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In the current study, the synthesis, and properties of polyurethane (PU) and acrylic copolymer (AK), as well as polyurethane/acrylic polymer hybrid (PU/AK), were examined. Polyurethane (PU) was synthesized by the polyaddition polymerization of isocyanates [Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)] and polyols (GP 2000 and GP 4000) at an NCO/OH ratio of 0.85 and a temperature of 100°C. The acrylic copolymer (AK) based on methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BuMA) was synthesized using a bulk polymerization process using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. Polyurethane/acrylic hybrids (PU/AK) were created by combining PU with varying amounts of AK (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt.%). Several formulations were created to examine the impact of AK content on the physical and mechanical characteristics of PU/AK hybrid polymers, as well as the anticorrosion resistance of hybrid coatings (PU/AKC). To verify that the PU polymerization reaction had finished and to characterize AK, IR spectroscopy was used. The physical and mechanical properties of PU, AK, and PU/AK including viscosity, thixotropic index (TI), tensile, elongation, hardness, adhesion, contact angle, impact test, crosshatch, and anticorrosion properties were significantly affected by the concentration of AK. The viscosity, TI, tensile strength, hardness, contact angle, and adhesion increased with increasing concentration in the PU/AK hybrid. The cross-linking of PU and AK in the hybrids increases the mechanical characteristics. However, the hybrid coating containing 10% AK had the highest chemical and corrosion resistance compared to the other contents of AK and PU.

The fabrication of TiO2/rGO nanocomposites employing mangosteen peel extract as a bioreductor for self-cleaning applications has been successfully conducted. The research reduced graphene oxide (GO) to rGO using mangosteen peel extract as the reducing agent. TiO2 synthesis was carried out via a biosynthesis method using mangosteen peel extract while TiO2/rGO nanocomposite was obtained using hydrothermal method. TiO2/rGO had an anatase phase with a crystal size of 10.439 nm and band gap energy of 3.04 eV which is lower than TiO2 (3.12 eV). Moreover, TiO2/rGO demonstrated mesoporous characteristics with a high surface area of 95.845 m2/g. TEM morphology revealed TiO2 nanoparticle spheres uniformly dispersed on rGO sheets, with 11.2 nm as the average particle size. The time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) computational method showed the distance between methylene blue (MB) atoms and rGO to be 1.6 Å, with the highest oscillator strength of 0.7801, indicating a HOMO −1→LUMO +1 transition, which experiences excitation from π to π*. Photocatalytic self-cleaning tests of the TiO2/rGO nanocomposite on MB degradation demonstrated that irradiation with visible light produced superior photocatalytic activity compared to dark and UV light conditions, achieving a degradation percentage of 99.20%. The water contact angle of the TiO2/rGO material decreased from 58° before irradiation to 52° after visible light irradiation, indicating the hydrophilic characteristic and effective self-cleaning capabilities of the TiO2/rGO nanocomposite.

Anticorrosion coatings are specialized products designed to protect metal surfaces from costly and dangerous corrosion, acting as barriers against corrosive organisms. Therefore, this study examined the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin in the presence of reactive diluents. Reactive diluents were synthesized based on styrene (St) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) through the free radical method using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a catalyst with various feed ratios of St and GMA. Diluents were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). Epoxy resins and hardener were at a ratio of 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.3, respectively. The results showed that reactive diluents [Poly(St-co-GMA)] had an excellent dilution effect on epoxy resin with a decrease in epoxy resin viscosity from 8592 mPa-s to 1656, 680, and 430 mPa-s. Furthermore, the adhesion, tensile, and hardness properties contained 70% GMA and 30% St at a hardener ratio of 1:0.3. The increase in the mechanical properties was attributed to the reaction between modified epoxy resins with hardener.

