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Nowadays, application of Ni–Ti alloys is receiving a great interest because of their premium hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance properties. Anti-corrosive Ni–Ti alloy coatings were fabricated by electrodeposition technique. The bath constituents and electrodeposition conditions have been optimized by the Hull cell technique. The surface features of the Ni–Ti alloy coating were analyzed with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) depicting the presence of Ti, C, Ni, and O elements in the deposit. The phase structure of the alloy coating at different current densities was studied with X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The micro-hardness of the coating film was measured by Vicker's micro-hardness tester and the maximum value was found to be 136 HV0.5 at optimal current density (4 A/dm2). The potentiostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to determine the corrosion properties of the Ni–Ti coating films. New low-cost sulphate bath has been proposed for uniform Ni–Ti alloy coating and the results indicate greater corrosion resistance properties, and these coatings can be used for biomedical, electronics and aerospace industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the acid chloride bath based electroplating of Zn–Co alloy on low carbon steel (LCS). As additives, the sulphanilic acid (SA) and gelatin were used for electroplating. The bath exhibited an anomalous co-deposition with a higher deposition of Zn over nobler Co. The role of bath composition, current density, partial current density, pH, and temperature on thickness, hardness, and corrosion resistance of deposit was studied. The corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt % sodium chloride solution and electrochemical behavior in acid chloride solutions of Zn–Co alloy coatings were studied using the potentiodynamic polarization method and cyclic voltammetry technique respectively. Mott–Schottky plot with positive slope confirms the development of n-type semiconductor layer at the interface of substrate and coating, which results in superior corrosion resistance of coatings. The colorimetric method has been used to estimate the composition of the deposit and further verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) technique. The surface features and the topographical structure of the alloy film were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The results indicate that the Zn–Co alloy films exhibited superior corrosion resistance with the lowest corrosion rate (138 µm y–1). Hence this alloy coating will find suitable applications in automobile and aerospace industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel series of 2‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐6/8‐substituted‐ [1,3,4] oxadiazolo[2′,3′:2,3][1,3]thiazino[6,5‐b]quinolin‐11(3aH)‐ones were synthesized. Their structures have been characterized using standard spectroscopic techniques such as Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Mass Spectroscopy. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by the cup plate diffusion method. Antimicrobial studies revealed that compounds showed good to significant activity against tested strains. One of the compounds was evaluated for corrosion inhibition studies by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance method in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution for mild steel. The tested compound had exhibited a good inhibitory action against corrosion of mild steel in the medium investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut being an important food, oilseed and fodder crop worldwide, its genetic improvement currently relies on genomics-assisted breeding (GAB). Since the level of marker polymorphism is limited in peanut, the availability of a large number of DNA markers is the prerequisite for GAB. Therefore, we detected 4,309,724 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the whole genome re-sequencing (WGRS) data of 178 peanut accessions along with the reference genome sequence of Tifrunner. SNPs were analyzed for their structural and functional features to conclude on their utility and employability in genetic and genomic studies. ISATGR278-18, a synthetic amphidiploid, showed the highest number of SNPs (2,505,266), while PI_628538 recorded the lowest number (19,058) of SNPs. A03 showed the highest number of SNPs, while B08 recorded the lowest number of SNPs. The number of accessions required to record 50% of the total SNPs varied from 11 to 13 across the chromosomes. The rate of transitions was more than that of transversions. Among the various chromosomal contexts, intergenic and intronic regions carried more SNPs than the exonic regions. SNP impact analysis indicated 2488 SNPs with high impact due to gain of stop codons, variations in splice acceptors and splice donors, and loss of start codons. Of the 4,309,723 SNPs, 46,087 had the highest polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.375. As an illustration of application, the drought-tolerant accession C76-16 was compared with A72 (an accession with high-stress rating) to identify 637,833 SNPs, of which 418 had high impact substitutions. Overall, these structural and functional features of the SNPs will be of immense importance for their utility in genetic and genomic studies in peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticorrosive deposits are a valuable approach to defending against corrosion from mild steel structures/machinery equipment. The