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Havsbaserad vindkraft är en viktig komponent i omställningen till förnybar energi för att bemöta den globala klimatkrisen. För att bättre förstå förutsättningarna för utbyggnad av havsbaserad vindkraft behövs kunskap om möjligheter, hinder och åtgärder för samexistens mellan vindkraft och andra behov till havs. Den här rapporten presenterar resultat från en litteraturanalys för att belysa nuvarande kunskapsläge om samexistens mellan havsbaserad vindkraft och yrkesfiske, vattenbruk respektive naturvård. Angående samexistens med yrkesfiske är huvudsakliga möjligheter som diskuteras i litteraturen att utforma fiskeredskap och -metoder som är kompatibla med vindparker, och designa vindparker så att det kan finnas förutsättningar för att även utöva fiske. Huvudsakliga potentiella hinder som diskuteras i litteraturen är låg acceptans för havsbaserad vindkraft inom fiskesektorn som kan försvåra möjligheter till utvecklingsprojekt, och säkerhetsaspekter, som risk för olyckor, skada på vindparkens installationer, samt skada eller förlust av fiskeredskap, och även tillhörande osäkerheter kring försäkringsaspekter. Åtgärder som undersöks enligt litteraturen inkluderar dels förebyggande åtgärder, som noggrant samarbete med aktörer och intressegrupper vid platsval, lokala eller regionala samrådforum, och styrning på högre politisk nivå, dels strategiska åtgärder, som satsningar på utveckling av teknik som medför minskad risk för skada, utveckling av fiskeredskap som kan användas i vindparker och småskaliga pilotprojekt kring god praxis för fiskevänliga vindparker. Bland planeringsmässiga åtgärder betonas framförallt proaktiv havsplanering. Angående samexistens med vattenbruk diskuteras i litteraturen framförallt fördelar med att kombinera vattenbruk med vindparker, som kan leda till mer effektiv platsanvändning och ökade möjligheter för att etablera vattenbruk längre bort från kusten. Som hinder diskuteras främst att utvecklingen av sådan fleranvändning fortfarande är i ett tidigt skede och inte kommersiellt gångbar, så att det fortfarande behövs kunskapsutveckling i form av pilotstudier, teknikutveckling, risk- och konfliktanalyser, men även att lagstiftningen idag kan vara försvårande för samexistens. Centrala åtgärder som diskuteras i litteraturen är till exempel att stimulera forskning, innovation och utveckling, inkludera fleranvändning i havsplaneringen och utveckla ett gemensamt ramverk för aktörer inom fleranvändning inklusive ett tydligt regelverk för förvaltning, tillståndsprocesser och övervakning av verksamheterna. Angående samexistens med naturvård fokuserar rapporten på olika aspekter kring om, och i så fall hur, havsbaserad vindkraft kan vara förenlig med naturvårdens syften. Möjligheter för samexistens mellan vindparker och lagstadgade skyddade områden är svåra att fastställa på en generell nivå, då det beror på om vindparken medför en risk för det skyddade områdets målsättning eller inte. Förutsättningarna påverkas även hurdana förflyttningseffekter som skulle kunna uppstå inom fiske och andra marina användningar, och vilka miljöeffekter dessa kan leda till. Bland sätt på vilka havsbaserade vindparker skulle kunna gynna naturvården, på en mer generell nivå, belyser litteraturen till exempel att 1) artificiella reveffekter kan främja vissa arter, vilket skulle vara gynnsamt om det stärker hotade eller sårbara arter, eller arter som fyller en önskad funktion i ekosystemet, som filtrering eller bioreglering, och 2) indirekta skyddseffekter kan uppstå om fiske utesluts helt eller delvis i parken, och ge möjlighet till återhämtning för arter som dör i fisket, samt havsbottnar (om området tidigare har påverkats av bottentrålning). Litteraturen, och olika pågående pilotprojekt, belyser även möjligheter att integrera naturinkluderande designer i vindparkernas utformning, till exempel hur vindkraftverkens fundament och erosionsskydd skulle kunna utformas för att främja vissa, önskade arter. Bland potentiella hinder identifieras till exempel risken att en samlokalisering med skyddade områden skulle innebära ömsesidiga kompromisslösningar, så att nätverket av skyddade områden blir suboptimalt. Litteraturen diskuterar även en risk att reveffekter vid vindkraftverken kan motverka syftet med det skyddade området, till exempel att oönskade arter gynnas eller att den nya artificiella livsmiljön skadar naturligt förekommande livsmiljöer, samt osäkerheter kring hur fiskemönster kommer att utvecklas i området och dess närhet, inklusive förflyttningseffekter. Möjligheten att integrera naturbaserade lösningar, till exempel att utforma vindkraftverkens fundament så att de kan främja vissa arter, diskuteras allt mer. En farhåga som lyfts i detta sammanhang är att den forskningsbaserade utvecklingen går långsamt framåt, då det fortfarande finns osäkerheter kring ekologisk effektivitet, effektstorlek eller möjliga risker med sådana lösningar. Möjliga åtgärder som diskuteras i litteraturen för att stärka naturvården är till exempel att strategiskt använda havsplaneringen för att lokalisera områden för vindkraft på ett sätt som kan gynna sådana arter och livsmiljöer som behöver stärkas eller rehabiliteras från fysisk påverkan, samt att testa och vidareutveckla naturbaserade lösningar. En övergripande aspekt som lyfts i litteraturen är vikten av tillräcklig och kontinuerlig kommunikation, och av riktade insatser för att öka förutsättningarna för samexistens och acceptans. Exempel är att stärka möjligheter till engagemang från olika aktörer, konsultera en bredd av sektorer och intressegrupper, säkerställa information till allmänheten, samt att påbörja samråd tidigt i processen och på ett sätt så att det blir tydligt vilken typ av inflytande som är möjlig i vilket skede. Stimulering av forskning och innovation, transparenta och strukturerade processer för havsplanering, kunskapsutbyte mellan länder samt offentlig tillgång till data är andra centrala insatser som betonas.

