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Purpose Methods Results Conclusions To evaluate the short‐term (1 week after completion of treatment) effect of office‐based vergence and anti‐suppression therapy (OBVAT) on binocular vision and accommodative function when compared to observation alone in children with small‐to‐moderate angle intermittent exotropia (IXT).In this single‐masked (examiner masked), two‐arm, single‐centre randomised clinical trial, 40 participants, 6 to <18 years of age with untreated IXT were randomly assigned to OBVAT or observation alone. Participants assigned to therapy received 16 weeks of OBVAT (60 min per visit, once per week) with home reinforcement (15 min per day, 5 days a week). Therapy included vergence, accommodation and anti‐suppression techniques. This paper reports the results of clinical measures of binocular vision and accommodation, including fusional vergence, near point of convergence, vergence facility, amplitude of accommodation, the Worth 4‐dot test and the Fusion Maintenance Score (FMS).Treatment group differences at the primary outcome visit significantly favoured the OBVAT group (n = 20) over the observation group (n = 16) in negative fusional vergence break point at both distance (p ≤ 0.001; r = 0.58) and near (adjusted mean difference: 12.3 Δ; 95% CI: 5.3–19.3 Δ; p = 0.001; partial eta squared: 0.28), positive fusional vergence break point at both distance (p = 0.009; r = 0.43) and near (adjusted mean difference: 20.6 Δ; 95% CI: 11.8–29.4 Δ; p ≤ 0.001; partial eta squared: 0.41), vergence facility (adjusted mean difference: 5.6 cpm; 95% CI: 1.9–9.4 cpm; p = 0.005; partial eta squared: 0.22) and the FMS (p = 0.007; r = 0.44).In this randomised clinical trial of participants aged 6 to <18 years with IXT, those in the OBVAT group had a significantly better fusional vergence range, vergence facility, near Worth 4‐dot test result and FMS than the observation group at the 17‐week visit. The improvement in these areas further support the effectiveness of OBVAT for improving IXT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: In many sports, dynamic visual acuity is used. In order to improve dynamic visual acuity, it is important to understand the aspects of the visual system that can cause compromise. Background: To investigate the parameters of the visual system that may influence dynamic visual acuity in professional soccer players. Methods: In 2022, 40 professional players were analysed. Screening consisted of a survey, the measurement refractive error, and static and dynamic visual acuity and the binocular vision parameters. All athletes were men with a mean age of 24.9 ± 4.8 years. Results: The mean refractive error was −0.29 ± 0.61D, and 22.5% of athletes are myopic only and 7.5% hyperopic. Static visual acuity was R: −0.037 ± 0.094 LogMAR , L: −0.036 ± 0.098 LogMAR. Dynamic visual acuity was 0.154 ± 0.118 LogMAR. There is a positive and moderate correlation between monocular static visual acuity and dynamic visual acuity, with r = 0.524 (r2 = 0.275 , p < 0.001) for the right eye and r = 0.553 (r2 = 0.306, p < 0.001) for the left eye. For the component of astigmatism (J = 0) and for stereopsis in distance vision, the correlation was, r = –0.472 (r2 = 0.223, p = 0.002) and r = –0.467 (r2 = 0.218, p = 0.002), respectively. Conclusion: Athletes with lower static visual acuity in distance vision, or with worse stereopsis in distance vision or more myopic astigmatism, have lower dynamic visual acuity than other athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Understanding what aspects of vision or binocular vision may affect learning, and how these are assessed, is important for the eye health care professional assessing children with learning difficulties. It is vital that visual dysfunction is identified or excluded in these patients to ensure targeted and timely intervention. Background: The aim of this study was to investigate similarities and differences between eye care professionals in the knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns, when evaluating children with learning difficulties. Methods: This study was a cross-occupational, cross-sectional, predominantly quantitative internet-based survey. Ophthalmologists, optometrists, and orthoptists working in Australia were eligible to participate. A questionnaire comprising of 31 multiple-choice questions with up to 19 additional branching questions was distributed using REDCap in September 2022. Results: A total of 130 responses were analysed (6 ophthalmologists, 84 orthoptists and 40 optometrists of whom 9 were practicing behavioural vision care). Most respondents assessed distance visual acuity (95%), near stereoacuity (85%), presence of strabismus (88%) and ocular movements (91%). Near vision was assessed less often (65%). Optometrists were most likely to measure colour vision (p < 0.002), accommodation and undertake a subjective refraction (each p < 0.001). Ophthalmologists were least likely to measure convergence (p = 0.041) but more likely to undertake a cycloplegic refraction (p = 0.044). More optometrists practicing behavioural vision care reported testing binocular vision (p = 0.026), fusional vergence (p < 0.001), saccades (p = 0.066), and smooth pursuit (p = 0.050) than other professions. There was a positive correlation between frequency and confidence level when assessing children with learning difficulties (ρ = 0.64). Respondents referred to paediatricians (39%), speech pathologists (30%), educational psychologists (29%) and general practitioners (29%). Conclusion: Despite similarities across occupations, there were differences in testing the vision and binocular functions of children with learning difficulties. Future research should aim to establish minimum standards for assessing this patient cohort to ensure consistent and relevant assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the visual impact of Diffusion Optics Technology™ 0.2 DOT lenses (SightGlass Vision Inc.) designed for myopia control on primary gaze. DOT spectacle lenses contain light scattering elements that scatter light as it passes through the lens which, in turn, reduces retinal image contrast. Methods: Fifty‐one children (12.2 ± 1.3, range 10–14 years; 51% females) were randomly assigned to wear DOT spectacle (n = 27) or single vision lenses (n = 24) across six investigational sites in North America. Binocular high‐ and low‐contrast distant visual acuities, near visual acuity, reading speed, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity and glare were assessed in primary gaze after at least 3 years of wear, with the study 95% powered in all metrics to detect significant differences between the groups. Results: Mean binocular distance high‐contrast (−0.09 ± 0.02 vs. −0.08 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.81), low‐contrast (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 logMAR, p = 0.52) and near visual acuity with glare sources (−0.06 ± 0.03 vs. −0.09 ± 0.03 logMAR, p = 0.32) were similar for DOT and single vision lens wearers, respectively. Contrast sensitivity was similar between children wearing DOT or single vision lenses across 11 of the 16 spatial frequencies (p > 0.05). Mean stereopsis was similar (p = 0.30) with the DOT lenses (33.2 ± 12.5″) and single vision lenses (38.1 ± 14.2″). Functional reading speed metrics were similar in both study groups, as was the objectively measured head tilt during reading (p > 0.05). The mean halo radius was 0.56° ± 0.17° with the DOT lenses compared with 0.50° ± 0.12° with single vision lenses (p = 0.02), but the statistically significant difference was smaller than the non‐inferiority bound of 0.4°. Conclusion: Diffusion optics technology lenses provide a clinically equivalent visual experience to a standard single vision lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fusional reserves differ with the method of measurement. The goal of this study was to compare the subjective and objective responses during the measurement of positive and negative fusional reserves using both step and ramp methods. Methods: A haploscopic system was used to measure fusional reserves. Eye movements were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 Plus eye tracker (SR Research). The stimulus disparity was changed to either mimic a prism bar (steps) or a Risley prism (ramp). Subjective responses were obtained by pressing a key on the keyboard, whereas objective break and recovery points were determined offline using a custom algorithm coded in Matlab. Results: Thirty‐three adults participated in this study. For the ramp method, the subjective and objective responses were similar for the negative (break and recovery points (t(32) = −0.82, p = 0.42) and (t(32) = 0.42, p = 0.67), respectively) and positive fusional reserves (break and recovery points (U = −1.34, p = 0.18) and t(19) = −0.25, p = 0.81), respectively). For the step method, no significant differences in positive fusional reserves were observed when measured subjectively and objectively for the break (t(32) = 1.27, p = 0.21) or the recovery point (U = −2.02, Bonferroni‐adjusted p = 0.04). For the negative fusional reserve, differences were not significant for either the break or recovery points (U = −0.10, p = 0.92 and t(19) = 1.17, p = 0.26, respectively). Conclusion: Subjective and objective responses exhibited good agreement when measured with the ramp and step methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strain gauges commonly used in structural testing are manually pasted, usually with a 1–4 mm deviation between the actual pasted position and the theoretical position. The deviation leads to measurement errors, which are more pronounced in high strain gradient regions with stiffness discontinuities such as openings, reinforcements, and notches. Objective: This study aims to obtain