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Malva verticillata (Malvaceae), commonly called Chinese mallow or whorled mallow, is an annual herb native to East Asia and is currently distributed worldwide. In Korea, this plant is cultivated as a leafy vegetable and cooked like spinach or used in soups and also as a medicine material. In March 2022, typical symptoms of rust disease were observed on M. verticillata in a plastic house (37°22'12″ N, 127°34'30" E) in Yeoju, Korea. Yellow or light green round chlorotic spots appeared on the upper surface of infected leaves, while reddish-brown or dark brown rust pustules formed on its lower surface. Infection occurred in 10% of M. verticillata plants surveyed, and disease severity ranged between 30-90%. A representative sample was deposited in the Kunsan National University Herbarium (KSNUH1762). Telia were mostly hypophyllous, reddish-brown to dark brown, round, mostly grouped, and 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter. Teliospores were mostly two-celled, but rarely one or three-celled, yellowish to light brown, fusoid, and 42.9-101 × 10.8- to 18.8 μm (average 72.7 ± 12.3 × 14.2 ± 1.92 μm [mean ± SD]; n = 50), with a smooth, hyaline to yellowish wall of 1.0-2.5 μm thickness. The morphological characteristics were similar to those reported for Puccinia modiolae (Aime and Abbasi 2018; Albu et al. 2019). To confirm the morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted from the teliospores of an infected leaf. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) with primers ITS5-u and ITS4rust (Pfunder and Schürch 2001) and the large subunit (LSU) rDNA with primers LRust1R and LRust3 (Beenken et al. 2012) were amplified for sequencing. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers ON631218 for ITS and ON631226 for LSU. BLASTn search showed that the Korean sample was identical to the ITS sequences of P. modiolae from Modiola caroliniana (MK458693-MK458697) and the LSU sequences from M. caroliniana, Malva sylvestris, and Alcea rosea (MH742976, MH742977, and MH742978). In the phylogenetic trees of the ITS and LSU sequences, the Korean sample was grouped with the reference sequences of P. modiolae, with the maximum supporting value. For the pathogenicity test, rust-infected leaf discs were placed on the upper or lower surfaces of leaves of three healthy M. verticillata. Three non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 22°C, a 16/8 h light cycle, and 80% humidity. After three weeks, all inoculated plants developed evident rust symptoms on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves on which the leaf discs were placed, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen present on the inoculated plants was confirmed to be the same pathogen as that observed in the field, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on the morphological investigation, sequence analysis, and pathogenicity tests, P. modiolae was identified as the causal agent of rust disease on M. verticillata. To date, this pathogen has been reported on seven Malvaceae plants, including Alcea rosea, Althaea officinalis, Lavatera arborea, Malva parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Modiola caroliniana, and Modiola sp., in North and South America (Farr and Rossman 2022). However, it has not been reported in Asia or Korea. This study is the first report of rust disease on M. verticillata worldwide. Considering its high incidence rate and severe damage, this pathogen is a potential concern for the cultivation of M. verticillata in Korea. This finding could contribute to developing phytosanitary and control treatments for this disease.

Epitaxial SrTiO 3 thin films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using an oxygen plasma source. SrO and TiO2 layers were alternately deposited on 0.5 wt% (001) Nb doped SrTiO3 substrates who...

The SrRuO3 (SRO) thin films were epitaxially grown on (0 0 1) SrTiO3 (STO) substrates using plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In order to identify how the cation flux affects the surface characteristics, films were grown at different Sr/Ru flux ratios. As Ru flux increased, SRO thin film exhibited a flatter but more bunched stepped terrace implying the prevalence of 2-D growth mode during the film formation, whereas excessive Sr flux led to 3-D film growth and resulted in a rough surface. In addition, XRD and STEM analysis provided that samples grown at Sr/Ru flux ratio higher than 2.7 showed volume expansion and crystal disorder by Ru vacancy which caused higher resistivity. But the samples grown at the ratio lower than 2.9 maintained the resistivity close to that of stoichiometric SRO.

