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Mutants lacking functional HYD2 homoeologs showed improved seedling growth, but comparable or increased susceptibility to salt stress in tillering plants, suggesting a developmentally restricted role of HYD2 in salt response. Salinity stress threatens global food security by reducing the yield of staple crops such as wheat (Triticum ssp.). Understanding how wheat responds to salinity stress is crucial for developing climate resilient varieties. In this study, we examined the interplay between carotenoid metabolism and the response to salt (NaCl) stress, a specific form of salinity stress, in tetraploid wheat plants with mutations in carotenoid β-hydroxylase 1 (HYD1) and HYD2. Our investigation encompassed both the vulnerable seedling stage and the more developed tillering stage of wheat plant growth. Mutant combinations lacking functional HYD2 homoeologs, including hyd-A2 hyd-B2, hyd-A1 hyd-A2 hyd-B2, hyd-B1 hyd-A2 hyd-B2, and hyd-A1 hyd-B1 hyd-A2 hyd-B2, had longer first true leaves and slightly enhanced root growth during germination under salt stress compared to the segregate wild-type (control) plants. Interestingly, these mutant seedlings also showed decreased levels of neoxanthin and violaxanthin (xanthophylls derived from β-carotene) and an increase in β-carotene in roots. However, tillering hyd mutant and segregate wild-type plants generally did not differ in their height, tiller count, and biomass production under acute or prolonged salt stress, except for decreases in these parameters observed in the hyd-A1 hyd-B1 hyd-A2 hyd-B2 mutant that indicate its heightened susceptibility to salt stress. Taken together, these findings suggest a significant, yet developmentally restricted role of HYD2 homoeologs in salt-stress response in tetraploid wheat. They also show that hyd-A2 hyd-B2 mutant plants, previously demonstrated for possessing enriched nutritional (β-carotene) content, maintain an unimpaired ability to withstand salt stress.

Background: Limited evidence exists about the relationship between serum carotenoid and mortality in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients, and the effects of medication use on this association remains unclear. Methods: The study encompassed 2,521 MetS patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2006 and 2017–2018. A total of 7 serum carotenoids were evaluated. Death data were sourced from the National Death Index, with causes assessed using ICD-10 codes. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and random survival forest (RSF) were utilized to investigate serum carotenoid mixture on mortality and identify key carotenoids. "Qgcompint" R package was used to explore the modifying effects of medication use. Results: The serum carotenoid levels at baseline ranged from 0.04 to 1.37 µmol/L. During a follow-up of 15.1 years, there were 696 deaths (27.61%), with 247 (35.49%) by cardiovascular disease (CVD), 148 (21.26%) by cancer, and 301 (43.25%) by other diseases. Individual and combined serum carotenoids were negatively associated with all-cause mortality (HR range:0.70–0.88, 95%CI range:0.56–0.99, all P < 0.05). α-carotene (VIMP = 0.223 in RSF) and lutein/zeaxanthin (PIP = 1.000 in BKMR) emerged as the greatest contributors to all-cause mortality. Lipid-lowering drugs attenuate the negative effect of serum carotenoids on MetS patients' mortality (Pint = 0.014). Conclusion: The present study identified a protective effect of serum carotenoid on mortality in MetS patients, which was probably weakened by lipid-lowering drugs. Early dietary interventions for MetS patients taking lipid-lowering drugs, particularly those rich in carotenoids like α-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin, could help reduce mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive coefficient models generalize linear regression models by assuming that the relationship between the response and some covariates is linear, while their regression coefficients are additive functions. Because of its advantages in dealing with the "curse of dimensionality", additive coefficient models gain a lot of attention. The commonly used estimation methods for additive coefficient models are not robust against high leverage points. To circumvent this difficulty, we develop a robust variable selection procedure based on the exponential squared loss function and group penalty for the additive coefficient models, which can tackle outliers in the response and covariates simultaneously. Under some regularity conditions, we show that the oracle estimator is a local solution of the proposed method. Furthermore, we apply the local linear approximation and minorization-maximization algorithm for the implementation of the proposed estimator. Meanwhile, we propose a data-driven procedure to select the tuning parameters. Simulation studies and an application to a plasma beta-carotene level data set illustrate that the proposed method can offer more reliable results than other existing methods in contamination schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic ingestion of foods containing elevated levels of beta carotene, a common dietary staple endemic in West Africa, may promote the development of yellow to orange hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosa and skin. This benign condition, known as carotenemia or hypercarotenemia, has received little attention in the general dental literature. The aim of this case report is to increase awareness of this phenomenon by describing the clinical presentation of a patient from Nigeria with conspicuous yellow discoloration of the floor of the mouth and soft palatal mucosa. Attending clinicians should seek clinicopathologic correlations of yellow mucocutaneous discoloration, most notably jaundice associated with hepatitis. In this case, the patient's normal liver biomarkers, absence of dermal manifestations, and high intake of beta carotene-rich foods led to a diagnosis of carotenemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical, nutritional, and biological features of wild carob pulp from Tanzight (TN), Ait-Waada (AW), and Tizi-ghnayn (TG) in Azilal were studied. The results of the study reveal that the carob pulp examined has a low-fat level. AW had the most total sugar (78.34 ± 3.00%), total reducing sugar (27.20 ± 2.89%), crude fiber (14.21 ± 1.23%), sucrose (24.303 ± 0.038%), sodium (153.7 ± 18.52 mg/kg), pH (5.599 ± 0.05), and total polyphenol content (4134.50 ± 17.91 mg GAE/100 g DW). TG has higher amounts of potassium (11373 ± 153.7 mg/kg), calcium (4345 ± 7.211 mg/kg), phosphorus (3551 ± 175.1 mg/kg), magnesium (1347 ± 52.43 mg/kg), fructose (7.635 ± 0.012%), and total flavonoids (1678.08 ± 24.05 mg RE/100 g DW). TN has the highest levels of crude protein (5.607 ± 0.047%), moisture (9.33 ± 0.57%), ash (4.16 ± 0.02%), glucose (2.956 ± 0.047%), and total condensed tannins (529.61 ± 6.76 mg CE/100 g DW). The ethanol extract derived from AW exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 1245.83 ± 26.33 µg ascorbic acid equivalent /mg extract and IC50 values of 18.45 ± 1.41 µg/mL, 124.98 ± 5.21 µg/mL, and 24.87 ± 1.30 µmol/mL for 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), beta carotene (β-Carotene), and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), respectively. Furthermore, AW has demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The analysed samples also