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Based on the principle of virtual power, equilibrium conditions are established for the forces within a cross section of a tunnel top heading driven according the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). External forces, namely impost actions and ground pressure distributions following a third-order polynomial, are analytically linked with internal forces, such as axial forces and bending moments, arising as integrals over the shell thickness, of circumferential normal stresses. The latter are related, via an aging viscoelastic shotcrete material model, to circumferential normal strains, as well as to radial and circumferential displacement components. This allows for analytical transformation of displacement measurement data collected at the crown and the footings of the shell segment, into ground pressure and impost action evolutions, together with all the associated force and stress quantities. For the Sieberg tunnel, driven in Miocene clay marl, our data-driven analytical mechanics model evidences virtually uniform ground pressure distributions, leading to a first rapidly increasing, and then mildly decreasing utilization degree of the shotcrete shell.

Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (iCIEF) has emerged as an important technique for therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge heterogeneity analysis in the biopharmaceutical context, providing imaged detection and quantitation by UV without a mobilization step. Besides quantitation, the characterization of separated charge variants ideally directly by online electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is crucial to ensure product quality, safety, and efficacy. Straightforward direct iCIEF-MS coupling combining high separation efficiency and quantitative results of iCIEF with the characterization power of MS enables deep characterization of mAb charge variants. A short technical setup and optimized methodical parameters (30 nl/min mobilization rate, 2%-4% ampholyte concentration, 0.5-2 mg/ml sample concentration) allow successful mAb charge variant peak assignment from iCIEF to MS. Despite a loss of separation resolution during the transfer, separated intact mAb charge variants, including deamidation as well as major and minor glycoforms even from low abundant charge variants, could be characterized by online ESI-MS with high precision. The presented setup provides a large potential for mAb charge heterogeneity characterization in biopharmaceutical applications.

Size heterogeneity analysis by capillary sieving electrophoresis utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE(SDS)) with optical detection is a major method applied for release and stability testing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in biopharmaceutical applications. Identification of mAb-fragments and impurities observed with CE(SDS) is of outstanding importance for the assessment of critical quality attributes and development of the analytical control system. Mass spectrometric (MS) detection is a powerful tool for protein identification and characterization. Unfortunately, CE(SDS) is incompatible with online MS-hyphenation due to strong ionization suppression of SDS and other separation buffer components. Here, we present a comprehensive platform for full characterization of individual CE(SDS)-separated peaks by CE(SDS)-capillary zone electrophoresis-top-down-MS. The peak of interest is transferred from the first to the second dimension via an 8-port valve to remove MS-incompatible components. Full characterization of mAb byproducts is performed by intact mass determination and fragmentation by electron transfer dissociation, higher-energy collisional dissociation, and ultraviolet photodissociation. This enables online determination of intact mass as well as sequence verification of individual CE(SDS)-separated peaks simultaneously. A more substantiated characterization of unknown CE(SDS) peaks by exact localization of modifications without prior digestion is facilitated. High sensitivity is demonstrated by successful mass and sequence verification of low abundant, unknown CE(SDS) peaks from two stressed mAb samples. Good fragmentation coverages are obtained by MS2, enabling unequivocal identification of these mAb-fragments. Also, the differentiation of reduced/non-reduced intra-protein disulfide bonds is demonstrated. In summary, a reliable and unambiguous online MS2 identification of unknown compounds of low-abundant individual CE(SDS) peaks is enabled.

Oxidative damage of biopharmaceuticals during manufacturing and storage is a key concern throughout pharmaceutical development. However, few simple and robust analytical methods are available for the determination of oxidation sites. Here, the potential of affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) in the separation of proteins with oxidized methionine (Met) residues is shown. Silver(I) and gold(I) ions have the attribute to selectively form complexes with thioethers over sulfoxides. The addition of these ions to the BGE leads to a selective complexation of Met residues and, thus, to a change of charge allowing separation of species according to the different oxidation states of Met. The mechanisms of these interactions are discussed and binding constants for peptides containing Met with silver(I) are calculated. Additionally, the proposed method can be used as an indicator of oxidative stress in large proteins. The presented technique is easily accessible, economical, and has rapid analysis times, adding new approaches to the analytical toolbox of Met sulfoxide detection.

Capillary sieving electrophoresis utilizing SDS (CE(SDS)) is one of the most applied methods for the analysis of antibody (mAb) size heterogeneity in the biopharmaceutical industry. Inadequate peak identification of observed protein fragments is still a major issue. In a recent publication, we introduced an electrophoretic 2D system, enabling online mass spectrometric detection of generic CE(SDS) separated peaks and identification of several mAb fragments. However, an improvement regarding system stability and handling of the approach was desired. Here, we introduce a novel 8-port valve in conjunction with an optimized decomplexation strategy. The valve contains four sample loops with increased distances between the separation dimensions. Thus, successively coinjection of solvent and cationic surfactant without any additional detector in the second dimension is enabled, simplifying the decomplexation strategy. Removal efficiency was optimized by testing different volumes of solvents as presample and cationic surfactant as postsample zone. 2D measurements of the light and heavy chain of the reduced NIST mAb with the 8-port valve and the optimized decomplexation strategy demonstrates the increased robustness of the system. The presented novel set-up is a step toward routine application of CE(SDS)-CZE-MS for impurity characterization of proteins in the biopharmaceutical field.

