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Bu çalışma, Bursa ilinden toplanan ve “organik yumurta ve/veya köy yumurtası” olarak satışa sunulan yumurta örneklerinde ağır metal konsantrasyon seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve risk değerlendirmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yumurta örnekleri 7 farklı örnekleme noktasından toplanmıştır. Yumurtaların ak ve sarılarında ayrı ayrı Cd, Hg, Pb, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn ve As metallerine bakılmıştır. Analizler indüktif eşleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometre (ICP-MS) cihazı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Toplanan yumurta örneklerinde tespit edilen ağır metallerin ortalama konsantrasyon seviyeleri ağır metalin türüne bağlı olarak yumurta sarısında 0,0012 ile 0,390 μg/g arasında, yumurta beyazında ise 0,00123 ile 193 μg/g arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan risk karakterizasyonu işlemi neticesinde toplanan yumurta örneklerinin THQ değerlerinin yumurtanın sarı kısmı için 1,1x10-3 ile 0,637 arasında, yumurtanın beyaz kısmı için 1,91 x10-4 ile 0,01438 arasında değişim gösterdiği ve herhangi bir risk oluşturmadığı tespit edilmiştir. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the levels of heavy metal concentration in egg samples collected from Bursa province and presented as "organic eggs and/or village eggs" for exposure and risk assessment. Egg samples were collected from 7 different sampling points. The contents of Cd, Hg, Pb, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and As in the yolk and albumen part of the eggs were examined separately. Analyzes were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean concentrations of heavy metals detected in collected egg samples were found to vary between 0.0012 and 0.390 μg/g in egg yolks and between 0.00123 and 193 μg/g in albumen depending on the weight of heavy metals. Risk characterization process showed that the THQ values of collected egg samples vary between 1.1x10-3 and 0.637 for the yolk and vary between 1.91 x10-4 and 0.01438 for the albumen part of the eggs and do not pose any risk.

