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Copyright of DEPARCH Journal of Design Planning & Aesthetics Research is the property of DEPARCH Journal of Design Planning & Aesthetics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proust only twice uses the expression, revealed by Sainte-Beuve, “the writer in his ivory tower”. These two occurrences come at the beginning and the end of his literary life, and provide an insight into the evolution of the writer’s relationship to writing, and the place he must occupy in the world and society. From the early 1890s, Proust mocked the image of the ivory tower as a decadent myth, and the status of the artist that derived from it. At the end of his life, in a passage intended for Le Temps retrouvé, Proust stresses the need for writers to deal with the times, and not to give up on confronting history, whether it be the Dreyfus affair or the Great War.

This study investigates the current use of bedrooms to fill a knowledge gap in the existing sleep studies literature by focusing on user preferences and their needs. Despite substantial research into the optimal physical conditions for sleep, there remains a gap in understanding how individuals use their bedrooms today. As an initial step to bridge this gap, we employed a mixed-method research approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data results. A survey including multiple-choice and open-ended questionnaire items was undertaken in Australia with 304 participants. Our research findings indicate that 'having a separate bedroom in a house' is the most common arrangement. However, other arrangements, such as living in a bedsit or sharing a bedroom, are indicators of diverse bedroom conditions. In total, 70% of respondents stated that they would like to make changes to their bedrooms for physical, functional, comfort-based, and aesthetic reasons, with comfort ranked as the highest. The majority of respondents stating they would not make any modifications in their bedrooms were found to be owner-occupiers. Mattress quality and privacy emerged as the most significant factors impacting the respondents' bedroom experience, and female participants were reported to place higher importance on cleanliness compared to male participants. Additionally, preferences for sleeping alone or with a partner were found to shift with age. Based on our findings, we suggest that survey-based sleep studies should evaluate the bedroom arrangements before the individual's sleep habits. Further studies are needed to understand how privacy needs influence sleep quality. From a built environment viewpoint, this study emphasizes the need to develop bedroom design solutions tailored to optimize bedroom conditions, particularly for rental tenants who often have limited control over the physical conditions of their sleep environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work has demonstrated the modest impact of environmental interventions that manipulate lighting, sound, or temperature on sleep inertia symptoms. The current study sought to expand on previous work and measure the impact of a multimodal intervention that collectively manipulated light, sound, and ambient temperature on sleep inertia. Participants slept in the lab for four nights and were awoken each morning by either a traditional alarm clock or the multimodal intervention. Feelings of sleep inertia were measured each morning through Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) assessments and ratings of sleepiness and mood at five time-points. While there was little overall impact of the intervention, the participant's chronotype and the length of the lighting exposure on intervention mornings both influenced sleep inertia symptoms. Moderate evening types who received a shorter lighting exposure (≤15 min) demonstrated more lapses relative to the control condition, whereas intermediate types exhibited a better response speed and fewer lapses. Conversely, moderate evening types who experienced a longer light exposure (>15 min) during the intervention exhibited fewer false alarms over time. The results suggest that the length of the environmental intervention may play a role in mitigating feelings of sleep inertia, particularly for groups who might exhibit stronger feelings of sleep inertia, including evening types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to quantitatively determine the acoustic characteristics of bedrooms in two types of long-term care facilities in China. Objective acoustic conditions, including noise levels and reverberation times, were measured through a series of acoustic measurements in twelve bedrooms in two nursing homes and three adult care homes in Kunming city, China. The impacts of noise and sound preferences were evaluated through a questionnaire survey administered to residents and nursing staff. In terms of the sound field, the background noise levels in most measured bedrooms exceeded the WHO's recommended value (30 dBA) by approximately 10–15 dBA. Compared to those in adult care homes, the noise levels in nursing homes were approximately 5–7 dBA higher during the daytime and 2–3 dBA higher during the nighttime due to frequent nursing activities. Moreover, noise levels were 5–15 dBA higher in roadside bedrooms. The reverberation time of five bedrooms reached 0.8 s at low frequency (125 Hz) due to their large space and absence of sound-absorbing materials. The questionnaire showed that noise sources were mainly perceived as coming from corridors and out-of-windows by residents and nursing staff. Traffic noise, residents' yelling in pain (just in nursing homes) and footsteps were considered the most noticeable noises, which may have had negative effects on participants' sleep quality, health, and emotional state. Moreover, the residents in roadside bedrooms reported that noise had a greater impact on their sleep (p