Die Tunnelkette Granitztal ist ein Teilabschnitt der Eisenbahnstrecke Graz – Klagenfurt und grenzt sudlich an den Koralmtunnel. Das Projekt umfasst die Vortriebe Tunnel Deutsch Grutschen und Tunnel Langer Berg, welche im zyklischen Vortrieb aufgefahren wurden. Neben den Vortrieben der Streckenrohren stellen die Anschlagsituationen bei den Portalen sowie die umfangreichen Voreinschnitte und deren Boschungssicherungen geotechnische Herausforderungen dar, welche in diesem Beitrag beschrieben werden.

CZE is a well‐established technique for charge heterogeneity testing of biopharmaceuticals. It is based on the differences between the ratios of net charge and hydrodynamic radius. In an extensive intercompany study, it was recently shown that CZE is very robust and can be easily implemented in labs that did not perform it before. However, individual characteristics of some examined proteins resulted in suboptimal resolution. Therefore, enhanced method development principles were applied here to investigate possibilities for further method optimization. For this purpose, a high number of different method parameters was evaluated with the aim to improve CZE separation. For the relevant parameters, design of experiments (DoE) models were generated and optimized in several ways for different sets of responses like resolution, peak width and number of peaks. In spite of product specific DoE optimization it was found that the resulting combination of optimized parameters did result in significant improvement of separation for 13 out of 16 different antibodies and other molecule formats. These results clearly demonstrate generic applicability of the optimized CZE method. Adaptation to individual molecular properties may sometimes still be required in order to achieve optimal separation but the set screws discussed in this study [mainly pH, identity of the polymer additive (HPC versus HPMC) and the concentrations of additives like acetonitrile, butanolamine and TETA] are expected to significantly reduce the effort for specific optimization.

During the last years there was a substantial increase in the use of antibodies and related proteins as therapeutics. The emphasis of the pharmaceutical industry is on IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 antibodies, which are therefore in the focus of this article. In order to ensure appropriate quality control of such biopharmaceuticals, deep understanding of their chemical degradation pathways and the resulting impact on potency, pharmacokinetics, and safety is required. Criticality of modifications may be specific for individual antibodies and has to be assessed for each molecule. However, some modifications of conserved structure elements occur in all or at least most IgGs. In these cases, criticality assessment may be applicable to related molecules or molecule formats. The relatively low dissociation energy of disulfide bonds and the high flexibility of the hinge region frequently lead to modifications and cleavages. Therefore, the hinge region and disulfide bonds require specific consideration during quality assessment of mAbs. In this review, available literature knowledge on underlying chemical reaction pathways of modifications, analytical methods for quantification and criticality are discussed. The hinge region is prone to cleavage and is involved in pathways that lead to thioether bond formation, cysteine racemization, and iso-Asp (Asp, aspartic acid) formation. Disulfide or sulfhydryl groups were found to be prone to reductive cleavage, trisulfide formation, cysteinylation, glutathionylation, disulfide bridging to further light chains, and disulfide scrambling. With regard to potency, disulfide cleavage, hinge cleavage, disulfide bridging to further light chains, and cysteinylation were found to influence antigen binding and fragment crystallizable (Fc) effector functionalities. Renal clearance of small fragments may be faster, whereas clearance of larger fragments appears to depend on their neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) functionality, which in turn may be impeded by disulfide bond cleavage. Certain modifications such as disulfide induced aggregation and heterodimers from different antibodies are generally regarded critical with respect to safety. However, the detection of some modifications in endogenous antibodies isolated from human blood and the possibility of in vivo repair mechanisms may reduce some safety concerns.

Capillary electrophoresis is an important technique for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), especially in the pharmaceutical context. However, identification is difficult as upscaling and hyphenation of used methods directly to mass spectrometry is often not possible due to separation medium components that are incompatible with MS detection. Here a CE-MS method for the analysis of mAbs is presented analyzing SDS-complexed samples. To obtain narrow and intensive peaks of SDS-treated antibodies, an in-capillary strategy was developed based on the co-injection of positively charged surfactants and methanol as organic solvent. For samples containing 0.2% (v/v) of SDS, recovered MS peak intensities up to 97 and 95% were achieved using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or benzalkonium chloride, respectively. Successful removal of SDS was shown in neutral coated capillaries but also in a capillary with a positively charged coating applying reversed polarity. The usefulness of this in-capillary strategy was demonstrated also for other proteins and for antibodies dissolved in up to 10% v/v SDS solution, and in other SDS-containing matrices, including the sieving matrix used in a standard CE-SDS method and gel-buffers applied in SDS-PAGE methods. The developed CE-MS approaches enable fast and reproducible characterization of SDS-complexed antibodies.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is the fundamental technique for protein separation by size. Applying this technology in capillary format, gaining high separation efficiency in a more automated way, is a key technology for size separation of proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. However, unequivocal identification by online mass spectrometry (MS) is impossible so far, due to strong interference in the electrospray process by SDS and other components of the SDS-MW separation gel buffer. Here, a heart-cut two-dimensional electrophoretic separation system applying an electrically isolated valve with an internal loop of 20 nL is presented. The peak of interest in the CE (SDS) separation is transferred to the CZE-MS, where electrospray-interfering substances of the SDS-MW gel are separated prior to online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An online SDS removal strategy for decomplexing the protein-SDS complex is implemented in the second dimension, consisting of the co-injection of organic solvent and cationic surfactant. This online CE (SDS)-CZE-MS system allows MS characterization of proteoforms separated in generic CE (SDS), gaining additional separation in the CZE and detailed MS information. In general, the system can be applied to all kinds of proteins separated by CE (SDS). Here, we present results of the CE (SDS)-CZE-MS system on the analysis of several biopharmaceutically relevant antibody impurities and fragments. Additionally, the versatile application spectrum of the system is demonstrated by the analysis of extracted proteins from soybean flour. The online hyphenation of CE (SDS) resolving power and MS identification capabilities will be a powerful tool for protein and mAb characterization. Graphical abstract Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system hyphenated with mass spectrometry for the characterization of CE (SDS)-separated proteins. As first dimension, a generic and high MS-interfering CE (SDS) separation is performed for size separation. After heart-cut transfer of the unknown CE (SDS) protein peak, via a four-port nanoliter valve to a volatile electrolyte system as second dimension, interference-free mass spectrometric data of separated mAb fragments and soybean proteins are obtained.

