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In the late 1970s and '80s, a new generation of Chinese poets emerged with a powerful critique of the state's aggressive political reforms. After the 1976 Tiananmen Square incident, the Bejing poet Zaho Zhenkai (known as Bei Dao) wrote a startling poem titled "The Answer" about his refusal to believe in the unquestioned ultimacy of China's worldview. Bei Dao's unique style of poetry helped readers make new associations that were otherwise inaccessible to them. This article examines Bei Dao's use of metaphor in "The Answer" through the lens of the aesthetic philosopher Lambert Zuidervaart and suggests that the poet's use of self-controverting metaphors makes an absent reality graspable and present. The article then considers the role of public theology as it listens to the witness of the poet's bewildering evocation of accessing "the real" through disbelief. In consideration of Herman Bavinck's essay On Contemporary Ethics , this article suggests that theologians (and religious practitioners) should resist the temptation to control the artist's expression even when it limps with narcissism and moral deficiency. Instead, the theologian (and the church) should fight alongside the artist in helping them to share their staggering vision or, in Bei Dao's case, the transcendent power of resiliency sustained by the shadows of the dead. This article aims to generate a fruitful dialogue between Bei Dao and the Reformed theological tradition that underscores the uncanny importance of disbelief as an alternative strategy for cultural transformation and faithful proclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the field cycling behavior of microscopic TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiN ferroelectric capacitors using synchrotron-based soft x-ray photoemission electron microscopy. The oxygen vacancy ( V O ) concentration near the top TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 interface is estimated from the reduction of Hf4+ to Hf3+ as measured in the Hf 4f core level spectra. The V O concentration increases with field cycling and redistributes under the effect of the internal field due to the polarization. Upward pointing polarization slightly depletes the concentration near the top interface, whereas downward polarization causes V O drift toward the top interface. The V O redistribution after wake-up is consistent with shifts in the I–V switching peak. The Schottky barrier height for electrons decreases systematically with cycling in polarization states, reflecting the overall increase in V O . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employed a multitechnique approach using piezo-force response microscopy and photoemission microscopy to investigate a self-organizing polarization domain pattern in PbTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (PTO/LSMO) nanostructures. The polarization is correlated with the nanostructure morphology as well as with the thickness and Mn valence of the LSMO template layer. On the LSMO dots, the PTO is upwards polarized, whereas outside the nanodots, the polarization appears both strain and interface roughness dependent. The results suggest that the electronic structure and strain of the PTO/LSMO interface contribute to determining the internal bias of the ferroelectric layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of children's speech, language, and literacy skills is considered to build on a robust and intact speech-processing system, with normally functioning skills at all levels of input and output processing, as well as storage. There are a range of tasks available that assess input and output processing skills, however there are few tasks described in the literature that require a child to reflect on and analyse the internal structure of their own phonological representations. Aims: This paper will describe the development of the Silent Deletion of Phonemes (SDOP) task. This task is designed to assess a child's ability to delete and manipulate sounds silently within their own stored representations while minimizing the impact of any output difficulties. Methods & Procedures: The SDOP task was presented to 69 typically developing mainstream Year 2 children (aged 7;2–8;1 years) as part of a battery of phonological processing skills and literacy measures. Outcomes & Results: Scores for the population of typically developing Year 2 children were normally distributed and above a basal level but not approaching ceiling. Performance on the SDOP was significantly correlated with other measures of phonological processing but not a measure of non-verbal ability. It was most highly correlated with the measure of phonological awareness as expected, as both tasks measure awareness of the internal structure of words. However, the SDOP provided more information about the accuracy and specificity of a child's underlying phonological representations. The SDOP explained a significant amount of concurrent variance in both reading and spelling performance beyond the variance accounted for by the predictors that have been used by researchers to date. In combination, the SDOP and rapid-naming measure accounted for 58.8% of variance in performance on the reading measure and 54.4% of variance in