This study investigates the current use of bedrooms to fill a knowledge gap in the existing sleep studies literature by focusing on user preferences and their needs. Despite substantial research into the optimal physical conditions for sleep, there remains a gap in understanding how individuals use their bedrooms today. As an initial step to bridge this gap, we employed a mixed-method research approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data results. A survey including multiple-choice and open-ended questionnaire items was undertaken in Australia with 304 participants. Our research findings indicate that ‘having a separate bedroom in a house’ is the most common arrangement. However, other arrangements, such as living in a bedsit or sharing a bedroom, are indicators of diverse bedroom conditions. In total, 70% of respondents stated that they would like to make changes to their bedrooms for physical, functional, comfort-based, and aesthetic reasons, with comfort ranked as the highest. The majority of respondents stating they would not make any modifications in their bedrooms were found to be owner-occupiers. Mattress quality and privacy emerged as the most significant factors impacting the respondents’ bedroom experience, and female participants were reported to place higher importance on cleanliness compared to male participants. Additionally, preferences for sleeping alone or with a partner were found to shift with age. Based on our findings, we suggest that survey-based sleep studies should evaluate the bedroom arrangements before the individual’s sleep habits. Further studies are needed to understand how privacy needs influence sleep quality. From a built environment viewpoint, this study emphasizes the need to develop bedroom design solutions tailored to optimize bedroom conditions, particularly for rental tenants who often have limited control over the physical conditions of their sleep environment.

Men and women both experience space in different ways. Women are considered to occupy a high position in society due to their socio-cultural roles played. They are custodians of the domestic space; as such, they are positioned with how traditional spaces are constituted. Furthermore, spaces configured in vernacular architecture embody cultural meaning and values. One of the most important spaces within the home is the bedroom, often considered a space for copulation and rest. However, for the women, the cultural values of the bedroom go beyond its function as a resting place in most cultures. As such this study embarked on understanding the meaning and values of the bedroom of the Nupe woman and how it is spatially configured to meet her cultural identity and values. The research employed a qualitative approach toward a deep understanding of how the bedroom space of the Nupe woman is constituted spatially. The elicitation of data was carried out in 5 different Nupe communities and the content analysis of the transcribed interviews showcases a convergence in the character and meaning of the Nupe woman’s bedroom to be a space with distinctive cultural values, beyond it being a space for rest, but which is also filled with the history of the past and preserved for the future.

The French national archive service, at its Pierrefitte-sur-Seine site, holds about thirty collections left by architects, including Baltard, Labrouste, Laprade, Pouillon, Laurenti, Chemetov and Destailleur. The papers of Hippolyte Destailleur (1822-1893) and his son Walter Destailleur (1867-1940) are kept under the reference CP/536AP and are comprised essentially of architectural drawings covering the years 1854 to 1937. The examination and comparison of these drawings offer the possibility of understanding something of the criteria of hygiene and comfort deemed appropriate for the upper class in Europe. In particular, it is possible to look at bedrooms, bathrooms and lavatories and to analyse these in terms of their architecture (number of rooms, surface, position) and in social terms (separation between owners and servants). This analysis is followed by a closer examination of some representative examples, the private town houses of the Masurels, at Roubaix, the Trévarez château, the Crillon hotel and the Farnborough Hill house, in England.