Charge heterogeneity profiling is important for the quality control (QC) of biopharmaceuticals. Because of the increasing complexity of these therapeutic entities [1], the development of alternative analytical techniques is needed. In this work, flow‐through partial‐filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (FTPFACE) has been established as a method for the analysis of a mixture of two similar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The addition of a specific ligand results in the complexation of one mAb in the co‐formulation, thus changing its migration time in the electric field. This allows the characterization of the charged variants of the non‐shifted mAb without interferences. Adsorption of proteins to the inner capillary wall has been circumvented by rinsing with guanidine hydrochloride before each injection. The presented FTPFACE approach requires only very small amounts of ligands and provides complete comparability with a standard CZE of a single mAb.

The Granitztal Tunnel Chain is not only the second longest tunnel system on the Koralmbahn line but also an essential part of the future new railway line between Graz and Klagenfurt (New South Range Line). At the time of reporting, more than two-thirds of the tunnel excavation works on the Graniztal contract are completed. After a detailed description of the project with four simultaneously advancing TBM drive and the extensive concreting ad earthworks in the Granitztal, the geological and geotechnical conditions and the experience gained until now are described. Particular attention is paid to the challenging geotechnical conditions in the Langer Berg section and the overground section in the Granitztal. The intensive design work to optimise future maintenance work is also described. Mit der Tunnelkette Granitztal entsteht derzeit nicht nur das zweitlangste Tunnelsystem an der Koralmbahn, sondern ein wesentlicher Mosaikstein fur die kunftige Hochleistungsstrecke zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt. Zum Berichtszeitpunkt wird mehr als zwei Drittel der Vortriebsarbeiten fur dieses Baulos abgeschlossen sein. Nach einer detaillierten Beschreibung des Projekts mit seinen vier gleichzeitig laufenden Vortrieben und den umfangreichen Beton- und Erdarbeiten im Granitztal wird uber die geologischen und geotechnischen Verhaltnisse und die bis dato gewonnenen Erkenntnisse berichtet. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die anspruchsvollen geotechnischen Verhaltnisse im Abschnitt Langer Berg sowie im Ubertage-Abschnitt Granitztal gelegt. Weiters wird uber die intensiven Planungsaktivitaten zum Zwecke der Instandhaltungsoptimierung berichtet.

Performance prediction is one of the crucial issues for estimating excavation costs and construction time of tunnel projects. In mechanized tunneling, TBM performance highly depends on achieved penetration rate and cutter wear. The aim of the research group ABROCK and the topic of this paper is the improvement of penetration prediction by performing on-site penetration tests. Therefore estimated parameters by two existing prediction models (Gehring model, Colorado School of Mines model) are compared with the results of penetration tests at Austrians large infrastructure project of the OeBB Koralm tunnel construction lot KAT2. Penetration tests are a common tool to determine the performance of a TBM in certain geological environments. During a test, the TBM is operated under defined conditions that allow the comparison of different tunnel projects and machine types in analogous geological conditions. Results show that only for a narrow scope, considered prediction models reveal appropriate fitting. Once the rock mass is fractured or the stress level within the rock mass changes, existing models are not applicable. This fact emphasizes the need of an update for penetration prediction models by implementing a correction factor for discontinuities and the stress state in a rock mass. This may result in a new prognosis model called Alpine model. Die Leistungsprognose ist einer der wichtigsten Aspekte fur die Kalkulation von Baukosten und Bauzeiten bei Tunnelprojekten. Die Leistung einer TBM wird von der erreichten Penetration sowie dem auftretenden Werkzeugverschleis bestimmt. Ziel der Forschungsgruppe ABROCK sowie Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrags ist es, existierende Penetrationsprognosemodelle mithilfe von Penetrationsversuchen auf Tunnelbaustellen zu verbessern. In diesem Beitrag werden die prognostizierten Penetrationswerte von zwei gebrauchlichen Modellen (Gehring Model, Colorado School of Mines Model) mit den Ergebnissen der Penetrationsversuche am grosen osterreichischen Infrastrukturprojekt der OBB-Infrastruktur AG, dem Koralmtunnel Baulos KAT2, verglichen. Der Penetrationsversuch ist eine haufig angewandte Methode, um die Leistung einer TBM in einem gewissen geologischen Umfeld zu bestimmen. Hierbei wird die Maschine unter definierten Bedingungen gefahren, wodurch ein Vergleich unterschiedlicher Tunnelprojekte sowie Maschinentypen bei entsprechenden geologischen Verhaltnissen ermoglicht wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Prognosemodelle nur fur einen sehr engen Anwendungsbereich zuverlassige Werte liefern. Sobald das Gebirge Trennflachen oder einen veranderten Spannungszustand aufweist, sind beide Ansatze nicht mehr brauchbar. Diese Tatsache zeigt deutlich, dass die existierenden Modelle adaptiert werden mussen, indem Korrekturfaktoren fur das Trennflachengefuge sowie den Spannungszustand im Gebirge implementiert werden. Dies soll in einem neuen Prognosemodell, dem sogenannten Alpine-Modell resultieren.