Zn–Ni–Co coating has been deposited on low carbon steel surfaces using environment friendly optimized acidic chloride bath with ZnCl2·6H2O, NiCl2·6H2O, CoCl2·6H2O, sulphanilic acid (C6H7NO3S) and gelatin (C6H8O6). The standard Hull cell technique has been adopted for the optimization of bath components and experimental conditions, for the superior corrosion resistant coating. The corrosion test with potentiodynamic polarization method was performed to investigate the role of pH on the film quality and corrosion performances of the films. Further, the effect of current densities on corrosion resistance, thickness and hardness, have been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry technique has been used to test the electrochemical properties of the Zn–Ni–Co coating in acidic solutions. The results revealed that the increase in the current density favoured the increase in Ni and Co content in the deposit, showed higher corrosion resistance and higher cathodic current efficiency. The structural and morphological characteristics of the alloy coating have been obtained through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The atomic force microscope was used to examine the topographic structure of the coating. X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of alloy coatings and verified by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results indicate that a new and low-cost chloride bath for Zn–Ni–Co coating exhibit superior corrosion resistance properties and can be implement in various industrial applications such as automobiles, machine tools etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibition studies of 5-[(4-chlorophenoxy) methyl]-4H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol (CMTT) on 6061 Al alloy in 0.05 M HCl were carried out at different concentrations and temperatures. Weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed in the study. Higher concentration and temperature were found to improve the efficiency of inhibitor. Highest corrosion resistance of 95.29% was recorded with 100 ppm CMTT at 333 K. Adsorption of the inhibitor was spontaneous as indicated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters, SEM, AFM results indicated that inhibitor used protects the alloy from corrosion. Quantum chemical parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (ΔE), dipole moment (l) and Mulliken charges are calculated. Quantum chemical calculations also endorsed experimental information and the adsorption of inhibitor molecules onto the metal surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition efficiency of ethyl-2-amino-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (EMTC) has been studied to prevent the corrosion of AA6061 alloy in 0.05 M HCl solution by weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) methods at temperatures 303–323 K. Ethyl-2-amino-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, and its efficiency increased with the increase in inhibitor concentration and temperature. Chemisorptions on the metal surface are revealed by kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. A surface morphology study of polished, corroded and inhibited metal surfaces verified the formation of a protective film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A marker assisted backcross breeding (MABC) programme was undertaken in an elite but foliar disease susceptible variety of groundnut, JL 24 for developing backcross lines using the donor, GPDB 4 by employing late leaf spot (LLS) and rust resistance-linked markers. Backcrossing and selfing resulted in the development of BC1F4, BC2F3 and BC3F3 generations. Evaluation of the backcross lines could identify JG4_81 and JG4_43 from BC1F4, and JG2-3_14 from BC2F3 as superior lines for disease resistance and productivity. A BC3F2 plant (JG_18) was homozygous at LLS and rust resistance-linked marker loci (IPAHM103, GM2301 and pPGPseq8D09) and 30 background markers loci. JG_18 had 87% background genome similarity with JL 24. When advanced to BC3F3, JG_18 showed resistance to both LLS and rust when compared to JL 24, while it was on par with JL 24 for the productivity traits. Currently, JG4_81, JG4_43, JG2-3_14 and JG_18 are under field evaluation for variety development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the synthesis of integrated pyrazole derivatives carrying quinolone moiety by conventional technique. Pyrazole derivatives were synthesized by condensation of hydrazide and ethyl-3-oxo-2-(2-phenylhydrazilidiene) butanoate. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) studies were used to confirm the structure of the compounds. Docking studies were carried out against the antimicrobial target to know the interaction of the molecules (ligands) with the docked target. Among the docked compounds pyrazole derivative brominated compounds 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, and 4h violated Lipinski's Rule of Five and thus were not suitable leads. Comparing the synthetic compounds 4c, 4g, and 4i to the reference drug ofloxacin, they exhibit excellent antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical quality of drinking waters of 6 sources from Talakaveri river and different parts of NMAMIT campus(Nitte-Udupi distic) was studied. Drinking water sample was first taken from the filtrate after the water was led into the filter. Second water sample was taken from tap. Ground water sample was taken from well and other three samples were taken from lake, falls and river. The physicochemical quality of drinking water was affected by the origin