Background: T2DM is a common metabolic disease with enormous effects on health worldwide; moreover, the use of phytochemicals as therapeutic compounds has drawn increasing attention. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of these phytochemicals in combating diabetes through a comprehensive evaluation of their interactions with biological networks through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Objectives: The first goal of this study was to search and screen potential phytochemicals for binding with key proteins involved in T2DM, with special emphasis on AKT1 kinase, an integral component of the insulin signaling pathway. Methods: Network pharmacology analysis was carried out, and the interaction network of targets associated with T2DM was generated using KEGG, STRING and Cytoscape 3.9.1 software's. To determine the specific metabolic processes, cellular compartments, and molecular functions involved in T2DM, we performed Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses. An initial and short molecular docking study was conducted to analyze the binding modes, while the molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the binding energy and stability of phytochemicals at target sites, with emphasis on rutin engaged with AKT1. Results: In total, 10 hub genes were proposed to be involved in T2DM and can be considered candidate therapeutic targets, namely MTOR, CASP3, CCND1, TNF, MMP9, ALB, MDM2, AKT1, and HSP90AA1. Rutin was found to have the highest binding score for AKT1 in docking studies, while MD simulations identified the structural stability and persistence of the compound's activity at the target enzyme loci. Conclusions: This study identified rutin and flavonoids as potential anti-diabetes phytochemicals. Based on these observations, an opportunity for other in vitro experiments and additional in vivo studies to confirm these buildings as multi-target drugs in T2DM patients is provided.

Renewable lignocellulosic biomass is a favorable energy resource since its co-pyrolysis with hydrogen-rich plastics can produce high-yield and high-quality biofuel. In contrast to earlier co-pyrolysis research that concentrated on increasing product yield, this study comprehends the synergistic effects of two distinct feedstocks that were not considered earlier. This work focuses on co-pyrolyzing wheat straw (WS) with non-reusable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for the production of pyrolysis oil. WS and PET were blended in different ratios (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100), and pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under different temperatures to assess their synergistic effect on oil yield. Synergy rates of up to 7.78 % were achieved on yield for the blends of plastic and biomass at a temperature of 500 °C. In comparison to individual biomass or plastics, co-pyrolyzing PET-biomass blends demonstrated good process interaction and promoted the yields of value-added products. The heating value of the pyrolysis oils was in the range of 16.45–28.64 MJ/kg, which depends on the amount of plastic present in the feedstock. The physical analysis of the oils shows that they can be used for heat production by direct combustion in boilers or furnaces. The correlation between WS and PET was validated with the aid of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS result demonstrated the presence of different compounds such as O-H compounds, esters, carbonyl group elements, acids, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and nitrogenated compounds in the pyrolysis oil, which differed based on the proportions of PET in the feedstock. The increased hydrocarbon and reduced oxygen percentages in the pyrolysis oil were implicitly caused by enhanced hydrocarbon pool mechanisms, in which the breakdown of PET may be supplied as a hydrogen donor. Overall, waste lignocellulosic biomass and plastics can be used to produce biofuels, which helps reduce the amount of solid waste that ends up in landfills. This study also revealed that future research should be focused on the reaction mechanisms of WS and PET co-pyrolysis in order to examine the synergistic interactions.

Background: Wnt signalling pathway, is mediated by members of T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors family, is essential for the control of epithelial cell proliferation and death. Glucose transporter-5 (GLUT5), fructose-specific transporter, is also important in allowing transcellular fructose uptake. The goal of this work to determine how the High fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) affected Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) and Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signalling in the 7,12 –dimethylbenzaanthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (HBPCs) model. Methods: Four groups of hamsters were created. For 12 weeks, 0.5 % DMBA was applied 3 times/week to the left side buccal pouches of the hamsters in groups (2 & 4). Additionally, the animals in groups (3 & 4) were given through drinking water of HFCS 25 %. The control animals were from group 1. By using western blot analysis, signalling network markers of the GLUT-5, Wnt, TCF-4, GSK-3β and NF-κB as well as mitochondrial apoptotic pathway marker expression B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax) and cyclooxygenase – 2 (COX-2) was assessed. Results: Drinking water uptake of 25% HFCS encouraged progress of HBP carcinomas by constitutive stimulating of the Wnt pathway via GSK-3β overexpression. HFCS suppressed Wnt signalling which contributed the NF-κB attenuation and changes the signalling markers in apoptotic network. Conclusions: Our hypothesis suggests a mechanically crosstalk between Wnt and NF-κB signalling pathways in HBP carcinomas that is developed by HFCS. HFCS that targets the Wnt pathway and its downstream signalling mediators could be additive reason for cancer development.