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the multi-functional use of the domestic sleep environment (bedroom) and present evidence on outcomes that can be identified. By looking at the sleep environment in a broader context and considering the use of the bedroom space besides sleeping, this research responds to an information gap in sleep studies. A survey with multiple-choice questionnaire items was conducted with 304 participants in Australia to investigate the relationship between occupants' use of the bedroom space and their sleep habits. We found evidence that today's bedrooms are used for more than just sleeping, reflecting the respondents' multi-functional needs. Of the respondents, 60% agreed to have a consistent sleeping routine, while 49% answered they have/might have a sleep problem. The mean hours spent in a sleeping environment are 9.31, while the sleeping mean hours are 7.12. While 40% reported using the bedroom as their living space, 61% said they prefer to use it only for sleep. Age, occupation and the bedroom's location affect bedroom use and preferences. This study provides an initial inquiry into developing design strategies and understanding on the intertwined relationship between sleep and its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pets are increasingly becoming part of the family and interactions between pets and their owners is changing. This results in extended and more intimate contact between owners and their pets, which give rise to zoonotic risks. Objective: To establish the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens in pets that sleep with their owner. Methods: As a pilot study, a group of 28 healthy dogs and 22 healthy cats were monitored for the presence of the zoonotic parasites Cheyletiella, Ctenocephalides spp. and Toxocara spp., the dermatophyte Microsporum canis, and the bacteria Clostridium difficile, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Enterobacteriaceae. This was investigated by taking samples from the fur, the footpads and the animal bed. The owners filled in a questionnaire. Results: In total, 29 of the 50 pets (58%) slept on the bed, of which 15 pets (30%) slept in the bed (under the blankets). A total of 19/22 dogs (86%) and 7/22 cats (32%) tested positive for Enterobacteriaceae on the fur or footpads. Fleas were found in 5/22 of the cats' (23%) and 2/28 of the dogs' (7%) favourite sleeping spots. High levels of aerobic colonies were found, up to 216 colony forming units/cm2. Other pathogens were not found in this study. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study confirm literature reports that pets may constitute a potential risk in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to their owner, especially during direct contact when sleeping in the same bed. Owners should therefore be informed about these risks and educated to interact with their pets in a more responsible way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada, iç mekânlarda yaygın olarak kullanılan üç farklı geometrik formun (daire, üçgen ve kare) kullanıldığı duvar panellerinin katılımcıların algısal değerlendirmeleri üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, insanların günlük yaşamının yaklaşık 1/3’ünü geçirdiği yatak odası mekânı araştırma ortamı olarak seçilmiştir. Daha sonra üç farklı geometrik form kullanılan sanal deney mekânları modellenmiş olup, katılımcıların bu sanal mekânların fiziksel çevre faktörlerini algısal değerlendirmeleri ayrıntılı bir anket yardımıyla ölçülmüştür. Sonuçta, katılımcılar tarafından dairesel formlu duvar panelinin kullanıldığı yatak odası mekânının, üçgen ve kare formun kullanıldığı mekânlara oranla daha sıcak, aydınlık, çekici, ferah, samimi, yakın, iyi planlanmış, özgür, sade, huzur verici ve seyrek olarak algılandığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, 25-35 yaş grubunun genel itibariyle sanal yatak odası mekânlarının fiziksel çevre faktörlerini 36-45 yaş grubuna göre daha olumlu yönde algıladıkları belirlenmiştir.

Cumhuriyetin kurulması ve sonrasında Sanayi Devriminin/endüstrileşmenin etkilerinin kentlerde hissedilmeye başlamasıyla konut sorunu ortaya çıkmıştır. Apartman tipi konut da en önemli konut sunum biçimlerinden bir tanesi olup, kentlerde kapladıkları alanlar dolayısıyla önem taşımaktadır. Çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Konya kenti de konut sorunundan etkilenmiştir. Bu nedenle farklı dönemlerde farklı tipte apartmanlar kentte yerini almıştır. Belirlenen dört dönem içinde üçer adet seçilen apartman tipi konutlarla, çalışmada on iki adet apartman mekân kurgusu bağlamında irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı ise; konutun en önemli birimlerinden olan, yatma-uyuma-dinlenme-giyinme bazen yıkanma gibi temel ihtiyaçları karşılayan “yatak odası” mekânının, belirlenen dönemler içindeki değişimini irdelemek olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerin planları üzerinden yapılan mekân okuması, erişim grafiği ve görünür alan analizleriyle yatak odası biriminin değişimi tartışmaya açılmak istenmiştir. Konutun en kişisel/mahrem mekânı olan yatak odasının değişimini tartışmaya açmak ve gelecek çalışmalara referans olmak amacıyla bu çalışmanın önemli olacağı öngörülmektedir.

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the agent of tuberculosis (TB) to live in the air is generally very dependent on environmental factors, which can cause bacteria to last long in the air and increase the risk of transmission of TB. The research purpose was to analyze the relationship between the physical environment condition and the number of germs in the bedroom of TB patients. This cross-sectional research was conducted in Kupang city, East Nusa Tenggara province, in January–June 2022 with 77 TB patients as samples, whose TB patients' rooms would be observed based on research variables for physical environmental conditions. Data were collected directly by observing and measuring directly from the variables studied and then analyzed using a correlation test and linear regression test to see the relationship between variables and the effect of the physical environmental condition on germ number in the bedroom. The correlation test shows the variables related to the bedroom germ number (p