of raw water. The quality goal was exceeded by all drinking water samples. In general, the physicochemical quality of drinking waters from different sources were rather similar. This project is based on analysis of physical, chemical quality of different water samples. The water samples were collected from different sources. The purpose of our study is to bring an awareness regarding portability of water among people. We can also develop new techniques to eradicate water borne diseases and new equipment's to prevent water pollution from our studies. The water samples were collected during rainy season in the month of June and July of the year 2018. The parameters used to analyse the quality of water is also called as water quality index. The major properties analysed are as follows: Taste and Odour, Colour, Temperature, Total dissolved solids, Total suspended solids, Determination of pH, Conductivity and Turbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar diseases namely late leaf spot (LLS) and leaf rust (LR) reduce yield and deteriorate fodder quality in groundnut. Also the high oleic acid content has emerged as one of the most important traits for industries and consumers due to its increased shelf life and health benefits. Results: Genetic mapping combined with pooled sequencing approaches identified candidate resistance genes (LLSR1 and LLSR2 for LLS and LR1 for LR) for both foliar fungal diseases. The LLS-A02 locus housed LLSR1 gene for LLS resistance, while, LLS-A03 housed LLSR2 and LR1 genes for LLS and LR resistance, respectively. A total of 49 KASPs markers were developed from the genomic regions of important disease resistance genes, such as NBS-LRR, purple acid phosphatase, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase. Among the 49 KASP markers, 41 KASPs were validated successfully on a validation panel of contrasting germplasm and breeding lines. Of the 41 validated KASPs, 39 KASPs were designed for rust and LLS resistance, while two KASPs were developed using fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes to control high oleic acid levels. These validated KASP markers have been extensively used by various groundnut breeding programs across the world which led to development of thousands of advanced breeding lines and few of them also released for commercial cultivation. Conclusion: In this study, high-throughput and cost-effective KASP assays were developed, validated and successfully deployed to improve the resistance against foliar fungal diseases and oleic acid in groundnut. So far deployment of allele-specific and KASP diagnostic markers facilitated development and release of two rust- and LLS-resistant varieties and five high-oleic acid groundnut varieties in India. These validated markers provide opportunities for routine deployment in groundnut breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar diseases namely late leaf spot (LLS) and leaf rust (LR) reduce yield and deteriorate fodder quality in groundnut. Also the high oleic acid content has emerged as one of the most important traits for industries and consumers due to its increased shelf life and health benefits. Results: Genetic mapping combined with pooled sequencing approaches identified candidate resistance genes (LLSR1 and LLSR2 for LLS and LR1 for LR) for both foliar fungal diseases. The LLS-A02 locus housed LLSR1 gene for LLS resistance, while, LLS-A03 housed LLSR2 and LR1 genes for LLS and LR resistance, respectively. A total of 49 KASPs markers were developed from the genomic regions of important disease resistance genes, such as NBS-LRR, purple acid phosphatase, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase. Among the 49 KASP markers, 41 KASPs were validated successfully on a validation panel of contrasting germplasm and breeding lines. Of the 41 validated KASPs, 39 KASPs were designed for rust and LLS resistance, while two KASPs were developed using fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes to control high oleic acid levels. These validated KASP markers have been extensively used by various groundnut breeding programs across the world which led to development of thousands of advanced breeding lines and few of them also released for commercial cultivation. Conclusion: In this study, high-throughput and cost-effective KASP assays were developed, validated and successfully deployed to improve the resistance against foliar fungal diseases and oleic acid in groundnut. So far deployment of allele-specific and KASP diagnostic markers facilitated development and release of two rust- and LLS-resistant varieties and five high-oleic acid groundnut varieties in India. These validated markers provide opportunities for routine deployment in groundnut breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foliar diseases namely late leaf spot (LLS) and leaf rust (LR) reduce yield and deteriorate fodder quality in groundnut. Also the high oleic acid content has emerged as one of the most important traits for industries and consumers due to its increased shelf life and health benefits. Results: Genetic mapping combined with pooled sequencing approaches identified candidate resistance genes (LLSR1 and LLSR2 for LLS and LR1 for LR) for both foliar fungal diseases. The LLS-A02 locus housed LLSR1 gene for LLS resistance, while, LLS-A03 housed LLSR2 and LR1 genes for LLS and LR resistance, respectively. A total of 49 KASPs markers were developed from the genomic regions of important disease resistance genes, such as NBS-LRR, purple acid phosphatase, pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase. Among