Bu çalışmada, Bursa İli'ndeki dört farklı örnekleme bölgesinden (Uludağ Üniversitesi Kampusü (UÜK), Yavuzselim (YS), TÜBİTAK BUTAL (TB) ve Mudanya) alınan dış ortam hava örneklerinde PAH'ların konsantrasyonları, kuru çökelme, ıslak çökelme ve toplam çökelme akı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme dört mevsimi yansıtması bakımından Haziran 2008-Haziran 2009 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Konsantrasyon örnekleri yüksek hacimli hava örnekleyicisi (YHHÖ), akı örnekleri ise su yüzeyi örnekleyicisi (SYÖ), ıslak kuru çökelme örnekleyicisi (IKÇÖ) ve toplam çökelme örnekleyicisi (TÇÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır.Ortalama toplam (gaz+partikül) PAH konsantrasyonları UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgelerinde sırasıyla 28±49, 184±276, 131±131 ve 73±108 ng/m3 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen değerler literatürde benzer bölgeler için elde edilen değerlerle uyumluluk göstermektedir. UUK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgelerinde tespit edilen toplam PAH konsantrasyon değerlerinin sırasıyla %68, %78, %86 ve %73'ünün gaz fazda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Moleküler ağırlığı az olan PAH türleri gaz fazda daha yoğun olarak bulunurken, moleküler ağırlığı fazla olan türler partikül fazda bulunmaktadır.UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgelerinde PAH bileşiklerinin SYÖ ile tespit edilen ortalama toplam (partikül+çözünmüş) kuru çökelme akı değerleri sırasıyla 3992±2706, 7777±4516, 5867±3610 ve 4498±3702 ng/m2-gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Kuru çökelme akı değerlerinin çözünmüş fazda partikül faza oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Akı ve konsantrasyon değerleri kullanılarak PAH'lar için partikül fazda hesaplanan kuru çökelme hız değerleri UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgeleri için sırasıyla 0,91±1,17, 2,26±0,94, 1,18±0,98, 1,23±1,18 cm/s iken kütle transfer katsayısı (KTK) değerleri ise sırasıyla 0,95±0,91, 1,53±1,20, 1,39±0,98, 1,60±1,29 cm/s olarak bulunmuştur. TÇÖ ile tespit edilen toplam çökelme akı değerleri UÜK örnekleme bölgesinde 525±1090 ng/m2-gün iken YS örnekleme bölgesinde 2213±2921 ng/m2-gün olarak bulunmuştur. Bulunan değerler literatür değerleri ile örtüşmektedir.Toplanan örneklerde tespit edilen ortalama toplam (partikül+çözünmüş) yağmursuyu PAH konsantrasyon değerleri UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgeleri için sırasıyla 552±600, 1347±1308, 859±612 ve 693±733 ng/L olarak tespit edilirken ortalama toplam ıslak çökelme akı değerleri (partikül+çözünmüş) ise sırasıyla 5700±5990, 41360±34575, 22439±19598, 44469±54412 ng/m2-gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yağmursuyu konsantrasyonu ve ıslak çökelme akı değerlerinde, partikül faz değerlerinin çözünmüş faz değerlerine göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.PAH bileşiklerinin yıkanma oranları UÜK, YS, TB ve Mudanya örnekleme bölgeleri için partikül fazda 4,11x105±2.86x105, 9,49x105±11,0x105, 8,52x105±10,9x105, 3,29x105±3,45x105, çözünmüş faz yıkanma oranı ise 8,15x105±10,09x105, 4,05x105±4,47x105, 8,97x105±11,3x105, 5,22x105±4,30x105 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen değerler literatür değerleri ile benzerlik göstermektedir. In this study, ambient air PAH concentrations, dry deposition, wet deposition and bulk deposition fluxes were determined in the air samples taken from four different sites in Bursa (The Uludag University Campus (UUC), Yavuzselim (YS), TÜBİTAK BUTAL (TB) and Mudanya). Sampling campaign was carried out between June 2008 and June 2009 to emphasize the seasonal variation. Air samples were collected with high volume air sampler (HVAS) while deposition fluxes were collected with water surface sampler (WSS), wet and dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and bulk deposition sampler (BDS).The average total PAH concentration values of the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites were determined to be 28±49, 184±276, 131±131 and 73±108 ng/m3, respectively. The values measured in the present study were within the range of previously reported values in the literature. Total concentration values of PAH compounds were 68%, 78%, 86% and 73% in the gas phase at the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Low molecular weight PAH compounds were primarily in the gas phase while high molecular weight PAHs were mainly found in the particulate phase.Average total dry deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined with the WSS and the average values were 3992±2706, 7777±4516, 5867±3610 and 4498±3702 ng/m2-day for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Dissolved phase dry deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined higher than the gas phase fluxes. Dry deposition velocities of PAHs were calculated using of atmospheric concentration and flux values and in the particle phase values were 0,91±1,17, 2,26±0,94, 1,18±0,98, 1,23±1,18 cm/s while the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) of PAHs were 0,95±0,91, 1,53±1,20, 1,39±0,98, 1,60±1,29 cm/s for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Bulk deposition fluxes of PAHs were determined with the BDS and the average values were 525±1090 ng/m2-day and 2213±2921 ng/m2-day for the UUC and the YS sampling site. Obtained results were in good agreement with literature values.The average total rainwater PAH concentration values, measured with the WDDS were, 552±600, 1347±1308, 859±612 and 693±733 ng/L for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. While the average wet deposition flux of PAHs were determined 5700±5990, 41360±34575, 22439±19598, 44469±54412 ng/m2-day for the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Rainwater concentration and wet deposition fluxes of PAH compounds were found to be higher in the particle phase than the dissolved phase.Average washout ratios of PAH compounds were determined as 4,11x105±2.86x105, 9,49x105±11,0x105, 8,52x105±10,9x105, 3,29x105±3,45x105 and 8,15x105±10,09x105, 4,05x105±4,47x105, 8,97x105±11,3x105, 5,22x105±4,30x105 for the dissolved and particle phases at the UUC, YS, TB and Mudanya sampling sites, respectively. Obtained results were shown similarity with the previously reported values in the literature. Uludağ Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ebrar Tekstil Lancaster Üniversitesi Çevre Merkezi