demonstrated encouraging anti-cancer effects on MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The biological activities were confirmed through molecular docking analysis, identifying naringin and quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside as related compounds. Additionally, ADME analyses have revealed that all the synthetic compounds examined in this study demonstrate high intestinal absorption, meet Lipinski's criteria, indicating their potential suitability for oral drug development. Based on these findings, wild carob pulp from Azilal province may contain bioactive compounds and nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasma β-Carotene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin concentrations were associated with PKD1L2/BCO1. • These genome-wide association study findings were not replicated in other ethnic groups. • Genetic variant-based nutrition recommendations may help optimize carotenoid intake. Carotenoid consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases. Inter-individual genetic variation may explain some of the observed differences in plasma carotenoid concentrations between individuals. Identifying genetic variants associated with circulating carotenoids in young adults may help identify individuals at increased risk for developing conditions associated with low carotenoids later in life. We hypothesize that common genetic variants are associated with circulating carotenoid concentrations in a population of young adults. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) on plasma carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) was conducted in Caucasians (n = 393) from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. Replication cohorts included individuals of Caucasian (n = 193), East Asian (n = 436) and South Asian (n = 135) ethnicity. Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, BMI, total serum cholesterol, dietary carotenoid intake and population structure were used to identify associations between genetic variants and plasma carotenoids. Associations that met the threshold for genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8) in unadjusted and partially adjusted models were not observed in the replication cohorts. No variants achieved genome-wide significance in fully adjusted models. Previously identified associations between variation in the PKD1L2/BCO1 region and β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin were replicated in the GWAS cohort (p <.05). Established variation in the PKD1L2/BCO1 region is associated with plasma carotenoids. These variants may help to identify individuals who require greater amounts of these antioxidants and to provide precision nutrition recommendations for optimal intake of various carotenoids. A genome-wide association study investigating circulating plasma concentrations of common dietary carotenoids was conducted in a population of young adults. Genetic variation in the PKD1L2/BCO1 region was found to be associated with plasma concentrations of β-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Such variants may help to identify individuals who require greater amounts of these antioxidants and provide precision nutrition recommendations for optimal intake of various carotenoids. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the protective effect of beta-carotene against STZ-induced DN in rats and explore the possible underlying mechanisms that may have mediated such condition. Material and Methods: Wistar rats were allocated into four groups. Normal group received distilled water for 3 weeks. The other three groups were rendered diabetic by an intraperitoneal dose of STZ (50 mg/kg), 48 h later, group 2: received the vehicle and served as control, groups (3 &4) received orally beta-carotene in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively for 3 weeks. Then serum and renal tissue were collected for biochemical, molecular, immunohistopathological, and histopathological examination. Results: Beta-carotene ameliorated the reduction in body weight, reduced blood glucose, elevated serum insulin, reduced blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels. Beta-carotene elevated phosphorylated 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/AMPK, alleviated phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)/mTOR, reduced interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), increased Beclin 1, LC3II/LC3I, and reduced p62 renal contents. Moreover, it elevated renal SIRT1 gene expression and reduced renal tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 protein expressions. Conclusion: Beta-carotene exerted renoprotective effect against STZ-induced DN and histopathological alterations through alleviating hyperglycemia, attenuating inflammation, activating AMPK/SIRT1/autophagy pathway, and combating apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first genetically engineered or modified crops or organisms (GMO) were approved for commercial production in 1995, no new GMO has been proven to be a hazard or cause harm to human consumers. These modifications have improved crop efficiency, reduced losses to insect pests, reduced losses to viral and microbial plant pathogens and improved drought tolerance. A few have focused on nutritional improvements producing beta carotene in Golden Rice. Regulators in the United States and countries signing the CODEX Alimentarius and Cartagena Biosafety agreements have evaluated human and animal food safety considering potential risks of allergenicity, toxicity, nutritional and anti-nutritional risks. They consider risks for non-target organisms and the environment. There are no cases where post-market surveillance has uncovered harm to consumers or the environment including potential transfer of DNA from the GMO to non-target organisms. In fact, many GMOs have helped improve production, yield and reduced risks from chemical insecticides or fungicides. Yet there are generic calls to label foods containing any genetic modification as a GMO and refusing to allow GM events to be labeled as organic. Many African countries have accepted the Cartagena Protocol as a tool to keep GM events out of their countries while facing food insecurity. The rationale for those restrictions are not rational. Other issues related to genetic diversity, seed production and environmental safety must be addressed. What can be done to increase acceptance of safe and nutritious foods as the population increases, land for cultivation is reduced and energy costs soar? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berula erecta L. is traditionally used for the treatment of various human ailments. The present project was arranged to study the antioxidant and anti-Parkinson efficacy of B. erecta extracts against rotenone-induced Parkinson diseases in rats. Fine powder of the plant was extracted with methanol and then fractionated through various solvents with increasing order of polarity. Phytochemical screenings were done using standard protocols and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while in-vitro antioxidant activities of plant fractions were evaluated using different free radicals. In-vivo anti-Parkinson and oxidative dysfunction experiments were conducted in rats. Results revealed that various fractions possessed flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids saponins, tannin, anthraquinon, and phlobatanine, while terpeniods and alkaloids were absent in aqueous fraction. Chromatographic analysis of methanol fraction showed the presence of various bioactive compounds viz., vitexin, orientin, rutin, catechin and myricetin. In-vitro antioxidant activities of various fractions of Berula erecta (B.erecta) showed that methanol fraction has remarkable scavenging efficacy of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta carotene, and superoxide free radicals followed by chloroform fraction. Free radicals produced by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl free radicals were considerably scavenged by methanol fraction followed by ethyl acetate fractions. In-vivo study of animal model showed that methanol fraction has significant recovery effects at behavioural, physiological and biochemical level against rotenone induced Parkinson disease. B.erecta has significantly improved rotenone-induced motor and nonmotor deficits (depression and cognitive impairments), increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced neurotransmitter changes. It has been concluded from the present data that B.erecta enhances neurotransmitter levels by alleviating oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity, hence improving motor activity, cognitive functioning, and decreasing depressed behavior. These data suggest that B. erecta may be a promising medicinal agent for reducing the risk and progression of Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-carotene (BCR) is the most abundant carotenoid, a colorant, antioxidant, and provitamin A. The extreme hydrophobicity of this hydrocarbon requires special mechanisms for distribution in aqueous media, including water-soluble carotenoproteins. However, all known carotenoproteins prefer oxygenated carotenoids and bind BCR inefficiently. Here, we present the crystal structure of the BCR-binding protein (BBP) from gregarious male locusts, which is responsible for their vivid yellow body coloration, in complex with its natural ligand, BCR. BBP forms an antiparallel tubular homodimer with α/β-wrap folded monomers, each forming a hydrophobic 47 Å long, coaxial tunnel that opens outward and is occupied by one s-cisC6-C7, all-trans BCR molecule. In the BCR absence, BBP accepts a range of xanthophylls, with reduced efficiency depending on the position and number of oxygen atoms, but rejects lycopene. The structure captures a pigment complex with a Takeout 1 protein and inspires potential applications of BBP as a BCR solubilizer. [Display omitted] • Crystal structure of a soluble protein in complex with β-carotene (BBP) determined • Extended BBP dimer has tubular subunits each binding a single β-carotene molecule • BBP is selective for β-carotene, rejects lycopene, and tolerates some xanthophylls • BBP apoform shows efficient ligand-assisted refolding when dissolved in 8 M urea Among soluble carotenoproteins, those binding carotenes are rare. Egorkin et al. determined the crystal structure of genuine β-carotene-binding protein (BBP) from gregarious locusts responsible for their yellow body coloration. Reconstitution studies revealed a selectivity for β-carotene, inability to bind lycopene, and unusual blue spectral shifts for carotenoids upon binding to BBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the global importance of sweet potatoes as a nutrient-rich staple food, this research aimed to find the optimal cultivation practices to improve both yield and carotenoid content, with a particular focus on enhancing β-carotene content. In this study, the effects of different cultivation methods and plant densities on the agronomic parameters, physiological characteristics and carotenoid content of the 'Beauregard' variety were investigated across two consecutive growing seasons. Besides storage root yield, the key physiological parameters, including SPAD and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), were monitored to assess plant health and photosynthetic performance. Carotenoid content, including trans-β-carotene, cis-β-carotene, and ζ-carotene, was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that the ridge cultivation method, particularly when combined with twin-row planting, consistently produced the highest yields, reaching the maximum of 40.87 t ha−1 in 2020. The flat cultivation method, especially in simple rows, showed the lowest yield. The analysis revealed that plant density had a more pronounced effect on yield and carotenoid content than the ridge or flat cultivation method alone. The maximum β-carotene content was achieved in the simple row (17,500 plants/ha) treatment planted on ridges with 247 µg/g. Significant correlations between both SPAD readings and Fv/Fm and yield were revealed, but no correlations with storage root carotenoid content were found. This suggests that, while these leaf physiological traits can be used to estimate the yield, they are not directly associated with the carotene content of the storage root. The study highlights the ridge cultivation and 35,000 plants/ha method as a stable and high-yielding option for 'Beauregard' in terms of improving and balancing the yield and carotenoid content; however, reducing the plant density resulted in elevated carotenoid content with significant yield reductions. The findings contribute to the understanding of how agronomic practices influence the nutritional and physiological traits of sweet potatoes, with implications for improving food security and nutritional outcomes in sweet potato cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for food is increasing and the use of soil organic amendments in agricultural management practices has been instructed to increase crop yield and reduce dependence on synthetic inorganic fertilizers at low cost to limited resource farmers. However, the effect of organic amendments on the quality and nutritional composition of edible plants has received little attention. Locally available organic amendments (sewage sludge SS, chicken manure CM, cow manure Cow, vermicompost Vermi, and biochar Bio) were chosen to test their impact on field-grown sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas L. yield, root quality, and root nutritional composition. The results indicated that utilizing Cow manure in growing sweet potatoes significantly promoted root yield and root nutritional composition. Cow treatment produced the greatest number of roots compared to Bio, CM, SS, and the control treatments. The results also revealed that the concentrations of vitamin C (260. 