바이오매스 가스화 기술은 에너지 밀도가 낮아 화석연료를 직접 대체하기 어려운 바이오매스를 기존 에너지 생산 시스템에서 활용할 수 있는 에너지원으로 전환하는 기반기술이다. 가스화 공정을 통해 생산된 합성가스는 직접 연료로 활용할 수 있으며, 물리.화학적 또는 생물학적 전환을 통해 고부가 연료 또는 소재를 생산하는 플랫폼 원료로 사용할 수 있다. 본고에서는 최근 목질계 바이오매스 가스화 기술의 현황에 대해 알아보고, 고부가 연료 생산을 위한 바이오매스 가스화 기술의 향후 개발 방향을 전망해 보고자 한다.

Purpose: The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) translated into Korean was modified to easily apply and reduce respondents' confusion and was evaluated for psychometric properties and discriminant ability. Methods: A total of 960 Korean adults aged 45 years and older participated in this cross-sectional survey. To test reliability, validity and discriminant ability, Cronbach's alpha, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, simple regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were used. Results: Item-total correlations ranged between .62~.85 and Cronbach's alpha was .95. Area under ROC was .86 (95% CI: .83~.90) and the optimal cutoff score was identified as ≤ 66 (sensitivity, .77; specificity, .84; positive/negative predictive values, .49/.95). Using this cutoff score, the prevalence of insomnia in the study sample was 25.8% and tended to be more common in female and older groups. Conclusion: The data supported the psychometric properties of Korean Modified Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (KMLSEQ) as an acceptable sleep measurement. In addition, KMLSEQ is likely to be a useful screening tool for insomnia.

Air-blown gasification of woody biomass was investigated in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. Air was used as the gasifying agent as well as a fluidizing gas. Fuel was fed into the top of the gasifier and air was introduced from the bottom through a distributor. In order to control the composition of the product gas, the amounts of feedstock and gasifying agent being fed into the gasifier were varied, and the temperature distribution in the gasifier and the composition of the syngas were monitored. It was shown that the distribution of the reaction zones in the gasifier could be controlled by the air injection rate, and the composition of the syngas by the equivalence ratio of the reactants. Although the obtained syngas had a low caloric value, its heating value is adequate for power generation using a syngas engine.

Ba(Mg 1/3 Ta 2/3 )O 3 (BMT) ceramics have excellent microwave dielectric properties, but they are difficult to sinter because of their high sintering temperature of 1650°C. However, in this study the addition of B 2 O 3 to BMT ceramics enabled sintering to be performed at temperatures as low as 1300 °C. The BaB 4 O 7 phase, which melts at approximately 900 °C, may have been responsible for the decrease of the sintering temperature. The presence of Ba 3 Ta 5 O 15 second phase was observed in the BMT ceramics containing a large amount of B 2 O 3 . The relative density and dielectric constant (e r ) were considerably increased with the addition of a small amount of B 2 O 2 . The Q-value was also increased when a small amount of B 2 O 3 was added, but was decreased when the B 2 O 3 content exceeded 0.5 mol%. The decrease of Q × f was explained by the presence of the Ba 3 Ta 5 O 15 second phase. Excellent microwave dielectric properties of Q × f= 195,000 GHz, e r =24 and τ f =4.74 ppm/°C were obtained by adding 0.5 mol% B 2 O 3 to BMT ceramic and sintering at 1500 °C for 6 h.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of Night Eating Questionnaire (KNEQ) and test its psychometric properties and evaluate items according to item response theory. Methods: The 14-item NEQ as a measure of severity of the night eating syndrome was translated into Korean, and then this KNEQ was evaluated. A total of 1171 participants aged 20 to 50 completed the KNEQ on the Internet. To test reliability and validity, Cronbach’s alpha, correlation, simple regression, and factor analysis were used. Each item was analyzed according to Rasch-Andrich rating scale model and item difficulty, discrimination, infit/outfit, and point measure correlation were evaluated. Results: Construct validity was evident. Cronbach’s alpha was .78. The items of evening hyperphagia and nocturnal ingestion showed high ability in discriminating people with night eating syndrome, while items of morning anorexia and mood/sleep provided relatively little information. The results of item analysis showed that item2 and item7 needed to be revised to improve the reliability of KNEQ. Conclusion: KNEQ is an appropriate instrument to measure severity of night eating syndrome with good validity and reliability. However, further studies are needed to find cut-off scores to screen persons with night eating syndrome.