Many boreal lakes are experiencing an increase in concentrations of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM)-a process commonly labeled "browning." Browning affects microbial and photochemical mineralization of DOM, and causes increased light attenuation and hence reduced photosynthesis. Consequently, browning regulates lake heterotrophy and net CO2-efflux to the atmosphere. Climate and environmental change makes ecological forecasting and global carbon cycle modeling increasingly important. A proper understanding of the magnitude and relative contribution from CO2-generating processes for lakes ranging in dissolve organic carbon (DOC) concentrations is therefore crucial for constraining models and forecasts. Here, we aim to study the relative contribution of photomineralization to total CO(2)production in 70 Scandinavian lakes along an ecosystem gradient of DOC concentration. We combined spectral data from the lakes with regression estimates between optical parameters and wavelength specific photochemical reactivity to estimate rates of photochemical DOC mineralization. Further, we estimated total in-lake CO2-production and efflux from lake chemical and physical data. Photochemical mineralization corresponded on average to 9% +/- 1% of the total CO2-evasion, with the highest contribution in clear lakes. The calculated relative contribution of photochemical mineralization to total in-lake CO2-production was about 3% +/- 0.2% in all lakes. Although lakes differed substantially in color, depth-integrated photomineralization estimates were similar in all lakes, regardless of DOC concentrations. DOC concentrations were positively related to CO2-efflux and total in-lake CO2-production but negatively related to primary production. We conclude that enhanced rates of photochemical mineralization will be a minor contributor to increased heterotrophy under increased browning.

Solar radiation initiates photochemical oxidation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in inland waters, contributing to their carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Models can determine photochemical DIC production over large spatiotemporal scales and assess its role in aquatic C cycling. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) spectrum for photochemical DIC production, defined as mol DIC produced per mol chromophoric dissolved organic matter-absorbed photons, is a critical model parameter. In previous studies, the principle for the determination of AQY spectra is the same but methodological specifics differ, and the extent to which these differences influence AQY spectra and simulated aquatic DIC photoproduction is unclear. Here, four laboratories determined AQY spectra from water samples of eight inland waters that are situated in Alaska, Finland, and Sweden and span a nearly 10-fold range in DOM absorption coefficients. All AQY values fell within the range previously reported for inland waters. The inter-laboratory coefficient of variation (CV) for wavelength-integrated AQY spectra (300–450 nm) averaged 38% ± 3% SE, and the inter-water CV averaged 63% ± 1%. The inter-laboratory CV for simulated photochemical DIC production (conducted for the five Swedish lakes) averaged 49% ± 12%, and the inter-water CV averaged 77% ± 10%. This uncertainty is not surprising given the complexities and methodological choices involved in determining DIC AQY spectra and needs to be considered when applying photochemical rate modeling. Thus, we also highlight current methodological limitations and suggest future improvements for DIC AQY determination to reduce inter-laboratory uncertainty. peerReviewed

Coastal ecosystems are biologically productive, and their diversity underlies various ecosystem services to humans. However, large-scale species richness (SR) and its regulating factors remain uncertain for many organism groups, owing not least to the fact that observed SR (SRobs) depends on sample size and inventory completeness (IC). We estimated changes in SR across a natural geographical gradient using statistical rarefaction and extrapolation methods, based on a large fish species incidence dataset compiled for shallow coastal areas (<30 m depth) from Swedish fish survey databases. The data covered a ca. 1300 km north–south distance and a 12-fold salinity gradient along sub-basins of the Baltic Sea plus the Skagerrak and, depending on the sub-basin, 4 to 47 years of samplings during 1975–2021. Total fish SRobs was 144, and the observed fish species were of 74 % marine and 26 % freshwater origin. In the 10 sub-basins with sufficient data for further analysis, IC ranged from 77 % to 98 %, implying that ca. 2 %–23 % of likely existing fish species had remained undetected. Sample coverage exceeded 98.5 %, suggesting that undetected species represented <1.5 % of incidences across the sub-basins, i.e. highly rare species. To compare sub-basins, we calculated standardized SR (SRstd) and estimated SR (SRest). Sub-basin-specific SRest varied between 35 ± 7 (SE) and 109 ± 6 fish species, being ca. 3 times higher in the most saline (salinity 29–32) compared to the least saline sub-basins (salinity < 3). Analysis of functional attributes showed that differences with decreasing salinity particularly reflected a decreasing SR of benthic and demersal fish, of piscivores and invertivores, and of marine migratory species. We conclude that, if climate change continues causing an upper-layer freshening of the Baltic Sea, this may influence the SR, community composition and functional characteristics of fish, which in turn may affect ecosystem processes such as benthic–pelagic coupling and connectivity between coastal and open-sea areas.