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) constitutes of the classical air pollutants have important environmental effects. In the scope of this study, the results of SO2 and PM concentrations measured from 7 districts of Bursa, their spatial fluctuations and the reasons of variations among districts are discussed. Samples were collected with a Bulab 201/8 model semi-automatic sampling device. Monthly average concentrations were calculated for the evaluation of pollutant concentrations. When average concentrations of the districts were assessed, it was observed that the concentrations are dependent on meteorological and topographical conditions, fuel usage and population characteristics. Key Words: Bursa, Air Pollution, SO2, PM

Bu çalışmada, Bursa ili sınırları içerisinde kurulu bulunan iki farklı tekstil endüstrisi atıksu arıtma tesisi çıkış sularına ileri oksidasyon teknikleri uygulanarak arıtılabilirlik çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, koagülasyon, Fenton, Fenton-benzeri ve ozonlama proseslerinden oluşan ileri oksidasyon teknikleri iki farklı tekstil endüstrisi atıksuyu üzerinde uygulanmış ve her bir sistem özellikle KOI ve renk giderimi açısından ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir.Koagülasyon deneylerinde Atıksu 1 için koagülant olarak FeSO4 kullanıldığında 250 mg/l dozunda %48 KOI ve %97 renk giderimi elde edilmiş olup, koagülant olarak FeCl3 kullanıldığında 250 mg/l dozunda KOI'de %56, renkte %88'lik bir giderim verimi elde edilmektedir. Atıksu 2 için optimum koagülant dozları 150 mg/l FeSO4 ve150 mg/l FeCl3'dür. Bu dozlarda elde edilen giderim verimleri sırasıyla KOI için %71, renk için %94 ve %89'dur.Atıksu 1 ile gerçekleştirilen Fenton prosesi için optimum şartlar pH=3, FeSO4= 200 mg/l ve H2O2=200 mg/l olarak bulunmuştur. Bu dozlarda elde edilen KOI ve renk giderim verimleri sırasıyla %58 ve %97'dir. Benzer şekilde FeCl3 kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen Fenton-benzeri deneylerinde optimum şartlar pH=3, 200 mg/l FeCl3, 100 mg/l H2O2 olarak belirlenmiştir. KOI ve renkte elde edilen giderim verimleri sırasıyla %54 ve %92'dir. Atıksu 2 ile gerçekleştirilen Fenton deneylerinde optimum işletme parametreleri Fenton prosesi için pH=3, 150 mg/l FeSO4 ve 150 mg/l H2O2, Fenton?benzeri prosesi için 200 mg/l FeCl3 ve 200 mg/l H2O2 olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum şartlarda KOI ve renk parametrelerinde elde edilen giderim verimleri Fenton ve Fenton benzeri prosesleri için sırasıyla %49 ile %94, %45 ile %94'tür.Atıksu 1 ile gerçekleştirilen ozonlama çalışmalarında elde edilen optimum değerler pH=9 ve CO3= 23mg/l dak ve temas süresi 15 dak'dır. Optimum şartlarda elde edilen giderim verimleri Atıksu 1 için KOI'de %34, renk'te %90 olup Atıksu 2 ile yapılan deneylerde elde edilen KOI ve renk giderim verimleri sırasıyla %44 ile %90'dır.Uygulanan arıtma alternatifleri birbirleriyle karşılaştırıldığında elde edilen giderim verimleri bakımından Fenton prosesinin diğer ileri oksidasyon tekniklerine nazaran tekstil atıksularından KOI ve rengin giderilmesinde daha uygun bir yöntem olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Tekstil endüstrisi Arıtılabilirlik, İleri Oksidasyon, Koagülasyon, Fenton, Fenton-benzeri Prosesi, Ozonlama, KOI ve Renk Giderimi. In this study, treatability tests were applied on effluent originated from two different textile industry treatment plants in Bursa using advanced oxidation techniques. For this purpose, coagulation, Fenton, Fenton-like and ozonation processes were used for wastewaters and each system was investigated in terms of COD and colour removal.In coagulation experiments, at dose of 250 mg/l FeSO4 coagulant, 48% COD and 97% colour removal were obtained; at dose of 250 mg/l FeCl3 coagulant, 56% COD and 88% colour removal were obtained for wastewater 1. The optimum coagulant doses for wastewater 2 were 150 mg/l FeSO4 and 150 mg/l FeCl3. COD and colour removal efficiencies were 71% and 94%, respectively.The optimum conditions of Fenton process for wastewater 1 were pH 3, FeSO4=200 mg/l and H2O2=200 mg/l. COD and colour removal efficiencies for these doses were 58% and 97%, respectively. Similarly, in Fenton-like experiments performed with FeCl3, the optimum conditions were pH 3, FeCl3=200 mg/l and H2O2=100 mg/l. COD and colour removal efficiencies were 54% and 92%, respectively. The optimum operational parameters on wastewater 2 for Fenton process were pH=3, FeSO4=150 mg/l and H2O2=150 mg/l, while FeCl3=200 mg/l and H2O2=200 mg/l values were for Fenton-like process. COD and colour removal efficiencies for Fenton process were 49%, 94%; for Fenton-like process were 45%, 94%, respectively.The optimum conditions of ozonation for wastewater 1 were pH 9 and CO3=23 mg/l-min and 15 min of contact time. Removal efficiencies at optimum conditions were in sequence 34% and 90% for COD and colour removal for wastewater 1, while these values were 44% and 90% for wastewater 2.As a result of experiments, the Fenton process was the best method in terms of suitability rather than other advanced oxidation techniques when applied treatment alternatives were compared.Key Words: Textile Industry, Advanced Oxidation, Treatability, Coagulation, Fenton, Fenton-like Processes, Ozonation, COD and Colour Removal. 137