BaTi4O9 thin films were grown on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate using RF magnetron sputtering. A homogeneous BaTi4O9 crystalline phase developed in the films deposited at 550∘C and annealed above 850∘C. When the thickness of the film was reduced, the capacitance density and leakage current density increased. Furthermore, the dielectric constant was observed to decrease with decreasing film thickness. The BaTi4O9 film with a thickness of 62 nm exhibited excellent dielectric and electrical properties, with a capacitance density of 4.612 fF/μm2 and a dissipation factor of 0.26% at 100 kHz. Similar results were also obtained in the RF frequency range (1–6 GHz). A low leakage current density of 1.0 × 10−9 A/cm2 was achieved at ± 2 V, as well as small voltage and temperature coefficients of capacitance of 40.05 ppm/V2 and –92.157 ppm/∘C, respectively, at 100 kHz.

요 약 Miles and Snow의 전략유형 및 Porter으| 본원전략과 제품 수준의 마케팅 전략 간의 관계를 검증해 보 고, 두 사업부 전략유형 간의 관계도 분석하였다. 소비재와 산업재를 포함한 102개 전략사업단위에 대해 최고경영자와 마케팅 관리자를 방문 면접하여 조사자료를 수집하였다 분석결과 Miles and Snow의 전략 유형은 제품시장의 환경관리에 대한 관리적 노력의 적극성 측면에서 전략유형 간에 유의한 차이를 보였 으며, Porter의 본원전략과 제품 수준의 마케팅 전략 사이에 유의한 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또 한 두 전략유형 간에 관련성 검증을 통해 Miles and Snow의 조직내부의 관리적 관점과 Porter의 경쟁적 관점의 통합적 접근가능성을 보여 추었다. 본 연구결과 다S받} 산업에 있어서 사업부 수준의 전략이 제품 수준의 마케팅 전략 활동에 일관성 있게 나타남으로써 사업부 수준의 전략유형이 제품 수준의 마케팅 전략에도 적용되고 있음을 시사해 주었다

A high capacitance density of 4.84 fF/mum2 and a low leakage current density of 4.28 fA/pFmiddotV were obtained for a 138-nm-thick crystalline BaSm2Ti4O12 (BST) film. The 100-nm-thick amorphous BST film exhibited a high capacitance density of 3.91 fF/mum2 and a low leakage current of 1.24 fA/pFmiddotV. The crystalline BST film had quadratic and linear voltage coefficient of capacitance (VCC) of -295 ppm/V2 and 684 ppm/V, respectively, and a temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) of -136 ppm/degC at 100 kHz. The amorphous BST film also showed quadratic and linear VCCs of 48.6 ppm/V2 and -738 ppm/V, respectively, with a low TCC of 169 ppm/degC at 100 kHz

We investigated the pressure dependence of the inductive coupled plasma (ICP) oxidation on the electrical characteristics of the thin oxide films. Activation energies and electron temperatures with different pressures were estimated. To demonstrate the pressure effect on the plasma oxide quality, simple N type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistors were fabricated and investigated in a few electrical properties. At higher pressure than 200mTorr, plasma oxide has a slightly higher on-current and a lower interfacial trap density. The on-current gain seems to be related to the field mobility increase and the lower defective interface to the electron temperature during oxidation.