the 49 KASP markers, 41 KASPs were validated successfully on a validation panel of contrasting germplasm and breeding lines. Of the 41 validated KASPs, 39 KASPs were designed for rust and LLS resistance, while two KASPs were developed using fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes to control high oleic acid levels. These validated KASP markers have been extensively used by various groundnut breeding programs across the world which led to development of thousands of advanced breeding lines and few of them also released for commercial cultivation. Conclusion: In this study, high-throughput and cost-effective KASP assays were developed, validated and successfully deployed to improve the resistance against foliar fungal diseases and oleic acid in groundnut. So far deployment of allele-specific and KASP diagnostic markers facilitated development and release of two rust- and LLS-resistant varieties and five high-oleic acid groundnut varieties in India. These validated markers provide opportunities for routine deployment in groundnut breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Pt coated FTO is used conventionally as the counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In addition to the high price of the Pt electrode, it reduces the stability of the DSSC. In this study, we introduce and study a new counter electrode based on the ZnCo 2 O 4 /WO 3 composite that is used in DSSC. We show that the efficiency of the DSSC can be enhanced even more then the Pt-based one by employing the ZnCo 2 O 4 /WO 3 as counter electrode. By examining the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties of the synthesized electrodes, we investigate the counter electrodes synthesized under different conditions. The XRD patterns and FESEM images confirm that the composite phase of the ZnCo 2 O 4 /WO 3 layers is formed. Additionally, electrochemical studies by CV, Tafel, EIS, and Mott-Schottky methods indicate the electrocatalytic activity of the ZnCo 2 O 4 /WO 3 sample have significantly increased compared to ZnCo 2 O 4 and WO 3 electrodes. Furthermore, the characterization of DSSCs with TiO 2 photoanode and different counter electrodes show that the efficiency of the solar cells based on ZnCo 2 O 4 /WO 3 has a promising efficiency of 7.76%, which has increased by 7% compared to the Pt one. • New counter electrode based on ZnCo 2 O 4 /WO 3 nanocomposite. • Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of nanocomposite counter electrode. • DSSC with 7.76% efficiency, over than 40% improvement compared with ZCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In the present study, accessions that excelled in yield performance across the tested 184 minicore germplasm were characterized phenotypically. • Minicore accessions; ICG 15419, ICG 6022, ICG 11426 ICG 6407 were superior for many yield related traits. • The PIC value of the markers ranged from 0.08 (AhTE303) to 0.37 (AhTE0107, AhTE0119, AhTE0218, AhTE0324, AhTE0360, AhTE0373, AhTE0391). • A total of 39 markers showed significant association at 5% probability level. Amongst 48 MTAs, 43 MTAs showed major marker-trait associations. • Maximum number of marker-trait associations was detected for NPP (12 MTAs), followed by TW (11 MTAs), PYPP (6 MTAs) and SMKWP (8 MTAs). Groundnut is one of the world's most significant commercial oilseed crops. Previously, superior breeding lines and cultivars were primarily employed in most of the groundnut breeding programmes, resulting in a limited genetic base. A thorough evaluation of core collections makes it possible to access germplasm for crop development. A total of 184 mini core genotypes of groundnut were used for validating already reported 55 AhTE molecular markers (Arachis hypogaea transposable element) in the present study (6 AhTE markers for number of primary branches, 5 for plant height, 7 for pod yield per plant, 12 for number of pods per plant, 2 for shelling percentage, 12 for test weight, 9 for sound mature kernel weight percentage and 2 for oil content). Phenotyping was done during kharif 2018 (June to October) and twelve yield related parameters were recorded across 184 genotypes. Single marker analysis indicated a significant association of 40 markers (48 MTAs) at 5% probability level. Amongst these 48 MTAs, 39 MTAs exhibited utmost marker-trait associations with PVE estimate greater than 10%. Yield related AhTE markers validated in the present study might be used as viable tools for marker aided groundnut breeding for yield and yield-related parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic regions governing water deficit stress tolerance were identified in peanut using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from an elite variety TMV 2 and its narrow leaf mutant TMV 2-NLM, which was evaluated over six-seasons at Dharwad (non-stress) and Tirupati (water-stress) in India. Stress condition could differentiate the RILs much better than the non-stress condition for the physiological traits. A linkage map with 700 markers was used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Three sets of best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) were estimated for the drought tolerance traits for the rainy and post-rainy seasons at Dharwad and post-rainy seasons at Tirupati, and employed for single marker analysis, composite interval mapping and multiple QTL mapping. Of the 305 significant marker-trait associations for the 11 traits, only 21 were of major effect for pod yield per plant (PYPP), specific dry weight at 70 days after sowing (SDW_70) and specific leaf area at 