PubMed ID: 33475343 2-s2.0-85100240278 As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of ?DDX (sum of o,p?-DDT, p,p?-DDT, o,p?-DDD, p,p?-DDD, o,p?-DDE, and p,p?-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for ?HCHs (sum of ?-, ?-, ?-, and ?-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern-southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas. © 2021 American Chemical Society. 112Y315 Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICIT We acknowledge funding from Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) for the financial support under the grant scheme of The Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (Grant No. 112Y315).

Ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were collected at traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites in Bursa, Turkey, between June 2008 and June 2009. For the traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites, the average gas phase total PAH (a(12)PAH) concentrations were 113 +/- A 131, 142 +/- A 204, 53 +/- A 73, and 19 +/- A 34 ng/m(3), respectively, whereas the average particle phase total PAH concentrations were 28 +/- A 36, 56 +/- A 85, 24 +/- A 40, and 11 +/- A 23 ng/m(3), respectively. Phenanthrene and fluoranthene had the highest concentrations of all of the sampling sites in the gas phase. The PAH concentrations in the heating period were 5-7 times greater than the nonheating period concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the relationship between the levels of PAHs determined in ambient samples and their possible sources. The PCA model shows that coal combustion and vehicle emissions affected PAH emissions. Moreover, the molecular diagnostic ratios indicated that coal-burning and traffic emissions were the dominant PAH sources. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the meteorological parameters also affected the ambient PAH concentrations. The sampling site characteristics, meteorological conditions, dispersion, and local sources all affected the concentration levels.

