabetic rats during implantation which may be associated with diabetic-related infertility. Pioglitazone is able to restore the VEGFA and LIF expressions to their baseline levels more efficiently than Metformin.Key words: Embryo implantation, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Vascular endothelial growth factor A, Metformin, Pioglitazone, Rats.}

Background: Diabetes is caused by a breakdown in insulin production or its malfunction in the body. So far, many studies have been done on its treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological changes in endocrine part of the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with Rosa damascena extract. Methods: In this experimental study, 100 male rats were divided into 10 groups of control, untreated diabetic, gavage stress, insulin treatment, three healthy groups receiving different doses of extract, and three diabetic groups receiving different doses of extract (300, 600, and 900 mg/kg). Finally, pancreatic tissue was removed and immunohistochemically stained with hematoxylin-eosin to count pancreatic beta cells number, and to calculate islets of Langerhans. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test, and P < 0.050 was considered as statistically significant. Findings: Rosa damascena extract at 900 mg/kg, significantly increased the area of the islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group (P = 0.021). This dose of extract also increased the percentage of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans compared to the diabetic control group (P = 0.017). Conclusion: According to the results, using rose extract can improve tissue changes in the pancreas. This extract can probably be considered as a suitable research potential in future studies.

Background and purpose: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the major causes of female cancer-related death. It has recently been demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming including alteration in lipid metabolism is indicated in various types of cancer. The enzymes of the acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family (ACSLs) are responsible for converting fatty acids to their corresponding fatty acyl-coenzyme A esters which are essential for some lipid metabolism pathways. ACSL4 is one of the isoforms of ACSLs and has a marked preference for arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate ACSL4 expression, its prognostic significance, and its correlation with p53 tumor suppressor in BC patients. Experimental approach: In this study 55 pairs of fresh samples of BC and adjacent non-cancerous tissue were used to analyze ACSL4 expression, using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The expression of other studied variables was also examined using the IHC technique. Findings / Results: ACSL4 expression was significantly higher in BC tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissue. This upregulation was negatively correlated with Ki-67 and age, and positively correlated with p53 status. The correlation between ACSL4 and p53 may indicate the role of p53 in the regulation of lipid metabolism in cancer cells, in addition to its role in the regulation of ferroptosis cell death. Conclusion and implications: Our results indicated that the expression of ACSL4 may be considered as a prognostic indicator and potential therapeutic target in BC. However, further studies are needed to confirm the significance of these findings.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) form a special class of RNAs regulating endometrial functions like cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and blastocyst implantation. In addition to providing suitable conditions for embryo development, angiogenesis is a prerequisite to natural pregnancy. The family of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are the main physiological and pathological angiogenesis regulators in the endometrium. In the past, research has demonstrated alteration of angiogenesis and subsequent endometrial receptivity in the stimulated and luteal phase support cycles, when compared with natural cycles. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone on the density of CD31-positive cell (Endothelial cell), VEGF protein, and miR-17-5p expression in the mouse endometrium immediately before implantation. Methods: We employed ovarian stimulated and luteal phase support mice models induced by HMG/HCG and progesterone. The endometrial CD31-positive cell density was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, the level of VEGF protein by IHC and western blot analysis, and finally the miR‐17-5p expression was determined by the real-time PCR method. Results: The density of endothelial cell, VEGF protein, and miR‐17-5p expression increased in all of the experimental mice when compared to the control group, with the maximum increase having been seen in the group that had received progesterone after ovarian stimulation. Conclusion: This research indicates that ovarian stimulation and exogenous progesterone lead to an increase in the number of endothelial cells by upregulating the VEGF protein. Moreover, except for miR‐17-5p, other microRNAs and molecules are presumably involved in angiogenic pathways, thereby requiring more studies.

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a disorder associated with neuronal degeneration in the areas involve in learning and memory. It has been proposed that erythropoietin probably has neuroprotective effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of erythropoietin on neuronal apoptosis in the granular layer of dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Animal model of Alzheimer's was established via bilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After 2 weeks and observation of cognitive disorder, rats received intraperitoneal (IP) injection of erythropoietin every other day with a dose of 5000 IU/kg for 2 weeks. Finally, the rats were anesthetized and their brains were dissected for immunohistochemical study. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) method was used to study neuronal apoptosis. Findings: Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin increased the number of apoptotic cells in the granular layer of dentate gyrus significantly (P < 0.05). Although erythropoietin had no effect on the control rats, it significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the lesion group (P < 0.01) Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that erythropoietin may be effective in reducing the complications of neurodegenerative diseases by reducing neuronal apoptosis.

Background: Uterus myometrium contractions play crucial role in break or successful embryo implantation. Furthermore, efficient myometrial angiogenesis is important event for supplying endometrium blood. Recently, many studies were performed for investigating the effects of sildenafil citrate (SC) on female fertility. This study aimed was to assess the changes in myometrial thickness and associated angiogenesis after injections of sildenafil citrate in superovulated mice. Methods: Thirty adult female mice and ten adult male mice were purchased. The female mice were divided into three equal groups of control without any intervention, gonadotropin receiving human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and gonadotropin and sildenafil citrate receiving human menopausal gonadotropin, and human chorionic gonadotropin and sildenafil citrate administration. After mating, animals were deeply anesthetized and the uterus was rapidly removed for histology and immunohistochemistry process to identify cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31). Findings: In gonadotropin + sildenafil citrate group, the thickness of myometrium was significantly thicker than control and gonadotropin groups (P < 0.05 for both). The results of immunohistochemistry survey for myometrium CD31 demonstrated that administrated sildenafil citrate did not induce any angiogenesis associated alteration in gonadotropin + sildenafil citrate group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It may finally conclude that administration of sildenafil citrate does not cause remarkable alterations in myometrial angiogenesis; but increases the thickness of myometrium. Although for realistic decision about the sildenafil citrate effects on aforementioned parameters, more molecular investigations and longer drug consumption periods are necessary.

