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Since the first incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified in 2019, the illness has rapidly spread, increasing the number of cases, hospital admissions, and fatalities associated with COVID-19. The epidemic is putting an unprecedented amount of stress on the health-care system, including programs that perform both allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and cellular treatment employing T cells. The risk of a severe COVID-19 infection in HSCT patients is widely acknowledged, and the COVID-19 vaccine is strongly advised. This mini-review provides a succinct overview of recent advances in COVID-19 and bone marrow transplantation.

This article presents an analysis of the observation on making a profit for religious institutions and providing social support during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tropical country in Indochina. The study utilizes a descriptive approach, combining a literature review and a case study to explore the specific situation in the region. The article begins with an introduction to the concept of social marketing and then focuses on a unique form of religiously related social marketing: the production and sale of amulets. The potential benefits for religious establishments in terms of both financial gain and social support are highlighted. Furthermore, a detailed case study on ritual amulet marketing during the COVID-19 outbreak crisis is provided, shedding light on the strategies employed and the outcomes achieved. The findings suggest that social marketing by religious institutions can be a valuable advertising tool even during times of public crisis. The article concludes by emphasizing the potential of social marketing as an effective means for religious institutions to address societal needs and generate positive impacts. This research contributes to the understanding of the role of religious organizations in the promotion of social welfare and offers insights for practitioners seeking innovative approaches to navigate challenging circumstances.

An efficient vaccine is urgently required due to the high death rate and quick spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several reports on the side effects of the vaccine have focused on the negative effects of the COVID-19 inoculation. Clinical hepatology is quite concerned about the liver issue that manifests after receiving the COVID-19 vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccination may result in a variety of clinical problems, including hepatitis. Regarding the underlying pathogenesis, the autoimmune pathological process is usually mentioned. Immunopathological processes are likely to be implicated in the COVID-19 vaccine-related hepatitis, despite the fact that the exact cause is yet unknown.

Background Tuberculosis is an important infection and is still the most important problem worldwide. The prevention of infection is an important consideration. Focusing on the risk group, HIV-infected patient group is an important risk population for getting tuberculosis. The use of pharmacoprophylaxis has become a new concept in preventive medicine against tuberculosis for HIV-infected population. The classical regimen is the isoniazid regimen. However, the new introduction of combined rifapentine and isoniazid has become a new alterative preventive measure that can help prevent tuberculosis among HIV-infected cases. The alternative is reported for its efficacy and also mentioned for the shorter period of drug use. Materials and methods In the present report, the authors performed a clinical mathematical modeling study to determine the pharmacoprophylactic equivalence of rifapentine compared with isoniazid, with special referencing to the HIV-infected population. First, the comparison of required dosage, period of treatment, as well as prophylactic end point is primarily performed and then appraisal on pharmacoprophylactic equivalence of rifapentine compared with isoniazid is done based on mathematical adjustment for required dosage, period of treatment, and prophylaxis end point. Results Based on the appraisal, the final pharmacoprophylaxis equivalence is 1 rifapentine dosage is equal to 4.002748–8.005496 isoniazid dosage or 1 mg rifapentine is equal to 0.00143 week of drug use. Conclusion Based on the derived pharmacoprophylactic equivalence, rifapentine can help lower required isoniazid dosage and period of prophylactic drug use in prevention of tuberculosis for HIV-infected case.

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis is an important lung infection that is observable worldwide. The effect of the air pollutant on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is an interesting topic. The recent research has shown that there is a possible association between ambient air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM)10, to the incidence of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. In January 2019, the ambient air PM10 pollutant occurred in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, a tropical endemic country of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods The authors hereby analyzed the relationship between ambient air PM10 pollutant and newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis based on the available data on January 2019. Results According to the present study, there is no association between ambient air PM10 pollutant and newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ambient air PM10 pollutant should not have association with incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis..