The present paper discusses experience gained during tunnelling in a crystalline rock mass on Koralm Tunnel contract KAT3. It reports on the benefits and information gained from preventer-supported exploratory drillings up to 250 m long, which were performed in consideration of predicted high water pressures in marble layers. Another case study points out the geological/geotechnical situation in a fault, featuring the remarkable finding that despite the high overburden, only small displacement magnitudes were measured, which is in stark contrast to experience gained on tunnel projects in comparable conditions. The paper concludes with the analysis of system behaviour observed in sections with highest overburden of 1,200 m. Although only small displacement magnitudes were measured, overstressing of the shotcrete lining was observed. A successful support concept was found by a targeted utilization of deformation gaps in the shotcrete lining in combination with adaptation of rock bolting according to the encountered structural situation. Der vorliegende Beitrag erortert die Vortriebserfahrungen im Kristallinabschnitt des Bauloses KAT3 des Koralmtunnels. Dabei wird vom Nutzen und Informationsgewinn aus bis zu 250 m langen, preventergestutzten Vorauserkundungsbohrungen, die insbesondere aufgrund der prognostizierten hohen Wasserdrucke in Marmorlagen abgeteuft wurden, berichtet. Ein weiteres Fallbeispiel erortert die geologische-geotechnische Situation in einer Storung mit der bemerkenswerten Erkenntnis, dass trotz der tiefen Lage des Tunnels – kontrar zu den Erfahrungen bei anderen Vortrieben unter ahnlichen Randbedingungen – kaum Deformationen registriert wurden. Abschliesend werden die Erfahrungen in dem Abschnitt des Koralmtunnels mit der hochsten Uberlagerung von rund 1.200 m aufgezeigt. Trotz geringer Deformationen wurde dort eine Uberbeanspruchung der Spritzbetonschale festgestellt. Durch das gezielte Vorsehen von schmalen Verformungsschlitzen in der Schale in Kombination mit einer an die Gefugesituation angepassten Systemankerung konnte hierfur ein erfolgreiches Ausbaukonzept gefunden werden.

Die Herstellung von Querschlagen stellt im kontinuierlichen Vortrieb bei Verwendung eines Tubbingausbaus eine grose Herausforderung dar. Der kritische Bereich hierbei ist der Ubergang zwischen Tunnelrohre und Querschlag, da fur die Auffahrung des Querschlags der Ringschluss der Tunnelrohre aufgelost wird. Durch Verwendung von Scherdubeln als Verbindungs- und Lastubertragungselement zwischen Tubbingringen im Querschlagsbereich ergeben sich neue Moglichkeiten im kontinuierlichen Tunnelvortrieb. Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit schlanken Tubbingauskleidungen bieten flexible Systeme aus Kunststoff mit integriertem Stahlkern die Moglichkeit, Lasten mit grosen Verformungen sowohl in Radial- als auch in Langsrichtung zu ubertragen. Im Rahmen dieses Artikels werden Abscherversuche mit einem Dubelsystem als Verbindungselement von Tubbingen prasentiert, die am Lehrstuhl fur Subsurface Engineering der Montanuniversitat Leoben durchgefuhrt wurden. Ziel dieses von der OBB-Infrastruktur AG initiierten Forschungsprojektes ist es, die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bewehrungskonzepte auf die Tragfahigkeit und das Systemverhalten des Tubbingausbaus unter Belastung zu bestimmen. Als Scherdubel kommt der Typ SOF SHEAR Bicone 375 M von OPTIMAS OE Solutions - Sofrasar Tunnel Products zur Anwendung. Zusatzlich werden unterschiedliche Moglichkeiten zur Bestimmung des Bauteilversagens auf Basis der Risserkennung aufgezeigt.