Background: One of the significant problems in multiple sclerosis (MS) is damage to the visual system, which is the result of demyelination. Studies have suggested a link between central nervous system demyelinating diseases and thyroid disorders, and probably the treatments that increase the level of thyroid hormones are beneficial in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, in this study, the effects of levothyroxine on lysolecithin-induced demyelination/remyelination in rat's optic chiasm were evaluated. Methods: Local demyelination was induced by injection of 2 µl lysolecithin 1% into the rat's optic chiasm. Experimental groups were control, sham, lesion (multiple sclerosis), and lesion-levothyroxine 20, 50 and 100 µg/kg (n = 9). Demyelination/remyelination was evaluated 7, 14 and 21 days after the initiation of treatment. Histomorphological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Findings: Following the injection of lysolecithin into the optic chiasm, a large demyelination was occurred, which decreased over time, indicating remyelination in this area. Following the treatment with levothyroxine, there was a significant reduction in the amount of demyelination in the treated groups compared to the multiple sclerosis group. This decrease was particularly pronounced at the dose of 100 µg/kg. Conclusion: The results of this study show that injection of lysolecithin in the optic chiasm causes a reversible demyelination. Levothyroxine could produce protective effects against induced demyelination and accelerate remyelination. Therefore, thyroid hormones probably have healing effects in multiple sclerosis, although further studies are needed.

مقدمه: برخی مطالعات بیانگر تأثیر افزایش غیر طبیعی آهن و کلسترول در مغز در پاتوژنز بیماری‌های نورودژنراتیو همچون آلزایمر می‌باشد، اما مطالعات انجام گرفته در این زمینه اندک و نتایج آن‌ها با یکدیگر متناقض است. از آن جایی که شیوع این بیماری‌ها، به ویژه آلزایمر در حال افزایش می‌باشد، مطالعه‌ی حاضر با هدف تعیین تأثیر آهن و رژیم غذایی پر کلسترول بر آپوپتوز در شکنج دندانه‌دار از تشکیلات هایپوکامپ به انجام رسید. روش‌ها: رت‌های نر نیوزلندی به گروه‌های شاهد، آهن (رژیم mg/kg 50)، گروه کلسترول (رژیم حاوی کلسترول 2 درصد) و گروه کلسترول و آهن تقسیم شدند. سطح سرمی کلسترول، LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) و HDL (High-density lipoprotein) قبل و بعد از رژیم 6 هفته‌ای بررسی و اندازه‌گیری شد و سپس میزان آپوپتوز سلول‌های عصبی در تشکیلات هایپوکامپ آن‌ها با استفاده از رنگ‌آمیزی ایمونوهیستوشیمیایی TUNEL test (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin–dUTP nick end labeling) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: پس از استفاده از رژیم غذایی پرکلسترول، سطح سرمی کلسترول، LDL و HDL در گروه‌های دریافت کننده‌ی کلسترول به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت (05/0 > P). همچنین، آپوپتوز سلول‌های عصبی در شکاف دندانه‌دار هیپوکامپ در گروه دریافت کننده‌ی رژیم پرکلسترول در مقایسه با گروه شاهد افزایش معنی‌داری داشت (05/0 > P). استفاده از آهن به تنهایی یا همراه با کلسترول، تأثیری بر میزان آپوپتوز سلول‌های عصبی نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که تجویز رژیم غذایی پر کلسترول بر سطح آپوپتوز سلولی تأثیر معنی‌دار دارد؛ به طوری که تجویز رژیم حاوی کلسترول تنها و رژیم آهن و کلسترول، سطح آپوپتوز سلولی را افزایش می‌دهد. اما تجویز آهن، تأثیر قابل ملاحظه و معنی‌داری در افزایش یا کاهش آپوپتوز ندارد.

Background: Infertility is an increasing medical and social problem. In vitro fertilization (IVF) has become a common and accessible treatment for a wide variety of indications that have variable outcomes. Natural killer (NK) cells have been identified as relevant immunological factors involved in reproductive success or failure. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of peripheral blood CD56+ (CD56dim and CD56bright) cells and the level of NK cell in patients with IVF failure with those of successful IVF control women. Materials and Methods: We assessed the level of CD56dim CD16+ and CD56bright CD16- cells in 50 women under IVF treatment and compared between successful IVF and IVF failure with the flowcytometry technique. Results: Of studied women, 68% did not response to IVF therapy and 32% had successful IVF, the level of CD56dim CD16+ cells in women with IVF failure was significantly higher than successful IVF (p

Objective(s): Atherosclerosis is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors, located in peripheral tissue such as white adipose tissue, have been linked to obesity and fat storage. The role of NPY in atherosclerosis has not yet been fully studied, so this study was conducted to further investigate the effect of BIIE 0246, an NPY receptor antagonist, on aortic intima-media thickness and size and number of adipocyte cells in normal and obese mice. Materials and Methods: Tests were performed on 24 male C57BL/6 mice. The animals were divided into four groups as follows: control (normal), obese (high-fat diet), normal+NPY receptor antagonist (1 μM, 100 µl/Kg BIIE0246 intraperitoneally) and obese+NPY receptor antagonist (n=6 each). After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed and epididymal adipose tissue and thoracic aorta were removed. Evaluations were made for adipocyte cell number and size and for aortic intima-media thickness. Results: The group on a high-fat diet showed a significantly decreased number of adipocyte cells and increased cell size (P0.05). Conclusion: NPY receptor antagonist had no effect on adipocyte cell size and aortic intima-media thickness; however, it decreased cell number in the normal group indicating likely involvement in the progression of obesity

مقدمه: گیرنده‌های فعال کننده‌ی تکثیر پروکسی‌زوم‌ها (PPARs یا Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors) گروهی از گیرنده‌های هسته‌ای وابسته به لیگاند می‌باشند كه به عنوان عوامل نسخه‌برداری عمل می‌کنند و در انسان دارای 3 ایزوفرم شناخته شده‌ی β/δ، γ و α هستند. مشخص شده است که PPARs اثرات متعددی بر سیستم قلبی- عروقی دارند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی اثر محرک‌های مختلف گیرنده‌ی فعال کننده‌ی پرولیفراسیون پروکسی‌‌زوم بر بازسازی قلبی (Cardiac remodeling) در رت‌های سالم و مبتلا به دیابت بود. روش‌ها: 60 موش صحرایی نر به دو دسته‌ی کلی مبتلا و غیر مبتلا به دیابت تقسیم شدند. حیوانات مبتلا و غیر مبتلا به دیابت به 5 زیر گروه‌ شاهد دریافت کننده‌ی حلال دارو؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی فنوفیبرات mg/kg/day 100 (آگونیست PPAR آلفا)؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی رزیگلیتازون (Rosiglitazone) mg/kg/day 8 (آگونیست PPAR گاما)؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی 742GWO mg/kg/day 1 (آگونیست PPAR بتا/دلتا)؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی بزافیبرات mg/kg/day 400 (آگونیست Pan PPAR) تقسیم شدند. طول مدت درمان 21 روز بود. در پایان آزمایش، بطن چپ رت‌ها خارج شد و نمونه‌ها با Picro-Sirius Red جهت بررسی محتوای کلاژنی رنگ‌آمیزی گردید. یافته‌ها: محتوای کلاژن (Collagen content) در بطن چپ گروه مبتلا به دیابت بسیار بیشتر از گروه سالم (غیر مبتلا به دیابت) بود و این تفاوت، معنی‌دار بود (27/1 ± 00/9 درصد در مقابل 13/1 ± 00/5 درصد) و تجویز محرک‌های مختلف PPAR نتوانست تغییر معنی‌داری در فیبروز انترستیسیال نه در گروه سالم و نه در گروه مبتلا به دیابت ایجاد نماید (050/0 < P). نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد محرکین مختلف PPARها اثری بر بازسازی قلبی در رت‌های سالم و مبتلا به دیابت ندارند. اثرات دیگر این داروها بر سیستم قلبی- عروقی باید مورد توجه و بررسی قرار گیرد.