Objective: This study objective was to ascertain the drug biochanin A (BCA) impacts on the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) caused by the chemical 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in male Syrian golden hamsters. Methods: The oral cancer was induced by the application of a DMBA (0.5 %) thrice a week for the duration of fourteen weeks in the buccal pouch. The study assessed various parameters, including volume, incidence, and burden of tumors within the hamsters' buccal pouches. Additionally, it employed colorimetric methods to measure the levels of carcinogen-detoxifying agents, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity. The histopathological examination was assessed in the buccal tissues, as well. Results: The hamsters exposed to DMBA exhibited the growth of tumors throughout the buccal pouches, accompanied by notable changes in lipid peroxidation, antioxidant levels, and carcinogen-detoxifying agents. However, oral administration of BCA (20 mg/kg bw) every second day for fourteen weeks showed significant alteration in the histopathological changes and reduced incidence, volume, and burden of tumors in DMBA-exposed hamsters. BCA established substantial anti-lipid peroxidation effects and the ability to enhance antioxidant and carcinogen-detoxifying agent levels in DMBA-exposed animals. Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation emphasize the chemopreventive and antioxidant capability of BCA against DMBA-induced oral carcinoma in hamsters.

In this study, the fabrication of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) utilising banana peel extracts (Musa paradisiaca L.) as a reducing agent for the photoinactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was explored. The GO synthesis was conducted using a modified Tour method, whereas the production of rGO involved banana peel extracts through a reflux method. The integration of TiO2 into rGO was achieved via a hydrothermal process. The successful synthesis of TiO2/rGO was verified through various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas sorption analysis (GSA), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. The results indicated that the hydrothermal-assisted green synthesis effectively produced TiO2/rGO with a particle size of 60.5 nm. Compared with pure TiO2, TiO2/rGO demonstrated a reduced crystallite size (88.505 nm) and an enhanced surface area (22.664 m2/g). Moreover, TiO2/rGO featured a low direct bandgap energy (3.052 eV), leading to elevated electrical conductivity and superior photoconductivity. To evaluate the biological efficacy of TiO2/rGO, photoinactivation experiments targeting E. coli and S. aureus were conducted using the disc method. Sunlight irradiation emerged as the most effective catalyst, achieving optimal inactivation results within 6 and 4 h.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to conduct an experimental assessment of the impact of RCCI (reactivity regulated compression ignition) on the performance, emissions, and combustion of a CRDI engine. A fuel mix (20% biodiesel, 80% diesel, and a NaOH catalyst) is generated. The produced combination is evaluated for attributes using standards established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The engine research included three distinct kinds of injections: 10% Pen RCCI, 20% Pen RCCI, and 30% Pen RCCI. Increasing the injection pressure increases the brake thermal efficiency, often known as BTE. NOx emissions increased as a consequence of higher injection pressures and improved combustion. However, when the injection rate is increased, the Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) falls. The CO2 and hydrocarbon emissions, as well as the smoke opacity values, increased as the charge increased. The resultant mixture may be utilized in a CI engine with pre-mixed ignition to improve overall engine performance as well as combustion characteristics.