In this article international trends in surgical practice in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are evaluated. All cases that had been classified in the I-CAH/I-DSD registry as 46,XX CAH and who were born prior to 2017 were identified. Centers were approached to obtain information on surgical decision making. Of the 330 included participants, 208 (63.0%) presented within the first month of life, and 326 (98.8%) cases were assigned female. Genital surgery had been performed in 250 (75.8%). A total of 64.3, 89.2, and 96.8% of cases residing in Europe, South America and Asia, respectively, had at least one surgery. In a logistic regression model for the probability of surgery before the second birthday (early surgery) over time an increase of probability for early vaginal surgery could be identified, but not for clitoral surgery or both surgeries combined. Genitoplasty in girls with CAH remains controversial. This large international study provides a snapshot of current practice and reveals geographical and temporal differences. Fewer surgeries were reported for Europe, and there seems to be a significant trend towards aiming for vaginal surgery within the first 2 years of life.

Lake sediments constitute an important compartment in the carbon cycle of lakes, by burying carbon over geological timescales and by production and emission of greenhouse gases. The degradation of ...

Up to one tenth of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from inland waters worldwide are directly inducedby the photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The photochemical produ ...

Inland waters are active sites of carbon (C) processing and emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. In the boreal zone, where surface waters receive large quantities of organic carbon (OC) from surrounding forests and wetlands, lakes and streams act as strong sources of these greenhouse gases. Lake sediments provide the only long-term sink of C in boreal inland waters, through burial of OC. However, mineralization of OC counteracts the efficiency of lake sediments in removing C from the short-term C cycle. In this context, this thesis provides a better insight into the dual role of boreal lake sediments as C source and C sink.The presented work is based on empirical assessments of OC burial and OC mineralization rates in boreal lakes. The temporal variability of OC burial and the stability of the buried OC was assessed on both centennial and millennial timescales. The quantitative importance of sediment OC burial and mineralization in comparison both to other C fluxes within the lake, and to C fluxes within the tributary stream network, was quantified. By simulating the effect of climate change on water temperature, we also gauged the potential future efficiency of lake sediments in storing C.The results demonstrate that OC mineralization in sediments dominates three-fold over OC burial when observed at a whole-basin and annual scale. The contribution of sediment OC mineralization to annual C emission from the assessed study lake was, however, found to be small (16%), when compared to OC mineralization in the water column (37%) and catchment import of C (47%). Furthermore, C emission from headwater streams was found to dominate greatly over the lake C emission, mainly triggered by the higher gas transfer velocity of streams compared to lakes.On a long-term (Holocene) scale, the continuous OC burial flux results in a large amount of C stored in sediments. The temporal variability of this OC accumulation was found to vary across lakes, with, however, time-dependent patterns: On a millennial scale, smaller lakes exhibited a higher variability than larger lakes of the study area. For the last century, similar variability and a trend to increased OC accumulation was found for most study lakes, irrespective of their size. Analysis of lignin phenols in the accumulated OC did not indicated post-depositional degradation, independent of the age of the sediment OC, implying that sediments are a very stable sink for land-derived OC in boreal lakes.Simulation of warming water temperatures in boreal lakes resulted in declines of the OC burial efficiency BE (OCBE; OC burial/OCdeposition) up to 16%, depending, however, on basin morphometry. Predicted declines in OCBE were higher for the more shallow lake compared to the deeper lake.In conclusion, this thesis illustrates that sediments play, despite a small quantitative impact on aquatic C cycling, an important role as a very stable C sink in boreal lakes. However, the efficiency of this C sink is likely to be reduced in the future.

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is rapidly increasing in tropical regions. We studied the response of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux to long-term experimental N addition (125 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in mature lowland and montane forests in Panama. In the lowland forest, on soils with high nutrient-supplying and buffering capacity, fine litterfall and stem-growth were neither N- nor phosphorus-limited. In the montane forest, on soils with low nutrient supplying capacity and an organic layer, fine litterfall and stem-growth were N-limited. Our objectives were to 1) explore the influence of soil temperature and moisture on the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux and 2) determine the responses of soil CO2 efflux from an N-rich and N-limited forest to elevated N input. Annual soil CO2-C efflux was larger in the lowland (15.44 ± 1.02 Mg C ha−1) than in the montane forest (9.37 ± 0.28 Mg C ha−1). In the lowland forest, soil moisture explained the largest fraction of the variance in soil CO2 efflux while soil temperature was the main explanatory variable in the montane forest. Soil CO2 efflux in the lowland forest did not differ between the control and 9–11 yr N-addition plots, suggesting that chronic N input to nutrient-rich tropical lowland forests on well-buffered soils may not change their C balance on a decadal time scale. In the montane forest, first year N addition did not affect soil CO2 efflux but annual CO2 efflux was reduced by 14% and 8% in the 2nd and 3rd year N-addition plots, respectively, compared to the control. This reduction was caused by a decrease in soil CO2 efflux during the high stem-growth period of the year, suggesting a shift in carbon partitioning from below- to aboveground in the N-addition plots in which stem diameter growth was promoted.