Context : Influenza is an important viral respiratory disease. The disease mainly affects respiratory organ. In severe case, the patient might die. Influenza is still the important problematic infectious disease. The atypical manifestation of influenza is observable in clinical practice. The colorectal presentation of influenza is very interesting. Evidence Acquisition: The authors hereby searched and summarized clinical data from published article in international database regarding colitis in influenza. Results : An important condition is influenza related colitis. Hemorrhagic colitis is a rare but possible clinical complication of influenza. In case with influenza related colitis, the patient might have a lower abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and hematochezia. Severe colonic bleeding might occur and hemostatic therapy is required. On the other hand, the antiviral therapy is also a possible cause of colitis. In a patient with influenza receiving oseltamivir, a possible adverse effect of antiviral drug is hemorrhagic colitis. The problem might be acute. The patient usually has abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hematochezia after the first administration of oseltamivir. In addition to hemorrhagic colitis, ischemic colitis due to influenza is also observable . The patient might require colectomy and this condition might lead to death. Another possible colonic complication due to influenza is colonic apoptosis due to influenza related fulminant hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The patient will have abdominal pain and skin rash. Conclusions: Therefore, it is not impossible that the colonic complication might occur in any patient with influenza. The practitioner should recognize for the possibility that there might be a colorectal manifestation in any patients with influenza.

Background: The high incidence of tuberculosis exists in several areas around the world. In Indochina, the area between Thailand and Myanmar is presently the problematic endemic area of tuberculosis. The extremely high incidence of tuberculosis at this area becomes an important global public health consideration. Methods: In this specific article, the authors perform a mathematical model study based on the local available data on the efficacy and coverage rate of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccination in Thailand. The specific situation at the Thailand–Myanmar border is focused in the present assessment. Results: The high incidence of children at Thailand–Myanmar border area prone to tuberculosis infection can be detected. Conclusion: The increase Bacillus Calmette–Guerin coverage and finding for new effective tuberculosis vaccine might be necessary for reduce the problem of high incidence of tuberculosis at the Thailand and Myanmar border area.

Background: Tuberculosis is an important problem that causes the public health problem in several countries. The case detection is an important process for early diagnosis and management of disease. The case detection is still the important problem in several settings including Thailand. Methods: The authors appraised on the official report on the tuberculosis detection rate in Thailand comparing between 20005 and 2016, a 12-year-period under the implementation of active tuberculosis case searching campaign. Results: Comparing to the previous reported rate in 2005, 76%, there is no statistically significant different rates (proportional t-test, P > 0.05). Conclusion: The problem of tuberculosis case detection is still observable. There is a need for searching for the additional method for increasing the tuberculosis detection rate.

Background: In tropical developing countries, there are several common infectious diseases including tuberculosis and dengue. The concurrence between dengue and tuberculosis is possible. Methods: Here, the authors perform a mathematical model study to estimate the incidence of concurrent dengue and tuberculosis in Thailand, a tropical country in Indochina. The estimation is performed based on joint probability principle. Results: The estimated incidence of concurrent dengue and tuberculosis in the studied setting is equal to 0.148/100,000 population. Conclusion: There is a low incidence of concurrent dengue and tuberculosis, and this might be due to several possible reasons.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is an important pulmonary infection that it is common in many developing countries. The poor sanitation is the basic problem relating to the occurrence of the pulmonary tuberculosis. The relationship between air pollutant and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis becomes the new public health consideration. Here, the author-specific focus is on the effect of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 pollutant on tuberculosis. Methods: The authors hereby assessed the correlation between incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and PM 2.5 pollutant level regarding 2019 air pollution crisis, Bangkok Thailand. Results: There is no significant relationship between incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and PM 2.5 pollutant level regarding 2019 air pollution crisis, Bangkok Thailand (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There is a lack of relationship between incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and PM 2.5 pollutant level.