the actual pasted position of strain gauges and thus improving the testing measurement accuracy. Methods: A non-contact strain gauge positioning method is proposed. Firstly, considering that the strain gauges have a regular shape, the irregular borderlines are filtered out based on the geometric features of a borderline image. Secondly, considering that the color of the strain gauge is significantly different from the test piece, and the color features within the borderline are extracted by clustering and compared with the strain gauges to complete the recognition. Finally, based on the epipolar geometry, the matching relationship of the strain gauges in different images is obtained, and the positioning is completed based on binocular vision according to the strain gauge recognition results. Results: For a simple plate, the average positional error of strain gauges is reduced by 71%. For a small square tube, the average error is reduced by 44%. For a large cylinder, the average error is reduced by 32.4%. Conclusion: The proposed non-contact strain gauge positioning method can obtain high precision strain gauge positions, which effectively improves the test measurement accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess visual outcomes and stability of lens alignment more than 3 years after implanting either the AT Lisa Tri Toric (Carl Zeiss Meditec) or the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric (Alcon Laboratories, Inc) intraocular lens (IOL). Methods: Patients who had received either the AT Lisa Tri Toric or the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric IOL were included in the study. The average follow-up period was 5.4 years for the AT Lisa Tri Toric group and 7.9 years for the Acrysof IQ Restor group. The examinations covered included: subjective refraction, monocular and binocular corrected and uncorrected visual acuity at far (4 m), intermediate (75 cm), and near (40 cm) distances, binocular best-corrected defocus curve analysis (4 m), contrast sensitivity evaluation, assessment of IOL axial position, and presence of positive dysphotopsia. Results: A total of 42 eyes were evaluated. Both groups exhibited good long-term lens axial stability. The AT Lisa Tri Toric group had a mean misalignment of 4.8 ± 3.2° from the preoperatively determined axis, whereas the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric group had an average misalignment of 5.4 ± 4.5° (no statistically significant difference, P =.578). Mean achieved spherical equivalent was −0.19 ± 0.36 diopters (D) for the AT Lisa Tri Toric group and 0.15 ± 0.39 D for the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric group. In the AT Lisa Tri Toric group, 18 eyes (72%) achieved an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 0.10 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/25 Snellen) or better, compared to 15 eyes (88%) in the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric group. Overall, 21 eyes (84%) in the AT Lisa Tri Toric group and 14 eyes (83%) in the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric group achieved a postoperative spherical equivalent refraction between −0.50 and +0.50 D. Conclusions: Both the AT Lisa Tri Toric and the Acrysof IQ Restor Toric IOLs showed good long-term stability and functional outcomes. They proved to be effective options for restoring vision at far, intermediate, and near distances, providing a viable solution for presbyopia correction even several years after implantation. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(11):e845–e853.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess objective reading performance at intermediate and near distances using the Salzberg Reading Desk (SRD) (SRD Vision) in patients with cataract who underwent the implantation of a diffractive extended depth of focus intraocular lens (EDOF IOL) in the dominant eye and a hybrid multifocal EDOF IOL in the non-dominant eye. Methods: This prospective, non-comparative, interventional study included 46 eyes of 23 patients with cataract who underwent bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of the DFR00V Tecnis Synergy IOL (Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision) in the non-dominant eye and the DXR00V Tecnis Symfony OptiBlue IOL (Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision) in the dominant eye. At postoperative 6 months, the Salzburg Reading Desk was used to assess distance-corrected reading performance at near and intermediate distances. Results: Although the monocular reading acuity at the preferred intermediate distance was statistically significantly better in the eyes implanted with the DXR00V IOL, it was better with the DFR00V IOL at preferred near distances. The mean binocular distance-corrected preferred intermediate and near reading acuity was 0.07 ± 0.09 (20/23) and 0.13 ± 0.09 (20/27) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, respectively. Other parameters of reading performance, such as reading speed, reading distance, reading time, and smallest scale log print size, were similar between the two IOL groups when assessed monocularly. Conclusions: Implanting a DFR00V IOL in the non-dominant eye and a diffractive DXR00V IOL in the dominant eye resulted in excellent binocular reading acuity and speed at intermediate and near distances. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(11):e778–e782.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power transmission line icing (PTLI) poses significant threats to the reliability and safety of electrical power systems, particularly in cold regions. Accumulation of ice on power lines can lead to severe consequences, such as line breaks, tower collapses, and widespread power outages, resulting in economic losses and infrastructure damage. This study proposes an enhanced image processing pipeline to accurately detect and match key points in PTLI images for 3D monitoring of ice thickness using binocular vision. The pipeline integrates established techniques such as multiscale retinex (MSR), oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithms, further refined with m-estimator sample consensus (MAGSAC)-based random sampling consensus (RANSAC) optimization. The image processing steps include automatic cropping, image enhancement, feature detection, and robust key point matching, all designed to operate in challenging environments with poor lighting and noise. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves key point matching accuracy and computational efficiency, reducing processing time to make it suitable for real-time applications. The effectiveness of the pipeline is validated through 3D ice thickness measurements, with results showing high precision and low error rates, making it a valuable tool for monitoring power transmission lines in harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to rapidly identify and locate the weld seam initial point in robotic automated welding, we established a binocular vision system and proposed a weld seam initial point localization algorithm named WIPL-Net. Built upon the Fully Convolutional One-Stage object detection network, WIPL-Net introduces a lightweight ResNext as its backbone network and incorporates channel attention and enhanced feature fusion mechanisms to enhance feature detection and extraction capabilities. Subsequently, WIPL-Net is utilized to obtain the weld seam's initial point, and its three-dimensional coordinates are determined through trigonometric measurements. To further estimate the robot's posture at the initial point, we performed sparse three-dimensional reconstruction of the local region centered on the weld seam initial point based on You Only Look At Coefficients of Tensors instance segmentation and feature point matching. Finally, we conducted comparative experiments on WIPL-Net and conducted weld seam initial point localization experiments in real welding scenarios. The results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves a positioning error of less than 1.2 mm for the weld seam's initial point and a pose error of less than 10 degrees for the robot, meeting the requirement for real-time positioning of the weld seam's initial point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced scientific and technological measurement methods are the basis of sports research and the progress of sports research methods. It promotes the continuous improvement of sports technology to meet athletes’ pursuit of excellent sports achievements. Therefore, the method of sports scientific research must be changed from the traditional empirical training mode to the programmed training method, from the qualitative analysis of the training effect to the nuanced analysis of the training process. Based on this, this paper uses in-depth learning to study sports motion capture. First, two-dimensional human joints are extracted based on Mask R-CNN. Then, the 3D human motion skeleton is constructed by using the binocular vision system, and the Mask R-CNN human pose estimation algorithm is optimized. On this basis, a sports motion capture system is designed, and the system’s accuracy is verified. The error of the depth information obtained by the sports capture system constructed in this paper is less than 3% in the experiment of about 2m. It has strong practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Method Results Conclusions Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition commonly seen in children and adolescents, characterised by an increase in distractibility or inattention. Several studies have noted a higher rate of visual problems in this group, especially convergence insufficiency (CI), but when using different diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate visual function in ADHD children and non‐ADHD controls to compare the different signs for diagnosis of