Bei einem kontinuierlichen Vortrieb mit Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen zahlt der Ausbau des aufgefahrenen Hohlraums mit Tubbingen seit Jahrzehnten zum Stand der Technik bei unterschiedlichsten Gebirgsverhaltnissen. Zur Verifizierung des Trag- und Verformungsverhaltens solcher Fertigbetonelemente unter genau definierten Randbedingungen (Belastungen, Bettung) wurde in enger Kooperation von FachexpertInnen der OBB-Infrastruktur AG (SAE Fachbereich Bautechnik/Tunnelbau, SAE Stab LCM und Innovationen) mit dem Lehrstuhl fur Subsurface Engineering der Montanuniversitat Leoben ein Prufstand geplant und realisiert. Am so entwickelten Prufstand konnen biaxiale Versuche mit baustellenkonformen Tubbingen durchgefuhrt werden. Durch den modularen Aufbau ist das Prufen von unterschiedlichen Tubbinggeometrien und –abmessungen moglich. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollen in die Optimierung dieser Fertigteile einfliesen. Ein Fokus des Forschungsvorhabens liegt auf der Fragestellung zur ein- bzw. zweischaligen Bauweise und deren Randbedingungen auf die Tubbinge. Ein weiterer Forschungsschwerpunkt befasst sich mit der Optimierung des Bewehrungsdesigns und der moglichen Verwendung von Faserbeton. Dieser Prufstand bietet zukunftig neue Prufmoglichkeiten zur Entwicklung neuer Technologien und Materialien des Tubbingausbaus. Zurzeit werden die ersten Versuche mit faseroptischen Sensorenkabeln, welche im Tubbing zur Dehnungsmessung implementiert sind, durchgefuhrt.

Due to uncertainties in the ground model and the spread of geotechnical properties, prediction of the exact system behaviour of underground structures is difficult in many cases. In order to manage this problem, the so-called observational approach is often applied. Monitoring plays an important role to verify or falsify design assumptions, to adjust excavation and support measures to the actual conditions and to assess the stability of the system. For the management of the residual risk a geotechnical safety management plan is implemented. The OeGG has recently published a handbook summarizing the state of the art in tunnel monitoring and geotechnical safety management. (A)

In order to obtain an enhanced understanding of the system behaviour, especially with regard to the capacity reserves of the support and general load conditions, measurement pre-cast concrete rings are used at the OBB construction lot KAT2 of the Koralm Tunnel. These are equipped with a strain gauge in each reinforcement layer, thus allowing direct measurement of the strains in every pre-cast concrete segment. Based on this information, the stress distribution in the respective segment cross-section can be calculated, allowing section forces determination by integrating them. The used interpolation method allows the presentation of the section forces over circumference of the entire ring based on the measurement data of each segment, while obeying the constraints by the issue of longitudinal joint capacity. The applied calculation method is verified by comparing its results with a numerical 3D analysis. The application of the method is presented by a case study of the measurement ring installation at the OBB construction lot KAT2 of the Koralm Tunnel. In addition, further room for research and development is briefly outlined. Um ein besseres Verstandnis des Systemverhaltens – speziell im Hinblick auf die Auslastung des Ausbaus und der vorherrschenden Belastungssituation – zu erhalten, werden beim TVM-Vortrieb auf dem Baulos Koralmtunnel 2 (KAT2) der OBB-Infrastruktur AG Tubbingsegmente mit Dehnmessgebern, sogenannte Messtubbinge, verwendet. Diese sind mit Dehnmessgebern in beiden Bewehrungslagen, in denen die Dehnungen direkt gemessen werden, ausgestattet. Anhand dieser Daten kann die Spannungsverteilung im jeweiligen Tubbingquerschnitt errechnet und in weiterer Folge konnen uber Integration die Schnittkrafte ermittelt werden. Die verwendete Interpolationsmethode ermoglicht, unter Berucksichtigung der Langsfugenbelastbarkeit, die Darstellung der Schnittkrafte uber den gesamten Umfang des Tubbingrings, ausgehend von den Ergebnissen an der jeweiligen Position der Dehnmessgeber. Die angewandte Berechnungsmethode wird zur Verifizierung mit den Resultaten einer numerischen 3D-Berechnung verglichen. Die Anwendung dieser Methodik wird anhand eines Fallbeispiels an einem Messtubbingring, der am Baulos KAT2 eingebaut wurde, vorgestellt. Zusatzlich wird noch kurz auf ausstehende Forschungsthemen und Entwicklungen eingegangen.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is a powerful tool that is progressively being applied for the separation of monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the desired detection method concerning identification of mAb variants. In biopharmaceutical applications, there exist optimized and validated electrolyte systems for mAb variant quantification. However, these electrolytes interfere greatly with the electrospray ionization (ESI) process. Here, a heart-cut CZE-CZE-MS setup with an implemented mechanical four-port valve interface was developed that used a generic ε-aminocaproic acid based background electrolyte in the first dimension and acetic acid in the second dimension. Interference-free, highly precise mass data (deviation less than 1 Da) of charge variants of trastuzumab, acting as model mAb system, were achieved. The mass accuracy obtained (low parts per million range) is discussed regarding both measured and calculated masses. Deamidation was detected for the intact model antibody, and related mass differences were significantly confirmed on the deglycosylated level. The CZE-CZE-MS setup is expected to be applicable to a variety of antibodies and electrolyte systems. Thus, it has the potential to become a compelling tool for MS characterization of antibody variants separated in ESI-interfering electrolytes. Graphical Abstract Two-dimensional capillary zone electrophoresis mass spectrometry for the characterization of intact monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants. A generic, but highly electrospray-interfering electrolyte system was used as first dimension for mAb charge variant separation and coupled to a volatile electrolyte system as second dimension via a four-port nanoliter valve. In this way, interference-free and precise mass spectrometric data of separated mAb charge variants, including deamidation products, were obtained.