Ceiling fans are the most common equipment in any household with electricity to induce a higher air movement since the potential of natural ventilation is limited. However, the higher airflow region is generally limited to the zone below the fan. The non-uniform distribution of airflow is also affected by the furniture layout and airflow from window openings. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of the different window-opening patterns on the airflow inside naturally ventilated bedrooms, having a ceiling fan for air movement with numerical simulations and on-site measurements. The airflow pattern created by a ceiling fan in a room with furniture is modelled and simulated with ANSYS Fluent 2019 R3. The results were validated with on-site measurements and compared with the literature. The air velocity was measured in bedrooms of three different sizes. It was observed that the opening of windows created a better distribution of air irrespective of room size. The non-uniformity of the air velocity is reduced from 76% to 39% with the opening of windows in the larger-sized room. The reduction in non-uniformity is influenced by the location of windows also. The practice of opening windows along with the induced air movement by ceiling fans results in a better distribution of air in the space. Practical application : People tend to depend mainly on ceiling fans even if windows are open in naturally ventilated rooms. A study of patterns of non-uniform distribution of airflow can help designers to improve comfort conditions by specifying the number and location of fans and windows while designing room furniture layout. This aids the building services engineers to provide thermal comfort without always depending on alternative active ventilation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophie Desjardins,1 Sylvie Lapierre,1 Helen-Maria Vasiliadis,2 Carol Hudon3 1Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada; 2Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada; 3School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, CanadaCorrespondence: Sophie DesjardinsDepartment of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada, Tel +1 819 376 5011Fax +1 819 376 5195Email sophie.desjardins@uqtr.caPurpose: The objective of this exploratory study was to evaluate the effects of a brief intervention intended to optimize the sleep environment in older people living in the community and to examine the way these effects change over time.Methods: The sample was made up of 44 participants (19 men and 25 women) aged 65– 85 years, with a mean age of 71.4. The intervention consisted in a group training session that covered the reasons for and ways to (“why” and “how”) optimize a sleep environment. It comprises six themes: air quality and odors, luminosity, noises and sounds, comfort of the mattress, comfort of the pillow, and temperature. Participants completed a set of questionnaires before the intervention, and one month and four months later.Results: Four months after the intervention, the replies to the questionnaires showed that the participants experienced reduced severity of insomnia, sleep latency and anxiety. The subjective quality of the participants’ sleep along with their sleep efficacy also increased significantly during the same period.Conclusion: A brief intervention intended to optimize the sleep environment appears promising as an addition or alternative to the two other sleep improvement options generally offered to older people: medication and cognitive behavioral therapy.Keywords: bedroom, insomnia, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, sleep quality, sleep treatment

The dramatic action of this Calderon’s comedia could be summarized by successive passage of the thresholds which protect the Moriscos in this play inspired by the rebellion of 1570: the doors of their houses in Grenada, the rocks of the mountain, the mine gallery which leads to the bulwarks of Galera. The tragic disaster occurs with the passage of the last threshold, the one who allows to penetrate into lady’s garden and house. This study analyses at first how is outlined a vague geography of the mountain of Alpujarra mixing real referents and poetically modified elements. It examines then the dramatic intensity produced by the spatial convergence towards the mine gallery which allows the Christian army to enter and ransack the city of Galera. Finally, the poignant impact of the crossing of the last thresholds, those of the unfortunate victim of the tragedy, Clara la Maleca’s house and bedroom.