Background: The constant development of microbial resistance to the traditional antimicrobial agents and the emergence of new infectious diseases justify the urgent need for new effective antimicrobial molecules. However, the irrational use of antibiotics increases microbial resistance dramatically and along with that the frequency of mortality associated with infections is higher. Therefore, to combat the antimicrobial resistance, the screening of compounds with novel chemical structures is essential. This study intended to determine the antimicrobial potential of Streptomyces GLD22 strain isolated from Algeria. Methods: The characterization of Streptomyces strain GLD22 was performed by physiological, biochemical and molecular tests. The antimicrobial activity was tested by the well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration value calculation were performed using broth micro dilution technique. The extracellular metabolites profiling was done using GC–MS. Results: Physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the strain GLD22 showed maximum identity towards Streptomyces species. The extra cellular metabolites revealed their antimicrobial activity at 1 mg/ml for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, whereas Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis documented 0.5, 1 and 1 mg/ml respectively. GC–MS analysis confirmed that 2-tert-butyl-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol, Dibutyl phthalate and Cyclo(leucyloprolyl) were the major drug molecules present in the extract. Conclusion: The novel Streptomyces strain GLD22 recovered from the Gueldaman cave of Algeria showed better antimicrobial activity towards both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens. Interestingly, the MIC values were comparable with the standard drug molecules. In addition, the identification of active metabolites present in the crude extracts was an advantage.

The current work is aimed at isolating and identifying new Entomopathogenic bacterium (EPB) strains associated with Steinernema feltiae and assessing the EPB’s biocontrol potential on Aphis punicae and Aphis illinoisensis adults in the laboratory. From S. feltiae, five bacterial isolates were isolated and molecularly characterized. Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus strain TU-2, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus strain BN-13, Serratia liquefaciens strain TU-6, Stenotrophomonas tumulicola strain T5916-2-1b, and Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum strain CCUG are the strains. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that bacterial cells were more toxic against the two aphid species than bacterial cell-free supernatants. S. tumulicola strain T5916-2-1b cells and filtrate were reported to have the strongest potential to kill A. punicae and A. illinoisensis individuals within 6 h after treatment, with 100% mortality of both insects 24 and 48 h after treatment. Based on the results of the study, it looked like endogenous Steinernema-associated EPB could be used directly as a biocontrol agent for A. punicae and A. illinoisensis.

Objectives: Phytotoxicity is a significant indicator of final compost product maturity and is assessed through germination bioassays using a variety of crop seeds. In this study, the final composted product extracts from a mixture of different raw materials, such as swine manure (SM), biochar (BC), and sawdust (SD) were examined for their phytotoxic effects on five different commercial vegetable crop seeds. Methods: The final composted products were procured by applying four different treatments (i.e., SM + SD + 3%BC (T1), SM:SD + 5%BC (T2), SM:SD + 10%BC (T3), and SM:SD (C) used as a control (without nanobiochar). The effect of phytotoxicity on vegetable crop seed growth was measured using GI% (germination index), RSG% (relative seed germination), and RRE% (relative root elongation) in five commercial crops, including radish (Raphanus sativus), carrot (Daucus carota), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and napa cabbage (Brassica rapa). Results: In accordance with the phytotoxicity results, none of the treatment compost product extracts had any phytotoxic effect on the five commercial crop seeds, which agreed with our previous study on final product nutrient availability and manure maturity. Moreover, T3 (10% BC) showed the highest GI value compared to the other treatments, including the control. Conclusions: Overall, the results confirmed that compost extract, especially 10% biochar amendment, was beneficial for commercial vegetable crops.

Hydroxyapatite was isolated from the chicken bones of Black Sumatra and Fighter cock by thermal calcinations at 700 °C. The reducing power of Plumbago indica was responsible for the green synthesis of silver NPs. The isolated hydroxyapatite was used for the preparation of hydroxyapatite doped silver nanoparticles (HAp/AgNPs) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Black Sumatra bone derived HAp/AgNPs were excellent activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (28 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (26 mm), Bacillus cereus (24 mm), respectively. Fighting cock bones derived HAp/AgNPs demonstrated activity against Staphylococcus aureus (22 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25 mm) and Bacillus cereus (23 mm), respectively. The MIC value ranged between 45 ± 1.2 µg/mL and 104 ± 0.25 µg/mL. The HAp/AgNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns of the Hap/Ag revealed functional peaks representing the reflection planes. The HAp/AgNPs showed an ellipsoidal morphology in SEM analysis. The morphological studies at various magnifications indicated that HAp/AgNPs with good crystal structure could prepared by using co-precipitation method.