CI.In this prospective case‐control study, a group of children aged 7–17 years, diagnosed with ADHD before the start of pharmacological treatment and matched for age and gender with non‐ADHD controls were examined. Visual acuity (VA), objective and subjective refraction, accommodative amplitude and facility, heterophoria, positive and negative fusional vergences (PFV and NFV) and stereopsis were assessed.Sixty participants (30 ADHD and 30 non‐ADHD controls) were evaluated. There was no significant difference between the two groups for VA, refraction and accommodative abilities. There were significant differences in PFV and NFV: PFV break/recovery values for the ADHD and control groups were 18.9/16.2∆ and 26.9/22.1∆, respectively. Respective values for NFV were 15.7/13∆ and 19.3/15.9∆. Using the three signs of receded near point of convergence (NPC), decreased PFV and exophoria 4∆ greater at near than distance, the prevalence of CI was equivalent for the ADHD and controls (p = 0.34) If only two signs were considered for the CI diagnosis, (i.e., receded NPC and decreased PFV), then prevalence was significantly greater for the ADHD group (p < 0.01).These results show a higher prevalence of binocular vision problems in the ADHD group. This suggests a relationship between vergence problems and ADHD, but the direction of this link remains unclear. Further studies with specific samples may be needed to understand fully the association between binocular vision disorders and ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial skin has shown great potential in robot perception and human healthcare. It provides multifunctional tactile sensing, including 3D shape reconstruction, contact feedback, and temperature perception, where the 3D reconstruction function is indispensable for dexterous hands in tactile cognition and interaction. Vision‐based tactile sensor (VTS) is an innovative bionic tactile sensor and supports high‐resolution, high‐precision, and high‐density tactile reconstruction compared with electronic tactile sensors. Considering the unique contribution of visuo‐tactile sensing to artificial skin, this review focuses on the 3D reconstruction techniques of the VTS. 3D reconstruction methods are classified into five categories based on sensing modalities, hardware categories, and modeling approaches: 1) photometric stereo, 2) binocular depth calibration, 3) optical flow, 4) deep learning, and 5) ToF (time of flight). In addition, the association and difference of reconstruction methods are analyzed from the hardware perspective, and the development and technological details of 3D reconstruction are summarized. On this basis, the challenges and development direction are discussed. This review can be viewed as a technology guide to provide references for interested researchers. Furthermore, it is expected to promote the extensive application of the VTS in artificial skins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To prospectively evaluate binocular visual outcomes after implantation of trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) with high-water-content hydrophobic acrylic material in Japanese patients. Methods: In 59 patients (mean age 65.1 ± 7.9 years), Clareon PanOptix (CNWTT0: Alcon) with a high-water-content hydrophobic acrylic material was implanted bilaterally. Three months postoperatively, binocular uncorrected visual acuity (BUCVA) and distance-corrected visual acuity (BDCVA) at distances of 5 m, 80, 60, and 40 cm, binocular defocus curves, and binocular photopic contrast sensitivity were examined. Subjective symptoms (night vision disturbance, glare, halos, haze, or blurry vision) were also assessed. Results: The mean postoperative BUCVA/BDCVA at 5 m, 80 cm, 60 cm, and 40 cm were − 0.115/-0.163, -0.052/-0.047, -0.054/-0.075, and − 0.043/-0.067 logMAR, respectively. A smooth defocus curve, contrast sensitivity within the normal range, and acceptable subjective symptom rates were obtained. Conclusions: The trifocal IOL, composed of a high-water-content hydrophobic acrylic material, provides good continuous binocular vision from distance to near. Trial registration: This investigator-initiated study was registered in the Japan Registry for Clinical Trials (identifier: jRCTs032220042) on April 26, 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the agreement between phoropter Risley prism and prism bar fusional vergence amplitudes in a normative group of school-aged children, aged 8 to 17 years. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study utilized multistage sampling to recruit participants with normal binocular vision. Horizontal fusional vergence amplitudes were measured at distance and near using the phoropter with Risley prisms and the prism bar. Result: The study included 422 normal participants (48.1% male, 51.9% female) with a mean age of 12.39 ± 1.94 years. There were significant differences in the base-in break, base-in recovery, base-out blur, base-out break, and base-out recovery at distance and near between phoropter Risley prism and prism bar fusional vergences (p < 0.05); amplitudes for phoropter Risley prism were higher than that for prism bar. Their mean differences were clinically meaningful except for base-in recovery at distance; however, there was no level of agreement on Bland Altman analysis. Conclusion: Fusional vergence amplitudes measured with the phoropter Risley prism and prism bar should not be considered interchangeable in African schoolchildren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studying the behavioral responses and movement trajectories of insects under different stimuli is crucial for developing more effective biological control measures. Therefore, accurately obtaining the movement trajectories and behavioral parameters of insects in three-dimensional space is essential. Methods: This study used the litchi pest Thalassodes immissaria as the research object. A special binocular vision observation system was designed for nighttime movement. A thermal infrared camera was used for video recording of T. immissaria in a lightless environment. Moreover, a multi-object tracking method based on the YOLOX-GMM and SORT-Pest algorithms was proposed for tracking T. immissaria in thermal infrared images. By obtaining the central coordinates of the two T. immissaria in the video, target matching and 3D trajectory reconstruction in the parallel binocular system were achieved. Results: Error analysis of the T. immissaria detection and tracking model, as well as the 3D reconstruction model, showed that the average accuracy of T. immissaria detection reached 89.6%, tracking accuracy was 96.9%, and the average error of the reconstructed 3D spatial coordinates was 15 mm. Discussion: These results indicate that the method can accurately obtain the 3D trajectory and motion parameters of T. immissaria. Such data can greatly contribute to researchers' comprehensive understanding of insect behavioral patterns and habits, providing important support for more targeted control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To draw and analyze a science map and research trends in the field of strabismus with the method of co-word analysis. Method: In this Scientometric study, all scientific outputs in the field of strabismus indexing in the Scopus database between 2005 and 2023 have been analyzed based on various Scientometric indicators. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and VOSviewer softwares. Results: The most significant growth in scientific output occurred in 2021, while the lowest was observed in 2023. The field of strabismus classified in four subject clusters, including Strabismus and Neurology, Alignment Disorders, Visual Acuity/Refraction and Strabismus, and Binocular Vision and Strabismus. Research pertaining to Genetics and Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) have notably emerged between 2014 and 2018, reflecting a trend toward increased research focus in these areas. Conclusion: The growth of graph scientific output in strabismus shows periodic fluctuations across various years, with its pick in 2021 and the lowest point in 2023 due to spread of COVID-19. Strabismus and neurology cluster had the highest frequently especially in the USA. Genetic and BCVA as emerging topics were frequently studied in recent years due to extensive progress of genetic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotational speed vectors of the bearing balls affect their service life and running performance. Observing the actual rotational speed of the ball is a prerequisite for revealing its true motion law and conducting sliding behavior simulation analysis. To address the need for accuracy and real-time measurement of spin angular velocity, which is also under high-frequency and high-speed ball motion conditions, a new measurement method of ball rotation vectors based on a binocular vision system is proposed. Firstly, marker points are laid on the balls, and their three-dimensional (3D) coordinates in the camera coordinate system are calculated in real time using the triangulation principle. Secondly, based on the 3D coordinates before and after the movement of the marker point and the trajectory of the ball, the mathematical model of the spin motion of the ball was established. Finally, based on the ball spin motion model, the three-dimensional vision measurement technology was first applied to the measurement of the bearing ball rotation vector through formula derivation, achieving the analysis of bearing ball rolling and sliding characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that the visual measurement system with the frame rate of 100 FPS (frames per second) yields a measurement error within ±0.2% over a speed range from 5 to 50 RPM (revolutions per minute), and the maximum measurement errors of spin angular velocity and linear