Electrospun PAN nanofibers were carbonized with or without iron(III) acetylacetonate to induce catalytic graphitization within the range of 900–1500°C, resulting in ultrafine carbon fibers with the diameter of about 90–300 nm. The structural properties and morphologies of the resulting carbon nanofibers were investigated using XRD, Raman IR, SEM, TEM, and surface area/pore analysis. The PAN-based carbon nanofibers carbonized without a catalyst had amorphous structures, with d002 = 0.37 nm, and smooth surfaces with very low surface areas of 22–31 m2/g. The carbonization of PAN-based nanofibers in the presence of the catalyst produced the graphite nanofibers (GNF) with d002 = 0.341 nm, indicating turbostrate structures. The graphite structures were grown by increasing the catalyst contents and the carbonization temperature. The hydrogen storage capacities of the aforementioned carbon nanofiber materials were evaluated through the gravimetric method using Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) at room temperature and at 100 bars. The storage data were obtained after the buoyancy correction. The CNFs showed hydrogen storage capacities of 0.16–0.50 wt.%, increasing with the increase of carbonization temperature, but that of the CNF at 1500°C was lowest. The hydrogen storage capacities of the GNFs with low surface areas of 100–250m2/g were 0.14–1.01 wt%.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and risk factors of sleep disturbance among community dwelling adults in Korea. Methods: Data were collected from nine hundred fifty nine adults dwelling in a metropolitan city in Korea. Subjects were older than 45 years, did not take medication for sleep problems on a regular basis, and did not work at night. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to collect data about sleep disturbance. Sociodemographic, life style, and health related factors were included as risk factors. Chi square test and logistic stepwise regression were used to identify the risk factors. Results: The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 13.1%. The significant risk factors were being female, age, number of toilet use at night, perceived health, and pain. Risk factors were somewhat different by gender. Emotional and job status were the risk factors only for men and menopausal status were for women. Conclusion: Prevalence of sleep disturbance in community dwelling adults in Korea was not greater than those dwelling in other countries. Females, older adults, the number of toilet use at night, perceived health, and pain were the most important risk factors for sleep disturbances. Gender was a factor in reported sleep disturbances. It might be useful to investigate the factors that contribute to the number of toilet use at night as this might have some underlying factors that could be corrected.

not Available.

The dielectric and electrical properties of a BaTi4O9 film were investigated in order to evaluate its potential use in metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors for rf/mixed signal integrated circuits. A high capacitance density of 4.62fF∕μm2 along with a low tanδ of 0.0025 were obtained at 100 kHz. A high capacitance density of 4.12fF∕μm2 and a high quality factor of 322 were also achieved at 2 GHz. The leakage current density was approximately 1nA∕cm2 at ±2V. Small linear and quadratic voltage coefficients of capacitance of 110ppm∕V and 40.05ppm∕V2, respectively, and a small temperature coefficient of capacitance of −92.157ppm∕°C at 100 kHz were obtained. These results demonstrate that the BaTi4O9 film is a good candidate material for MIM capacitors.

The Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BZT) ceramic normally has a 1:2-ordered hexagonal structure, but it changes to the 1:1-ordered cubic structure with the addition of SnO2. When SnO2 was added to the BZT ceramics, grain growth occurred and the liquid phase formed. The liquid phase was responsible for the grain growth. The Q×f value of the BZT ceramic significantly increased with the addition of a small amount of SnO2. Since the degree of 1:2 ordering and the relative density decreased with the addition of SnO2, the enhancement of the Q value cannot be explained by the 1:2 ordering and the relative density. On the other hand, the improvement of the Q value could be related to the increase in the grain size because the average grain size increased with the addition of SnO2. However, when a large amount of SnO2 was added, the Q value was very low. The low Q value was explained by the low relative density and the presence of a large amount of Ba3Ta5O15 phase.