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Objective: This study aimed to compare the force degradation of elastomeric chains sub merged in commonly used mouthrinses. Methods: One hundred samples of elastomeric orthodontic chains from five different brands (Ormco, GC, RMO, Forestandent, and 3M Unitek) were initially activated on double length, and the force was measured with a universal mechanical testing ma chine. Then, elastomeric modules were thermocycled and immersed into four different mouthrinses: Octenident, Vitis Orthodontic, Perio Plus+, and Listerine through a total number of three cycles which simulated 30 days of intraoral exposure. Force decay was measured after each cycle. Results: All specimens showed statistically significant force degradation over the tested period (p < 0.001). After thermocycling and immersion in oral antiseptics, the lowest measured force was found in Forestadent EOC in Listerine with a median of 70 cN (70–75 cN) and Vitis orthodontic with a median of 70 cN (70–80 cN). On the contrary, the least prone to force reduction was the control group of Ormco 280 cN (275–285 cN) and RMO 280 cN (270–280 cN). Conclusions: Elastomeric chains’ force degradation could be exacerbated by the use of mouth rinses. These data could be beneficial in choosing the appropriate combination of elastomeric chain and mouthrinse for optimal results of orthodontic therapy

Aim: To evaluate changes of surface roughness and mass of orthodontic retainer materials after exposure to thermocycling and brushing. Materials and Methods: A total number of 96 samples of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) material from four different manufacturers (Biolon- Dreve ; Erkodur A1- Erkodent ; Track A- Forestadent ; Essix C+ - Raintree Essix) were exposed to thermocycling and simulated brushing. Thermocycling was performed on Thermocycler- SD Mechatronik machine for a total number of 1500 cycles, 5-55 °C, and dwell time 13 seconds. Samples were then exposed to simulated brushing for 30 minutes with 3 different types of toothbrushes according to the number and thickness of filaments (CS 5460, CS 3960, CS 1560). Both surface roughness and mass of the samples were evaluated three times: initial, after thermocycling and after brushing. Since the data followed normal distribution, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used. Results: In all four brands, both thermocycling and brushing increased surface roughness significantly (p

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of orthodontic qualification length on the awareness and usage of mobile applications as an orthodontic diagnostic tool. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire with 12 questions compiled and distributed to orthodontic clinicians ; members of the Croatian Dental Chamber. Data from 92 questionnaires (65% response rate) were compiled and analysed with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The study involved 75 women (81.5%) and 17 male (18.5%) respondents. Kolmogorov - Smirnov test did not report normal distribution, hence Chi-squared test was used. Respondents were divided into two groups according to the median ; Group 1 with ≤ 12 (N = 52) and Group 2 with > 12 (N = 40) years since qualification. When asked about the awareness of orthodontic mobile applications, 31.5 % (N = 29) have never heard of them, while only 4.3% (N = 4) have heard of them and use them daily. However, after learning about their availability, 43.5% (N = 40) of respondents, particularly those in Group 1, expressed an interest in using mobile applications instead of computer software for digital tissue analysis (p = 0.05). Although awareness of orthodontic mobile apps is not high, after analysing questions and answers of respondents about similar softwares and platforms, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient indicated that consumption of other mobile applications for practice management, patient support or social platforms is in positive correlation with knowledge and awareness of orthodontic mobile applications (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Orthodontists in Croatia are not aware of the existence of mobile orthodontic applications, independently of the length of orthodontic qualification. Even so, there is a willingness to implement and use evidence-based mobile applications instead of computer software as an orthodontic diagnostic tool.