velocity are 0.25 °/s and 0.028 mm/s, respectively. The experimental results show that this method has good accuracy and stability in measuring the rotation vector of the ball, providing a reference for bearing balls' rotational speed monitoring and the analysis of the sliding behavior of bearing balls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate localization of picking points in non-structural environments is crucial for intelligent picking of ripe citrus with a harvesting robot. However, citrus pedicels are too small and resemble other background objects in color, making it challenging to detect and localize the picking point of citrus fruits. This work presents a novel approach for detecting and localizing citrus picking points using binocular vision. First, the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) attention model is integrated into the backbone network of Mask R-CNN to increase the feature extraction for citrus pedicels, and the soft-non maximum suppression (Soft-NMS) strategy is used in the region proposal network to enhance the detection performance of citrus pedicel. Second, to accurately associate the citrus fruit with the best detected pedicel, a maximum discrimination criterion is proposed by integrating the confidence score of the detected pedicel and the degree of positional connectivity between the pedicel and the fruit. Finally, to reduce matching errors and improve computational efficiency, a rapid and robust matching method based on the normalized cross-correlation was applied to search the picking point within the line segment between the left and right images. The experimental results show that the precision, recall and F1-score for pedicel detection are 95.04%, 88.11%, and 91.44%, respectively, which are improvement of 13.00%, 7.84%, and 10.30% compared to the original Mask R-CNN. The mean absolute error (MAE) for the localizing the citrus picking point is 8.63 mm and the mean relative error (MRE) is 2.76%. The MRE was significantly reduced by at least 1.2% compared to the stereo matching methods belief-propagation (BP), semi-global block matching (SGBM), and block matching (BM), respectively. This study provides an effective method for the precise detection and localization of citrus picking point for a harvesting robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is indispensable in contemporary industry, and the weighing of aggregates directly determines the quality of concrete preparation. In response to the difficulty of traditional methods in meeting the industrial requirements for accuracy, efficiency, and cost of measurement, this paper proposes a non-contact bone pile weight measurement method based on binocular vision. Firstly, the on-site image is obtained through a binocular camera, and the camera parameters are used to improve the image edge information and preprocess the image. Then, the improved semi global matching (SGM) algorithm is used to improve computational efficiency, obtaining three-dimensional information of the aggregate pile for volume calculation. Based on the watershed algorithm and T-S inference, the aggregate clearance rate is calculated, and the initial volume is corrected. Finally, a linear relationship is established between the density of the aggregate pile and the clearance rate, and the weight of the aggregate pile can be obtained by the density formula. The experimental results on different sizes of aggregate piles shows that the average error of the experiment is less than 4%. Efficiency of improved SGM matching algorithm has increased several times compared to the original algorithm, providing a low-cost and efficient measurement method for industrial aggregate weighing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera is an oilseed crop with high economic value. The short optimum harvest period and high labour costs of C. oleifera harvesting have prompted research on intelligent robotic harvesting. This study focused on the determination of grabbing points for the robotic harvesting of C. oleifera fruits, providing a basis for the decision making of the fruit-picking robot. A relatively simple 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) and stereoscopic vision replaced the complex 3D CNN to realise the 3D positioning of the fruit. Apple datasets were used for the pretraining of the model and knowledge transfer, which shared a certain degree of similarity to C. oleifera fruit. In addition, a fully automatic coordinate conversion method has been proposed to transform the fruit position information in the image into its 3D position in the robot coordinate system. Results showed that the You Only Look Once (YOLO)v8x model trained using 1012 annotated samples achieved the highest performance for fruit detection, with mAP 50 of 0.96 on the testing dataset. With knowledge transfer based on the apple datasets, YOLOv8x using few-shot learning realised a testing mAP 50 of 0.95, reducing manual annotation. Moreover, the error in the 3D coordinate calculation was lower than 2.1 cm on the three axes. The proposed method provides the 3D coordinates of the grabbing point for the target fruit in the robot coordinate system, which can be transferred directly to the robot control system to execute fruit-picking actions. This dataset was published online to reproduce the results of this study. [Display omitted] • 3D positioning of grabbing points for Camellia oleifera fruit picking is addressed. • 2D CNN and binocular vision replace the complex 3D CNN for 3D positioning of fruit. • Knowledge transfer reduced the manual annotation work for deep learning. • Images with different lighting conditions enhance the robustness of the model. • Automatic coordinate conversion avoids the manual calibration work for robot control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To compare the corneal epithelial remodeling in eyes with high astigmatism that had small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser–assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK). Methods: Seventy-four patients with myopic astigmatism of greater than −2.00 diopters (D) and little binocular difference in spherical equivalent were included in this contralateral comparative study. All patients received SMILE in one eye and FS-LASIK in the other eye randomly. The corneal epithelial remodeling pattern was mapped using the latest RTVue spectral-domain optical coherence tomographer (Optovue) by region. Results: Satisfactory refractive correction was achieved in all enrolled eyes with either SMILE or FS-LASIK. The corneal epithelium gradually thickened following surgical cylinder correction, distributing mainly along the flat medium. The corneal epithelium proliferation is milder centrally but more pronounced in the mid-peripheral area after SMILE, compared with FS-LASIK. The flat-steep difference in corneal epithelial thickness (CET) is evident in the mid-peripheral and peripheral areas, which is more obvious in SMILE. Residual cylinder was positively correlated with CET in eyes that had FS-LASIK, but not SMILE. More importantly, these epithelial changes were positively correlated with the ablation depth and higher order aberrations following surgical refractive correction. Conclusions: The postoperative CET map varied between SMILE and FS-LASIK. In eyes with high astigmatism, SMILE surgery is followed by milder and more stable corneal epithelial thickening. Moreover, the corneal epithelium is sensitive to stromal ablation and corneal remodeling is crucial to the postoperative visual quality. This study rigorously distinguished the CET difference between SMILE and FS-LASIK in astigmatic eyes and shed light on subsequent research. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(10);e728–e741.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate clinical outcomes following contralateral implantation of a diffractive extended depth of focus (EDOF) and a hybrid EDOF-multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) with a violet filter in a U.S.-based population. Methods: In this prospective, non-comparative study, 60 eyes of 30 patients aged 40 years and older underwent bilateral cataract surgery and implantation of a DXR00V IOL (Tecnis Symfony OptiBlue) in the dominant eye and a DFR00V (Tecnis Synergy) IOL in the non-dominant eye. Outcome measures included uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity, distance-corrected intermediate (DCIVA, 66 cm), near and very near visual acuity (DCNVA, 40 and 33 cm), and patient-reported outcomes. Results: At 6 months postoperatively, binocular mean UDVA and CDVA were −0.10 ± 0.07 and −0.11 ± 0.05 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), respectively. The mean DCIVA was 0.26 ± 0.08 logMAR in the DXR00V eyes and 0.23 ± 0.06 logMAR in the DFR00V eyes. The mean DCNVA at 40 and 33 cm were 0.28 ± 0.12 and 0.30 ± 0.15 logMAR, respectively, in the DXR00V eyes and 0.07 ± 0.08 and 0.07 ± 0.10 logMAR, respectively, in the DFR00V eyes. The mean binocular DCIVA and DCNVA at 33 and 40 cm were 0.18 ± 0.05, 0.06 ± 0.08, and 0.06 ± 0.07 logMAR, respectively. The percentages of patients achieving spectacle independence at far, intermediate, and near distances were 100%, 100%, and 81%, respectively. Conclusions: Contralateral implantation of the diffractive EDOF and a hybrid EDOF-multifocal IOL yielded excellent binocular visual acuity at all distances, as well as high patient satisfaction and functional performance on visual tasks. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(10):e699–e705.