مقدمه: آندومتریوم رحم نقش مهمی در روند لانه‌گزینی ایفا می‌کند. این لایه از رحم، در روند مراحل چرخه‌ی قاعدگی تحت تأثیر تغییرات قرار می‌‌گیرد. با توجه به تأثیر پذیری آندومتریوم از عوامل مهار کننده و تحریک کننده، هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه‌ی ضخامت آندومتریوم در موش‌های تحریک شده برای تخمک‌گذاری و به دنبال مصرف سیلدنافیل سیترات در مرحله‌ی قبل از لانه‌گزینی بلاستوسیست بود. روش‌ها: تعداد 30 موش ماده‌ی بالغ نژاد سوری با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در سه گروه شاهد، گنادوتروپین و گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات طراحی شدند. به دو گروه مورد، ابتدا به میزان IU 5/7 HMG (Human menopausal gonadotropin) و سپس به همین میزان HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) نیز تزریق شد. جهت انجام فرایند لقاح، هر دو موش ماده با یک موش نر در یک قفس قرار داده شدند. در گروه گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات، میزان mg/kg 3 سیلدنافیل سیترات به فواصل 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تزریق HMG تزریق گردید. مدت 96 ساعت بعد، موش‌ها در همه‌ی گروه‌ها با استفاده از روش جابه‌جایی مهره‌های گردنی قربانی شدند. نمونه‌های رحمی آن‌ها تحت پاساژ بافتی قرار گرفت و برای مطالعه با میکروسکوپ نوری آماده شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس بررسی با میکروسکوپ نوری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار 2/3 Motic Image Plus، ضخامت آندومتریوم در گروه شاهد mµ 35/13 ± 05/358 و در گروه گنادوتروپین mµ 46/12 ± 84/389 بود که از نظر آماری تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. این ضخامت در گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات mµ 10/12 ± 81/316 بود که با گروه گنادوتروپین نیز تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. همچنین ضخامت آندومتریوم در بین تمامی گروه‌ها نیز تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان نداد. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از تحریک تخمدان و به دنبال آن استفاده از سیلدنافیل سیترات، نتوانست تغییر قابل توجهی در ضخامت آندومتریوم داشته باشد.

مقدمه: آندومتریوم انسان، بافتی پویا است که در طی چرخه‌ی قاعدگی تحت تأثیر هورمون‌های تخمدانی قرار می‌گیرد. این لایه مسؤول اصلی لانه‌گزینی موفق جنین می‌باشد. عوامل اصلی زیادی در این موفقیت تأثیرگذار هستند. یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل آن، ضخامت آندومتریوم می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی ضخامت آندومتریوم تحت تأثیر هورمون‌های تحریک کننده‌ی تخمک‌گذاری و پروژسترون بود. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، تعداد 30 سر موش بالغ ماده از نژاد سوری بر اساس نمونه‌گیری تصادفی به سه گروه شاهد، گنادوتروپین و گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون تقسیم شدند. به هر دو گروه مورد، ابتدا HMG (Human menopausal gonadotropin) و سپس HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) به میزان I.U 5/7 تزریق شد. جهت انجام فرایند جفت‌گیری، هر دو موش ماده با یک موش نر در داخل یک قفس نگهداری شدند. به گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون، میزان mg/kg 1 با فواصل 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تزریق HMG، پروژسترون تزریق گردید. با گذشت 96 ساعت بعد، موش‌ها با استفاده از روش جابه‌جایی مهره‌های گردنی قربانی شده و نمونه‌های رحمی جهت پاساژ بافتی تهیه شد و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار 2/3Motic image plus ضخامت آندومتر اندازه‌گیری شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس بررسی‌های انجام شده با میکروسکوپ نوری و استفاده از نرم‌افزار 2/3 Motic image plus، ضخامت آندومتریوم بر حسب mµ در گروه شاهد 35/15 ± 05/358، در گروه گنادوتروپین 46/12 ± 84/389 و در گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون 03/13 ± 64/381 بود. تفاوت معنی‌داری بین گروه شاهد و گنادوتروپین و بین گروه شاهد و گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون نیز مشاهده نشد. همچنین در مقایسه‌ی سه گروه با هم، ضخامت آندومتر در هر 3 گروه با هم تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان نداد (050/0 > P). نتیجه‌گیری: القای تخمدان و به دنبال آن استفاده از پروژسترون نتوانست تغییر قابل توجهی در ضخامت آندومتریوم رحم موش‌های تحریک شده به وسیله‌ی هورمون‌های محرک تخمک‌گذاری ایجاد نماید.

Background: Diabetes, a major metabolic disorder, seems to affect the fertility rates of women in various ways. Due to the uncertainty of the effects of diabetes along with superovulation treatment on the infertility, we investigate the effects of ovulation induction treatment as therapeutic approach on the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) as two main factors which are involved in the implantation in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Type 1 diabetes was induced by injections of STZ in Wistar rats. The animals were kept in diabetic conditions for 4 weeks, while some were treated with insulin for treatment. After treatment, the ovulation was induced by human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The rats were then sacrificed and the expression of LIF and VEGFA was checked by immunohistochemistry staining method, and the relative expression of LIF and VEGFA was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting methods. Results: It was observed that diabetes and insulin treatment for diabetes altered the expression of Lif and VEGFA in both mRNA and protein levels. However, superovulation treatment seems to ameliorate this alternation for both factors. Conclusion: According to our results, diabetes and insulin therapy could alter the expression of Lif and VEGFA genes and proteins that are effective in endometrial receptivity and implantation process. It seems in diabetic cases, the effect of hCG and hMG therapy by itself could regulate the level of expression and presence of these two genes and proteins.