3 µg g−1), β-carotene (45.4 µg g−1), soluble sugars (16.7 mg g−1), and total phenols (196.3 3 µg g−1 fresh roots) were greater in the roots of plants grown in Cow compared to the roots of the control treatment. The results indicated the low impact of biochar whereas Cow is recommended for enhancing sweet potato yield and nutritional composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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β-carotene is one of the most diverse and effective antioxidants in natural fat-soluble pigments in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Much attention has been attracted in recent years, due to its potential antibacterial properties and anticancer agents. Among them, microbial synthesis can be expected to serve as the everincreasingly important source of β-carotene, due to the lower cost, higher safety, and easy large-scale production, compared with animal and plant extraction and industrial synthesis. Light stimulation of carotenoid synthesis is also the earliest and most studied regulatory mechanism in fungi. The genome of Mucor circinelloides can be better used in the β-carotene synthesis mechanism, due to the efficient genetic transformation, gene replacement, and silencing, as well as the ability to express foreign genes. This study aims to clarify the molecular mechanism in the specific metabolic process of β-carotene synthesis, where the microorganisms were stimulated by light. A systematic transcriptomic analysis was then made using high-performance liquid chromatography and Illumina Hiseq 2000. The gene changes and functional annotation was determined in β-carotene accumulation and metabolic pathway of Mucor circinelloides WJ11 after light stimulation, respectively. The fermentation results showed that the cell dry weight was slightly higher under light exposure than under dark conditions, the maximum of which was up to 14.8 g/L under light exposure for 1 440 min. There was a high rate of glucose consumption. The concentration of residual glucose was about 7.0 g/L in the medium at the late fermentation stage. In addition, the lipid content significantly increased, reaching 35.3% of the dry weight of cells. β-carotene was at the lower level under the two cultures before light. There was no difference in production. Mucor circinelloides WJ11 accumulated the maximum pigment amount under 1 440 min of continuous light. The pigment amounts under light and dark conditions were 458.3 and 218.7 μg/g, respectively, and then the β-carotene production slowly decreased. The samples were collected at different times under light and dark conditions for the latter transcriptomic analysis. The annotation of the Kyoto encyclopedia in the genes and genomes (KEGG) database showed that a maximum of 5 598 differential genes were annotated to obtain 119 metabolic pathways. The significantly enriched metabolic pathway "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites" was closely related to β-carotene accumulation in Mucor circinelloides. In addition, accumulated pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway after 120 min of light exposure was converted into acetaldehyde in the cytoplasm, and then activated the pyruvate-acetaldehyde-acetic acid cycle, thus supplying more precursor acetyl-CoA for pigment synthesis. Furthermore, the expression of mevalonate pathway genes was enhanced significantly, leading to a sharp increase in β-carotene synthesis. The lipid accumulation and β-carotene synthesis were stabilized after 1 440 min of light exposure. There was an accumulation of acetyl-CoA to affect the higher activity of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT). However, the activity of the mevalonate pathway decreased instead, and β-carotene accumulation decreased as well. Meantime, the decreased expression of acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and ATP: Citrate lyase (ACL) allowed for more carbon sources to flux into the TCA cycle. The transcriptional analysis of differential genes showed that light stimulation increased the utilization rate of glucose, in order to rapidly metabolize into the energy for growth, such as fermentation. The transcription levels of three White collar-1 (WC-1) were significantly down-regulated after 120 min of light exposure, indicating the key regulatory proteins for β-carotene synthesis. The findings can provide theoretical support for the molecular mechanism and genetic modification of β-carotene synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Published analyses of prostate cancer nested case–control and survival data in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort suggested that men with higher baseline vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have both (i) increased prostate cancer risk and (ii) decreased prostate cancer-specific fatality. Methods To investigate possible factors responsible for a spurious association with prostate cancer fatality, we reanalysed baseline serum vitamin D associations with prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer-specific fatality in case–control data nested within the ATBC Study (1000 controls and 1000 incident prostate cancer cases). Conditional logistic regression and Cox proportion hazard models were used, respectively, to estimate odds ratios for risk and hazard ratios for prostate cancer-specific fatality, overall and by disease aggressiveness. We replicated these case–control analyses using baseline serum measurements of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), beta-carotene and retinol (vitamin A), and used the entire ATBC Study cohort (⁠ n  = 29 085) to estimate marginal associations between these baseline vitamins and prostate cancer incidence and fatality following blood collection. Results Vitamin D analyses agreed closely with those originally published, with opposite risk and fatality associations. By contrast, the analyses of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol yielded concordant associations for prostate cancer incidence and prostate cancer-specific fatality. Conclusions We found evidence of neither artefacts in the nested prostate cancer case–control data set nor detection or collider biases in the fatality analyses. The present findings therefore support a valid inverse (i.e. beneficial) association between vitamin D and prostate cancer-specific survival that warrants further evaluation, including possibly in controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced pigmentation (DIP) is estimated to account for 20% of all cases of acquired hyperpigmentation. Over 50 agents have been implicated, including antibiotics, antimalarials, antiretrovirals, antipsychotics, prostaglandin analogs, heavy metals, and chemotherapeutic agents. The skin, mucosal surfaces, nails, and hair can all be affected, with the color, distribution, onset, and duration of pigmentation varying between offending agents. Both a thorough physical examination and medication history are necessary to determine the offending agent. In terms of mechanism, DIP occurs most frequently through the accumulation of melanin within the dermis but also by drug accumulation, pigment synthesis, and iron deposition. Photoprotection, including applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen, wearing photoprotective clothing, and seeking shade, plays an important role in the prevention of exacerbation of DIP. Multiple lasers, including the picosecond alexandrite, Q-switched Nd:YAG, Q-switched alexandrite, and Q-switched ruby lasers, have been successful in obtaining clearance of DIP. In this review, we examine the unique characteristics of each of the inciting agents in terms of incidence, clinical presentation, time to onset and resolution, and pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is the mainstay of food and animal feed globally. Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, accounts for a significant global loss of stored maize annually. Twenty-one maize genotypes were evaluated for their reaction to attack by maize weevil during storage and the influence of nutritional contents on their response to the weevil attack. Fifty grams of whole grains of each genotype were infested in three replications with 20 unsexed weevils in a 250 ml test tube and kept under ambient conditions for 36 days. The nutritional attributes of the maize genotypes were determined. Genotype TZB-SR-A had the thickest (7.32 mm) grains, while TZEE-WSTR had the thinnest grains (3.46 mm). Crude protein ranged from 8.43 to 12.78% for NG/SA/07/029 and TZB-SR-B, respectively. Beta-carotene ranged from 38.91 to 51.22% for Igbogbo Local and EVDT-Y2000-STR, respectively. Genotypes TZM-212, TZM-1296, TZB-SR-B, and TZM-1311 showed no appreciable loss in grain weight, while EVDT-Y2000-STR, which had the highest beta-carotene content, showed the highest weight loss of 2 g. These indicate sufficient differences among the maize genotypes for improvement for weevil resistance. Furthermore, the findings of the present study suggest a potential role of beta-carotene in influencing the feeding preference of S. zeamais on maize grains. Genotypes TB87/97/15, TZB-SR-A, TZB-SR-B, TZM-1311, and TZM-144 should be targeted for future improvement of the trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frying makes food tasty; therefore, most people prefer the intake of fried foods to unfried foods. Oil for frying is mostly used again due to cost, and this can pose health hazards to the consumer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of reused frying oils. Methods: Twenty samples of reused oils collected from fried food vendors in May 2021. Using an experimental study, the samples were analysed and Peroxide, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Saponification, Iodine Values as well as rancidity and beta carotene were determined. Data from laboratory assays were analysed with Microsoft excel 2013 and SPSS v.26.0. Results: Moisture content was observed to decrease as median from 1.19% (0.20-4.04%) for oils reused after a day to 0.60% for oils reused after 2 days with a significant effect (pvalue= 0.049), indicating that the quality of reused frying oil was affected by repeated use. The moisture content was also observed to be higher in oils in which plant products were fried compared to those in which animal products were fried. The Peroxide Value was recorded as 16.80 (5.80-55.80) and 21.90 (11.50-32.30) mEq/kg for oils with 10-20 and 21- 40 min frying times, respectively; whilst their moisture content decreased from 0.97 (0.19- 2.55) to 0.68% (0.60-0.77%) for 10-20 and 21-40 min, respectively. The authors also observed that factors such as the duration of reuse and storage after frying, conditions of storage, type of food fried in the oil, and the period of frying per food batch impacted the quality attributes of the reused oils. The FFA composition for instance increased with the duration of use of the oils. Furthermore, oils stored in plastic bottles recorded higher FFA values compared to those stored in frying pans. Conclusion: The findings show the need for fried food vendors to reduce the duration of storage of reused frying oil, and avoid storage conditions that expose oils to excess light. Also, the development of quality standards for highly patronised oils needs to be established to ascertain the impact of low-temperature long-time and high-temperature short-time treatments of the oils among non-existent jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vivo study performed in rat adjuvant arthritis aims to advance the understanding of astaxanthin's therapeutic properties for the possible treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in monotherapy and along with the standard RA treatment, methotrexate (MTX), in combination therapy. The main goal was to elucidate astaxanthin's full therapeutic potential, evaluate its dose dependency, and compare its effects in monotherapy with other carotenoids such as β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin (KXAN). Moreover, potential differences in therapeutic activity caused by using different sources of astaxanthin, synthetic (ASYN) versus isolated from Blakeslea trispora (ASTAP), were evaluated using one-way ANOVA (Tukey-Kramer post hoc test). KXAN was the most effective in reducing plasma MMP-9 levels in monotherapy, significantly better than MTX, and in reducing hind paw swelling. The differences in the action of ASTAP and ASYN have been observed across various biometric, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative parameters. In combined therapy with MTX, the ASYN + MTX combination proved to be better. These findings, especially the significant anti-arthritic effect of KXAN and ASYN + MTX, could be the basis for further preclinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides its sensory characteristics, campolay fruit has the potential to be functional food. The yellow color of campolay fruit indicates the presence of carotenoids. One highly beneficial group of carotenoids is beta-carotene, which is abundantly available in agricultural products and makes this compound one of the most advantageous components in the prevention and treatment of various types of eye diseases. HPLC, which stands for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, is a chemical analysis technique used to separate, identify, and measure the components in a solution mixture. The beta-carotene testing process in campolay fruit is conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipment with a visible light detector at a wavelength of 446 nm. From the HPLC analysis, the regression equation obtained is y = 366032x - 6388. From the standard beta-carotene solution, a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9996. The peak area of the campolay fruit extract was obtained. The sample concentration is calculated by comparing the peak area of the sample with the peak area of the standard beta-carotene, resulting in the beta-carotene concentration of the campolay fruit extract using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Based on the beta)carotene concentration of the campolay fruit obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the beta-carotene concentration of the campolay fruit is 0.15 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we sought to validate the use of Euphorbia calyptrata (L.), a Saharan and Mediterranean medicinal plant, in traditional pharmacopeia. GC‐MS/MS identified volatile compounds of potential therapeutic interest. Antioxidant tests were performed using β‐carotene decolorization, DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, beta‐carotene bleaching, and TAC. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on solid and liquid media for bacterial and fungal strains to determine the zone of inhibition and the minimum growth concentration (MIC) of the microbes tested. The hemolytic activity of these essential oils was assessed on red blood cells isolated from rat blood. Phytochemical characterization of the terpenic compounds by GC‐MS/MS revealed 31 compounds, with alpha‐Pinene dominating (35.96 %). The antioxidant power of the essential oils tested revealed an IC50 of 67.28 μg/mL (DPPH), EC50 of 80.25.08±1.42 μg/mL (FRAP), 94.83±2.11 μg/mL (beta carotene) and 985.07±0.70 μg/mL (TAC). Evaluating solid media's antibacterial and antifungal properties revealed a zone of inhibition between 10.28 mm and 25.80 mm and 31.48 and 34.21 mm, respectively. On liquid media, the MIC ranged from 10.27 μg/mL to 24.91 μg/mL for bacterial strains and from 9.32 μg/mL to 19.08 μg/mL for fungal strains. In molecular docking analysis, the compounds naphthalene, shogunal, and manol oxide showed the greatest activity against NADPH oxidase, with Glide G scores of −5.294, −5.218 and −5.161 kcal/mol, respectively. For antibacterial activity against E. coli beta‐ketoacyl‐[acyl carrier protein] synthase, the most potent molecules were cis‐Calamenene, alpha.