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binocular stereo vision relies on imaging disparity between two hemispherical retinas, which is essential to acquire image information in three dimensional environment. Therefore, retinomorphic electronics with structural and functional similarities to biological eyes are always highly desired to develop stereo vision perception system. In this work, a hemispherical optoelectronic memristor array based on Ag‐TiO2 nanoclusters/sodium alginate film is developed to realize binocular stereo vision. All‐optical modulation induced by plasmonic thermal effect and optical excitation in Ag‐TiO2 nanoclusters is exploited to realize in‐pixel image sensing and storage. Wide field of view (FOV) and spatial angle detection are experimentally demonstrated owing to the device arrangement and incident‐angle‐dependent characteristics in hemispherical geometry. Furthermore, depth perception and motion detection based on binocular disparity have been realized by constructing two retinomorphic memristive arrays. The results demonstrated in this work provide a promising strategy to develop all‐optically controlled memristor and promote the future development of binocular vision system with in‐sensor architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significant progress made in deep learning-based stereo matching, the accuracy of these methods significantly decreases when faced with challenges such as occlusions, reflections, textureless areas, and scale variations. In this paper, we propose MSCANet, a novel stereo matching network that integrates multi-scale inputs and context-aware aggregation ability. MSCANet effectively integrates rich multi-scale feature information and exhibits context-aware capability, thereby enabling it to achieve superior performance. Firstly, a multi-scale aware fusion module is designed to efficiently incorporate more comprehensive global context features at different scales, which allows the model to enhance its ability to generalize across images of varying scales. Secondly, a novel V-shaped encoder/decoder module is developed to effectively exploit the rich feature information. In the encoding stage, a 3D squeeze-and-excitation block is introduced to facilitate adaptively recalibration of learned feature maps. This block effectively suppresses irrelevant features while enhancing useful features, which improved efficiency and accuracy in disparity prediction. Additionally, a 3D context-aware decode block is designed to effectively utilize global context features to restore the original image structure during the decoding stage. Moreover, the high-level feature maps can be employed to augment low-level feature maps by incorporating more detailed information to avoid the side effects caused by the loss of information during the encoding process. Extensive ablation experiments and comparative experiments were conducted on Scene Flow dataset, KITTI2012 and KITTI2015 datasets to validate the effectiveness of each proposed module. The experimental results demonstrate MSCANet achieves competitive performance and offers a more straightforward and efficient model design, as well as faster inference speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coal content in the gangue of coal preparation plants cannot be detected online, especially in the jigging sorting process. There is a large time lag in manual testing. An approach based on the YOLACT segmentation network and binocular vision was proposed. First, the YOLACT segmentation network was used to identify coal and gangue. At the same time, the coal and gangue particle regions are segmented from the background of the bucket elevator. A binocular matching method based on deep learning was proposed to obtain better disparity maps and establish better volume models of coal and gangue particles. A stereo-matching global fusion network model was also presented by improving the Pyramid Stereo Matching Network. Finally, the coal and gangue volume parameters were combined with their respective empirical densities to predict the coal content in gangue of the bucket. When the load in the bucket elevator is small, the average prediction error of coal content in gangue is 9.19%. When the load is large i.e. the coal and gangue are stacked in multiple layers, it is not appropriate to calculate the coal content in gangue due to serious particle coverage. Therefore, a fuzzy alarm strategy was proposed based on actual needs. The situation of coal content in gangue was divided into three levels: normal, warning, and alarm. It meets the alarm requirements for coal content in gangue in most industrial plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Govetto's staging system (stages 1–4) for epiretinal membrane (ERM) based on optical coherence tomography images is a useful predictor of monocular visual function; however, an association between Govetto's stage and binocular vision has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Govetto's stage among the monocular and binocular parameters. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with treatment-naïve eyes with unilateral ERM without pseudo-hole. We investigated Govetto's stage, degrees of aniseikonia and metamorphopsia, foveal avascular zone area, central retinal and choroidal thickness, vertical ocular deviation, stereopsis, and binocular single vision (BSV). We compared the parameters between the BSV-present and BSV-absent groups and investigated correlations between Govetto's stage and the monocular and binocular parameters. Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients were examined (age, 66.6 ± 10.2 years). In multivariate correlation analyses, Govetto's stage correlated with BSV (P = 0.04, β = − 0.36) and central retinal thickness (P < 0.001, β = 0.74). Of the eyes, 18 were assigned to the BSV-present group and 10 to the BSV-absent group. Govetto's stage was significantly more advanced in the BSV-absent group than in the BSV-present group (3.2 ± 0.8 vs 2.5 ± 0.7, P = 0.03). Of the 28 patients, 11 (39%) showed small-angle vertical deviations (1–12Δ). In conclusion, our findings showed that Govetto's stage correlated with binocular vision in patients with monocular ERM. Govetto's staging is a useful parameter for predicting not only monocular but also binocular vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusional vergence range tests are commonly used in optometric practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible contribution of CA/C, AC/A, and proximal cues (PCT) to the magnitude and presence of blur and recovery during the measurement of fusional vergence ranges and to determine whether the occurrence of blur is influenced by these vergence and accommodation cues. A total of 27 participants with normal binocular vision were included and AC/A, CA/C, and PCT ratios were evaluated. Blur, break, and recovery values in convergence and divergence were assessed with base-out and base-in prisms, respectively. No statistical correlations were found between AC/A, CA/C, and PCT ratios and the magnitude of blur, break, and recovery values in neither far, near, convergence, nor divergence testing conditions. However, better near point of convergence values were related to higher break values in convergence at far distances, but not at near distances. In addition, for convergence and far distance, a statistical difference was found between groups reporting and not reporting blur in AC/A stimulus and PCT ratios. The present results cannot confirm whether vergence and accommodation cues, such as AC/A, CA/C, and PCT ratios, may play an active role during the assessment of fusional vergence range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting reading skills, poses significant challenges to children's academic performance and quality of life. Despite its rising prevalence and adverse effects, understanding of its relationship with vision anomalies remains limited, particularly in low-resource settings like Nigeria. This study aims to assess the prevalence of binocular vision anomalies (BVAs) among children with and without dyslexia in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: This is a hospital-based, cross-sectional, matched-paired, controlled study conducted at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Eye Clinic in Northern Nigeria. The study included school children who visited the AKTH Eye Clinic from January 2018 to December 2022. Visual acuity tests, external eye examinations and accommodative, binocular vision and oculomotor skills tests were conducted. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and Fisher's exact tests were conducted, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Forty-four children aged 12 ± 2 years participated. Children with dyslexia reported higher rates of visual symptoms than those without dyslexia, Blurring vision, visual distortion and eye strain were the most prevalent (p < 0.05) BV symptoms. Accommodative insufficiency), was the most common visual abnormality, and was significantly higher in children with dyslexia than those without dyslexia (45.5% vs. 18.2%). However, other visual anomalies showed no significant difference between groups. There was a high prevalence of binocular vision anomalies in both groups. Binocular test findings showed dyslexic children had significantly lower distance positive fusional vergence recovery values (p = 0.005). All cases of convergence insufficiency alone were found in the non-dyslexic group. Conclusions: The study found that children with dyslexia residing in Northern Nigeria demonstrated higher rates of visual symptoms, more accommodative insufficiency and lower distance positive fusional vergence recovery values compared to their non-dyslexic counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been substantial research on multi-medium visual measurement in fields such as underwater three-dimensional reconstruction and underwater structure monitoring. Addressing the issue where traditional air-based visual-measurement models fail due to refraction when light passes through different media, numerous studies have established refraction-imaging models based on the