Large carbon dioxide amounts are released to the atmosphere during organic matter decomposition. Yet the large-scale and long-term regulation of this critical process in global carbon cycling by litter chemistry and climate remains poorly understood. We used reactivity continuum (RC) modeling to analyze the decadal data set of the “Long-term Intersite Decomposition Experiment,” in which fine litter and wood decomposition was studied in eight biome types (224 time series). In 32 and 46% of all sites the litter content of the acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR, formerly referred to as lignin) and the AUR/nitrogen ratio, respectively, retarded initial decomposition rates. This initial rate-retarding effect generally disappeared within the first year of decomposition, and rate-stimulating effects of nutrients and a rate-retarding effect of the carbon/nitrogen ratio became more prevalent. For needles and leaves/grasses, the influence of climate on decomposition decreased over time. For fine roots, the climatic influence was initially smaller but increased toward later-stage decomposition. The climate decomposition index was the strongest climatic predictor of decomposition. The similar variability in initial decomposition rates across litter categories as across biome types suggested that future changes in decomposition may be dominated by warming-induced changes in plant community composition. In general, the RC model parameters successfully predicted independent decomposition data for the different litter-biome combinations (196 time series). We argue that parameterization of large-scale decomposition models with RC model parameters, as opposed to the currently common discrete multiexponential models, could significantly improve their mechanistic foundation and predictive accuracy across climate zones and litter categories.

Temperature alone explains a great amount of variation in sediment organic carbon (OC) mineralization. Studies on decomposition of soil OC suggest that (1) temperature sensitivity differs between the fast and slowly decomposition OC and (2) over time, decreasing soil respiration is coupled with increase in temperature sensitivity. In lakes, autochthonous and allochthonous OC sources are generally regarded as fast and slowly decomposing OC, respectively. Lake sediments with different contributions of allochthonous and autochthonous components, however, showed similar temperature sensitivity in short-term incubation experiments. Whether the mineralization of OC in lake sediments dominated by allochthonous or autochthonous OC has different temperature sensitivity in the longer term has not been addressed. We incubated sediments from two boreal lakes that had contrasting OC origin (allochthonous versus autochthonous), and OC characteristics (C/N ratios of 21 and 10) at 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, and 21 degrees C for five months. Compared to soil and litter mineralization, sediment OC mineralization rates were low in spite of low apparent activation energy (E-a). The fraction of the total OC pool that was lost during five months varied between 0.4 and 14.8%. We estimate that the sediment OC pool not becoming long-term preserved was degraded with average apparent turnover times between 3 and 32years. While OC mineralization was strongly dependent on temperature as well as on OC composition and origin, temperature sensitivity was similar across lakes and over time. We suggest that the temperature sensitivity of OC mineralization in lake sediments is similar across systems within the relevant seasonal scales of OC supply and degradation. Funding Agencies|FORMAS (the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Malmens Foundation; FORMAS

Background and objectives The Wilms tumor suppressor gene 1 ( WT1 ) plays an essential role in urogenital and kidney development. Genotype/phenotype correlations of WT1 mutations with renal function and proteinuria have been observed in world-wide cohorts with nephrotic syndrome or Wilms tumor (WT). This study analyzed mid-European patients with known constitutional heterozygous mutations in WT1 , including patients without proteinuria or WT. Design, setting, participants & measurements Retrospective analysis of genotype, phenotype, and treatment of 53 patients with WT1 mutation from all pediatric nephrology centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland performed from 2010 to 2012. Results Median age was 12.4 (interquartile range [IQR], 6–19) years. Forty-four of 53 (83%) patients had an exon mutation (36 missense, eight truncating), and nine of 53 (17%) had an intronic lysine-threonine-serine (KTS) splice site mutation. Fifty of 53 patients (94%) had proteinuria, which occurred at an earlier age in patients with missense mutations (0.6 [IQR, 0.1–1.5] years) than in those with truncating (9.7 [IQR, 5.7–11.9]; P P= 0.004) mutations. Thirteen of 50 (26%) were treated with steroids and remained irresponsive, while three of five partially responded to cyclosporine A. Seventy-three percent of all patients required RRT, those with missense mutations significantly earlier (at 1.1 [IQR, 0.01–9.3] years) than those with truncating mutations (16.5 [IQR, 16.5–16.8]; P 0.001) and splice site mutations (12.3 [IQR, 7.9–18.2]; P =0.002). Diffuse mesangial sclerosis was restricted to patients with missense mutations, while focal segmental sclerosis occurred in all groups. WT occurred only in patients with exon mutations ( n =19). Fifty of 53 (94%) patients were karyotyped: Thirty-one (62%) had XY and 19 (38%) had XX chromosomes, and 96% of male karyotypes had urogenital malformations. Conclusions Type and location of WT1 mutations have predictive value for the development of proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and WT. XY karyotype was more frequent and associated with urogenital malformations in most cases.