Introduction: The esthetic brackets should be resistant to discoloration. However, the color change is possible even in patients with excellent oral hygiene. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the color stability of ceramic brackets and composite resin samples after immersion in most commonly consumed beverages. Materials and methods: 80 ceramic brackets from four different manufacturers (Forestadent®, G&H®, GC and DynaFlex®) and 40 samples of composite resin (3M™Transbond™ XT) were immersed into four different solutions: coffee, Coca-Cola®, Cedevita® and artificial saliva (control group). The content was kept in an incubator (Cultura, Ivoclar Vivadent) at 37 °C. Color readings were assessed before (T0), at 24 hours (T1), 72 hours (T3), 7 days (T4), and 14 days (T5) after initial immersion using spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade® Advance 4.0) according to L*a*b* color scale. Results: All brackets and composite resin showed color changes over time, even in artificial saliva. Coffee caused the most intense color change among all samples. All brackets kept in Coca-Cola® showed less intense staining. According to Kruskal-Wallis test there was statistically significant diffference (p=0.0046) in bracket discoloration. Among all, G&H brackets showed the best color stabilization, while the greatest color alteration was perceived in Forestadent® brackets (p=0.008). The composite resin samples performed the weakest color change in Cedevita® (∆E*=11.5). Conclusion: Both ceramic orthodontic brackets and composite resin samples immersed in potentially staining solutions underwent color modification. Coffee showed the greatest impact on color stability

AIM: To investigate the impact of written instructions about nature, characteristics, intensity and duration of pain on patient’s pain perception and to estimate its correlation with personality traits. Furthermore, analgesic consumption during the first week of orthodontic treatment was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight healthy orthodontic patients (median age 14, 46% female) enrolled for orthodontic treatment were assigned to the study (n = 34) and the control group (n = 34) using computer randomization. Bonding of 0.022″ x 0.028″ slot brackets was performed in the maxillary arch from first molar to first molar and a 0.016″ NiTi archwire was used for alignment. All 68 subjects got verbal information on potential pain occurrence and pain control. Participants in the study group also received detailed written information on post treatment pain. Pain intensity was evaluated using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) right after the placement of fixed orthodontic appliance (T0), 2 days (T1), and 7 days (T2) after the placement. Analgesic consumption in the first week was assessed as yes/no, with participants who took it on more than 4 occasions being excluded. Patients’ personality traits ; extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, and consciousness were examined by the Big Five Inventory (BFI). TSALD (Tooth Size - Arch Length Discrepancy) analysis was carried out on initial maxillary dental casts using digital software OrthoCADⓇ (Align Technology, San Jose, California, USA). Participants and clinicians were blinded to group assignment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TSALD for the study group was -0.4 ± 4.0 and for the control group +0.4 ± 3.8. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.944). In addition, no statistically significant difference in pain perception at T0, T1 and T2 was observed. The highest rate of pain in both groups was recorded at T1 (p

Introduction: Psychological stress is mentioned as a possible related factor or trigger for some types of cheilitis, eg. stress is considered as the most important etiological factor of recurrent herpes labialis infection. People under psychological stress are more prone to undesirable habits that can lead to exfoliative cheilitis. Self-harm due to stress and psychiatric disorders play etiological roles in etiopathogenesis of factitious cheilitis which is important for clinical practice as this cheilitis may resemble to exfoliative cheilitis. Also, allergic diseases can be triggered or worsen by psychological stress. Subjects and methods: We included 50 patients with recurrent cheilitis (reversible cheilitis) who were dermatologically examined and agreed to undergo allergy skin tests – a patch test to contact allergens and prick tests to food, preservatives and additives and inhalant allergens. Additionally, clinical pictures and patients' mental stress levels were examined using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).Results: In patients with cheilitis, positive prick tests (atopy) were recorded in 84% of them. The most frequently found allergens were contact allergens (54%) (cobalt chloride, nickel sulfate and thimerosal) and inhalant allergens (46%). The patch-test positive subjects who used cosmetic, hygiene, and decorative products were significantly more likely to have swollen and red lips than the patch-negative subjects. Also, in the patients with confirmed allergies, low stress levels were recorded less frequently than in the non-allergic patients. Conclusion: The results confirm an association between psychological stress, allergies and lip lesions. Also, they indicate a higher incidence of cheilitis in the people prone to allergies (due to their atopy constitution).