Abstract Several priority characteristics of wood that have beneficial effects on human beings have been reported. However, the advantages of wood use in bedroom interiors for sleep have not been fully evaluated. The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to evaluate the association of wood use in housing and bedrooms with comfort in the bedroom and sleep among workers in Japan. The study methods included sleep measurements using actigraphy and a self-administered questionnaire survey. In total, 671 workers (298 men and 373 women; mean age ± standard deviation: 43.3 ± 11.2 years) were included in the analysis. The amount of wood used in bedrooms was significantly associated with comfort in bedrooms, inversely associated with suspicion of insomnia, partly inversely associated with self-rated poor sleep quality, but not associated with low sleep efficiency. On logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of the “large amount of wood” group relative to the “no wood” group was 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63–6.47] for comfort. The aOR of the “no wood” group relative to the “large amount of wood” group was 2.15 (95% CI 1.11–4.16) for suspicion of insomnia. Wood structure of housing, as well as wood use on either the floor, wall, or ceiling, were not significantly associated with comfort and sleep conditions. Our study suggested that the use of a large amount of wood used in the bedroom interior could be beneficial for comfort, sleep, and therefore, health of workers. Further studies are required to obtain generalizable results.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the multi-functional use of the domestic sleep environment (bedroom) and present evidence on outcomes that can be identified. By looking at the sleep environment in a broader context and considering the use of the bedroom space besides sleeping, this research responds to an information gap in sleep studies. A survey with multiple-choice questionnaire items was conducted with 304 participants in Australia to investigate the relationship between occupants’ use of the bedroom space and their sleep habits. We found evidence that today’s bedrooms are used for more than just sleeping, reflecting the respondents’ multi-functional needs. Of the respondents, 60% agreed to have a consistent sleeping routine, while 49% answered they have/might have a sleep problem. The mean hours spent in a sleeping environment are 9.31, while the sleeping mean hours are 7.12. While 40% reported using the bedroom as their living space, 61% said they prefer to use it only for sleep. Age, occupation and the bedroom’s location affect bedroom use and preferences. This study provides an initial inquiry into developing design strategies and understanding on the intertwined relationship between sleep and its environment.

The social and technological revolutions, combined with the recent crises, have again brought attention to the housing issue in the main western urban environments. More and more people are moving to cities, reopening the architectural debate of the Existenzminimum and the Minimum Living Cell to cope with an ever-increasing demand and ever-less available space combined with the desire to provide decent housing solutions for emergent lifestyles. A contemporary living cell that, after the second wave of the feminist movement and digital technologies, often coincides with the bedroom and that is supported by a plethora of shared domestic uses on a more urban scale. It is an emerging and often informal domesticity that has the potential to influence the architecture and perception of the house. It does not necessarily imply that the houses should be smaller or that the bedrooms bigger, but that new domestic hierarchies are emerging and shaping spatial relations and necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Pets are increasingly becoming part of the family and interactions between pets and their owners is changing. This results in extended and more intimate contact between owners and their pets, which give rise to zoonotic risks. Objective: To establish the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens in pets that sleep with their owner. Methods: As a pilot study, a group of 28 healthy dogs and 22 healthy cats were monitored for the presence of the zoonotic parasites Cheyletiella, Ctenocephalides spp. and Toxocara spp., the dermatophyte Microsporum canis, and the bacteria Clostridium difficile, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and Enterobacteriaceae. This was investigated by taking samples from the fur, the footpads and the animal bed. The owners filled in a questionnaire. Results: In total, 29 of the 50 pets (58%) slept on the bed, of which 15 pets (30%) slept in the bed (under the blankets). A total of 19/22 dogs (86%) and 7/22 cats (32%) tested positive for Enterobacteriaceae on the fur or footpads. Fleas were found in 5/22 of the cats’ (23%) and 2/28 of the dogs’ (7%) favourite sleeping spots. High levels of aerobic colonies were found, up to 216 colony forming units/cm2. Other pathogens were not found in this study. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study confirm literature reports that pets may constitute a potential risk in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to their owner, especially during direct contact when sleeping in the same bed. Owners should therefore be informed about these risks and educated to interact with their pets in a more responsible way.