actual geometry of light refraction to compensate for the effects of refraction on cross-media imaging. However, the calibration of refraction parameters inevitably contains errors, leading to deviations in these parameters. To analyze the impact of refraction-parameter deviations on measurements in underwater structure visual navigation, this paper develops a dual-media stereo-vision measurement simulation model and conducts comprehensive simulation experiments. The results indicate that to achieve high-precision underwater-measurement outcomes, the calibration method for refraction parameters, the distribution of the targets in the field of view, and the distance of the target from the camera must all be meticulously designed. These findings provide guidance for the construction of underwater stereo-vision measurement systems, the calibration of refraction parameters, underwater experiments, and practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the accurate evaluation of queue posture and action, aiming at the problem that it is difficult to accurately measure the three-dimensional human posture characteristics such as kick height in the training scene, this paper proposed a queue three-dimensional posture feature detection method based on binocular information. The method is divided into two stages; the 2D pose estimation stage and binocular stereo matching stage. In order to improve the accuracy of 2D human pose detection, it designed a 2D pose estimation model based on the improved HRNet network. Firstly, it introduced spatial channel attention in the back-bone network to enhance feature extraction capabilities. The feature fusion layer used an adaptive spatial feature fusion module to fuse multi-scale features of the network. Secondly, it used the unbiased data processing method to encode and decode the heat map to reduce the statistical error of the data. Finally, it adopted a coarse-to-fine multi-stage supervision method during model training to improve the detection accuracy of key points. Based on the 2D pose estimation model, it used the standard correlation matching function to achieve binocular stereo matching, and then obtained the 3D human pose through coordinate transformation. The experimental results show that the improved pose estimation network has better accuracy, the accuracy of the COCO dataset reaches 77.1%, and the detection accuracy of the self-made queue training dataset reaches 86.3%, which are respectively 2.2% and 3.1% higher than the original network. In the kick height experiment of the three-dimensional human body posture, the average relative error measured by the proposed method is 2.5%, which fully verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblyopia is the most frequent cause of monocular vision loss. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used to improve several vision parameters of the amblyopic eye in adulthood. This study is relevant in order to evaluate TMS effects and to raise awareness of the need for further research. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a neuromodulation technique capable of changing cortical excitability. In the last decade, it has been used to improve visual parameters in amblyopic patients. The main goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the influence of TMS in the amblyopic eye, in the visual parameters of amblyopic patients. Searches were done in PubMed and Embase databases, and a combined search strategy was performed using the following Mesh, EMBASE, and keywords: 'Amblyopia', 'Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation', and 'theta burst stimulation'. This review included randomised controlled studies, descriptive cases, and clinical case studies with adult amblyopes. All articles that had any of the following characteristics were excluded: children or animal studies, reviews, pathologies other than amblyopia, and other techniques rather than repetitive TMS (rTMS), or Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS). A total of 42 articles were found, of which only four studies (46 amblyopes) meet the criteria above. Three of the articles found significant improvement after one session of continuous TBS (cTBS) in visual parameters like visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, suppressive imbalance, and stereoacuity. One study found a significant visual improvement with 10 Hz rTMS. Only one stimulation-related dropout was reported. The few existing studies found in this review seem to show that through the usage of high-frequency rTMS and cTBS, it is possible to re-balance the eyes of an adult amblyope. However, despite the promising results, further research with larger randomised double-blind studies is needed for a better understanding of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: New digital systems are being developed for evaluating different aspects of the visual function, such as binocularity, and it is important to know their real performance in clinical practice in order to use them appropriately. Background: The aim was to compare binocular vision measures obtained with an online digital platform with conventional measures using prisms and printed tests. Methods: Prospective study enrolling 49 healthy patients (mean age: 35.5 ± 13.6 years). A complete visual examination was performed including measurement of near phoria (cover test), negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV) ranges (prism bar), and stereopsis (24 patients Randot Stereo Test and 25 patients TNO Random Dot Test 19th edition). These same parameters were also measured with the Bynocs system (Kanohi Eye Pvt Ltd). Bland – Altman plots were used to analyse the agreement between methods. Results: Digital measurement of near phoria was significantly lower than that obtained with the cover test, with a median difference (MD) of 4.71 (−0.07–20.07) prism dioptres (pd) (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between Bynocs and prism bar methods in NFV break (MD 2.00, range −21–26 pd, p = 0.584) and recovery points (MD 0.00, range −16–24 pd, p =.571). Near PFV were significantly lower with Bynocs (break: MD −9.00, range −38–12 pd; recovery: MD −14.00, range −43–20 pd; p < 0.001). Bynocs stereoacuity threshold was significantly lower than that obtained with TNO (p = 0.004), but significantly higher compared to Randot (p < 0.001). Large and clinically relevant confidence intervals for the comparison between digital and conventional measures were detected in Passing-Bablok analysis. Conclusions: Digital measures of near phoria, NFV, PFV, and stereopsis with the Bynocs platform cannot be used interchangeably with conventional measures. The normal ranges of normality for this new tool are defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical relevance: Knowing the agreement and interobserver variability of the 2WIN-S photorefractometer with cycloplegic retinoscopy and prism cover test is important for judging the clinical usefulness of the device. Background: This study aims to determine an agreement and interobserver reliability between 2WIN-S photorefractometer and cycloplegic retinoscopy for estimating refractive errors and between 2WIN-S and prism cover test for measuring horizontal ocular deviation in children. Methods: Two groups of 129 and 64 participants (range, 5 to 16 years) were recruited for the agreement and interobserver reliability studies, respectively. Non-cycloplegic 2WIN-S refraction was compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy for low and moderate myopia and hyperopia. Similarly, corneal reflex-function (CR-function) of 2WIN-S was compared with prism cover test for horizontal ocular deviation. Bland-Altman plots were used to depict agreement, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for determining interobserver reliability of repeated measures. Results: The mean differences in spherical equivalent, J0 (Cartesian astigmatism) and J45 (oblique Jackson cross-cylinder) between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S were 1.10 (95% CI = 0.97 to 1.21, p < 0.001), −0.06 (95% CI = −0.09 to −0.03, p < 0.001) and 0.009 (95% CI = −0.01 to 0.03, p = 0.35), respectively. The overall median difference in the horizontal ocular deviation between prism cover test and 2WIN-S was −4.5 (Interquartile range = −12.0 to 4.0). For constant strabismus, this difference was insignificant (median= −2.0, interquartile range = −11.0 to 6.7, p = 0.19) between prism cover test and 2WIN-S. The ICC was high for the spherical equivalent (0.997; p < 0.001), J0 (0.932; p < 0.001) and J45 (0.901; p < 0.001), whereas it was low-to-moderate for horizontal ocular deviation (0.50; p < 0.001). Conclusion: 2WIN-S refraction was in agreement with cycloplegic retinoscopy for low and moderate myopia and hyperopia, and requires an adjustment for the consistent differences between cycloplegic retinoscopy and 2WIN-S refraction. The measurement of constant strabismus with 2WIN-S is comparable to that of prism cover test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Visual function deficits have been reported in adolescents following concussion. We compared vergence and accommodation deficits in paediatric and adolescent patients at a tertiary medical centre in the sub‐acute (15 days to 12 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks to 1 year) phases of concussion recovery. Methods: The study included patients aged 7 to <18 years seen between 2014 and 2021, who had a binocular vision (BV) examination conducted within 15 days and 1 year of their concussion injury. Included patients had to have 0.10 logMAR monocular best‐corrected vision or better in both eyes and be wearing a habitual refractive correction. BV examinations at near included measurements of near point of convergence, convergence and divergence amplitudes, vergence facility, monocular