spelling performance. Conclusions & Implications: The SDOP task appears to be a valid and reliable tool to assess the internal structure of a child's stored phonological representations. Profiling phonological representations allows clinicians to explore children's speech-processing skills which may be particularly useful with children with complex literacy difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lakes are vulnerable to climate change, and warming rates in the Arctic are faster than anywhere on Earth. Fishes are sensitive to changing temperatures, which directly control physiological processes. Food availability should partly dictate responses to climate change because energetic demands change with temperature, but few studies have simultaneously examined temperature and food availability.We used a fully factorial experiment to test effects of food availability and temperature (7.6, 12.7, and 17.4°C; 50 days) on growth, consumption, respiration, and excretion, and effects of temperature (12 and 19.3°C; 27 days) on habitat use and growth of a common, but understudied, mid‐level consumer, slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus, in arctic lakes. We also used bioenergetics modelling to predict consumptive demand under future warming scenarios.Growth rates were 3.4× higher at 12.7°C in high food compared to low food treatments, but the magnitude of differences depended on temperature. Within low food treatments, there was no statistical difference in growth rates among temperatures, suggesting food limitation. Consumption, respiration, and nitrogen excretion increased with temperature independent of food availability. Lower growth rates coincided with lower phosphorus excretion at the highest temperature, suggesting that fish selectively retained phosphorus at high temperatures and low food. In habitat choice experiments, fish were more likely to use the 12°C side of the tank, closely matching their optimal temperature. We predicted a 9% increase in consumption is required to maintain observed growth under a 4°C warming scenario.These results highlight considering changes in food resources and other associated indirect effects (e.g. excretion) that accompany changing temperatures with climate change. Depending on how food webs respond to warming, fish may cope with predicted warming if density‐dependent feedback maintains population sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In November 2016, our institution switched from alfentanil to fentanyl for analgesia and sedation in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. There is no published evidence comparing the use of alfentanil with fentanyl for sedation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. We conducted a retrospective observational study to explore any significant differences in patient outcomes or in the prescribing of adjunct sedatives before and after the switch. Methods: Patients were retrospectively identified from a prospectively recorded database of all patients who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at our institution between January 2016 and October 2017. Patients included those sedated with alfentanil or fentanyl. The total daily doses of intravenous opioids (alfentanil or fentanyl) were calculated for each patient, and the prescribing of adjunctive sedative or analgesic agents was recorded. Patient demographics, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation modality, clinical outcomes including mortality and length of intensive care and hospital stay were recorded. Results: A total of 174 patients were identified, 69 on alfentanil and 95 on fentanyl. There was no difference found between groups for mode of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation 2 score (APACHE II) and Charlson score, except for body mass index (p = 0.002). No differences in patient outcomes was observed between groups, although patients in the alfentanil group received a significantly higher median total daily dose of adjuvant sedatives (quetiapine (p = 0.016) and midazolam (p = 0.009)). Conclusions: No differences in patient outcomes were found between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients sedated with alfentanil compared with fentanyl. There was a statistically significant reduction in some adjunctive sedatives in patients managed with a fentanyl-based regimen. Prospective studies are required to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional oxides displaying phenomena such as 2D electron gas (2DEG) at oxide interfaces represent potential technological breakthroughs for post‐CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) electronics. Noninvasive techniques are required to study the surface chemistry and electronic structure underlying their often unique electrical properties. The sensitivity of photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) to local potential, chemistry, and electronic structure makes it an invaluable tool for probing the near surface region of microscopic regions and domains of functional materials. In particular, PEEM allows single shot acquisition of the 2D Fermi surface and full angular probing of the symmetry‐induced intensity modulations. We present results demonstrating a 2DEG at the surface of SrTiO3(001) at 140 K. The 2DEG is created by soft X‐ray irradiation and can be reversibly controlled by a combination of soft X‐rays and oxygen partial pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domain structure of uniaxial ferroelectric lithium niobate single crystals is investigated using Raman spectroscopy mapping. The influence of doping with magnesium and poling at room temperature is studied by analysing frequency shifts at domain walls and their variations with dopant concentration and annealing conditions. It is shown that defects are stabilized at domain walls and that changes in the defect structures with Mg concentration can be probed by the shift of Raman modes. We show that the signatures of polar defects in the bulk and at the domain walls differ. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate electronic band-structure images in reciprocal space of few-layer graphene epitaxially grown on SiC(000-1). In addition to the observation of commensurate rotation angles of the graphene layers, the k-space images recorded near the Fermi edge highlight structures originating from diffraction of the Dirac cones due to the relative rotation of adjacent layers. The 21.9° and 27° rotation angles between two sheets of graphene are responsible for a periodic pattern that can be described with a superlattice unit cells. The superlattice generates replicas of Dirac cones with smaller wave vectors, because of a Brillouin zone folding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BaTiO3 ultrathin films (thickness ≈ 1.6 nm) with in- and out-of-plane polarization are studied by first-principles calculations. Out-of-plane polarization is simulated using the method proposed by Shimada et al. [Phys. Rev. B 81, 144116 (2010)], which consists in building a supercell containing small domains with alternating up and down polarization. This allows one to investigate the properties of defect free BaTiO3 ultrathin films with polarization perpendicular to the surface, as a function of in-plane lattice constant, i.e., epitaxial strain. The configurations with polarization perpendicular to the surface (c phase) are found stable under compressive strain, while under tensile strain, the polarization tends to lie in-plane (aa phase), along [110]. In the c phase, the most stable domain width is predicted to be 1 to 2 lattice constants, and the magnitude of the surface rumpling varies according to the direction of the polarization (upwards versus downwards), though its sign is unchanged, the oxygen anions pointing in all cases outwards. Finally, all the surfaces studied are found to be insulating. Analysis of the atom-projected electronic density of states gives insight into the surface contributions to the electronic structure. An important reduction of the Kohn-Sham band gap is predicted at TiO2 terminations in the c phase (≈ 1 eV with respect to the aa phase). The Madelung potential at the surface plays the dominant role in modifications of the surface electronic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A V2O5/TiO2(001)-anatase system was prepared with reactive DC magnetron sputtering upon a mineral TiO2(001)-anatase single crystal substrate. The vanadium oxide layer was grown in steps of 2Å up to 30Å and studied with in situ synchrotron ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (hν =150eV). From the V3p and valence band spectra it is shown that fully oxidized vanadium oxide layers are deposited for all layer thicknesses. The sputtered V2O5 layers are sensitive to photoreduction under irradiation with the monochromatic synchrotron beam. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The thermal reduction of thin vanadium oxide layers (8 and 16Å) deposited with magnetron sputtering on mineral anatase TiO2(001) was examined with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Completely oxidized vanadium oxide layers were deposited. During heating, the vanadium oxide layers reduced and evaporated, the thinnest vanadium oxide layer (8Å) even vanished. A re-oxidation of the heated 16Å V2O5/TiO2 could not restore the reduced vanadium oxide completely to V5+. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Design of a high resolution electron energy loss microscope. • Intense cold electron source. • Sub-micron spatial resolution and meV energy resolution. • Real space mapping of vibrational levels. • Reciprocal space mapping of phonon dispersion. An electron optical column has been designed for High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Microscopy (HREELM). The column is composed of electron lenses and a beam separator that are placed between an electron source based on a laser excited cesium atom beam and a time-of-flight (ToF) spectrometer or a hemispherical analyzer (HSA). The instrument will be able to perform full field low energy electron imaging of surfaces with sub-micron spatial resolution and meV energy resolution necessary for the analysis of local vibrational spectra. Thus, non-contact, real space mapping of microscopic variations in vibrational levels will be made possible. A second imaging mode will allow for the mapping of the phonon dispersion relations from microscopic regions defined by an appropriate field aperture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]