A thermal comfort field survey in sleep environments was conducted in Qatar during winter and spring seasons. A total of 833 sets of objective and subjective thermal and sleep quality responses before going to bed and after getting up were collected. The subjects felt cooler sensations most of the time, preferred warmer sensations and the sleep environments are considered comfortable overall. Griffiths comfort temperature (Tc) was 24.3 ˚C and 20.2 ˚C in free-running (FR) and air-conditioned (AC) modes respectively. Subjects used airconditioner (AC)s adaptively in heating mode in winter. In 82.7% of cases in (AC) mode, the comfort temperature was below the lower limit of the international standard. Subjects enjoyed quality sleep in Qatar. Overall, selfdeclared sleep quality improved with thermal acceptability. Depth of sleep was higher in AC mode (mean = 3.86). On the other hand, the mean global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score was high in general (mean = 10.7), indicating good quality sleep, and significantly so in free-running mode (mean = 11) than in AC mode (mean = 10.4). It increased, as subjects liked their AC systems. This study suggests that overcooling in spring can be avoided by increasing air movement without compromising sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ventilation and air quality play crucial roles in affecting the elderly's health. • Stratum ventilation can effectively improve air quality in ECC bedrooms. • Contaminant removal by SV was 2.58, 3.22 and 2.12 times higher than MV, DV, and ZV. • SV reduced health risks by 46.3%, 53.7%, and 41.7% compared to MV, DV, and ZV. • Privacy of the elderly was important and need to be considered in ventilation design. Ventilation and indoor air quality are important factors that affect the health of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to find effective ventilation design measures for improving ventilation and air quality in typical two-bed bedrooms in elderly care centres (ECCs). Mixing ventilation (MV), displacement ventilation (DV), zone ventilation (ZV) and stratum ventilation (SV) were analysed with twelve scenarios to find the most effective ventilation design solutions including six scenarios with curtains between the beds and six scenarios without curtains between the beds. Airflow distribution, CO 2 concentration, ventilation efficiency and health risk assessment were adopted for discussion. SV was found to be an effective method for improving air quality in the ECC bedroom while also taking into account the needs and rights of elderly residents, such as privacy. Comparing scenarios with and without curtains between beds under same types of ventilation, scenarios without curtains showed a slight (≤8%) decrease in CO 2 concentration in the pillow area. However, this could increase virus transmission risk and compromise elderly privacy, so it is not recommended. Regarding the scenarios with curtains between the beds, the contaminant removal efficiency (CRE) of scenarios using SV was increased by 2.58, 3.22 and 2.12 times compared to the scenarios using MV, DV, and ZV respectively. Additionally, the health ratio (HR) of SV was reduced by 46.3 %, 53.7 %, and 41.7 %. Hence, it is recommended to install curtains between the beds and apply SV in ECC bedrooms. This study can be used as a guide for systematically designing ventilation systems in ECC bedrooms. Furthermore, collaboration among environmental engineers, designers, policymakers, and the wider community is essential to develop sustainable indoor environments for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did female artists extract violence from the space of a bedroom? Explaining women and their involved and complex wounds was the primary aim of artists who wished to examine this intimate setting and the psychoanalytical and political expressions that it expressed. The bedroom, an open stage, is a favourite venue in the reconstruction of traumatic events, experienced by the artists themselves or by women they feel close to. Virginia Woolf discussed this enclosed space, which, like their own bodies, women could not freely avail themselves of; this room – in which they lacked the freedom to love in accordance with their choices, to create as they wished, or just to be alone – represents subordination, abuse, wounds. By analysing key works – reflections of militant contexts – from the 1970s to the present day, an analysis is made of the problems raised by women artists: dangers or violence faced by women, female students, prostitutes and young children.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease due to the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Until now, TB disease is still one of the world's health problems and its existence is often linked to environmental problems. This study aims to analyze the physical environmental factors of the house, especially in the bedroom and familiy room associated with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis new cases in the work area of ​​Puskesmas Songgon Banyuwangi. The design of this research is case control, with the comparison of case:control is 1: 2. A total of 15 people from the case group were taken from SITT (Integrated Tuberculosis Information System) Puskesmas Songgon Banyuwangi and selected using simple random sampling method, while 30 control group were neighbors of case group matching based on gender. Dependent variables is new cases of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the work area of ​​Puskesmas Songgon Banyuwangi and independent variables include ventilation, temperature, humidity, and lighting in bedroom and famiy room. The result of chi square analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between bedroom lighting (OR=4,667; 95%CI=1,237-17,600; p=0,043) and family room lighting (OR=4,571; 95%CI=1,182-17,678; p=0,039) with a new case of smear positive pulmonary TB in the work area of Puskesmas Songgon Banyuwangi. Therefore, the need for awareness to the community, especially the people with pulmonary tuberculosis, by health personnel Pukesmas Songgon Banyuwangi about the importance of keeping the home environment to stay healthy, one of them by allowing air to change and sunlight can enter the house by opening the window in every room house in the morning, and replace the brick tile with glass tile. Keywords : Pulmonary Tuberculosis, smear, lighting, bedroom, family room