The reactivity continuum (RC) model is a powerful statistical approach for describing the apparent kinetics of bulk organic matter (OM) decomposition. Here, we used ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry data to evaluate the main premise of the RC model, namely that there is a continuous spectrum of reactivity within bulk OM, where each individual reactive type undergoes exponential decay. We performed a 120 day OM decomposition experiment on lake water, with an untreated control and a treatment preexposed to UV light, and described the loss of bulk dissolved organic carbon with RC modeling. The behavior of individual molecular formulas was described by fitting the single exponential model to the change in peak intensities over time. The range of the empirically derived apparent exponential decay coefficients (k

Lake water constituents, such as chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and nitrate, absorb sunlight which induces an array of photochemical reactions. Although these reactions are a substantial driver of pollutant degradation in lakes they are insufficiently understood, in particular on large scales. Here, we provide for the first time comprehensive photochemical maps covering a large geographic region. Using photochemical kinetics modeling for 1048 lakes across Sweden we simulated the steady-state concentrations of four photoreactive transient species, which are continuously produced and consumed in sunlit lake waters. We then simulated the transient-induced photochemical transformation of organic pollutants, to gain insight into the relevance of the different photoreaction pathways. We found that boreal lakes were often unfavorable environments for photoreactions mediated by hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and carbonate radical anions (CO3− ), while photoreactions mediated by CDOM triplet states (3CDOM*) and, to a lesser extent, singlet oxygen (1O2) were the most prevalent. These conditions promote the photodegradation of phenols, which are used as plastic, medical drug and herbicide precursors. When CDOM concentrations increase, as is currently commonly the case in boreal areas such as Sweden, 3CDOM* will also increase, promoting its importance in photochemical pathways even more.

The short-term (hourly and daily) variation in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in lakes is largely unknown. We assessed the spectral characteristics of light absorption by CDOM in a eutrophic, humic shallow mixed lake of temperate Sweden at a high-frequency (30 min) interval and during a full growing season (May to October). Physical time series, such as solar radiation, temperature, wind, and partial pressures of carbon dioxide in water and air, were measured synchronously. We identified a strong radiation-induced summer CDOM loss (25 to 50%) that developed over 4 months, which was accompanied by strong changes in CDOM absorption spectral shape. The magnitude of the CDOM loss exceeded subhourly to daily variability by an order of magnitude. Applying Fourier analysis, we demonstrate that variation in CDOM remained largely unaffected by rapid shifts in weather, and no apparent response to in-lake dissolved organic carbon production was found. In autumn, CDOM occasionally showed variation at hourly to daily time scales, reaching a maximum daily coefficient of variation of 15%. We suggest that lake-internal effects on CDOM are quenched in humic lake waters by dominating effects associated with imported CDOM and solar exposure. Since humic lake waters belong to one of the most abundant lake types on Earth, our results have important implications for the understanding of global CDOM cycling.

The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters are substantial on a global scale. Yet, the fundamental question remains open which proportion of these CO2 emissions is induced by sunlight via photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), rather than by microbial respiration during DOC decomposition. Also, it is unknown on larger spatial and temporal scales how photochemical mineralization compares to other C fluxes in the inland water C cycle. We combined field and laboratory data with atmospheric radiative transfer modeling to parameterize a photochemical rate model for each day of the year 2009, for 1086 lakes situated between latitudes from 55 to 69°N in Sweden. The sunlight-induced production of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) averaged 3.8 ± 0.04 g C m-2 yr-1, which is a flux comparable in size to the organic carbon burial in the lake sediments. Countrywide, 151 ± 1 kt C yr-1 was produced by photochemical mineralization, corresponding to about 12% of total annual mean CO2 emissions from Swedish lakes. With a median depth of 3.2 m, the lakes were generally deep enough that incoming, photochemically active photons were absorbed in the water column. This resulted in a linear positive relationship between DIC photoproduction and the incoming photon flux, which correspond to the absorbed photons. Therefore, the slope of the regression line represents the wavelength- and depth-integrated apparent quantum yield of DIC photoproduction. We used this relationship to obtain a first estimate of DIC photoproduction in lakes and reservoirs worldwide. Global DIC photoproduction amounted to 13 and 35 Mt C yr-1 under overcast and clear sky, respectively. Consequently, these directly sunlight-induced CO2 emissions contribute up to about one tenth to the global CO2 emissions from lakes and reservoirs, corroborating that microbial respiration contributes a substantially larger share than formerly thought, and generate annual C fluxes similar in magnitude to the C burial in natural lake sediments worldwide.