‐Muurolene and Terpineol, with Glide G‐scores of −6.804, −6.424 and −6.313 kcal/mol, respectively. Hemolytic activity revealed a final inhibition of 9.42±0.33 % for a 100 μg/mL concentration. The essential oils tested have good antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hemolytic properties thanks to their rich phytochemical composition, and molecular docking analysis confirmed their biological potency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a critical step in advancing the simulation of photosynthetic complexes, we present the Martini 3 coarse-grained (CG) models of key cofactors associated with light harvesting (LHCII) proteins and the photosystem II (PSII) core complex. Our work focuses on the parametrization of beta-carotene, plastoquinone/quinol, violaxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and heme. We derived the CG parameters to match the all-atom reference simulations, while structural and thermodynamic properties of the cofactors were compared to experimental values when available. To further assess the reliability of the parameterization, we tested the behavior of these cofactors within their physiological environments, specifically in a lipid bilayer and bound to photosynthetic complexes. The results demonstrate that our CG models maintain the essential features required for realistic simulations. This work lays the groundwork for detailed simulations of the PSII-LHCII super-complex, providing a robust parameter set for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the changes in total sugar, ascorbic acid, α- tocopherol and β-carotene content of fresh fruits of rosehip species during ripening, for three years. Fruits of selected genotypes belonging to Rosa dumalis, R.canina and R.villosa were used. Fruits were harvested in six different times based on hyphantium color change or flesh softening. The total sugars of R.dumalis, R.canina, and R.villosa fruits ranged between 11.22-16.68, 9.28-13.90, and 9.28-16.31%, respectively. Also, ascorbic acids varied between 767.1-1324.9, 168.7-481.5 and 241.2-574.2 mg 100 g-1, respectively; α-tocopherols ranged between 5.87-10.25, 5.29-10.04 and 2.74-11.65 mg 100 g-1, and β-carotenes varied between 0.18-2.03, 0.34-2.42 and 0.49-3.62 mg 100 g-1, respectively. Total sugar, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and β-carotene content linearly increased depending on ripening time. Relationships between total sugar and vitamins were significant. It was concluded that harvest should be delayed as much as possible in order to obtain fruits with high content of total sugar and the main components of vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-carotene is an antioxidant compound that benefits health by boosting immunity and preventing chronic diseases. However, beta-carotene has low solubility (practically insoluble in water) and bioavailability, so it will produce a poor beneficial effect. An alternative candidate that may overcome this problem is a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). SNEDDS can enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble active compounds by increasing the solubility and stability of active compounds in oil droplets. This study aims to develop beta-carotene SNEDDS by determining the optimum composition of SNEDDS. The low-energy method and simplex lattice design (SLD) were combined to determine the optimum formula. Based on the results, the solubility of beta-carotene in sesame oil, polysorbate 80, and PEG 400 as components of SNEEDS were 0.455 mg/mL, 1.538 mg/mL, and 0.667 mg/mL, respectively. The optimum formula of beta-carotene SNEDDS had a mixing ratio of sesame oil and surfactant mixture in 1:15.2 (v/v), emulsification time of 38.48 ± 0.70 seconds, the droplet size of 13.13 ± 0.50 nm, and size distribution (PdI) of 0.133 ± 0.06. The optimum formula of beta-carotene SNEDDS had good stability in the artificial gastric fluid after 4 hours of incubation. Moreover, the optimum beta-carotene SNEDDS formula had high stability during storage at room temperature and 40oC ± 2oC/75%RH±5%RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimized composite flour from wheat flour (WF) and orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) meal was used for the production of chin-chin. The roots of OFSP were washed, air-dried, peeled, sliced to 1 cm thick, dried at 50oC for 18 h and then milled to pass 200 µm sieve aperture to obtain OFSP flour. Composite flours (CF) were formulated from OFSP and WF using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) and its characteristics were analyzed and modelled. The indices for validating the models showed adequacy of the models. The CF had improved water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and beta-carotene. Meanwhile, optimization of relevant properties resulted in an optimized CF which comprised 12.5% OFSP flour and 87.5% WF. The sensorial scores of chin-chin from the optimized CF indicated acceptability by the taste panelists. Chin-chin from the optimized CF would contribute to beta-carotene intake of consumers while reducing wheat importation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the use of refractance window drying to produce nutrient-rich infant food mixes, highlighting its effectiveness in preserving nutrients like beta carotene, potassium, and iron. Topics include the preparation process of various purees (apple, banana, and carrot), the method of refractance window drying and its impact on nutrient retention, and the sensory and physico-chemical properties of the final product.

Objective: This study investigates the correlation between the consumption of vitamins and specific health markers---hemoglobin levels, blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate--in adolescent basketball players. Methods: A cohort of adolescent basketball players (aged 13-15 yrs, females 200; males 200) was assessed for their dietary intake of key vitamins using a detailed food frequency questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to measure hemoglobin levels, and clinical evaluations were conducted to record blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate. Statistical analyses were performed to identify correlations between micronutrient intake and the health markers. Results: The study found significant correlations between the intake of certain vitamins and the health markers measured. Higher folate intake was positively correlated with hemoglobin levels (p<0.01), indicating better oxygen transport capacity. Additionally, thiamine, riboflavin, beta carotene and vitamin C showed significant correlations with improved pulse and respiratory rates and blood pressure (p<0.01), reflecting enhanced cardiovascular and respiratory function. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of adequate vitamin intake in maintaining optimal hemoglobin levels, blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate in adolescent basketball players. These correlations highlight the need for targeted nutritional strategies to support the health and athletic performance of young athletes. Further research is recommended to explore the causal relationships and potential benefits of dietary interventions in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the association between serum carotenoids and cancer-related death. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2006 and 2017–2018), the study encompasses 10,277 participants older than age 20 years, with recorded baseline characteristics and serum carotenoid concentrations (including α-carotene, trans -β-carotene, cis -β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans -lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin). We hypothesized that serum carotenoid concentrations were negatively associated with cancer-related death. The weighted chi-square analyses indicate significant negative correlations between higher serum concentrations of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans -lycopene, and total carotenoids, and the risk of cancer-related deaths. Using weighted Cox regression analysis, this study confirms that α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans -lycopene, and total carotenoids, as continuous or categorical variables, are inversely related to cancer mortality (P <.0001). Furthermore, considering competitive risk events, lower concentrations of serum β-cryptoxanthin (Fine-Gray P = 1.12e-04), trans -lycopene (P = 5.68e-14), and total carotenoids (P =.03) are associated with an increased risk of cancer-related deaths. The research reveals a crucial inverse relationship between serum carotenoid concentrations and cancer-related death. • Higher α-carotene concentration links to lower cancer death risk. • Higher β-cryptoxanthin concentration links to lower cancer death risk. • Higher trans-lycopene concentration links to lower cancer death risk. • Higher total carotenoids concentration links to lower cancer death risk. • Study used data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The present study encompasses 10,277 participants older than age 20 years, with recorded baseline characteristics and serum carotenoid concentration (including α-carotene, trans -β-carotene, cis -β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, trans -lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin). The research reveals an inverse relationship between serum total carotenoids concentrations and cancer-related death. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a significant collection of plastic introduced by human activities, provides an ideal environment to study bacterial lifestyles on plastic substrates. We proposed that bacteria colonizing the floating plastic debris would develop strategies to deal with the ultraviolet‐exposed substrate, such as the production of antioxidant pigments. We observed a variety of pigmentation in 67 strains that were directly cultivated from plastic pieces sampled from the Garbage Patch. The genomic analysis of four representative strains, each distinct in taxonomy, revealed multiple pathways for carotenoid production. These pathways include those that produce less common carotenoids and a cluster of photosynthetic genes. This cluster appears to originate from a potentially new species of the Rhodobacteraceae family. This represents the first report of an aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacterium from plastic biofilms. Spectral analysis showed that the bacteria actively produce carotenoids, such as beta‐carotene and beta‐cryptoxanthin, and bacteriochlorophyll a. Furthermore, we discovered that the genetic ability to synthesize carotenoids is more common in plastic biofilms than in the surrounding water communities. Our findings suggest that plastic biofilms could be an overlooked source of bacteria‐produced carotenoids, including rare forms. It also suggests that photoreactive molecules might play a crucial role in bacterial biofilm communities in surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming, which essentially excludes the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, is becoming popular worldwide. The covid-19 pandemic has positively impacted on the market due to growing awareness towards the healthy and nutritional diets. As a result, demand for organic fruits and vegetables has increased over the world. Organic fruits and vegetables are in higher demand than ever before, owing to lower production and rising global consumption. However, due to the high cost of production, organic fruit and vegetable supply is limited in comparison to demand. Several experiments were conducted for comparing the organic and conventional fruits and vegetables quality. The results obtained from the studies showed Vitamins like ascorbic acid and beta carotene, Total polyphenols, dry matter accumulation, fiber content and Total Soluble Solids were higher in organic fruits and vegetables than conventional farming. Other mineral nutrient contents like Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe, Zn, PO4, SO4 were found similar both in organic and conventional farm produce. Cooking of organic vegetables at high temperatures is not preferable because it shows higher polyphenols losses during cooking than conventional produces. Heavy metals contamination, pesticide residues, ammonium and nitrate contents were lower in organic produce than conventional crops. Organic foods are better for the environment and more nutritious. It can be concluded that organic crops have a lower amount of contaminants, but a higher quality compared to conventional crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of beta‐carotene on cattle fertility has been investigated in various studies; however, consensus on this issue has not been reached. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and meta‐analysed 29 publications conducted between 1984 and 2022, focusing on seven fertility measures, clinical mastitis and milk yield in cows. We did not find statistically significant results in 8 out of 11 parameters (p >.05). Statistically significant results were observed for milk yield (MD: 216.25 kg in 305 days, p =.01, CI: 50.73–381.77), pregnancy at first service (OR: 1.38 CI: 1.08–1.76, p =.01) and clinical mastitis (OR: 0.59, CI: 0.44–0.80, p =.006) in favour of beta‐carotene supplementation. The meta‐regression revealed significant effects of 'plasma beta‐carotene levels' on 'service to per pregnancy' and dose on 'milk yield' (p =.04 and p = 0). In binary outcomes, 'dose × day' and 'plasma beta‐carotene concentration in the control group' positively influenced pregnancy at first service (p =.02 and.03). In conclusion, given the positive point direction observed for some variables and insignificant results for others, there is a need for more studies. We note the very high heterogeneity of outcomes and suggest caution in interpreting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Reducing cigarettes per day may lower the risk of lung cancer compared with continuing to smoke at the same intensity. Other changes in smoking behaviors, such as increasing cigarette consumption or quitting for a period and relapsing, may also affect lung cancer risk. Methods We examined changes in smoking status and cigarettes per day among 24 613 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years who participated in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Longitudinal data on smoking were collected during study follow-up visits 3 times a year (approximately every 4 months) between 1985 and 1993. Incident lung cancer patients through 2012 were identified by the Finnish Cancer Registry. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Compared with smoking 20 cigarettes per day continuously across the intervention period, reducing an average of 5 cigarettes per day per year while smoking was associated with a 20% lower risk of lung cancer (95% CI = 0.71 to 0.90). A substantially lower risk of lung cancer was also observed when participants smoked at 50% (RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.90) and 10% (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.83) of study visits, relative to smoked at 100% of study visits. Conclusions Smokers may lower their risk of lung cancer by reducing smoking intensity (cigarettes per day while smoking) and the time they smoke. However, quitting smoking completely is the most effective way for smokers to reduce their risk of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we introduce a new model with positive support. This model is an extension of the truncated Gumbel distribution, where a shape parameter is incorporated that provides greater flexibility to the new model. The model is parameterized in terms of the p-th quantile of the distribution to perform quantile regression in this model. An extensive simulation study demonstrates the good performance of the maximum likelihood estimators in finite samples. Finally, two applications to real datasets related to the level of beta-carotene and body mass index are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the receipt of a cash transfer impact consumption of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in households? To answer this question, we use a randomized controlled trial dataset from Hunger Safety Net Program (HSNP) with 9,246 households spread across the four districts (Turkana, Marsabit, Wajir, and Mandera) of Kenya. In the experiment, HSNP treated households received a bi‐monthly cash transfer of about United States of America Dollar (USD) 20 relative to households in control sub‐locations. Using difference in‐difference specification, we find that HSNP poor beneficiary households in treated households increased (by approximately 96%, 50%, and 61%) the consumption of vitamins A, C, and beta carotene, respectively compared to those in control sub‐locations. Moreover, HSNP non‐poor, non‐beneficiary households residing in treated sub‐locations increased (by about 70% and 46%) the consumption of vitamin A and Beta carotene, respectively compared to those in control sub‐locations. In addition, HSNP‐poor beneficiary households in treated sub‐locations sourced most of their nutrients, vitamins, and minerals from the market. We rule out alternative pathways that could potentially increase consumption and conclude that a rise in consumption amongst HSNP non‐poor, non‐beneficiary households is due to sharing of HSNP transfer amongst social network members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bread is crucial for food security in Ethiopia, tackling protein malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. To reduce reliance on imported wheat, supplementing wheat flour with local raw materials is essential. Therefore, this study aims to investigates blending ratio of chickpea and OFSP flour with wheat at different baking temperatures to prepare nutritionally enhanced and high-quality bread. The experiment was conducted in a full factorial design with two factors: flour blending ratio (80:10:10, 70:15:15, 60:20:20, 50:20:30 for wheat, chickpea, and OFSP respectively, and a control of 100% wheat flour) and baking temperatures (180°C, 200°C, and 220°C). The study analyzed the proximate composition of flour and bread, including moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates, and β-carotene, while also evaluating the bread's physical and organoleptic properties. Data analysis was conducted using SAS software package version 9.4. The proximate composition of bread showed that substituting wheat with chickpea and orange-fleshed sweet potato increased moisture (28.84 to 35.79%), protein (10.85 to 14.59%), fat (0.85 to 2.05%), fiber (1.49 to 1.84%), ash (0.93 to 2.06%), and β-carotene (0 to 8.04 µg/g of bread). However, it decreased carbohydrate (57.66 to 51.81%) and energy content (281.64 to 257.10 Kcal/100g), due to wheat flour high source of carbohydrate and energy. On the contrary, bread loaf weight increased (123.28 to 131.29 g) due to the superior water absorption capacity of chickpea and OFSP flours compared to wheat. However, loaf volume (359.17 to 205.83 cm³) and specific volume (2.91 to 1.58 cm³/g) decreased due to reduced gluten content in wheat flour. As the proportion of chickpea and OFSP flour increased, sensory acceptability ratings on a 7-point scale decreased: color (6.19 to 2.77), texture (5.78 to 2.62), flavor (5.70 to 2.44), and overall acceptability (5.90 to 2.58) of the bread. In conclusion, blending wheat with chickpea and OFSP flour in bread formulations enhances nutritional quality, especially protein and beta-carotene. Utilizing locally underutilized raw materials is a viable alternative for the growing population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides details on the annual climbing plant Benincasa hispida, a natural herb from the cucurbitaceae family.. The fruit is also called as winter gourd, ash gourd and kushmanda fruit. It is the most wellliked herb that is readily available to communities for medicinal and nutritional purposes. The phytochemical review indicates the presence of pentacyclic triterpene, flavonoids, volatile oils, bryonolic acid, alnusenol, multiflorenol, isomultiflorenol, lupeol, β-sitosterol etc. Benincasa hispida fruit is one of incredible fruit which can improve health, treat a variety of illnesses and prevent many more. Pharmacological studies have revealed that the Benincasa hispida plant is useful in the treatment of several nerve diseases, including peptic ulcer, diabetic mellitus, internal organ hemorrhages, jaundice, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease.. The review mainly focuses on the effect of the fruit Benincasa hispida's potential to treat alzheimer's disease.This article covers all relevant information regarding Benincasa hispida with both historical and contemporary examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus carica is a Moraceae family well-known healthy and extremely nutritious metabolites in leaf and seed which, breed on Indian tropic and subtropic regions. Fig leaves is more perceptive, high energy and rich in nutraceuticals. Leaf and Dried leaves have bitter, low sweet and fibrous in taste. Fig Carica leaves was possessing an herbal metabolic divergence in sustenance of phytochemicals. Ficus carica leaves are supports to sustainable blood pressure and lipids especially total cholesterol due to the presence of minerals, Poly unsaturated fatty acids and sugars. Ficus carica leaf is extracted by means of methanolchloroform using Soxhlet method followed by hydro distillation method. Furthermore, the present study is to conceive the phyto metabolic substrate raise predominately on glutamine, total phenols, flavonoid content, fatty acids, cholesterol and in amino acids, carotene beta, free fatty acids, alkaloids are decrease in phyotomic analysis. To conclude, the leaves of fig and dried part of cell, which have anti-inflammatory action, less insulin which leads to maintain blood sugar level, chemo preventive action against dementia and to improve Cardiac vascular diseases (CVD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]