70 DAS (SLA_70). Three major main effect QTLs were identified for PYPP with the highest phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of 10.5%. Nine QTLs with the highest PVE of 18.4% were identified for SDW_70, of which four QTLs were also governing SLA_70 with the highest PVE of 15.7%. A few of them were also involved in epistatic interactions, and formed multiple QTL mapping models. Five major QTLs for SDW_70 were stable over both the locations. Candidate genes with SNPs and AhMITE1 insertion were identified for the major QTL regions. A rare nonsynonymous SNP at Ah02_1558700 within the gene ArahyW1P0U6 governing PYPP was detected. Functional analysis of these candidate genes may be useful for future genetic modifications in addition to validating and using the linked markers for improving drought tolerance in peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) under calcareous and alkaline soils is a significant abiotic stress affecting the growth and yield of peanut. In this study, the genomic regions governing IDC tolerance were mapped using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from TMV 2 (susceptible to IDC) and TMV 2-NLM (tolerant to IDC), which was phenotyped during the rainy seasons of 2019 and 2020 in the iron-deficient calcareous plots. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values for IDC tolerance traits like visual chlorotic rating (VCR), and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) were used for QTL analysis along with a genetic map carrying 700 GBS-derived SNP, AhTE and SSR markers. In total, 11 and 12 main-effect QTLs were identified for VCR and SCMR, respectively. Among them three QTLs were major with the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of 10.3–34.4% for VCR, and two QTL were major for SCMR with PVE of 11.5–11.7%. A region (159.3–178.3 cM) on chromosome Ah13 carrying two QTLs (one each for VCR and SCMR) was consistent with the previous report. A SNP marker, Ah14_138037990 identified from single marker analysis for VCR was located in the intronic region of the gene Arahy.QA0C1, which is important for protein-binding. Overall, this study identified new QTLs and also validated QTL for IDC tolerance. These genomic resources could be useful for genomics-assisted breeding of peanut for IDC tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A series of new hydrazones were synthesized with good yield. • Synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. • Upon comparing the synthesized molecules with the commonly prescribed medication Diclofenac sodium, we observed a significant enhancement in anti-inflammatory efficacy. • The synthesized compounds demonstrated a notable inclination for DPPH scavenging in the antioxidant assessment, further highlighting their potential in combating oxidative stress. • In silico molecular docking and dynamic investigations were performed to better understand the binding mechanism of the synthesized hydrazones with the target. Hydrazones, which are azomethine-containing active chemicals with a N(H)N CH group, are extensively researched due to their versatility in pharmacology and ease of synthesis. The synthesized hydrazone compounds were examined by FTIR, UV–visible, EI-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and they possessed azomethine linkages. Using the disc diffusion process and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) techniques, the compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity. By using the denaturation of bovine serum albumin technique to the synthesized compounds, their anti-inflammatory properties were further examined. Comparing the synthesized molecules to the common medication diclofenac sodium, considerable anti-inflammatory efficacy was observed. Synthesized compounds' antioxidant results revealed a remarkable tendency for DPPH scavenging. Further in silico molecular docking and dynamic studies were evaluated to understand the binding mechanism of the synthesized hydrazones with the target. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "High-throughput diagnostic markers for foliar fungal disease resistance and high oleic acid content in groundnut" published in BMC Plant Biology. The authors identified minor typographical errors in the original article and provided the corrected versions. The errors were related to the description of the composition of groundnut oil and the function of the fatty acid desaturase enzyme. The corrected article has been published to address these errors. The publisher, Springer Nature, remains neutral and does not take any position on jurisdictional claims or institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

With 2 figures and 3 tables Abstract High oleic acid (O) and low linoleic acid (L) make peanut oil ideal for longer storage and better human health. Among the ICRISAT mini core collection accessions, oleic acid ranged from 33.60% to 73.54%. Accessions belonging to ssp. hypogaea had higher oleic acid (54.16%) compared with those of ssp. fastigiata (45.70%). An O : L ratio up to 6.93 was found among ssp. hypogaea. Additional varieties, mutants, germplasm lines and breeding lines had oleic acid within the range of mini core accessions. Mutations in ahFAD2A, which along with its homologous gene, ahFAD2B code for delta-12-desaturase, resulted in higher oleic acid and O : L ratio. ahFAD2A mutant allele was found in 49.5% of the accessions, and its frequency was higher in ssp. hypogaea (84.52%) than in ssp. fastigiata (19.39%). ahFAD2A mutation had a maximum contribution of 18.82, 12.98 and 10.52 towards the