Heilitis označavu upalu usnica razne etiologije. Prema nedavno predloženoj klasifikaciji, najčešću skupinu čine pretežno reverzibilni heilitisi u koje spadaju heilitis simpleks, eksfolijativni, angularni, kontaktni/ekcematozni i heilitis uzrokovan lijekovima. Ta skupina heilitisa ima reverzibilni karakter i obično se lako liječi ukoliko se otkrije i ukloni etiološki čimbenik. Heilitis simpleks i eksfolijativni heilitis najčešće su uzrokovani štetnim navikama i boravkom na hladnom zraku koji isušuje usnice. Nadalje, eksfolijativni heilitis također uzrokuju i kronična upalna stanja u organizmu. Angularni heilitis ima najširu etiologiju koja obuhvaća sve, od infektivnih uzročnika, oblizivanja kutova usnica, mehaničkih oštećenja, anatomskih varijacija do nutritivnih deficita. Kontaktni/ekcematozni heilitis uzrokovan je alergijskom reakcijom na neku tvar, a heilitis uzrokovan lijekovima nastaje zbog uzimanja lijekova (najčešće onih koji isušuju usnice, poput retinoida). Drugu skupinu čine pretežno ireverzibilni heilitisi koji su perzistentni i teže se liječe. Iako je etiologija glandularnog i granulomatoznog heilitisa nepoznata, u patofiziologiji spominje se prisutnost nekih drugih bolesti i bolesnikove navike, npr. boravak na suncu i pušenje. Aktinički heilitis uzrokovan je kumulativnim učinkom sunčeva zračenja, a osobito se javlja u osoba starije dobi i svijetle puti. Treću skupinu heilitisa čine oni koji se javljaju u sklopu ostalih dermatoza i sustavnih bolesti kao što su lihen, lupus, pemfigus itd. Etiologija heilitisa kompleksna je i često preklapajuća pa ponekad nije lako odrediti uzrok upale, a time ni odgovarajuće ni pravodobno liječiti bolesnika. Dakle, ponekada tretiranje upalnih promjena usnica zahtijeva interdisciplinarni pristup bolesniku. Posebnu pažnju treba usmjeriti na heilitise iz pretežno ireverzibilne skupine budući da u njih postoji mogućnost maligne alteracije. Cheilitis refers to lip inflammations of various etiologies. According to a recently suggested classification, the largest group consists mostly of reversible cheilitides that include cheilitis simplex, exfoliative cheilitis, angular cheilitis, contact/eczematous cheilitis, and drug-induced cheilitis. That cheilitis group is of reversible character and can usually be treated easily if the etiologic factors are discovered and removed. Cheilitis simplex and exfoliative cheilitis are most commonly caused by bad habits and cold air which dries out the lips. Moreover, exfoliative cheilitis is also caused by chronic inflammations. Angular cheilitis has the widest etiology which includes infectious agents, licking the corners of the lips, mechanical damage, anatomical variations, and nutrient deficiencies. Contact/eczematous cheilitis is caused by an allergic reaction to a certain substance, while the drug-induced cheilitis occurs because of medications (usually the ones that dry out the lips, such as retinoid). According to the previously mentioned classification, the second group consists mostly of irreversible cheilitides which are persistent and difficult to cure. Although the etiology of cheilitis glandularis and granulomatous cheilitis is unknown, pathophysiology mentions the presence of other diseases and patients’ habits such as smoking and sun exposure. Actinic cheilitis is caused by the cumulative effects of sunlight exposure and usually affects older and lighter-skinned people. The third group of cheilitides is made up of those cheilitides that appear as a part of other dermatoses and systemic diseases, such as lichen, lupus, pemphigus, etc. Because the cheilitis etiology is complex and often overlapping, determining the cause of the inflammation and consequently the accurate treatment can sometimes be difficult. Therefore, treating lip inflammations can occasionally require an interdisciplinary approach. Cheilitides that belong to the irreversible group should be given additional attention because there is a possibility of a malignant alteration.