Objectives: Advancement in the biological process of nanoparticles synthesis is an important area of nanotechnology. The aim of this research is to utilize the root extract of Furcraea foetida as reduction and stabilization agents to biosynthesize. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from AgNO3 via a simple green method. Methods: By utilizing UV–VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential, and HR-TEM techniques, the nanoparticles have been characterized. The anti-Candida properties of AgNPs were tested using the well-diffusion method in agar plates against five Candida species. Results: With an average diameter of 15 nm, the produced AgNPs are spherical. They were found to be stable and non-aggregated. The synthesized nanoparticles were active against all the tested organisms and showed better efficacy compared to Amphotericin B in most cases. The highest level of inhibition was found against C. albicans at 100 µg concentration. Conclusion: The results prove that F. foetida is a very good bioreductant and can be used for one-pot synthesis of stable AgNPs with good anti-Candida activity.

Objectives: The objective of this work was to develop a new pretreatment method to remediate processed cheese wastewater using calcium nanoparticles (CaNPs) synthesized from Senna auriculata L. flower extract. Methods: Processed cheese effluent was collected from a typical dairy factory and characterized the physical and chemical features such as color, odor, pH, total solids, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effluent was subjected to treatment using (CaNPs) synthesized from S. auriculata L. flower extract as a reducing agent. The NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformation spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The crystalline nature of the synthesized CaNPs was found to be amorphous with a grain sizes 56 nm. The characterization studies confirmed the formation of CaNPs. The optimal dosage of NPs was 0.08 g, which reduced TDS and COD in the effluent by 73% and 82% respectively, within 2 h. The outcome of the investigation confirmed the reducing and stabilizing properties of from CaNPs synthesized from S. auriculata L plant flower extract and its effluent treatment efficiency. Conclusions: The results revealed that the treatment of processed cheese wastewater can be effective with the application of enhanced CaNPs. It can be also suggested as an eco-friendly material for wastewater remediation. Senna auriculata L plant flower extract is a good source for CaNPs synthesis, adopting eco-friendly methods. In future, biologically synthesized nanomaterials would be an extremely promising solution for food industry wastewater treatment.

The exponential expansion of industrial production during the past few decades has been detrimental to the environment owing to increased contamination with chemical pollutants such as heavy metals and dyes. Each year, large volumes of agricultural byproducts are generated as waste materials from various food crops, one which is wheat bran from wheat, the world’s largest food crop. Approximately 12% of dyes made from synthetic materials used by the textile industry are lost in the production and processing phases; similarly, 20% of the resulting dye reaches the ecosystem via industrial wastewater effluents. These dyes are highly radioactive and have potentially negative consequences; therefore, several federal and environmental authorities have enacted stringent regulations and restrictions prohibiting the dumping of dye-containing raw sewage into existing water bodies. Although there are several methods to remove dye from wastewater, the preferred approach is adsorption. Activated charcoal is one of the best adsorbents. However, its use in industrial water treatment, mainly in developing nations, is confined because of its high cost. Owing to the increasing price of activated carbon, researchers have been tasked with developing a low-cost, reliable adsorbent that can be substituted for activated carbon. Several adsorbents, such as biosorbents, carbon-based nano-adsorbents, transition metal-based oxides, Metal-organic frameworks MOFs, and polymer-based adsorbents, are used to treat dye-containing wastewater. This chapter compiles the results of various studies that analyzed the use of wheat bran as an absorbent for eliminating dyes and other toxic effluents from the textile industry. Dye removal via adsorption and nano-materials is expected to be a promising method for the treatment of dye-laden water.