phenotypic variance of O, L and O : L ratio, respectively. Genotypes with high oleic acid levels could not reveal 'A' insertion mutation in ahFAD2B. Accessions with high oleic acid could be employed for improving peanut oil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two elite cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), GPBD 4 and G 2–52, with high productivity, oil content, resistance to late leaf spot [Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & Curt) V. Arx.] (LLS) and rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) diseases were improved for oleic acid content using marker‐assisted backcrossing. Since both the recurrent parents already possessed the mutant allele at AhFAD2A, only mutant allele at AhFAD2B was transferred from the donor 'SunOleic 95R' (oleate of 80.6%). Three rounds of backcrossing with foreground selection using allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) assay identified a large number of plants homozygous for the mutant allele at AhFAD2B in BCnF2 generations. Evaluation of the advanced generations could identify six and 10 lines with significantly higher oleate than GPBD 4 and G 2–52, respectively. Considering the yield, shelling percentage, oil, and oleate content, the most promising lines HOBC2GPS_7 and HOBC2G2S_5 were selected with 112 and 142% oleate recovery over GPBD 4 and G 2–52, respectively. Double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing of these superior lines showed background genome recovery of 77.5 and 69.0%, respectively. These advanced breeding lines with high oleate (∼80%), resistance to LLS and rust and high productivity are under further trials for possible release as varieties for commercial cultivation. Core Ideas: Peanut is a rich source of oil, proteins, and carbohydrates, known as "poor man's almond".Peanut with high oleic acid content offers oil stability, flavor, and several health benefits.We have improved two elite peanut varieties for oleic acid content using MABC approach.Field evaluation of high oleate backcross lines confirmed higher productivity and disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Comparative assessment identified naïve interaction model, and naïve and informed interaction GS models suitable for achieving higher prediction accuracy in groundnut keeping in mind the high genotype × environment interaction for complex traits. Genomic selection (GS) can be an efficient and cost-effective breeding approach which captures both small- and large-effect genetic factors and therefore promises to achieve higher genetic gains for complex traits such as yield and oil content in groundnut. A training population was constituted with 340 elite lines followed by genotyping with 58 K 'Axiom_Arachis' SNP array and phenotyping for key agronomic traits at three locations in India. Four GS models were tested using three different random cross-validation schemes (CV0, CV1 and CV2). These models are: (1) model 1 (M1 = E + L) which includes the main effects of environment (E) and line (L); (2) model 2 (M2 = E + L + G) which includes the main effects of markers (G) in addition to E and L; (3) model 3 (M3 = E + L + G + GE), a naïve interaction model; and (4) model 4 (E + L + G + LE + GE), a naïve and informed interaction model. Prediction accuracy estimated for four models indicated clear advantage of the inclusion of marker information which was reflected in better prediction accuracy achieved with models M2, M3 and M4 as compared to M1 model. High prediction accuracies (> 0.600) were observed for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, hundred seed weight, oleic acid, rust@90 days, rust@105 days and late leaf spot@90 days, while medium prediction accuracies (0.400–0.600) were obtained for pods/plant, shelling %, and total yield/plant. Assessment of comparative prediction accuracy for different GS models to perform selection for untested genotypes, and unobserved and unevaluated environments provided greater insights on potential application of GS breeding in groundnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Groundnut has entered now in post-genome era enriched with optimum genomic and genetic resources to facilitate faster trait dissection, gene discovery and accelerated genetic improvement for developing climate-smart varieties. Cultivated groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea), an allopolyploid oilseed crop with a large and complex genome, is one of the most nutritious food. This crop is grown in more than 100 countries, and the low productivity has remained the biggest challenge in the semiarid tropics. Recently, the groundnut research community has witnessed fast progress and achieved several key milestones in genomics research including genome sequence assemblies of wild diploid progenitors, wild tetraploid and both the subspecies of cultivated tetraploids, resequencing of diverse germplasm lines, genome-wide transcriptome atlas and cost-effective high and low-density genotyping assays. These genomic resources have enabled high-resolution trait mapping by using germplasm diversity panels and multi-parent genetic populations leading to precise gene discovery and diagnostic marker development. Furthermore, development and deployment of diagnostic markers have facilitated screening early generation populations as well as marker-assisted backcrossing breeding leading to development and commercialization of some molecular breeding products in groundnut. Several new genomics applications/technologies such as genomic selection, speed breeding, mid-density genotyping