Sunlight induces photochemical mineralisation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in inland waters, resulting in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. Photochemical rate modelling is used to determine sunlight-induced CO2 emissions on large spatial and temporal scales. A sensitive model parameter is the wavelength-specific photochemical CDOM reactivity, the apparent quantum yield (AQY). The modelling studies so far assume that AQY spectra determined for single lakes and on single occasions represent larger spatial and temporal scales. Here, we studied a humic boreal lake in Sweden. We measured AQY spectra for photochemical DIC production monthly between June and November 2014 and parameterised a photochemical rate model. Photochemical reactivity increased slightly during the open water period, likely due to a high rainfall event with consecutive mixing in autumn that increased availability of highly photoreactive CDOM. However, the variability in AQY spectra over time was much smaller than previously reported variability in AQY spectra across lakes. Yet, using either the AQY spectrum from the least or from the most photoreactive water sample resulted in a 5-fold difference in simulated annual DIC photoproduction (2.0 ± 0.1 and 10.3 ± 0.7 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively). Using the monthly measured AQY spectrum to simulate DIC photoproduction for month-long time periods resulted in an apparent time lag between irradiance and DIC photoproduction. This suggested that temporal variability in AQY spectra occurs on shorter time scales. Therefore, we parameterised the model with the pooled AQY spectrum of six monthly measurements. Simulated DIC photoproduction for three years (2012–2014) averaged 4.5 ± 0.2 g C m−2 yr−1, which represented 3 % of the mean CO2 emissions from this lake. We conclude that (1) it may be recommendable to conduct repeated AQY measurements across the season for more accurate simulation of annual photochemical DIC production in lakes and (2), in agreement with previous studies, direct CDOM photomineralisation makes only a minor contribution to mean CO2 emissions from Swedish humic lakes.

The biogeochemical processing of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in inland waters is inherently related to its molecular structure and ecological function. Controlled bioassays are a valuable tool to analyze these relationships, but are seldom conducted and compared at temporal scales that typically prevail in natural inland waters. Here we incubated water from six boreal lakes in the dark and examined changes to the initial fluorescence and absorbance after 3.5 years. We identified five fluorescence components with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis (C(C,) C(M), C(A), C(X) and C(T)) and found a consistent change in the relative intensity of two dominant PARAFAC components (increase in C(A):C(C), corresponding to Peak A:Peak C), commonly found in lake water, that represent terrestrially-derived DOM. Surprisingly, we only found minor changes to specific absorbance (SUVA), and did not find any changes to other spectral indexes including the fluorescence index, humification index and freshness index. By incorporating lakes spanning a wide range of initial total organic carbon concentrations (3.7 to 32.5 mg L(-1)), water residence times, and spectral characteristics (e.g. SUVA 1.13 to 3.77 L·mg C(-1)·m(-1)), we found that the relative intensities of two humic-like peaks were the most revealing of changes to DOM structure during dark incubations. We also verified that inner filter effects were adequately corrected within the concentration range of incubated samples. Thus, the processing of DOM under dark conditions, including microbial decomposition and flocculation, may have a greater influence on the humic-like peaks, particularly C(C) (Peak C), with negligible changes to more commonly used spectral indexes.

Soil respiration is the second largest flux in the global carbon cycle, yet the underlying below-ground process, carbon dioxide (CO2) production, is not well understood because it can not be measured in the field. CO2 production has frequently been calculated from the vertical CO2 diffusive flux divergence, known as "soil-CO2 profile method". This relatively simple model requires knowledge of soil CO2 concentration profiles and soil diffusive properties. Application of the method for a tropical lowland forest soil in Panama gave inconsistent results when using diffusion coefficients (D) calculated based on relationships with soil porosity and moisture ("physically modeled" D). Our objective was to investigate whether these inconsistencies were related to (1) the applied interpolation and solution methods and/or (2) uncertainties in the physically modeled profile of D. First, we show that the calculated CO2 production strongly depends on the function used to interpolate between measured CO2 concentrations. Secondly, using an inverse analysis of the soil-CO2 profile method, we deduce which D would be required to explain the observed CO2 concentrations, assuming the model perception is valid. In the top soil, this inversely modeled D closely resembled the physically modeled D. In the deep soil, however, the inversely modeled D increased sharply while the physically modeled D did not. When imposing a constraint during the fit parameter optimization, a solution could be found where this deviation between the physically and inversely modeled D disappeared. A radon (Rn) mass balance model, in which diffusion was calculated based on the physically modeled or constrained inversely modeled D, simulated observed Rn profiles reasonably well. However, the CO2 concentrations which corresponded to the constrained inversely modeled D were too small compared to the measurements. We suggest that, in well-structured soils, a missing description of steady state CO2 exchange fluxes across water-filled pores causes the soil-CO2 profile method to fail. These fluxes are driven by the different diffusivities in inter- vs. intra-aggregate pores which create permanent CO2 gradients if separated by a "diffusive water barrier". These results corroborate other studies which have shown that the theory to treat gas diffusion as homogeneous process, a precondition for use of the soil-CO2 profile method, is inaccurate for pore networks which exhibit spatial separation between CO2 production and diffusion out of the soil.