In India, 700 million tons of agricultural waste generated annually is burned by farmers in the fields, which decreases biological activity in soil. The issue of handling the enormous amounts of crop residues that emerge from increased crop output might be resolved by composting. However, different crop residues improve soil physico-chemical and biological properties in different ways. Crop residue incorporation and fertilization (NPK) impact crop productivity due to changes in soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and the soil enzymatic activity. A field experiment was conducted for two years (2020–2021 and 2021–2022), which comprises five partially composted crop residues treatments viz., control, clusterbean straw, groundnut shell, pearlmillet husk, and sesame stover (added at rate of 5 t ha−1), and four fertilization (NPK) treatments viz., control, 75% RDF, 100% RDF, and 125% RDF. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), enzymatic activities in soil and wheat yield were studied under a semi-arid environment (India). Data showed that the continuous application of crop residues and fertilizer significantly affected MBC, MBN, MBP, and soil enzymatic activity after two years of experimentation in a semi-arid region environment. The highest levels of microbial biomass (viz, MBC, MBN, MBP) and enzyme activities were noticed in the sesame stover and 125% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) treatments. Therefore, this study highlights the need for restoring crop residue for effective soil management. The crop residue and NPK fertilization are more efficient in improving the soil’s microbial properties and the yield of wheat.

Application of bioactive peptides (BAPs) is promising due to their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, agonistic, and ACE inhibition properties. To achieve a stable and active peptide at relatively high pH and temperatures by microbial fermentation, a wide variety of microorganisms need to be explored from diverse habitats, and compost is the excellent source. In an attempt to isolate potent protease-producing bacteria, gelatin-supplemented DM agar medium was used. Out of 140 pure cultures, initial protease production selects isolate D3L/1 (26 U/mL), and 16S rDNA sequencing confirmed it as Bacillus subtilis. Protease production was increased to 55.55 U/mL, with pH 7.5, 1% glucose, 1% casein, 1% ammonium sulfate, for 96 h of fermentation, at 37 °C under 140 rpm of shaking. Ion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography, 30 KDa protease was purified up to 4.1-fold (specific activity 3448.62 U/mL; 67.66% yield). The enzyme was active under broad temperatures (60 °C optimum), organic solvents, and pH variations. A total of 5% H2O2 can only reduce 40% of enzyme activity. However, 1 mM, Fe2+, and Cu2+ increased enzyme activity by five times. Soy hydrolysis (SPI) byD3L/1 protease produces bioactive compound (Serratia marcescens but active against Escherechia coli (47%), Staphylococcus aureus (28%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%).

Objective: Abutilon indicum is a medicinal plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. The current study has been developed to detect Abutilon indicum bio-activity to produce an adequate drug design for cancer. Methods: The objective of this work is to perform molecular docking and dynamics as well as inhibitors and cancer cell line studies of Abutilon indicum would be essentially effective to use current strong medicines from oncology therapies. Results: By Docking best finding binding energy −12.02 kcal/mol (ARG310, ASP323, SER291, THR358, GLU293) amino acid has been found to be immersed in the formation of the hydrogen interaction. This finding also indicates that a range of compounds are ADMET positive drug molecules in cancer studies. Network pharmacology showed that the signal rule ERG, PTEN, NKX31, AR, ETV4, STAT3, PTPN11, CBL, KRAS, EREG, STAT3, GRB2, HRAS, and SHC1, and the axis of DRD2. Molecular simulation trajectories show that RMS deviation profiles were relatively stable during the simulation and it indicated the orientations were created by the docking studies. In cell lines MCF-7, the active compound R-N-1′-methoxycarbonyl-2′-phenylethyl-4-hydroxy benzamide has anticancer inhibitory 76.56% at 100 μg/mL. The ASP323 interaction of EGFR inhibitors interaction molecules were derived that can be successfully used to explain the cancer activities. Conclusion: The results of pharmacodynamic and toxicity for natural organic derived compound and its active results epidermal growth factor receptor for identifying novel drugs for the treatment confirms compound moderate to a good cancer drug.