assay and genome editing are in pipeline. The integration of these new technologies hold great promise for developing climate-smart, high yielding and more nutritious groundnut varieties in the post-genome era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an objective of developing the induced mutants for superior productivity and resistance to foliar diseases in peanut, two introgression lines (IL‐3 and IL‐4) derived from ABK genomes of peanut were subjected to gamma and sodium azide mutagenesis. Evaluation of M1, M2 and M3 generations could identify foliar disease resistant and productive mutants. Large‐scale evaluation of M4 mutants during the rainy season of 2017 confirmed the superiority of 12 mutants over the respective parents and the best check (GPBD 4). The selected mutants were resistant to leaf spots (early and late) and rust diseases, and significantly more productive than the parents and GPBD 4. ddRAD‐Sequencing of these mutants identified the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) when compared to their parents. The genes harbouring these structural mutations were also identified. However, no copy number variations (CNVs) were observed between the mutants and the parents. The selected mutants carried resistant‐type alleles at the marker loci linked to foliar disease resistance. These promising mutants (M8) are currently under initial trials of variety development for commercial release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosurfactants are a structurally diverse group of amphiphilic,surface-active substances produced by microorganisms which can be used as an eco-friendly approach for environmental remediation. Surface activity makes surfactants excellent emulsifiers, foaming and dispersing agents. An attempt was made to produce biosurfactant from solid waste bacteria. Organisms were isolated from solid waste. The isolated organisms were identified to be Micrococcus luteus, Serratia liquefaciens, Bacillus macquariensis, Bacillus popilliae and Corynebacterium kutscheri by using various biochemical tests. All these organisms were screened for biosurfactant production using penetration assay, microplate assay and blood haemolysis technique. The yield of biosurfactants was compared in different media with and without oil stimulant and the role of an oil stimulant in biosurfactant production was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effort was made in the present study to identify the main effect and epistatic quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the morphological and yield-related traits in peanut. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from TAG 24 × GPBD 4 was phenotyped in seven environments at two locations. QTL analysis with available genetic map identified 62 main-effect QTLs (M-QTLs) for ten morphological and yield-related traits with the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of 3.84-15.06%. Six major QTLs (PVE > 10%) were detected for PLHT, PPP, YPP, and SLNG. Stable M-QTLs appearing in at least two environments were detected for PLHT, LLN, YPP, YKGH, and HSW. Five M-QTLs governed two traits each, and 16 genomic regions showed co-localization of two to four M-QTLs. Intriguingly, a major QTL reported to be linked to rust resistance showed pleiotropic effect for yield-attributing traits like YPP (15.06%, PVE) and SLNG (13.40%, PVE). Of the 24 epistatic interactions identified across the traits, five interactions involved six M-QTLs. Three interactions were additive × additive and remaining two involved QTL × environment (QE) interactions. Only one major M-QTL governing PLHT showed epistatic interaction. Overall, this study identified the major M-QTLs for the important productivity traits and also described the lack of epistatic interactions for majority of them so that they can be conveniently employed in peanut breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TMV 2 is a very popular peanut variety among the Indian farmers, but it is highly susceptible to fungal foliar diseases like late leaf spot ( LLS) and rust. Marker-assisted backcrossing ( MABC) in TMV 2 using foliar disease-resistant donor, GPBD 4 and the disease resistance-linked markers ( GM2009, GM2079, GM2301, GM1839 and IPAHM103) resulted in a large number of backcross populations and also straight cross populations. Foreground selection followed by field evaluation under disease epiphytotic conditions could identify a few superior genotypes. Two homozygous backcross lines TMG-29 and TMG-46 showed enhanced resistance to LLS and rust diseases (score of 3.00 for both) along with 71.0% and 62.7% increase in the pod yield per plot, respectively, over the check, TMV 2. These foliar disease-resistant and productive lines can be released as commercial varieties or can be used as genetic resources in the peanut improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To diversify the sources of the high-oleate trait in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the broad-based interspecific derivative with inherent resistance to major foliar diseases, GPBD-4, was subjected to chemical (ethyl methanesulfonate) and physical (γ rays) mutagenesis, resulting in significant variation in fatty acid profile of mutant progenies as tested by gas chromatography in advanced (M4) generations. From these mutant progenies, two stable high-oleic (>70%) mutant lines, GM 4-3 and GM 6-1, were chosen for molecular characterization of ahFAD2B by cloning and sequencing. We report here the identification of two novel mutations (1085A-G and 1111G-A) in oleoyl-PC desaturase (ahFAD2B) of