Copyright of Constelaciones (2340-177X) is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several priority characteristics of wood that have beneficial effects on human beings have been reported. However, the advantages of wood use in bedroom interiors for sleep have not been fully evaluated. The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to evaluate the association of wood use in housing and bedrooms with comfort in the bedroom and sleep among workers in Japan. The study methods included sleep measurements using actigraphy and a self-administered questionnaire survey. In total, 671 workers (298 men and 373 women; mean age ± standard deviation: 43.3 ± 11.2 years) were included in the analysis. The amount of wood used in bedrooms was significantly associated with comfort in bedrooms, inversely associated with suspicion of insomnia, partly inversely associated with self-rated poor sleep quality, but not associated with low sleep efficiency. On logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of the "large amount of wood" group relative to the "no wood" group was 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.63–6.47] for comfort. The aOR of the "no wood" group relative to the "large amount of wood" group was 2.15 (95% CI 1.11–4.16) for suspicion of insomnia. Wood structure of housing, as well as wood use on either the floor, wall, or ceiling, were not significantly associated with comfort and sleep conditions. Our study suggested that the use of a large amount of wood used in the bedroom interior could be beneficial for comfort, sleep, and therefore, health of workers. Further studies are required to obtain generalizable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance and development of the dining room in France was part of a general move towards the specialisation of the use of a house’s different rooms, from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. Up until then, the living spaces in a dwelling, at all levels in society, were ‘polyvalent’ spaces where only the furniture denoted the use. Consequently, and according to the season or to the number of guests, the room where meals were eaten could vary. In the architecture of social elites, the bedroom or the antechamber could fulfil this dining function, before a specific room began to appear, known in French as the ‘salle à manger’, the dining room. The expression appears in manuscript sources at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Subsequently, there is a gradual process of appropriation and generalisation throughout society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The development of this room is to be seen then in a rich context of social and architectural changes.

Louis XIII’s beds at Versailles are not the best-known ones in the history of the palace. No pictures of them survive but other archival and printed sources allow us to analyse them and to study their usages and symbolic values. The Versailles conceived by Louis XIII was a personal haven where the bed symbolised dynastic continuity, bringing together the royal status of its owner and his quest for a sober retirement. Louis XIII had a modest pavilion built at Versailles in 1623, a ‘countryside dwelling’ which was enlarged and reorganised at the beginning of the 1630s, offering the King two successive bedrooms. The first one, without any antechamber, accommodated a bed upholstered in green damask with fringes in green silk and gold, set off by the simplicity of the room’s decoration and the sparseness of its furniture. The second bedroom had an antechamber and was larger and more luminous. It housed a more precious bed of green Italian velvet with silver lame. Through their occupation during the King’s presence at Versailles, these two bedrooms accompany the transformation of the palace in the geography of power from the 1630s. The beds can be seen as a revealing synthesis of the status of Louis XIII’s residence at Versailles, private and royal at one and the same time.

The recent identification in the reserve collections of the national monuments centre (Centre des monuments nationaux) of a gilded wooden bed of the Consulate period has offered the opportunity to look more closely at its history. The bed was probably made by the Jacob brothers in about 1799 for the Directors at the Luxembourg palace, with an identical bed which is held today in the bed chamber of the Emperor’s small apartments at the palace of Fontainebleau. The bed was installed, in 1802, in the Consul’s bed chamber at the palace of Saint-Cloud and remained in the apartments that open onto the Orangery when the Consul became the Emperor Napoleon 1. The bed was sent back to the state’s furniture repository, the Garde-Meuble, in 1815 but was brought out again in 1820, at Saint-Cloud, in order to compose a provisional bed chamber for the Comte d’Artois. The following year, this room became King Louis XVIII’s state reception bed chamber. This type of royal bedroom, not seen since the Revolution, was an unsuspected attempt by the restored Bourbon monarchy to re-establish the practice of state bedrooms of the Ancien Régime. But the function was too outdated at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the bedroom was transformed into a reception room from 1825. The bed was sent back to the Garde-Meuble and was then sold, probably during the second half of the nineteenth century. It was purchased by the Centre des Monuments nationaux in 1983.