Both the technical boundary conditions and the usual advance rates achieved during hard rock TBM shield drives severely limit the ability of the on-site-personnel to document the geological conditions and the system behaviour at appropriate intervals. A systematic and continuous short-term investigation of the rock mass conditions is performed on the construction lot KAT2 of the Koralm Tunnel (obtained by impact drillings and geophysical methods). The difference in scales and the fact that no continuous inspection of the ground conditions can be performed lead to a gap between the prognosis and the observed behaviour and a direct comparison is seldom possible. Based on the daily comparison between the observed behaviour and the analysed machine data, a state-of-the-art interpretation method has been developed. This method allows reliable conclusions regarding the primary aspects of the system behaviour and thus enables deductions on the geological/geotechnical conditions which have been encountered. The identification of the relevant parameters and suitable analysis methods has been performed in a “trial and error” manner: machine parameters deemed relevant in theory have been continuously compared with the observations on site and depending on the results, found usable or discarded. Reliable knowledge about the face stability, qualitative degree of fracturing of the rock mass, occurrence of over excavation in the cutter head area, the state of the annular gap and the blockiness of the rock mass can be deduced by applying this method. The results are used on daily basis by the on-site geologist and geotechnical engineer in order to verify the prognosis and recommend additional/auxiliary construction measures. Sowohl die technischen Rahmenbedingungen als auch die ublichen Vortriebsgeschwindigkeiten einer Tunnelvortriebsmaschine mit Schild (TVM-S oder TVM-DS) im Hartgestein beschranken die Fahigkeit des verantwortlichen Personals, die geologisch-geotechnischen Verhaltnisse bzw. das Systemverhalten anhand der augenscheinlichen Inspektion und der geotechnischen Messdaten zu erfassen. Da am Baulos KAT2 des Koralmtunnels eine systematische und luckenlose Vorauserkundung betrieben wird, entsteht dadurch eine “Lucke” zwischen der Prognose (anhand der Bohrungen und/oder der geophysikalischen Methoden) und den beobachteten Verhaltnissen. Auf Grundlage bestehender Veroffentlichungen konnten fur die taglichen Vergleiche zwischen dem beobachteten Systemverhalten und den analysierten Maschinendaten im Zuge des kontinuierlichen Vortriebs KAT2 ein Verfahren entwickelt werden, das zuverlassige Aussagen uber die wesentlichen Aspekte des Systemverhaltens beim kontinuierlichen Vortrieb erlaubt und somit Ruckschlusse hinsichtlich der aufgefahrenen geologisch-geotechnischen Verhaltnisse ermoglicht. Die Identifikation der relevanten Parameter und der Auswerteverfahren erfolgte im “Trial-and-error”-Verfahren: Alle theoretisch relevant erscheinenden Maschinenparameter wurden mit den Beobachtungen vor Ort verglichen und in den endgultigen Satz von aussagekraftigen Parametern aufgenommen bzw. als unbrauchbar verworfen. Zuverlassige Aussagen uber die Ortsbruststabilitat, den qualitativen Zerlegungsgrad, die Profilmashaltigkeit im Bohrkopfbereich, den Zustand des Ringspalts und die Blockigkeit des Gebirges konnen mit diesem Verfahren getroffen werden. Die Ergebnisse werden taglich von den verantwortlichen Geologen und Geotechnikern verwendet, um die Prognosen zu verifizieren, das Prognosemodell stetig fortzuschreiben und zu verfeinern und nach Erfordernis Zusatz- bzw. Sondermasnahmen zu empfehlen.

The Paierdorf ventilation facility is a part and a preparatory contract for the Koralm Tunnel KAT 3 contract, and is situated approximately 3.7 km from the western portal. It consists of a vertical 120 m deep shaft, an 88 m long expanded section of the south tunnel, access tunnel/TBM entry cavern, an approximately 100 m section in the north tunnel and a ventilation tunnel having a length of around 93 m. The shaft, the access tunnel and the top heading of the south tunnel had already been constructed during the extended exploratory programme of the Koralm Tunnel. The TBM entry cavern, the segment of the north tunnel as well as the section in the south tunnel and the ventilation tunnel were then added in 2012. The ventilation tunnel crosses over the south tunnel with a minimal separation of 2.8 m and connects to the vertical shaft. This geometrical arrangement results in complex geometry of the underground structure and complex geotechnical interaction between the parts. This paper concentrates on the prediction of system behaviour in the design phase with 2D and 3D numerical calculations and the comparison of predicted with observed behaviour during construction. Das Luftungsbauwerk Paierdorf – Teil des Koralmtunnels und vorgezogenes Baulos zum Hauptbaulos KAT 3 – befindet sich rund 3,7 km vom Westportal entfernt. Es besteht aus einem 120 m tiefen Schacht, einem rund 88 m langen aufzuweitenden Abschnitt in der Sudrohre, einem Zugangstunnel bzw. einer TVM-Einfahrkaverne, einem rund 100 m langen Abschnitt in der Nordrohre und dem ca. 93 m langen Luftungstunnel. Der Schacht, der Zugangstunnel und die Kalotte der Sudrohre wurden bereits wahrend des weiterfuhrenden Erkundungsprogamms errichtet. Die Einfahrkaverne, der Abschnitt in der Nordrohre sowie die Aufweitung in der Sudrohre und der Luftungstunnel wurden im Zuge der Bauarbeiten im Jahr 2012 aufgefahren. Der Luftungstunnel kreuzt die Sudrohre in einem Vertikalabstand von rund 2,8 m und verbindet die Nordrohre mit dem Luftungsschacht. Die geometrische Anordnung aller Bauwerksteile resultiert in einer komplexen Geometrie und einer komplexen geotechnischen Wechselwirkung zwischen den genannten Teilen. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Vorhersage des Systemverhaltens in der Planungsphase mittels numerischer 2D- und 3D-FE-Berechnungen und den Vergleich zwischen dem prognostizierten und beobachteten Verhalten in der Phase der Bauausfuhrung.