high-oleic mutant line GM 6-1 and the latter single transition 1111G-A in another high-oleic mutant line GM 4-3. The deduced amino acid sequence comparison of the parental genotype, GPBD-4, with normal-oleic (~50%) and high-oleic (>70%) mutant lines indicated the common change from glycine to serine at 372 from start codon due to the common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, 1111G-A) observed in both the high-oleic mutant lines. Another amino acid change from glutamate to glycine was also found in the mutant line GM 6-1 because of the additional SNP it had at 1085A-G in the coding region of ahFAD2B. These novel mutations identified in the new higholeic mutant lines could be used for markerassisted selection for the high-oleate trait, and these foliar disease-resistant, high-oleic mutant lines could serve as additional valuable genetic resources for oil quality improvement in future peanut breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rust and late leaf spot ( LLS) are the two major foliar fungal diseases in groundnut, and their co-occurrence leads to significant yield loss in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality. To identify candidate genomic regions controlling resistance to rust and LLS, whole-genome resequencing ( WGRS)-based approach referred as ' QTL-seq' was deployed. A total of 231.67 Gb raw and 192.10 Gb of clean sequence data were generated through WGRS of resistant parent and the resistant and susceptible bulks for rust and LLS. Sequence analysis of bulks for rust and LLS with reference-guided resistant parent assembly identified 3136 single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) for rust and 66 SNPs for LLS with the read depth of ≥7 in the identified genomic region on pseudomolecule A03. Detailed analysis identified 30 nonsynonymous SNPs affecting 25 candidate genes for rust resistance, while 14 intronic and three synonymous SNPs affecting nine candidate genes for LLS resistance. Subsequently, allele-specific diagnostic markers were identified for three SNPs for rust resistance and one SNP for LLS resistance. Genotyping of one RIL population ( TAG 24 × GPBD 4) with these four diagnostic markers revealed higher phenotypic variation for these two diseases. These results suggest usefulness of QTL-seq approach in precise and rapid identification of candidate genomic regions and development of diagnostic markers for breeding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut is an important and nutritious agricultural commodity and a livelihood of many small-holder farmers in the semi-arid tropics (SAT) of world which are facing serious production threats. Integration of genomics tools with on-going genetic improvement approaches is expected to facilitate accelerated development of improved cultivars. Therefore, high-resolution genotyping and multiple season phenotyping data for 50 important agronomic, disease and quality traits were generated on the ‘reference set’ of peanut. This study reports comprehensive analyses of allelic diversity, population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay and marker-trait association (MTA) in peanut. Distinctness of all the genotypes can be established by using either an unique allele detected by a single SSR or a combination of unique alleles by two or more than two SSR markers. As expected, DArT features (2.0 alleles/locus, 0.125 PIC) showed lower allele frequency and polymorphic information content (PIC) than SSRs (22.21 alleles /locus, 0.715 PIC). Both marker types clearly differentiated the genotypes of diploids from tetraploids. Multi-allelic SSRs identified three sub-groups (K = 3) while the LD simulation trend line based on squared-allele frequency correlations (r2) predicted LD decay of 15–20 cM in peanut genome. Detailed analysis identified a total of 524 highly significant MTAs (pvalue >2.1×10–6) with wide phenotypic variance (PV) range (5.81–90.09%) for 36 traits. These MTAs after validation may be deployed in improving biotic resistance, oil/ seed/ nutritional quality, drought tolerance related traits, and yield/ yield components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous inbred families segregating for rust resistance were identified from the two crosses involving susceptible ( TAG 24 and TG 26) and resistant ( GPBD 4) varieties of peanut. Rust-resistant (less than score 5) and rust-susceptible (more than score 5) plants were identified in each HIF and evaluated under rust epiphytotic conditions. The set of plants belonging to the same HIF, but differing significantly in rust resistance, not in other morphological and productivity traits, was regarded as near-isogenic lines (NILs). Largely, rust-resistant NILs had GPBD 4-type allele, and susceptible NILs carried either TAG 24 or TG 26-type allele at the three SSR loci ( IPAHM103, GM1536 and GM2301) linked to a major genomic region governing rust resistance. Comparison of the remaining genomic regions between the NILs originating from each of the HIFs using transposon markers indicated a considerably high similarity of 86.4% and 83.1% in TAG 24 × GPPBD 4 and TG 26 × GPBD 4, respectively. These NILs are useful for fine mapping and expression analysis of rust resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The published online version of this article unfortunately missed to capture Rajeev K. Varshney as co-corresponding author. There should have been two corresponding authors for this paper (Rajeev K. Varshney and Ramesh S. Bhat). The correct declaration is shown below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]