Objective(s): Atherosclerosis is a chronic immune-inflammatory disease that generally leads to ischemic heart disease. Ghrelin has several modulatory effects on cardiovascular system. In this study, we investigated the effect of ghrelin on aortic intima-media thickness, size and the number of adipocyte cells in obese and control mice. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted on 24 male C57BL/6 mice. The animals were divided into four groups: control, obese (received high fat diet), control+ghrelin (injected with 100 µg/Kg subcutaneously, bid) and obese+ghrelin (n=6 each). After 10 days, animals were sacrificed and epididymal adipose tissue and thoracic aortae were removed. Adipocyte cell number, size and aortic intima-media thickness were evaluated. Results:Ghrelin did not change adipocyte cell number and size and aortic intima-media thickness in obese and control mice. In this study, high fat diet significantly decreased the number of adipocyte cells while increased their size (P0.05). In addition, it could not alter aortic intima-media thickness in both groups. Conclusion: Although ghrelin has several cardiovascular effects, it seems that it could not alter the size and number of adipocyte cells and aortic intima-media thickness in diet-induced obese mice

Background: The reciprocal interaction between adipocytes and angiogenesis is considered as an essential component in the development and expansion of adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ghrelin on angiogenic response using in vivo angiogenesis assay of matrigel plug and its correlation with serum leptin levels in normal and diet-induced obese mice. Materials and Methods: This experimental study has been done on 24 male C57BL/6 mice which were randomly divided into four groups: Normal diet (ND) or control, ND + ghrelin, high-fat-diet (HFD) or obese and HFD + ghrelin (n = 6/group). Obese and control groups received HFD or standard diet for 14 weeks. Then, growth factor reduced matrigel plug (500 ΅l) containing bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor; 100 ng) with or without ghrelin (100 ΅g/kg) was injected subcutaneously in the mid-ventral abdominal region of each mice. After 10 days, blood samples were taken and matrigel plugs were removed under anesthesia and angiogenic response was assessed by immunohisochemical staining. Results: HFD significantly increased angiogenesis in matrigel plug as expressed as the number of CD31-positive cells than standard diet (43 ΁ 5 vs. 13 ΁ 2.5 CD31 + cells/field). Ghrelin did not alter angiogenesis in matrigel plug in both obese and control groups. There was a strong positive correlation between the number of CD31-positive cells and serum leptin concentration (r = 0.91). Conclusion: Leptin as an angiogenic factor has a positive correlation with angiogenesis in matrigel plug model of angiogenesis and ghrelin could not alter angiogenesis.

Introduction: Electronic education system using advanced and varied technology tries to improve quality of teaching-learning process. This research aimed to design and implement the new electronic teaching system in histology courses (theoretical and practical) at the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This action research was conducted in department of anatomy and molecular biology on medical students who were studying histology (theoretical and practical) in 2010-2011. Required hardware and software for electronic teaching was provided. All related instructors (8) and some students were interviewed for evaluating this process. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: The new electronic system for teaching histology courses (theoretical and practical) was designed and implemented for medical students of basic sciences. Data analysis showed improvement in teaching- learning process. Conclusion: Electronic teaching system as a new mechanism that integrates various learning and teaching methods can lead to more students and teachers’ satisfaction. It can provide flexibility in learning, and using advantages of both methods (e-learning and education system). Therefore, it increases learning. It is suggested as an effective education method in all Universities of Medical Sciences.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent disease resulting in learning and memory impairments. Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) has been demonstrated to improve cognitive functions and to have neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of erythropoietin on learning and memory in rats after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ), a well defined model for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: To produce Alzheimer’s disease model in rats, STZ was infused in lateral ventricles of the brain. Two weeks later, the rats were tested by passive avoidance learning test to confirm the induction of learning and memory impairments. They then received EPO (5000 IU/kg) once every two days for two weeks. Finally, behavioral tests were conducted again. Findings: A reduction in time delay for the first entrance of rats to dark chamber as a result of ICV-STZ was found; i.e. there was a significant deference between the sham and the ICV-STZ groups. Although EPO did not have any significant effects on time delay for the first entrance to dark chamber in the sham group, it prevented impairments resulting from ICV-STZ. In fact, the index significantly increased in the STZ-EPO group compared to the STZ group. However, there was not a significant difference between the STZ-EPO and sham groups. Conclusion: The present results suggest use of EPO to probably cause significant improvements of learning and memory defects in Alzheimer’s patients.

Introduction: We have already shown the protective effects of soy protein on rheumatoid arthritis in rats. In this study, the effects of genistein and daidzein, two isoflavones from soy on rheumatoid arthritis prognosis and prevention in rats have been investigated. Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats using collagen type II plus adjuvant. Rats were then treated with soy protein (7 g/kg), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), genistein (20 mg/kg genistein), daidzein (20 mg/kg genistein) and casein (in control groups) by daily gavage feedings for 50 days. Scores of arthritis were recorded every day for each paw of animal. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin and leptin were characterized. Tibiotarsal tissue was used for histopathologic analyses. Results: Treatment with genistein and daidzein resulted in not only a reduction in disease symptoms but also a delay in the onset of symptoms. Results from delayed-type hypersensitivity test demonstrated that the ear thickness in treated rats was significantly lower than that in the control group (p

Background: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated transcription factors; comprising of three isoforms in human: PPARβ/δ, PPARγ and PPARα. Since PPARs affect on cytokines and growth factors, it is suggested that PPARs may be regulated angiogenesis process. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that activation of PPARβ /δ by GW0742 can restore coronary angiogenesis in diabetic and control rats. Methods: Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups. For induction of diabetes we used streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The groups were as follows: group 1: control rats were given placebo, group 2: control rats were given GW0742 (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously, group 3: diabetic rats were given placebo and group 4: diabetic rats were given GW0742 (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously. After 21 days capillary density was evaluated in cardiac muscle by immunohistochemistry. Findings: The mean capillary density in cardiac muscles of diabetic rats were lower than control (P = 0.08). GW0742 administration could restore capillary density of the heart in diabetic rats (215.82 ± 11.3 versus121.71 ± 13.32 number of capillaries per mm2) while could not alter capillary density in control rats (156.3 ± 8.97 versus 153.78 ± 11.08 number of capillaries per mm2). Conclusion: this study showed that diabetes is associated by reduced capillary density in the heart. PPARβ/δ activation by GW0742 could restore coronary angiogenesis in diabetic rats while did not change angiogenesis in non diabetic rats.