The paper deals with the challenge on structural analysis, logistics as well as on geotechnical aspects during sinking of an approximately 60 m deep construction shaft with a cross-sectional area of about 720 m2 at the Koralm Tunnel lot KAT 2. Numerical 3D simulations were used for the structural analysis. The results in terms of level of loading of the support measures and the displacements served as a basis for predicting the system behaviour of the shaft. During sinking, the behaviour of the shaft and surface was continuously monitored within the geotechnical safety management by means of 3D displacement measurements, measurement of strains in the shotcrete lining and measurements of pile inclinometers. Thereby a continuous target-performance comparison was accomplished. Special characteristics in the design and construction phase are illustrated and discussed. Der Beitrag behandelt die Herausforderung an die statische Berechnung, die Logistik im Zuge des Abteufens sowie an die Geotechnik beim rund 60 m tiefen Bauschacht des Koralmtunnels Baulos KAT 2 mit einer Querschnittsflache von insgesamt ca. 720 m2. Die statische Berechnung erfolgte mittels numerischer 3D-Simulationen. Die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Auslastungsgrad der Stutzmittel und Verschiebungsausmas dienten in weiterer Folge als Basis fur die Prognose des Systemverhaltens des Schachtbauwerks. Im Zuge des Abteufvorgangs erfolgte im Rahmen des Geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagements eine luckenlose Uberwachung des Schachtbauwerks uber 3D-Verschiebungsmessungen an der Oberflache und der Schachtlaibung, Messung von Dehnungen in der Spritzbetonausenschale sowie uber Bohrpfahlinklinometer. Dabei wurde ein standiger Soll-Ist-Vergleich gefuhrt. Besonderheiten in der Planung und Bauausfuhrung werden aufgezeigt und diskutiert.

When dealing with tunnels in difficult ground conditions the knowledge of rock mass parameters is of utmost importance to ensure an economical and safe tunnel design. In order to meet this goal a proper geomechanical characterization is imperative. The Koralmtunnel in Austria, for which exploratory tunnels were constructed between 2004 and 2010 in Carinthia, will pass a roughly 450 m long section of the so called Lavanttal fault zone. In order to gain detailed information about the properties and the mechanical behaviour of the surrounding rock mass in the fault zone an extensive in-situ test program was conducted in a test adit. This paper describes the design and the execution of the in-situ tests and measurements. The evaluation and results are discussed in detail. The in-situ testing yields reliable and valuable information for geomechanical design of underground structures. It is pointed out that sometimes it can not be replaced by mere laboratory testing and numerical tools, no matter how advanced they may be. Die Kenntnis der Gebirgsparameter ist vor allem bei Tunnelbauten in schwachem Gebirge von enormer Wichtigkeit, um eine wirtschaftliche und vor allem sichere Tunnelplanung zu gewahrleisten. Eine grundliche geomechanische Charakterisierung ist deshalb unumganglich. Der Koralmtunnel in Osterreich, fur den von 2004 bis 2010 Erkundungstunnel auf Karntner Seite errichtet wurden, wird auf ca. 450 m die Lavanttaler Hauptstorungszone durchortern. Um detaillierte Information uber die Eigenschaften und das mechanische Verhalten des umgebenden Gebirges in der Storungszone zu erhalten, wurde im Rahmen eines erganzenden Erkundungsprogramms ein umfangreiches Versuchsprogramm in einem Instrumentierungsstollen durchgefuhrt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Planung und Durchfuhrung der Versuche und Messungen. Die Auswertemethoden und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse werden detailliert dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass In-situ-Versuche zuverlassige und wertvolle Informationen fur die geotechnische Planung von Untertagebauwerken liefern. In vielen Fallen konnen oder durfen In-situ-Versuche nicht durch reine Laborversuche oder numerische Berechnungen ersetzt werden.

In many countries observations of the system behaviour are executed during tunnel construction. However, the enormous potential of modern monitoring and evaluation methods is frequently not utilised. This paper presents different and nowadays common evaluation methods and their benefit is highlighted. Case studies are used for illustration. Beobachtungen des Systemverhaltens wahrend des Tunnelbaus werden in vielen Landern durchgefuhrt. Haufig wird jedoch das enorme Potenzial moderner Mess- und Auswertemethoden nicht ausgeschopft. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene derzeit ubliche Auswertemethoden dargestellt und deren Nutzen hervorgehoben. Fallbeispiele dienen zur Illustration.