Uvod: Na usnicama se mogu manifestirati brojna upalna stanja (heilitisi) uzrokovana parafunkcijskim navikama, vremenskim uvjetima, sustavnim bolestima i stanjima, alergijskim 39 reakcijama itd. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je kod bolesnika s heilitisom ispitati moguću povezanost između navika bolesnika, pratećih bolesti, alergijskih stanja i psihičkog stresa s upalnim promjenama usnica radi doprinosa poznavanju etiopatogeneze, boljoj dijagnostici i liječenju koje uključuje uklanjanje odgovornih etioloških čimbenika. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje smo uključili odrasle bolesnike koji su se tijekom petnaestomjesečnog perioda (od 1. siječnja 2019. do 31. ožujka 2020.) javili na dermatološki pregled te je heilitis utvrđen u 130 ispitanika. Uz dermatološki pregled su svi ispitanici ispunili upitnik o anamnestičkim podacima povezanima s heilitisom i u svih je ispitan psihički stres putem upitnika kvantifikacije težine stresa (Perceived stress scale, PSS). Svi ispitanici izuzev herpetičnog heilitisa (ukupno njih 108) ispunili su podatke o nepoželjnim navikama i učestalosti pojave simptoma heilitisa. Ispitivala se težina izraženosti kliničke slike heilitisa (uočena pri dermatološkom pregledu kao objektivni pokazatelj), učestalost pojave simptoma (subjektivni pokazatelj u upitniku) te postojanje recidiva bolesti (putem upitnika) u odnosu na utjecaj razine psihičkog stresa. Dodatno su bile uključene i 22 zdrave osobe kojima su također određivane razine psihičkog stresa (PSS). Nadalje, ispitanici s reverzibilnim heilitisima koji su pristali na dodatne testove bili su testirani alergološkim testovima kože: patch test na kontaktne alergene te prick test na inhalacijske i nutritivne alergene te aditive i konzervanse (njih 94), a također su im dodatno određivane serumske vrijednosti vitamina B9, B12 i željeza. Rezultati: Prema kliničkoj slici i anamnezi, najčešće su uočeni: heilitis simpleks (n=37), ekcematozni heilitis (n=37), herpetični heilitis (n=22), eksfolijativni heilitis (n=10), angularni heilitis (n=10), ostali heilitisi (n=14). Od nepoželjnih navika uočena je značajna povezanost curenja sline u usne kutove i angularnog heilitisa (p=0.019) te povezanost oblizivanja i grickanja usnica s eksfolijativnim heilitisom (p

Doktori dentalne medicine trebali bi osvijestiti i važnost svoje savjetodavne uloge u stomatološkoj ordinaciji. Zbog učestalosti susreta s pacijentima kroz sustav redovitih kontrolnih pregleda, doktori dentalne medicine mogu metodama motivacijskog intervjua utjecati na pacijentovo donošenje zdravijih odluka. Gubitak tjelesne težine tako može imati niz pozitivnih posljedica, kako na sistemno, tako i na oralno zdravlje.

Introduction: There are different fluoride regimens aimed to reduce caries during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Due to unpredictable compliance, there is a need for a long-term low-dose fluoride release delivery system. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported fluoride regimes in current use. Materials and Methods: The literature search with keywords „fluoride release orthodontic“was reached through PubMed website (US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health). The literature search with keywords „polycaprolactone fluoride“ was done through the same website, as well. Results: A total of 132 published studies reported fluoride use during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Twenty five studies were dealing with wire corrosion and ion release, reviews and other topics, and were excluded from further analysis. One hundred and seven studies used 6 different sources of fluoride for orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The most used were orthodontic adhesives (70%) followed by topical fluorides (10%), elastomeric ligatures (7%), fluoride sustained release devices (6%), removable appliances and retainers (5%) and coated wires or brackets (2%). The literature search on polycaprolactone fluoride revealed 18 relevant studies. Among those, there were stuides about developing new clinical applications of polycprolactone flouride, with existing laboratory methods for incorporation and release of fluorides in/from polycaprolactone flouride. Conclusions: Intraoral fluoride release delivery systems take a small part in caries prevention. There is a need for improvement of existing and development of new fluoride release delivery systems. Polycaprolactone is promising material for sustained fluoride release.