Atmospheric concentration and deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009 in an urban sampling site Yavuzselim, Turkey. Eighty-three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were targeted in the collected samples. It was found that 90% of the total PCB concentration was in the gas phase. Deposition samples were collected by a wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and a bulk deposition sampler (BDS). Average total deposition fluxes measured with the BDS in dry periods was5500±2400 pg/(m2day); average dry deposition fluxes measured by the WDDS in the same period were6400±3300 pg/(m2day). The results indicated that the sampler type affected the measured flux values. Bulk deposition samples were also collected in rainy periods by using the BDS and the average flux value was8700±3100 pg/(m2day). The measured flux values were lower than the values reported for the urban and industrial areas. Dry deposition velocities for the WDDS and BDS samples were calculated0.48±0.35 cm/s and0.13±0.15 cm/s, respectively.

The variations in the occurrences of PCB congeners both in soil and air were investigated in conjunction with each other, and the changes in the fugacity fractions and flux levels were examined on a seasonal basis. Air and soil samples were collected concurrently two or three times in a month during a one-year monitoring at two different locations in Bursa, located in the northwestern Turkey. Fugacity fractions and net flux levels of PCB congeners were calculated. Air and soil PCB levels increased together as the soil temperature increased, suggesting the influence of instantaneous air-soil exchange towards the equilibrium conditions. The flux levels and fugacity fractions also showed a positive significant correlation with soil temperature. Flux levels were positive for the dates with fugacity fractions above 0.5, indicating volatilization from soil to air.

Ambient air and bulk deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009. Eighty-three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were targeted in the samples. The average gas and particle PCB concentrations were found as 393 +/- 278 and 70 +/- 102 pg/m(3), respectively, and 85% of the atmospheric PCBs were in the gas phase. Bulk deposition samples were collected by using a sampler made of stainless steel. The average PCB bulk deposition flux value was determined as 6,020 +/- 4,350 pg/m(2) day. The seasonal bulk deposition fluxes were not statistically different from each other, but the summer flux had higher values. Flux values differed depending on the precipitation levels. The average flux value in the rainy periods was 7,480 +/- 4,080 pg/m(2) day while the average flux value in dry periods was 5,550 +/- 4,420 pg/m(2) day. The obtained deposition values were lower than the reported values given for the urban and industrialized areas, yet close to the ones for the rural sites. The reported deposition values were also influenced by the type of the instruments used. The average dry deposition and total deposition velocity values calculated based on deposition and concentration values were found as 0.23 +/- 0.21 and 0.13 +/- 0.13 cm/s, respectively.

In this study, the treatment efficiency of different advanced oxidation (Fe+2/H2O2, Fe+3/H2O2, O-3) and chemical coagulation processes were investigated. Wastewater samples were taken from two different textile industries. Optimum efficiencies in color and COD removal were determined based on the applications of different chemical species and pH. 150 mg/L FeSO4 at pH 12 has provided the maximum color and COD removal efficiency in chemical coagulation experiments for textile industry 1. For textile industry 2, maximum color and COD removal efficiencies were obtained with Fe+2/H2O2 (Fenton) process at pH 3 (FeSO4 200 mg/L and H2O2 200 mg/L dosages). The operating costs of all proposed treatment systems were also evaluated in this study.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of coagulation, Fenton's oxidation (Fe2+/H2O2) and ozonation for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from biologically pretreated textile wastewater. FeSO4 and FeCl3 were used as coagulants at varying doses and varying colour removal efficiency was measured. For the Fenton process, COD and colour removal efficiencies were found to be 78% and 95% for the Fenton process, and to be 64% and 71% for the Fenton-like process (Fe3+/H2O2), respectively. Ozonation experiments were conducted at different initial pH values and fixed ozone doses. Ozonation resulted in 43% COD and 97% colour removal whereas these rates increased to 54% and 99% when 5 mg/l hydrogen peroxide was added to the wastewater before ozonation at the same dose. The operating costs of all proposed treatment systems were also evaluated in this study.