Despite extensive geological investigations, uncertainties in the ground model often remain. The residual risks associated with this during the construction phase cannot generally be estimated precisely enough in advance. Given such boundary conditions the use of the observational method in line with the principles of the Eurocode EC 7 is therefore required. In order to guarantee safe and economical tunnelling, especially in shallow tunnelling projects, it is vital that a qualified geotechnical safety management programme is implemented during the construction phase. Successful implementation of the geotechnical safety management programme during the construction phase is based on the designer completely defining the anticipated behaviour and on constant target-performance comparisons of the system behaviour by an on-site geotechnical engineer. Advanced data evaluation tools and methods support the continuous interpretation of system behaviour, the early detection of deviations and checking the results against warning and alarm criteria. This paper deals with the fundamentals, requirements and demands of such a management system and describes its practical implementation during the construction phase based on specific OBB-Infrastruktur AG project case histories. Trotz umfassender geologischer Vorerkundungen verbleiben im Tunnelbau vielfach Unsicherheiten im Baugrundmodell. Die damit verbundenen Restrisiken wahrend des Baus konnen meist nicht hinreichend genau im Voraus abgeschatzt werden. Derartige Rahmenbedingungen erfordern daher den Einsatz einer Beobachtungsmethode gemas den Prinzipien des Eurocodes EC 7. Dabei ist im Zuge der Bauausfuhrung, insbesondere bei oberflachennahen Tunnelprojekten, zur Gewahrleistung eines sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Vortriebs die Implementierung eines qualifizierten Geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagements unerlasslich. Die erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagements wahrend der Bauausfuhrung beruht auf einer umfassenden Definition des erwarteten Verhaltens durch den Planer und einem standigen Soll/Ist-Vergleich des Systemverhaltens durch einen Geotechniker vor Ort. Fortschrittliche Werkzeuge und Methoden zur Messdatenauswertung unterstutzen in der laufenden Interpretation des aktuellen Systemverhaltens, der Fruherkennung von Abweichungen und der Uberprufung gegenuber Warn- und Alarmkriterien. Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Grundlagen, Voraussetzungen und Anspruche eines derartigen Managementsystems und erlautert die praktische Umsetzung im Zuge der Bauausfuhrung anhand von konkreten Fallbeispielen aus Projekten der OBB-Infrastruktur AG.

With a length of 32.9 km, the Koralm tunnel is the key structure on the route of the new 130 km Koralm railway between Graz and Klagenfurt (Austria). This paper defines the most important boundary conditions for dividing the sections and for selecting the methods of tunnelling (sequential or continuous). The focus of the article is mainly on section KAT 3, in which both tertiary sediments and crystalline rock sequences, including the Lavanttal fault zone, are excavated by sequential and continuous tunnelling. The considerations for this section also include the decision to excavate the sediments and the Lavanttal fault zone using a shield machine with earth pressure components. The criteria for defining the different operating modes are described. Der Koralmtunnel mit einer Lange von 32,9 km stellt das Schlusselbauwerk entlang der 130 km langen neuen Koralmbahn zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag legt die wesentlichen Randbedingungen zur Einteilung der Baulose und zur Wahl der jeweiligen Vortriebsmethode (zyklisch oder kontinuierlich) dar. Der Fokus ist dabei hauptsachlich auf das Baulos KAT 3 gerichtet, in dem sowohl tertiare Sedimente als auch kristalline Gesteinsabfolgen mitsamt der Lavanttaler Storungszone im zyklischen und im kontinuierlichen Vortrieb durchortert werden. Die Betrachtungen fur dieses Baulos umfassen auch die Entscheidungsfindung, die Sedimente und die Lavanttaler Storungszone mittels Schildmaschine mit Erddruckkomponenten aufzufahren. Die Kriterien zur Abgrenzung der unterschiedlichen Betriebsmodi werden dargestellt.

Large deformations are usual for tunnel excavation in weak rock mass and high overburden. In order to avoid overloading the support, various ductile support systems have been developed in the last 15 years to permit the controlled build-up of load in the lining. The design of such a ductile support system requires the consideration of the development of displacements in space and time, the time-dependent properties of the shotcrete and the characteristics of the ductile elements. The requirements for a yielding system are described. The latest developments in yielding elements for use with shotcrete support are discussed and their general performance and effectiveness are explained. Bei Tunnelvortrieben in Gebirge geringer Qualitat und hoher Uberlagerung treten in der Regel grose Verformungen auf. Zur Vermeidung einer Uberbeanspruchung des Ausbaus wurden in den letzten 15 Jahren unterschiedliche duktile Ausbausysteme entwickelt, die einen kontrollierten Lastaufbau in der Auskleidung erlauben. Zur Auslegung eines solchen duktilen Ausbaus mussen die raumliche und zeitliche Entwicklung der Verschiebungen sowie die zeitabhangigen Eigenschaften des Spritzbetons und die Charakteristik der duktilen Elemente berucksichtigt werden. Die Anforderungen an ein nachgiebiges System werden dargelegt. Die jungsten Entwicklungen von Stauchelementen in Zusammenhang mit Spritzbetonauskleidungen werden gezeigt und deren generelle Leistung und Wirksamkeit durchleuchtet.

Using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), almost all geotechnical conditions and required geometries for underground structures are built in a safe and economic way. In order to achieve the required safety level, both a systematic geotechnical design but also a fair contractual model for all involved partners have to be implemented into the design and construction process. Using the latest standards of NATM internationally, essential new principles, which were developed within the last few years, are given in this paper.