Background: Of several lung disorders, the important diseases that are considered important burdens worldwide in the present day include lung cancer and tuberculosis. Sometimes, the diagnosis of the two mentioned lung problems is difficult. To make a differential diagnosis between negative and positive lungs for either lung cancer or tuberculosis is a critical point for further proper management. In the present day, the advanced novel biomedical technology allows the practitioner to assess the imprints of the pathological lungs. Methods: Lipidomics is a new biocochemioinformatics technique that can be useful lipidome imprint identification of medical disorders. Here, the authors perform a comparative lipidomcis analysis for lung cancer and tuberculosis. Results: There are 11 specific lipidomes for lung cancer, and there are 10 specific lipidomes for tuberculosis. There is only one overlapping lipidome, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (34:1). Conclusion: According to the present analysis, the PG (34:1) is the specific lipidome that can help differentiate between lung cancer and tuberculosis.

Background Eosinophilic pneumonia is an important lung problem. The disease is usually related to an allergic reaction. Of several possible etiologies, the parasitic infection is an important cause. Several parasites have the potential to induce eosinophilic pneumonia. The larva migration in the lung is the main pathophysiological process. Focusing on a trematode in the family Opisthorchiidae, there are some reports on the possibility that the parasite might induce eosinophilic pneumonia. At present, the parasites in this family are detectable in several countries in the East, Southeast, and Central Asia including to Siberia of Russia. An interesting finding is the species specificity of the pathogenic parasites that can induce eosinophilic pneumonia. Methods In this theoretical study, the authors compare the size of the parasite larva in the three important species, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, and Opisthorchis viverrini with the bronchiole. Results According to the comparative study, it can clearly demonstrate that O. felineus has the highest chance for causing blockage and can further induce eosinophilic pneumonia. Conclusions O. felineus is the only one species of the family Opisthorchiidae that is reported as the cause of eosinophilic pneumonia.

Background: Mycobacterium abscessus is a new emerging problematic mycobacterial infection seen in several countries including Thailand, a tropical country in Indochina, at present. This infection usually has the problem of antibiotic resistance. Methods: The authors hereby review and reappraise the pattern of drug resistance pattern of M. abscessus to study the change of pattern in 20-year period after the first report of human pulmonary infection in Thailand. Results: The drug resistance pattern is observable, and there are some remained nonresistant drugs. Conclusion: In our setting, drug resistance of M. abscessus has been an important problem for a long time. Nevertheless, there is still no much change of the pattern of drug resistance.

Rationale: Acute abdomen is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and management. Lymphoma is a rare cause of acute abdomen. Patient concerns: A 54 year old patient complained of repeated episodes of acute abdominal pain over the past 3 months. Diagnosis: Mantle cell lymphoma. Interventions: Chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Outcomes: Abdomen pain disappeared and the patient was discharged uneventfully. Lessons: Although it is a rare cause of acute abdomen, lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis workup of patients with unexplained and unusual acute abdomen.

Nanotechnology is accepted as a very useful new technology at present. The impact of new nanotechnology on health is very interesting. Indeed, several usefulness of nanotechnology on animal and human health can be expected. On the other hand, the negative effect of nanotechnology can also be seen. The applied nanotechnologies in public health and medicine already exist. In this short article, the summarization and discussion on nanotechnology and health are presented. It can be seen that the nanotechnology can be applicable in several fields of medicine and can help practitioner in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive activities.

Rationale: Dengue is an important tropical disease that can cause acute hemorrhagic fever. Other atypical clinical presentations of dengue also can occur, and acute ascites is one of them. Patients’ concern: A 47-year-old male patient was referred to the physician with acute abdominal extension for 2 days. He revealed a history of fatigue and right upper abdominal pain in the past 4 days. Diagnosis: Dengue-induced acute ascites. Intervention: Standard fluid replacement therapy. Outcome: The clinical finding of the patient returned to normal within 5 days. Lesson: Since dengue has been expanding its endemic area at present, an atypical clinical presentation is possible and should not be ignored in the process of diagnosis. In addition, the clinical presentation of acute distention of abdomen with abnormal petechiae is a good diagnostic implication for dengue-induced ascites.