accommodative amplitude and monocular accommodative facility. Vergence and accommodation deficits were diagnosed using established clinical criteria. Group differences were assessed using nonparametric statistics and ANCOVA modelling. Results: A total of 259 patients were included with 111 in the sub‐acute phase and 148 in the chronic phase of concussion recovery. There was no significant difference in the rates of vergence deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub‐acute = 48.6%; chronic = 49.3%). There was also no significant difference in the rates of accommodation deficits between the two phases of concussion recovery (sub‐acute = 82.0%; chronic = 77.0%). Conclusion: Patients in both the sub‐acute and chronic phases of concussion recovery exhibited a high frequency of vergence and accommodation deficits, with no significant differences between groups. Results indicate that patients exhibiting vision deficits in the sub‐acute phase may not resolve without intervention, though a prospective, longitudinal study is required to test the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Clinicians measure the near point of convergence (NPC) and the amplitude of accommodation (AA) from the spectacle plane, the bridge of the nose or the lateral canthus when assessing visual function. These values are compared to standard clinical criteria to diagnose vergence and accommodation deficits, despite varying reference points. This prospective study explored measuring relative to the spectacle plane and from the lateral canthus for NPC and monocular AA, and the resulting clinical implications of diagnosing visual deficits. Methods: Participants were seen by a single clinician for an eye examination. NPC was measured from the forehead and the lateral canthus of the right eye. Monocular AA was measured from the brow and the lateral canthus. Differences between measurements were analysed using non‐parametric statistical tests including Wilcoxon Signed Rank, as well as linear regression and a linear mixed effects model to adjust for inter‐eye correlation and repeated measures. Chi‐square tests were used to assess differences in rates of abnormal findings. Results: Data were collected from 70 participants (53% female, median age 13 [11–15] years). On average, measuring NPC from the lateral canthus yielded a value 1.8 cm higher than measuring from the forehead. Measuring AA from the lateral canthus resulted in an average difference of 1.5 cm compared to measuring from the brow. A total of 39% and 76% of subjects failed NPC compared to clinical norms when measured from the forehead or the lateral canthus, respectively, while 7% and 40% failed AA when measured from the brow or the lateral canthus, respectively. Conclusion: With the variable anatomy of the eye, it is imperative to account for the measurement point when assessing visual function. Measuring from the lateral canthus greatly increased the failure rates for NPC and AA compared with measuring from the forehead and brow, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exotropia-hypotropia complex is an uncommon phenomenon associated with high myopia. However, some literature reports cases of the exotropia-hypotropia complex where residual hypotropia is managed through a secondary surgery following the conventional recession-resection of the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR). Nasal Loop myopexy as a primary surgical procedure for the management of exotropia-hypotropia complex has been rarely reported in the literature. Methods: A 24-year-old male with unilateral high myopia presented with a large angle exotropia-hypotropia complex with limitation of elevation in abduction in his left eye. His ocular deviation was successfully managed through a nasal loop myopexy of the superior rectus (SR) and MR using a non-absorbable suture, combined with large LR recession and MR resection. Results: Postoperatively, the patient had satisfactory ocular alignment with improved hypotropia and normal elevation in abduction, contributing to enhanced binocular vision and better cosmesis. Discussion: Managing the exotropia-hypotropia complex in the context of high myopia demands a comprehensive approach that addresses both vertical and horizontal deviations. The surgical strategy employed in this case, which included loop myopexy of SR and MR along with LR recession and MR resection, achieved positive outcomes regarding alignment, elevation, and binocular vision. The case supports variations in muscle path and the potential benefits of tailored surgical strategies for complex strabismus cases associated with high myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in cataract surgery have broadened its scope from mere vision restoration to include correction of refractive errors and presbyopia. This evolution has introduced multifocal and extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses (IOLs), allowing enhanced vision across multiple distances. However, the influence of these advanced IOLs on stereopsis remains controversial. Factors influencing stereopsis after surgery include visual acuity, interocular differences, residual astigmatism, and the type of IOL, etc. Binocular vision integration and neuroadaptation further affect stereopsis, especially in cases of presbyopia-correcting IOLs. It is widely acknowledged that bilateral implantation of presbyopia-correcting IOLs yield superior stereopsis compared to unilateral implantation. However, there remains no consensus on whether binocular implantation of multifocal or monofocal IOLs provides superior stereopsis. Most studies suggest no significant difference in stereopsis between these two types of implants. Among different types of multifocal IOLs, refractive multifocal IOLs may offer better stereopsis than diffractive multifocal IOLs when implanted bilaterally. Emerging EDOF and hybrid multifocal-EDOF IOLs also demonstrate promising postoperative stereopsis. Additionally, a mix-and-match strategy with different types of IOLs implanted in each eye may result in interocular differences in visual acuity at certain distances, potentially affecting stereopsis. Nevertheless, with appropriate selection, most patients can achieve satisfactory postoperative stereopsis. This review synthesizes current literature on the effects of presbyopia-correcting IOLs on postoperative stereopsis recovery following cataract surgery. Studies on stereopsis outcomes with different IOLs have yielded mixed results, urging further investigation for optimized surgical strategies and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose was to establish reference values for macular thickness, binocular vision, and stereopsis in premature infants aged 5-9 years and 10-13 years who underwent laser photocoagulation of avascular retinal zones due to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP); to assess and compare the data in an age-related perspective. Methods. Data from 24 premature infants who underwent ophthalmological examination, including optical coherence tomography, Titmus Stereo Fly Test, and the Worth 4 Dot Test, at ages 5-9 years and again at ages 10-13 years were analyzed. All children had undergone laser photocoagulation of avascular retinal zones due to ROP in infancy. Results. At ages 5-9 years, the mean central macular volume was 9.2 mm3, and the retinal thickness in the central fovea was 313.7 μm. At ages 10-13 years, the mean central macular volume was 9.1 mm3, and the retinal thickness in fovea was 320.8 μm. Normal binocular vision and stereopsis were observed in 79.2% and 33.3% of the children at the first time point, and in 87.5% and 45.8% at the second time point. Conclusions. No statistically significant difference in the central macular volume and macular thickness was detected between the two time points, (p>0.05). The thickest part of the macula was identified in the inner macula, followed by the outer macula, with the nasal quadrant being the thickest. Despite the anatomical peculiarities, high rates of binocular vision were observed at both time points, along with stereopsis at the second examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A binocular stereo vision measurement system is widely used in fields such as industrial inspection and marine engineering due to its high accuracy, low cost, and ease of deployment. An unreasonable structural design can lead to difficulties in image matching and inaccuracies in depth computation during subsequent processing, thereby limiting the system's performance and applicability. This paper establishes a systemic error analysis model to enable the validation of changes in structural parameters on the performance of the binocular vision measurement. Specifically, the impact of structural parameters such as baseline distance and object distance on measurement error is analyzed. Extensive experiments reveal that when the ratio of baseline length to object distance is between 1 and 1.5, and the angle between the baseline and the optical axis is between 30 and 40 degrees, the system measurement error is minimized. The experimental conclusions provide guidance for subsequent measurement system research and parameter design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report long-term ocular alignment and sensory outcomes after medial rectus recession for high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio esotropia. Methods: The medical records of consecutive patients who had undergone unilateral or bilateral medial rectus recession for high AC/A ratio esotropia and were observed postoperatively for a minimum of 5 years were reviewed retrospectively. Results: A total of 34 patients were included. Twenty-three patients (68%) used bifocals preoperatively. The mean age at surgery was 11.5 ± 4.4 years (range: 2.5 to 19.0 years). The mean postoperative follow-up was 7.5 ± 2.3 years (range: 5.0 to 15.25 years). Overall, 21 patients (62%) had surgical success at their last follow-up visit. Age at surgery, preoperative angle of distance and near deviation, distance-near disparity, and preoperative bifocal wear did not predict motor outcome after surgery. Preoperative presence of peripheral binocular single vision was a significant favorable factor for surgical success. At the last follow-up visit, 21% of patients had a recurrence of high AC/A ratio esotropia and 9% each had consecutive exotropia (intermittent [3%] and constant [6%]) and basic esotropia. Peripheral binocular single vision was achieved in 64% of patients and stereopsis in 28%. Bifocal segment was eliminated postoperatively in 70% of patients. Conclusions: Nearly two-thirds of patients with high AC/A ratio esotropia achieved a successful long-term motor outcome and peripheral binocular single vision, and nearly one-fourth achieved stereopsis. Recurrence of high AC/A ratio esotropia occurred in some patients, and consecutive exotropia and basic esotropia in a few. Bifocal segment was eliminated postoperatively in 70% of patients. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(5):344–350.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When uncrewed agricultural machinery performs autonomous operations in the field, it inevitably encounters obstacles such as persons, livestock, poles, and stones. Therefore, accurate recognition of obstacles in the field environment is an essential function. To ensure the safety and enhance the operational efficiency of autonomous farming equipment, this study proposes an improved YOLOv8-based field obstacle detection model, leveraging depth information obtained from binocular cameras for precise obstacle localization. The improved model incorporates the Large Separable Kernel Attention (LSKA) module to enhance the extraction of field obstacle features. Additionally, the use of a Poly Kernel Inception (PKI) Block reduces model size while improving obstacle detection across various scales. An auxiliary detection head is also added to improve accuracy. Combining the improved model with binocular cameras allows for the detection of obstacles and their three-dimensional coordinates. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved model achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 91.8%, representing a 3.4% improvement over the original model, while reducing floating-point operations to 7.9 G (Giga). The improved model exhibits significant advantages compared to other algorithms. In localization accuracy tests, the maximum average error and relative error in the 2–10 m range for the distance between the camera and five types of obstacles were 0.16 m and 2.26%. These findings confirm that the designed model meets the requirements for obstacle detection and localization in field environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous path planning represents a cornerstone technology for enabling planetary rovers to carry out exploration missions on extraterrestrial planets. This technology facilitates planetary rovers in navigating safely and efficiently toward their mission goal. However, the special conditions of extraterrestrial planetary environments pose significant challenges for autonomous path planning compared with those faced by ground-based mobile robots. These challenges include communication delays and bandwidth limitations between the planetary rover and the ground control station, limited light, unknown and unpredictable terrain, distinct environmental features, and the difficulty of accurately modeling interactions between the rover wheels and the ground. Therefore, addressing how to generate a safe, efficient, and reasonable traversable path for a planetary rover under conditions of incomplete environmental data and uncertain positioning is a focal point of current research. This paper reviews advancements in perception map construction and autonomous path planning for planetary rovers, examining both research progress and engineering applications. First, this paper summarizes advances in perception map construction methods that rely on binocular vision. This method uses stereo vision to generate parallax maps, which in turn help construct a digital elevation model of the planet’s surface. Stereo matching algorithms are typically used to acquire parallax maps. The discussion includes an analysis of two main types of methods: region-based matching algorithms and feature-based matching algorithms. Second, the paper classifies existing autonomous path-planning methods for planetary rovers into two categories: those based on cost evaluation and those leveraging machine learning. As a typical representative of cost-evaluation–based path planning methods, the optional arc-based autonomous path planning method is spotlighted for its algorithmic principles and iterative applications in ongoing planetary rover missions. Furthermore, the potential of A* heuristic search algorithm, rapidly-exploring random tree star (RRT*) algorithm, and fast marching method(FMM) algorithms for enhancing planetary rover path planning is explored in a categorical manner. The application of machine learning in autonomous path planning for planetary rovers is also reviewed. Such methods are classified into two groups: end-to-end path planning methods and auxiliary approaches leveraging machine learning. Ultimately, based on the above analysis of the key technologies of planetary rover autonomous path planning, the paper identifies and discusses future research directions for improving autonomous path planning methods for planetary rovers. These include enhancing perception capabilities, improving optional arc paths, reducing slippage, integrating multiple path planning methods, and strengthening the use of machine learning.

The purpose was to establish reference values for macular thickness, binocular vision, and stereopsis in premature infants aged 5-9 years and 10-13 years who underwent laser photocoagulation of avascular retinal zones due to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP); to assess and compare the data in an age-related perspective. Methods. Data from 24 premature infants who underwent ophthalmological examination, including optical coherence tomography, Titmus Stereo Fly Test, and the Worth 4 Dot Test, at ages 5-9 years and again at ages 10-13 years were analyzed. All children had undergone laser photocoagulation of avascular retinal zones due to ROP in infancy. Results. At ages 5-9 years, the mean central macular volume was 9.2 mm3, and the retinal thickness in the central fovea was 313.7 μm. At ages 10-13 years, the mean central macular volume was 9.1 mm3, and the retinal thickness in fovea was 320.8 μm. Normal binocular vision and stereopsis were observed in 79.2% and 33.3% of the children at the first time point, and in 87.5% and 45.8% at the second time point. Conclusions. No statistically significant difference in the central macular volume and macular thickness was detected between the two time points, (p>0.05). The thickest part of the macula was identified in the inner macula, followed by the outer macula, with the nasal quadrant being the thickest. Despite the anatomical peculiarities, high rates of binocular vision were observed at both time points, along with stereopsis at the second examination.

Abstract Govetto’s staging system (stages 1–4) for epiretinal membrane (ERM) based on optical coherence tomography images is a useful predictor of monocular visual function; however, an association between Govetto’s stage and binocular vision has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Govetto’s stage among the monocular and binocular parameters. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with treatment-naïve eyes with unilateral ERM without pseudo-hole. We investigated Govetto’s stage, degrees of aniseikonia and metamorphopsia, foveal avascular zone area, central retinal and choroidal thickness, vertical ocular deviation, stereopsis, and binocular single vision (BSV). We compared the parameters between the BSV-present and BSV-absent groups and investigated correlations between Govetto’s stage and the monocular and binocular parameters. Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients were examined (age, 66.6 ± 10.2 years). In multivariate correlation analyses, Govetto’s stage correlated with BSV (P = 0.04, β = − 0.36) and central retinal thickness (P

Fish mass is important to optimize daily feeding, control stocking densities, and ultimately determine optimal harvest time. Currently fish mass mainly relies on manual measurements, which is not only time consuming and laborious but also brings stress to fish, and even causes death. However, fish different postures and tail deformation during swimming are challenging for binocular vision to precisely measure mass in unconstrained underwater environment. This study creatively introduces the angle between space vectors to select fish postures, and develop mass prediction model based on length of fish without tail fin. Firstly, three-dimensional coordinates of feature point obtained by convex hull algorithm are calculated by information fusion based on depth images and RGB images from instance segmentation. Secondly, the angle between fish body long axis and camera optical axis is first proposed to select good fish posture for length estimation. Finally, the relationship model between mass and length without considering tail fins is constructed, and subsequently this model has been tested on test datasets. We conducted experiments with Oplegnathus punctatus as an example, and experimental results show that the method can achieve non-contact precise measurement of underwater fish mass, which can be further used to estimate fish mass in densely breeding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]