Background: According to inconsistencies in the various studies about effect of statins on atherosclerosis and issue importance, the aim of the present research was review carried out in statins and atherosclerosis. Methods: By the use of atherosclerosis, statins and hyperlipidemia as keywords, we searched in PubMed through 1980 until 2011. Finding: Most studies showed the reduction of total cholesterol and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) by Statins, but there showed a little effect on increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). In most studies mechanisms of action of statins were stabilization atherosclerotic plaques consequently inhibit oxidation, improve endothelial function by increase Nitric oxide and improvement thrombotic state by inhibiting platelet. Conclusion: Most Of Clinical trials had shown positive effect of statin on cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Therefore, using of them for treatment of hyperlipidemia could be appropriate preventive for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular accidents. Although the exact mechanism of action is not clear, there is a need for further investigation.

Background: Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of nuclear receptor superfamily, consisting of three subtypes: PPARα, γ, β/δ. Clinical evidence suggests that PPARs may be involved in regulating angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that whether activation of PPARγ by Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, can alter coronary angiogenesis in diabetic and control rats. Methods: Twenty four male rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: group 1: control rats received vehicle; group 2: control rats received Rosiglitazone (8mg/kg/day) by gavage every day; group 3: diabetic rats received vehicle; group 4: diabetic rats received Rosiglitazone (8mg/kg/day) by gavage everyday. All rats were sacrified after 21 days and their hearts muscles were harvested for immonohistochemistry. Finding: The mean capillary density in control rats was higher than diabetic rats (P = 0.08). Rosiglitazone treatment could not change capillary density of the heart in diabetic rats (121.71 ± 13.32 versus 136.62 ± 7.02/mm2) and nondiabetic rats (153.78 ± 11.08 versus 135.96 ± 4.3/mm2). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that diabetes is associated with reduced capillary density in the heart and PPARγ activation by Rosiglitazone could not alter angiogenesis in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

Background: Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a process in which the unwanted cells die after a coordinated and planned activities of an accurate collection of genes. Apoptosis are considered in embryo development, cancer pathogenesis and humoral immune responses. Considering the role of apoptosis in fetal development, this study was done to investigate its role in separating eyelids in neonatal rats. Methods: For this purpose the unopened eyelids of 6-16 days old Wister newborn rats were removed after anesthesia and fixed in 10% formolin. After preparation and paraffin embedding, 5 micron thick sections stained with hemathoxylin and eosin, and studied with light microscope. Finding: Microscopic assessment of opening place of eyelids showed that the eyelid groove formation starts with external and internal surface troughs. After reaching the troughs together, the eyelids are separated.The main changes that occurred during eyelid formation are appearance of vesicular cells with morphologic characteristics of apoptotic cells includes: nuclear pyknosis, cell shrinkage, deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm surrounded by, and clear halo. These cells were abundant form 6th to 16th day. After 12th day these cells were seen among the cells of spinosum layer. The other change that we could see during eyelid formation was development of keratinized epidermis of external surface and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the internal surface of eyelid. Conclusion: Role of apoptosis in developing embryo, before and after implantation, is well known. Presence of cells with characteristics of apoptotic cells in the site of eyelid development in rat Showed the role of apoptosis in eyelid formation. Easy to access of apoptotic cells in eyelid formation in newborn rats can serve rat as a very suitable model for evaluating the inhibitors and inductors of apoptosis.

Background: Plastination is an excellent technique which helps preserve biological specimens in a dry, odorless, and state. In this technique, water and fat are extracted from tissues and are replaced with curable polyester. Previously prepared plastinated sheets of human brain were fragile and heavy (standard method). The aim of this study was to prepare flexible and light plastinated sheets of human brains. Methods: Two intact human brains were prepared and fixed in 10% formalin for 3 months. After. They were sliced into 3 mm thickness sheets and were dehydrated by acetone in -250C for 4 weeks. Then, the slices were impregnated by P88 flexible polyester in the vacuum chamber. Finally, each slice was cast in an individual flat chamber consisting of 2 standard glass plates by P87 flexible polyester. The transparency, weight, flexibility, bubbling and Gross fragility of the prepared sheets were compared with those of the standard method. The transparency was measured by photometer machine. Their weight was assessed by digital scale; Gross fragility and bubbling were assessed by direct observation. Flexibility of samples was investigated by the degree of bending zero to 45, 45 to 90, 90 to 135 and 135 to 180 degrees of bending were scaled 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Finding: Average light passing, flexible sheets was 85%, while in standard method was 90%. The weights of flexible sheets were 200-400 gr, and in standard method were 600-800 gr. Bubbling and gross fragility were observed in standard method, while no bubbling and gross fragility were observed in flexible sheets. The average flexibility of flexible sheets was, while in standard method was 1. Conclusion: P87 polyester seems to provide lighter and more flexible brain sheets compared with the standard method.

Objective: Several factors lead to memory loss, the most important of which is brain aging that is caused mostly by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The need of finding preventive treatments of memory impairment in elderly encouraged authors to assess the effect of Acorus calamus on memory loss, anxiety, and antioxidant indices on neuroinflammation rat models. Materials and Methods: Different fractions of A. calamus were prepared. The subject rats were grouped in 11 groups of 10 each. In the nine treated groups, the extract gavage began 1 week before intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and continued for 2 weeks after the last injection of LPS. Behavioral tests, including passive avoidance and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests, were run on days 24, 25, and 26 and the subjects were sacrificed on the day after the last behavioral test, and their hippocampus was isolated to measure the oxidative stress markers. Results: Assessment of oxidative stress markers in hippocampus samples revealed that the amounts of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant activity) in the groups that received different fractions were less than their equivalent figures in LPS-control group, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in treatment groups were less than MDA level in LPS-control group. Moreover, the treatment groups with different fractions of A. calamus revealed better performance compared to LPS-control group in shuttle-box test. In EPM test, the groups with different fractions revealed lower stress level in comparison with LPS-control group. The best performance in memory test and the lowest level of stress in EPM was observed in the group with aqueous fraction at 600 mg/kg dose, and the least figures of oxidative stress markers were of the group with aqueous fraction at 600 mg/kg dose. Conclusion: The oral administration of different fractions of A. calamus, especially aqueous fraction, prevented from memory deficits and stress through controlling oxidative stress and inflammation processes.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which has no any known definitive treatment. Studies have shown that thyroid hormones (THs) in addition to their roles in the development of the nervous system and the production of myelin have important roles in the adult's brain function. Since the only way to treat MS is the restoration of myelin, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of levothyroxine on visual evoked potential (VEP) impairment following local injections of lysolecithin into the rat optic chiasm. Methods: To induce demyelination, lysolecithin was injected into the optic chiasm of male Wistar rats. VEP recording was used to evaluate demyelination and remyelination before and 10, 17, and 24 days after the lysolecithin injection. The rats received an intraperitoneal injection of levothyroxine with doses 20, 50, and 100 μg/kg in different experimental groups. Results: VEP latency and amplitude showed demyelination at 10 and 17 days after an induced lesion in MS group which was reversed at day 24. Levothyroxine prevented these impairments, especially in high doses. Conclusions: According to the results, lysolecithin-induced demyelination at optic chiasm and VEP impairments can be restored by administration of levothyroxine. Therefore, THs probably have positive effects in demyelinating diseases.