Tropical nitrogen (N) deposition is projected to increase substantially within the coming decades. Increases in soil emissions of the climate-relevant trace gases NO and N2O are expected, but few studies address this possibility. We used N addition experiments to achieve N-enriched conditions in contrasting montane and lowland forests and assessed changes in the timing and magnitude of soil N-oxide emissions. We evaluated transitory effects, which occurred immediately after N addition, and long-term effects measured at least 6 weeks after N addition. In the montane forest where stem growth was N limited, the first-time N additions caused rapid increases in soil N-oxide emissions. During the first 2 years of N addition, annual N-oxide emissions were five times (transitory effect) and two times (long-term effect) larger than controls. This contradicts the current assumption that N-limited tropical montane forests will respond to N additions with only small and delayed increases in soil N-oxide emissions. We attribute this fast and large response of soil N-oxide emissions to the presence of an organic layer (a characteristic feature of this forest type) in which nitrification increased substantially following N addition. In the lowland forest where stem growth was neither N nor phosphorus (P) limited, the first-time N additions caused only gradual and minimal increases in soil N-oxide emissions. These first N additions were completed at the beginning of the wet season, and low soil water content may have limited nitrification. In contrast, the 9- and 10-year N-addition plots displayed instantaneous and large soil N-oxide emissions. Annual N-oxide emissions under chronic N addition were seven times (transitory effect) and four times (long-term effect) larger than controls. Seasonal changes in soil water content also caused seasonal changes in soil N-oxide emissions from the 9- and 10-year N-addition plots. This suggests that climate change scenarios, where rainfall quantity and seasonality change, will alter the relative importance of soil NO and N2O emissions from tropical forests exposed to elevated N deposition.

Sunlight induces photochemical mineralisation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in inland waters, resulting in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. Photochemical rate modelling is used to determine sunlight-induced CO2 emissions on large spatial and temporal scales. A sensitive model parameter is the wavelength-specific photochemical CDOM reactivity, the apparent quantum yield (AQY). The modelling studies so far assume that AQY spectra determined for single lakes and on single occasions represent larger spatial and temporal scales. Here, we studied a humic boreal lake in Sweden. We measured AQY spectra for photochemical DIC production monthly between June and November 2014 and parameterised a photochemical rate model. Photochemical reactivity increased slightly during the open water period, likely due to a high rainfall event with consecutive mixing in autumn that increased availability of highly photoreactive CDOM. However, the variability in AQY spectra over time was much smaller than previously reported variability in AQY spectra across lakes. Yet, using either the AQY spectrum from the least or from the most photoreactive water sample resulted in a 5-fold difference in simulated annual DIC photoproduction (2.0 ± 0.1 and 10.3 ± 0.7 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively). Using the monthly measured AQY spectrum to simulate DIC photoproduction for month-long time periods resulted in an apparent time lag between irradiance and DIC photoproduction. This suggested that temporal variability in AQY spectra occurs on shorter time scales. Therefore, we parameterised the model with the pooled AQY spectrum of six monthly measurements. Simulated DIC photoproduction for three years (2012–2014) averaged 4.5 ± 0.2 g C m−2 yr−1, which represented 3 % of the mean CO2 emissions from this lake. We conclude that (1) it may be recommendable to conduct repeated AQY measurements across the season for more accurate simulation of annual photochemical DIC production in lakes and (2), in agreement with previous studies, direct CDOM photomineralisation makes only a minor contribution to mean CO2 emissions from Swedish humic lakes.

This paper focuses on the uptake of SO2 on soot at temperatures below room temperature. Oxidation on soot may provide a mechanism for the oxidation of atmospheric SO2 under conditions when the standard gas-phase and aqueous-phase mechanisms cannot explain the rapid rate of H2SO4 production. An understanding of the uptake of SO2 under dry conditions provides a useful step toward understanding the uptake and oxidation of SO2 on soot under wet conditions. We find that rapid, reversible SO2 adsorption on soot occurs within a few seconds, presumably by adsorption on the outer surfaces of the spherical soot particles. Subsequently, uptake continues slowly for over an hour, presumably by diffusion into micropores within the soot particles. We focused only on the rapid adsorption. An isothermal analysis of rapid SO2 uptake revealed that a small fraction (

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in inland waters plays a substantial role in the global carbon cycle and thus potentially affects climate as well. DOC is a heterogeneous mixture of decomposition products, but the character and reactivity of DOC is not well understood and neither is what controls the molecular composition of this dynamic community of compounds. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that DOC, upon degradation by microbial and other processes, contributes substantially to evasion of carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere, but is also an important precursor of carbon that is buried in sediments. This presentation is an overview of the dynamics and fluxes of carbon involving DOC, from microscale to global scale.