Objectives: The present study aimed to isolate potential antimicrobial and antioxidant Streptomyces sp from cave areas of Algeria. Methods: Streptomyces sp.GLD25 was identified by biochemical, physiological and molecular analysis. The antimicrobial activity has been carried out by well diffusion method, microplates method has been used to perform the MIC values of the organic extracts. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was tested by DPPH and FRAP methods. GC–MS analysis was used to study the chemical profile of the crude active extract. Results: The novel strain Streptomyces sp. GLD25 was isolated from Gueldaman cave in Algeria showed potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. According to the results of morphological, biochemical characteristics and complete 16S rRNA sequence, the strain revealed 99.71% of similarity with Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus strain WKFF71. The significant inhibition zone of the crude extract and MIC value were 30 mm and 0,015 mg/mL respectively against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. In addition, the extract showed good antioxidant activity with IC50 = 20,12 mg/mL ± 2,05 for DPPH and IC50 = 8,80 mg/mL ± 0,2 for ferric reducing activity. The fundamental metabolites of the active extract were identified using GC–MS were Diisooctyl-phthalate, 6-hydroxy-heptanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Benzeneacetic acid and 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid. Conclusion: Overall, the Streptomyces sp.GLD25 isolated from Gueldamen cave have the potential to produce antimicrobials and antioxidants compounds with important biotechnological and medical applications.

The global increase in population will result in increased global food production which can, in turn, lead to excessive food waste. Although composting is widely adopted for the conversion of organic waste into value-added products, there are several limitations, such as its lower efficiency in composting food waste without co-composting, the loss of nutrients, and the emission of greenhouse gases. Due to its renowned characteristics, biochar amendments are used during composting to overcome these issues; each waste should be at an appropriate level to yield good quality compost with high nutrient levels. In this study, we co-composted food waste with chicken and swine manure with varying proportions in the presence and absence of biochar to identify the ideal proportion of each raw material and the biochar. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, temperature, bulk density, porosity, C:N ratio, and gaseous emissions were analyzed. The results showed that the desired quality of compost was obtained in the treatment with 5% biochar with 40%, 20%, and 20% of food waste, chicken manure, and swine manure, respectively, and 15% sawdust.

Abstract Proanthocyanidin (PAC) is a promising compound that has displayed its potent antineoplastic properties with a specific intrinsic pathway. This precise us to explore the phyto-preventive effect of PAC against colon cancer (HT-29). The results showed that PAC inhibited the cell growth and GI50 value was found to be 6.25 μM for 24 h exposure, when correlated to the normal cell line does not have toxicity was noticed. The linguistic differences, similarly membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage fragmented nuclear bodies and mitochondrial membrane were observed in AO/EtBr and DAPI staining. The features of regular mechanical apoptotic characterization was analyzed by DNA fragmentation. The cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases was detected using FACS analysis. The early and late apoptotic cells were observed by using Annexin V/PI staining. The ligand–protein interaction and docking studies were performed using Schrodinger’s software. The QPLD analysis of docking studies revealed that PAC exhibited better binding affinity of − 5.23, − 5.17 and − 4.43, − 4.47 kcal/mol against BCL-XL, CDK2 and were compared with 5-FU respectively, which significantly reveals the anticancerous activity of Proanthocyanidin compound. Thus, the PAC compound provides future application of therapeutic option in the treatment of colon cancers.

With the present climate change and increasing world population, there is an urgent need to discover creative, efficient, and cost-effective natural products for the benefit of humanity. Biosurfactants are produced by various microorganisms that have several distinct properties compared to other synthetic surfactants, including mild production conditions, multifunctionality, higher biodegradability, and lower toxicity of living cells synthesis of active compounds. Due to their surface tension reducing, emulsion stabilizing, and biodegrading properties of these in place of chemical surfactants, they are generating huge demand in terms of research and usage. Biosurfactants are widely used in the food industry as food-formulation ingredients and antiadhesive agents as emulsifiers, de-emulsifiers, spreading agents, foaming agents, and detergents that find application in various fields such as agriculture, industrial sectors, and environmental recreation. Recent research focused more on heavy metal bioremediation from compost was achieved using biosurfactants-producing bacteria, which resulted in an improvement in compost quality. Although a number of studies on biosurfactants synthesis have been reported, very limited information on its cinematics and the consumption of renewable substrates are available. In this review paper, we made an attempt to critically review biosurfactants, their usage, research related to them, and challenges faced.