Background: Ovarian angiogenesis (OA) remains in lifetime and normal ovarian function depends to this continual remodeling of a complex vascular system. Endometrial thickness (ET) is one of the strongest predictors of successful implantation and pregnancy. Appropriate OA effects on ET by facilitating of ovarian hormone delivery. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult female mice and twenty adult male mice were purchased. The female mice were divided into three groups: (1) control group without any intervention (n = 10), (2) gonadotropin group: receiving human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (n = 10), and (3) gonadotropin and sildenafil citrate (SC) group: receiving HMG and SC administration (n = 10). After mating, animals were deeply anesthetized, and the ovary and uterus was rapidly removed for histology and immunohistochemistry process. Results: Four days after ovarian induction, all three layers of the uterus with specified thickness can be clearly seen. The heights of endometrial epithelial cells in gonadotropin group were not significantly different than those in control group. In gonadotropin and SC group, heights of the cells were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than control and gonadotropin groups. ETs in all groups were not significantly deferent from each other (P > 0.05 each). Our results of immunohistochemistry survey for ovarian CD31 demonstrated that administrated SC increased OA but not significantly (P > 0.05 each). Conclusion: It may finally conclude that administration of SC does not cause notable alterations in OA and ET; although for realistic decision about the SC effects on aforementioned parameters, more molecular investigations and longer drug consumption period are necessary.

Background: Human endometrium is a dynamic tissue during the menstrual cycle can be influenced by ovarian hormones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the endometrium angiogenesis under the influence of human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin (HMG and HCG) that stimulate ovulation and progesterone. Materials and Methods: In this study, thirty adult female mice were randomly divided into three groups as: control, gonadotropin and gonadotropin + progesterone. The mice in the other two groups except the control group received 7.5 IU HMG and later HCG. Subsequently, the mice were placed in a cage for mating. Gonadotropin + progesterone group was administered, 1 mg/mouse progesterone in 24, 48, and 72 h interval, after HMG injection. Ninety-six hours after HMG injection, animals were sacrificed, and their uterine specimens were prepared by immunohistochemistry technique for light microscopic studies, and statistical analysis was carried out. Results: Endometrium angiogenesis in control group showed that mean ± standard deviation was 24.15 ± 11.15, gonadotropin group was 62.50 ± 24.16, and gonadotropin + progesterone group was 41.85 ± 19.54. Significant difference between the control group and gonadotropin group and between the control group and gonadotropin + progesterone was observed. Statistically significant differences were observed in all groups in the endometrial angiogenesis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ovarian induction with gonadotropins and gonadotropins + progesterone could not change the morphometrically index of endometrial glandular epithelium in mice. Ovarian stimulation followed by progesterone injection could modify the angiogenesis of mice endometrium.

Background: There is an increase in inflammatory and a reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis (MS). Considering the role of thyroid hormones in the development and regulation of both neural and immune systems, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of levothyroxine on serum concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in animal models of MS. Materials and Methods: To induce demyelination in male Wistar rats, lysolecithin was injected into the optic chiasm. Then levothyroxine was injected intraperitoneally (20, 50, and 100 μg/kg) for 21 days. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 7, 14, and 21 days after that. Results: The results showed that injection of lysolecithin to the optic chiasm only increased serum concentrations of IL-10 compared to the sham group (P < 0.05) at 7th day, but this increase was prevented by all doses of levothyroxine. IFN-γ was decreased significantly (P < 0.001) 21 days after. Comparing to the sham group at all sampling time and with respect to the MS group at the days 7 and 21, levothyroxine decreased serum concentrations of IFN-γ significantly. Conclusion: The results showed that thyroid hormones probably could produce protective effects against induced demyelination through affecting immune responses.

Background: Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes and is male specific. Due to limited genetic exchange, the main part of that is passed virtually unchanged from one generation to next generation. The short tandem repeats (STRs) are almost constant on chromosomes that make them as an appropriate factor for use in population genetic studies. In this study, we used the STRs of Y chromosome markers in Sadat families and comparison with other families was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, sampling was done from fifty unrelated males of Sadat families and fifty unrelated males of non-Sadat families. After the extraction of DNA from blood samples and primer design, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for each primer pairs separately. The PCR products were run on agarose gel that followed by running on polyacrylamide gel for better resolution. In addition, some sequenced samples were used as identified markers to determine the length of other alleles in polyacrylamide gel. Results: The survey of six STR in two case and control groups was carried out, and analysis revealed that the frequency of some alleles is different in case group compared to control group. Allele frequency of the markers DYS392, DYS393, DYS19, DYS390, DYS388, and DYS437 on the Y chromosome in Sadat families was quite different in comparison with other families. Conclusions: The reason for these differences in allele frequencies of the Sadat family in comparison with other families is having a common ancestor.

Background: Angiogenesis plays a major role in endometrial receptivity and thickening of the endometrium immediately before implantation. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the antiangiogenic properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea in angiogenesis of endometrium. Materials and Methods: In this study, forty adult female NMARI mice randomly divided into four groups. Control group received vehicle; human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin (HMG/HCG) group received 7.5 IU HMG intraperitoneal (IP) and 48 h later 7.5 IU HCG was injected (IP) for ovarian stimulation; HMG/HCG + EGCG group received HMG and HCG in the same manner as the previous group and also received 5 mg/kg EGCG at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after injection of HMG; and the group EGCG received 5 mg/kg EGCG. A male mouse was kept with two female animals in the same cage for mating. Mice were dissected 96 h after administration of HMG (immediately before implantation) and tissue processing was carried out for the uterine specimens. CD31-positive cells were counted by use of histological and immunohistochemical methods. Results: Angiogenesis in EGCG-treated group was less than that of control and gonadotropin group (P < 0.05). The number of endothelial cells was counted by CD31 marker under a light microscope and showed significant differences between all groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EGCG significantly inhibited the angiogenesis in endometrium (in natural cycles) through antiangiogenic effects.