The aim of this study was to quantitatively determine the acoustic characteristics of bedrooms in two types of long-term care facilities in China. Objective acoustic conditions, including noise levels and reverberation times, were measured through a series of acoustic measurements in twelve bedrooms in two nursing homes and three adult care homes in Kunming city, China. The impacts of noise and sound preferences were evaluated through a questionnaire survey administered to residents and nursing staff. In terms of the sound field, the background noise levels in most measured bedrooms exceeded the WHO's recommended value (30 dBA) by approximately 10-15 dBA. Compared to those in adult care homes, the noise levels in nursing homes were approximately 5-7 dBA higher during the daytime and 2-3 dBA higher during the nighttime due to frequent nursing activities. Moreover, noise levels were 5-15 dBA higher in roadside bedrooms. The reverberation time of five bedrooms reached 0.8 s at low frequency (125 Hz) due to their large space and absence of sound-absorbing materials. The questionnaire showed that noise sources were mainly perceived as coming from corridors and out-of-windows by residents and nursing staff. Traffic noise, residents' yelling in pain (just in nursing homes) and footsteps were considered the most noticeable noises, which may have had negative effects on participants' sleep quality, health, and emotional state. Moreover, the residents in roadside bedrooms reported that noise had a greater impact on their sleep ( p  < 0.01). Compared to artificial and mechanical sounds, participants preferred nature sounds, such as streams and birds, which were significantly ( p  < 0.01) positively correlated with age., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Zhixiao Deng reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100005273Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The ventilation modalities in most Chinese residences are infiltration and opening windows. We measured infiltration rates and air change rates at night, with no attempt to change occupants' behaviors, of urban residences in five climate zones of China during four seasons. Using the CO2 decay method, we found the median infiltration rate for 294 residences to be 0.34 h−1. Using occupant‐generated CO2 as tracer gas, we determined air change rates over the course of 1 year in 46 bedrooms at night from mass balance considerations. In 54% of the measurements, windows were closed, so ventilation was only by infiltration. Windows were mainly closed when the outdoor temperature was below 15°C and above 26°C. The median infiltration rates did not differ appreciably among seasons and climate zones and were always less than 0.45 h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Presented results are only a case study and the authors are not able to relate them to the population of children and teenagers in Poland; however, it is worth underlining the positive effects of opening doors during sleep, since the CO2 concentration decreases 55−64% without a reduction in thermal comfort. This simple action applied by parents can decrease the contribution of low indoor environment quality (IEQIV) in children's and teenager's bedrooms to approximately 1% during the night. (1) Background: Healthy teenagers are often sleepy. This can be explained by their physiology and behavioral changes; however, the influence of CO2 concentration above 1000 ppm should not be neglected with respect to sleep dissatisfaction. (2) Methods: CO2 concentrations were measured in two similar bedrooms occupied by girls aged 9 and 13 years old. The scheme of measurements included random opening and closing of the bedroom doors for the night. Additionally, the girls evaluated their sleep satisfaction in a post-sleep questionnaire. (3) Results: During the night, the CO2 concentration varied from 402 to 3320 ppm in the teenager's bedroom and from 458 to 2176 ppm in the child's bedroom. When the bedroom doors were open, inadequate indoor air quality (IEQIII and IEQIV categories) was observed in both the teenager's and child's bedroom during 11% and 25% of the night, respectively; however, closing the doors increased the contribution of moderate (IEQIII) and low (IEQIV) categories of air to 79% and 86%, respectively. The girls were dissatisfied only when the bedroom door was closed. The satisfied category of sleep was selected only by the younger girl. (4) Conclusions: Opening the bedroom door during the night can decrease the CO2 concentration 55–64% without reducing thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to provide an overview of the characterisation of indoor air quality (IAQ) during the sleeping period, based only on real life conditions’ studies where, at least, one air pollutant was considered. Despite the consensual complexity of indoor air, when focusing on sleeping environments, the available scientific literature is still scarce and falls to provide a multipollutants’ characterisation of the air breathed during sleep. This review, following PRISMA’s approach, identified a total of 22 studies that provided insights of how IAQ is during the sleeping period in real life conditions. Most of studies focused on carbon dioxide (77%), followed by particles (PM2.5, PM10 and ultrafines) and only 18% of the studies focused on pollutants such as carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde. Despite the high heterogeneity between studies (regarding the geographical area, type of surrounding environments, season of the year, type of dwelling, bedrooms’ ventilation, number of occupants), several air pollutants showed exceedances of the limit values established by guidelines or legislation, indicating that an effort should be made in order to minimise human exposure to air pollutants. For instance, when considering the air quality guideline of World Health Organisation of 10 µg·m−3 for PM2.5, 86% of studies that focused this pollutant registered levels above this threshold. Considering that people spend one third of their day sleeping, exposure during this period may have a significant impact on the daily integrated human exposure, due to the higher amount of exposure time, even if this environment is characterised by lower pollutants’ levels. Improving the current knowledge of air pollutants levels during sleep in different settings, as well as in different countries, will allow to improve the accuracy of exposure assessments and will also allow to understand their main drivers and how to tackle them.