The generation of energy through anaerobic digestion using animal manures is being promoted as an environmentally sustainable method of managing animal wastes. However, sustainability of biogas production is reliant on the sustainable utilization of the digestates that emanate from the process. Our study evaluated the effects of the biogas digestates on crop phytotoxicity and their fertilizer potential as a nutrient solution in hydroponic tomato production. Biogas digestates diluted up to 40% (v/v) resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest relative seed germination (RSG) in all vegetables evaluated in our study. The highest RSG was observed in the 10% biogas digestates, which was higher than the control treatment. For the crop growth study, relative to the control,the treatments with 20%, 40% and 60% mineral fertilizer substitution resulted in 39.4%; 22.8% and 8.7% significantly (P < 0.05) lower chlorophyll content, respectively. On average, the treatments with biogas slurry, though substituted with mineral fertilizers, resulted in a 275% lower fresh fruit yield compared to the control treatment. However, with biogas digestates, the sugar content in the tomato fruits significantly increased, whilst the heavy metal content was below that recommended limit when irrigation water is used. The results of our study demonstrated that cow based digestates are not a suitable nutrient media for hydroponic tomato production. Moreover, even with mineral fertilizer supplementation, only the control treatment containing only mineral hydroponic fertilizer resulted in positive growth and yield in tomatoes.

In our study, we monitored the inactivation of two important viruses that are critical in animal husbandry throughout the world. To evaluate the influence of the composting process on inactivation of avian influenza virus (H9N2) in poultry manure compost (PMC) and Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in pig (swine) manure compost (SMC), the H9N2 and EMCV were injected in dialysis cassettes and buried in two different manure compost piles of poultry and pig manure, respectively. The highest temperature achieved in the PMC and SMC piles during the test period were 75 °C and 73.5 °C, respectively. At the completion of the composting for 168 h, inactivation effect appeared to be more sensitive in H9N2 than EMCV. The vitality of H9N2 decreased by 6.25 ± 0.35 log10TCID50/mL to 0.0 log10TCID50/mL within 1 h of the composting. The vitality of EMCV decreased from 7.75 ± 0.35 log10TCID50/mL to 1.50 log10TCID50/mL within 24 h of starting the composting process. However, the activation of EMCV was not decreased (from 7.75 ± 0.35 to 7.50 ± 0.71 log10TCID50/mL) in the control treatment (not inserted in composts) after 168h, while the activation of H9N2 in dialysis cassettes was significantly decreased (from 6.25 ± 0.35 log10TCID50/mL to 2.00 ± 0.6 log10TCID50/mL). Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of the composting treatment in inactivating the viruses studied, which was not the case with air treatment.

Due to rapid expansion in the poultry industry, production of poultry manure has also consequently increased, resulting in unplanned disposal of this manure to the soil in some cases, with possible negative environmental consequences. In this study, 10 separate poultry manure samples were collected from different sites located in the central Eastern Cape, South Africa and characterized for chemical and phytotoxic properties. The poultry manures had an average neutral pH (range 6.94 − 7.97) whilst the electrical conductivity was highly variable from 2.45 dS/m to 12.3 dS/m between the 10 sites. The high conductivity values recorded in some of the manures indicate that caution may need to be practiced when directly applying these manure to the soil, to avoid buildup of soluble salts. All samples showed a very high concentration of total P (1963.1 mg/kg − 2644.1 mg/kg) with the plant available fraction ranging from 21.3% − 37.7% of the total P. All the heavy metals measured (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were below the maximum permissible limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, some of the poultry manure showed some level of phytotoxicity based on the plant bioassay, with some samples, recording a germination index less than 50% for the different crops evaluated. However, this bioassay may not be conclusive and there is need to evaluate this phytotoxicity in real world field applications as there is paucity of information on this aspect regarding poultry manure. Such filed studies can be used to evaluate alternative strategies such as planting and harvest intervals between application of these manures and planting or harvesting. It is also suggested that further biodegradation through composting or vermicomposting may be required to improve nutrient content and reduce the presence of phytotoxic compounds in some of the poultry manures before use as soil amendments.