Background: The present study evaluated the effects of treadmill running on extracellular basal levels of glutamate and GABA at dentate gyrus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: After 12 weeks of diabetes induction and exercise period, extracellular levels of glutamate and GABA were investigated. Results: The results showed that glutamate levels were significantly decreased in diabetes-rest group comparing to the control-rest and the diabetes-exercise groups. Conclusions: The findings support the possibility that treadmill running is helpful in alleviating neurotransmitter homeostasis and alterations in transmission in diabetes mellitus.

Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide, has several effects on cardiovascular system. It is demonstrated that the angiogenic activity of NPY is similar to fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of systemic administration of antagonist of NPY receptor (BIIE0742) on coronary angiogenesis in normal and diet-induced obese animals. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male mice were received high-fat diet (HFD) or normal diet (ND) for 14 weeks. Then, each group was randomized to the treatment of antagonist of NPY receptor (BIIE0246) or saline as following: ND+ BIIE0246 (100 μl/kg; i.p.), ND+ saline, HFD+ BIIE0246, HFD+ saline. After 14 days, blood samples were taken, and myocardial tissue (left ventricle) from all experimental groups was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Serum VEGF concentration and VEGF: Soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-1 ratio in obese animals was higher than normal group. Administration of BIIE0246 significantly reduced serum VEGF and VEGF: sVEGFR-1 ratio and increased serum sVEGFR-1 concentrations in obese animals (P < 0.05). In normal animals, BIIE0246 increased serum sVEGFR-1 level and decreased VEGF: sVEGFR-1 ratio. Serum nitrite did not alter after administration of BIIE0246 in both groups (P > 0.05). Myocardial capillary density expressed as the number of CD31 positive cells/mm2 was reduced after NPY antagonist treatment in obese and normal animals (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Administration of NPY antagonist impairs myocardial capillary density, reduces angiogenic factors and elevates anti-angiogenic factors, and there are no differences between obese and normal animals.

خلاصه مقدمه: همزمانی تکامل آندومتریوم و رویان، پیش‌نیازی ضروری برای لانه گزینی موفق است. پروژسترون و داروهای دیگر، تکامل همزمانی رویان بلافاصله قبل از لانه گزینی را از طریق آندومتریوم مادری حمایت می‌کنند. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی خصوصیات و تغییرات مورفولوژیک و مورفومتریک آندومتریوم موش‌های تحریک شده برای تخمک گذاری به دنبال تزریق پروژسترون و سیلدنافیل سیترات بود. روش‌ها: تعداد 40 سر موش ماده‌ی بالغ به چهار گروه شاهد، گنادوتروپین، گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون و گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات تقسیم شدند. به هر سه گروه مورد آزمایش ابتدا HMG و سپس HCG به میزان I.U 5/7 تزریق شد؛ سپس هر دو موش ماده با یک موش نر برای جفت گیری در یک قفس قرار داده شدند. در دو گروه آخر به ترتیب، mg/mouse 1 پروژسترون و mg/kg 3 سیلدنافیل سیترات به فواصل 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تزریق HMGتزریق گردید. 96 ساعت بعد، موش‌ها در همه‌ی گروه‌ها قربانی شده، نمونه‌های رحمی آن‌ها تحت پاساژ بافتی قرار گرفت و برای مطالعه با میکروسکوپ نوری آماده گردید. یافته‌ها: بر اساس بررسی با میکروسکوپ نوری، ارتفاع سلول‌های اپی‌تلیال غددی در گروه شاهد 54/1 ± 66/11 و در گروه گنادوتروپین 77/0 ± 10/11 میکرومتر بود که از نظر آماری تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. ارتفاع این سلول‌ها در گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون و گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات به ترتیب 30/1 ± 06/11 و 22/1 ± 37/11میکرومتر بود که با گروه شاهد و گنادوتروپین تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان نمی‌داد. در نهایت هیچ کدام از گروه‌ها با هم اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشتند (05/0 > P). نتیجه‌گیری: القای تخمدان و به دنبال آن پروژسترون و سیلدنافیل سیترات نتوانست تغییری در شاخص‌های مورفومتریک سلول‌های اپی‌تلیوم غددی رحم موش‌های تحریک شده برای تخمک گذاری ایجاد کند. واژگان کلیدی: لانه گزینی، پروژسترون، سیلدنافیل سیترات، آندومتریوم.

Background: Anatomists had been searching to find methods for preserving soft human tissues and produce natural samples with durable, dry, odorless, and portable in briefcase properties. Plastination is a modern method for preparing such tissue samples. In plastination, water and fat are extracted from tissues and replaced with a dissolver fluid, which in its turn is replaced with a special kind of polyester. Usually, the organs like hearts, lungs, kidneys, striated muscles, vessels, nerves, connective tissue, etc, which are treated with formalin, loss their beautiful color and take a dull appearance after fixation. Tissue staining with natural dyes is one method for somehow preserving tissue natural color and increasing its appearance activity to prepare better samples in terms of appearance and suitable clearance of different parts (valves, muscles, trabeculae…). Also, we have to prepare non fragile samples. Methods: At first, some visceral organs (sheep hearts) were prepared and fixed by formalin 5% for 4 to 10 days. Then they were dissected for anatomic details and were put in a chemical dye called eosin and natural dye called ronnas. After dehydration by acetone in -25 °C and defeating with acetone in +30 °C, samples were put in the vacuum chamber to replace acetone instead of polymer under the vacuum pressure; finally the samples were cured with the ultra violate wave. Findings: We found that after fixation and before plastination staining of organs with eosin and ronnas resulted in beautiful appearance of tissues. Conclusion: Staining of organs resulted in beautiful appearance of tissues which are effective in increasing the attractively of teaching and learning anatomy. Also, it has affection in the raising appearance quality and has positive impression in the quality of education. Keywords: Plastination, Natural dye, Industrial dye, Polyester.

Background: P33 (ING1b) is a tumor suppressor protein involved in growth control and apoptosis. Suppression of P33 expression is associated with the loss of cellular growth control suppression. Colorectal cancer is the second most common malignancy in the world. Detection of the disease at an early stage can reduce mortality. To investigate the role of P33 in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis, we evaluated P33 expression in colorectal cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. Methods: P33 protein expression from 70 colorectal cancer specimens and their matched normal colorectal sections from the series of colorectal cancer patients was examined in paraffin–embedded material by immunohistochemistry. The proportions of cellular staining for P33 were estimated under light microscopy by using Motic Advanced Plus 2 soft ware. Findings: P33 was expressed in all tissues, and was mainly localized in the nuclei of epithelial cells. P33 was down-regulated in the colorectal cancer specimens, compared with the matched tissues (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Expression of P33 in cancer tissues was significantly lower than normal tissues. This study showed that P33 expression may be associated with pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Key words: Colorectal cancer, Immunohistochemistry, Tumor suppressor gene.