[1] We determined microbial decomposition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over 3.7 year long dark bioassays of six Swedish lake waters. The overall lost DOC fraction was similar in clearwater lakes (34.8 ± 2.4%) and in brownwater lakes (37.8 ± 1.9%). Reactivity continuum modeling revealed that the most labile DOC fraction, degrading at rates >0.01 d−1, was larger in the clearwater lakes (11.1 ± 1.2%) than in the brownwater lakes (0.8 ± 0.1%). The initial apparent first-order decay coefficientk was fivefold larger in the clearwater lakes (0.0043 ± 0.0012 d−1) than in the brownwater lakes (0.0009 ± 0.0003 d−1). Over time, k decreased more steeply in the clearwater lakes than in the brownwater lakes, reaching the k of the brownwater lakes within 5 months. Finally, k averaged 0.0001 d−1 in both lake categories. In the brownwater lakes, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption decayed with an initial k twice as large (0.0018 ± 0.0008 d−1) as that of DOC. The initial kwas inversely correlated with initial specific UV absorption and CDOM absorption and positively correlated with initial tryptophan-like fluorescence as proxy for autochthonous DOC. Exposure to simulated sunlight at the end of the incubations caused loss of color in the clearwater lakes and loss of DOC in the brownwater lakes, where subsequent mineralization was also stimulated. The DOC lost in the absence of photochemical processes fell below previously reported watershed-scale losses in Sweden by 25% at most. This suggests that a major part of the in situ DOC loss could potentially be attributed to dark reactions alone.

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is rapidly increasing in tropical regions. We investigated how a decade of experimental N addition (125 kg N ha−1 year−1) to a seasonal lowland forest affected depth distribution and contents of soil nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), as well as natural abundance isotopic signatures of N2O, nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +). In the control plots during dry season, we deduced limited N2O production by denitrification in the topsoil (0.05–0.40 m) as indicated by: ambient N2O concentrations and ambient 15N-N2O signatures, low water-filled pore space (35–60%), and similar 15N signatures of N2O and NO3 −. In the subsoil (0.40–2.00 m), we detected evidence of N2O reduction to N2 during upward diffusion, indicating denitrification activity. During wet season, we found that N2O at 0.05–2.00 m was mainly produced by denitrification with substantial further reduction to N2, as indicated by: lighter 15N-N2O than 15N-NO3 − throughout the profile, and increasing N2O concentrations with simultaneously decreasing 15N-N2O enrichment with depth. These interpretations were supported by an isotopomer map and by a positive correlation between 18O-N2O and 15N-N2O site preferences. Long-term N addition did not affect dry-season soil N2O-N contents, doubled wet-season soil N2O-N contents, did not affect 15N signatures of NO3 −, and reduced wet-season 15N signatures of N2O compared to the control plots. These suggest that the increased NO3 − concentrations have stimulated N2O production and decreased N2O-to-N2 reduction. Soil CO2-C contents did not differ between treatments, implying that N addition essentially did not influence soil C cycling. The pronounced seasonality in soil respiration was largely attributable to enhanced topsoil respiration as indicated by a wet-season increase in the topsoil CO2-C contents. The N-addition plots showed reduced dry-season soil CH4-C contents and threshold CH4 concentrations were reached at a shallower depth compared to the control plots, revealing an N-induced stimulation of methanotrophic activity. However, the net soil CH4 uptake rates remained similar between treatments possibly because diffusive CH4 supply from the atmosphere largely limited CH4 oxidation.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays an important role in activating the immune system against malignant cells. The human interleukin-4 receptor (hIL-4R) is not only expressed by hematopoietic cells but also on a large number of tissue specimens which include colon, breast and lung carcinomas. In this study we report that rhIL-4 has an antiproliferative effect on 2 out of 3 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines in vitro as measured by human tumor cloning assays (HTCA). In comparison, rhIL-4 had no effect on the growth of small cell lung carcinoma cell lines (SCLC) in vitro. The response towards the cytokine is correlated with expression of at least 1500 high affinity receptors/cell for hIL-4 on the responsive cell lines. Xenotransplanting the human lung tumor cell lines into nude mice followed by 12 days of systemic treatment of the mice with rhIL-4 revealed a significant growth retardation of the IL-4R positive NSCLC cell lines when compared with the controls, whereas the growth of the IL-4R negative SCLC cell lines was unaffected also in vivo. Studies of possible mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative effect of rhIL-4 showed that rhIL-4 does not induce apoptosis or modulation of the transcription factor c myc in the responsive NSCLC cell lines. Additionally, the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is discussed as mediating autocrine/paracrine growth stimulation of NSCLC, is unaffected by rhIL-4. However, we have observed that rhIL-4 inhibited G1-S-phase cell cycle progression. We conclude that rhIL-4 has an antiproliferative effect on the growth of some NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms involved remain to be further elucidated.

Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to examine films representative of stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols. Thin films of sulfuric acid were formed in situ by the condensed phase reaction of SO3 with H2O. FTIR spectra show that the sulfuric acid films absorb water while cooling in the presence of water vapor. Using stratospheric water pressures, the most dilute solutions observed were greater than 40 wt % before simultaneous ice formation and sulfuric acid freezing occurred. FTIR spectra also revealed that the sulfuric acid films crystallized mainly as sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT). Crystallization occurred either when the composition was about 60 wt% H2SO4 or after ice formed on the films at temperatures 1-4 K below the ice frost point. Finally, we determined that the melting point for SAT depended on the background water pressure and was 216-219 K in the presence of 4 x 10(exp -4) Torr H2O. Our results suggest that once frozen, sulfuric acid aerosols in the stratosphere are likely to melt at these temperatures, 30 K colder than previously thought.