Background: Hypercholesterolemia that can increase stress oxidative has destructive effects on brain functions. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant and its effects on decrement of oxidative stress in the diseases such as Alzheimer′s and hypercholesterolemia are demonstrated. The aim of this study was evaluation of the effects of vitamin E on the level of neuronal apoptosis in granular layer of dentate gyrus in the rabbits that fed with high-cholesterol diet. Materials and Methods: Male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the control, the Vitamin E (50 mg/kg; gavage), the high-cholesterol diet (containing 2% cholesterol), and the high-cholesterol diet-vitamin E groups. Serum levels of cholesterol, LDL, and HDL, before and after the regimen for 6 weeks, were measured. Then, the rabbits for immunohistochemical staining (TUNEL Test) and evaluation of neuronal apoptosis in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation were anesthetized and brains were dissected. Results: Results showed that after the regimens, serum levels of cholesterol, LDL, and HDL in the cholesterol receiving groups were increased significantly (P < 0.05). Histological results demonstrated that neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus of the high-cholesterol diet group was increased significantly (P < 0.05) comparing to the control group; however, vitamin E decreased apoptosis as there wasn′t any significant differences between the high-cholesterol diet-vitamin E and control groups. Conclusions: Present results showed that consumption of high-cholesterol diets through hypercholesterolemia and its complication can induce neuronal death in hippocampus and probable resulting cognition disorders; however, vitamin E has neuroprotective effects and prevents neuronal apoptosis significantly.

Background: The scope of this study was to preserve whole detailed structure of dissected and decalcified bones, taken from used cadavers, by a new plastination technique. Materials and Methods: Specimens we used in this study were sheep femurs and human bones including pelvis, femur, tibia, and fibula. Bones, at first, fixed with 5% formalin and were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, and then were fixed again and washed under the tap water. The resulted flexible bones were dehydrated in -25΀C acetone and degreased them in +25΀C acetone. Then, the experimental and control specimen were placed in the vacuum chamber for forced impregnation with our new flexible unsaturated polyester resin (UP 89 method) and silicon resin (S 10 method), respectively. Finally, the strength and flexibility of plastinated decalcified specimens were investigated by tensometer, and the weight diversity was measured by digital balance. Results: Plastinated bones prepared by this technique were found to be dried, non-fragile, durable, odorless, non-greasy, and demonstrating all detailed structures of the bones. Tensile and weight tests results indicated that plastinated decalcified femurs have owned higher flexibility and strength but lesser weight than plastinated undecalcified femurs. The characteristics of both experimental and control groups of plastinated decalcified specimens were found to have no significant difference. Conclusions: Our synthesized resin found to be much more economical than conventional plastination method. In more details, properties of these new products were the same as, S 10 method, from points of strength, flexibility and weight, but, since the money cost for producing them was about one fifth that of S 10 method.

Background: Plastination is a new method of preserving tissue samples for a long time. This study aimed to compare the new plastination technique with the conventional preservative method in glycerin for fetus skeleton tissues and young rats dyed by Alizarin red- Alcian blue double staining. Materials and Methods: In this study, 4 groups of 1-day, 3-day, 12-day and mature rats were selected and, after being anesthetized and slaughtered, their skin was completely removed. In Alizarin red- Alcian blue double staining method, first the samples were fixed in 95% ethanol and then their cartilages were dyed by 0.225% Alcian blue solution; after that, they were cleared in 1% KOH. Then, the bones were dyed in 0.003% Alizarin red solution and finally the tissue was decolorized in 95% ethanol. In each group, half of the samples were preserved by the conventional method in a glycerin container and the other half were plastinated. Results: In the present study, the samples preserved by plastination technique were dry, odorless, indecomposable and tangible. Quality of coloring had an inverse relationship with rats′ age. Transparency of the plastinated samples had also an inverse relationship with rats′ age. Therefore, skeletal tissue of younger rats had higher quality and transparency in both preservation methods (glycerin and plastination). Conclusion: This study showed that plastination technique was an appropriate method in comparison with glycerin preservation, which conserved skeletal tissue of fetus and young rats colored by Alizarin red- Alcian blue double staining. And the final result was that plastination technique can generate dry, odorless, indecomposable and tangible samples.

Background: Notch signaling is a key factor for angiogenesis in physiological and pathological condition and γ-secretase is the regulator of Notch signaling. The main goal of this study was to assess the effect of (N-[N-(3,5-Diflurophenaacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl Ester) DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, on serum angiogenic biomarkers, and tumor angiogenesis in control mice. Materials and Methods: Tumor was induced by inoculation of colon adenocarcinoma cells (CT26) in 12 male Balb/C mice. When tumors size is reached to a 350 ± 50 mm 3 , the animals were randomly divided into two groups: control and DAPT (n = 6/group). DAPT was injected subcutaneously 10 mg/kg/day. After 14 days, blood samples were taken and the tumors were harvested for immunohistochemical staining. Results: Administration of DAPT significantly increased serum nitric oxide concentration and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor receptors-1 (VEGFR1) concentration without changes on serum VEGF concentration. DAPT reduced tumor vascular density in control mice (280.6 ± 81 vs. 386 ± 59.9 CD31 positive cells/mm 2 ), although, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: It seems that γ-secretase inhibitors can be considered for treatment of disorders with abnormal angiogenesis such as tumor angiogenesis.

Background: Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a prevalent disorder with severe learning and memory defects. Because it has been demonstrated that erythropoietin (EPO) has positive effects on the central nervous system, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EPO on neuronal proliferation in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation in a well-defined model for AD. Materials and Methods: A rat model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer′s type was established by a bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ). Impairment of learning and memory was confirmed 2 weeks after ICV-STZ injection by passive avoidance learning test and then rats were divided into fourgroups:Control, control-EPO, Alzheimer and Alzheimer-EPO. EPO was injected intraperitoneally every other day with a dose of 5000 IU/kg and, finally, the rats were anesthetized and decapitated for immunohistochemical study and neurogenesis investigation (by Ki67 method) in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation. Results: The results driven from the histological study showed that EPO significantly increases neuronal proliferation in dentate gyrus of hippocampus in the Alzheimer-EPO group compared with the control, control-EPO and Alzheimer groups; however, there were no differences between the other groups. Conclusion: Our results show that even though EPO in intact animals doesnot change neurogenesis in dentate gyrus, it can nonetheless significantly increase neurogenesis if there is an underlying disorder like neurodegenerative diseases.