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Background: Vaccination of dogs and cats is considered a mainstay of preventive health, providing benefit to individual animals and the population. This study aimed to assess temporal trends in vaccination and factors associated with vaccination uptake in a large veterinary visiting population of UK cats and dogs., Methods: The electronic health records (EHRs) of 712,266 dogs and 306,888 cats (voluntarily contributed by 201 veterinary practices) were used to determine the proportion that had record of any type of veterinary vaccination either within one-year or within three-years of attending a participating veterinary practice. Socioeconomic and animal factors were also assessed for association with vaccination uptake using multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models., Results: The percentage of animals vaccinated within one-year of consultation declined across the years 2016 to 2022, from 76.58% (95% CI 74.82-78.33) to 69.04% (95% CI 68.02-70.07) in dogs, and 69.54% (95% CI 67.89-71.19) to 66.12% (95% CI 64.83-67.41) in cats. The proportion of animals that had a vaccination recorded within a three-year window of a consultation for dogs ranged from 81.36% (95% CI 79.74-82.99)to 84.42% (95% CI 83.31-85.54) in the period from 2016 to 2022; for cats, this measure increased from 73.90% (95% CI 72.24-75.56) in 2016 to 77.85% (95% CI 76.46-79.25) in 2022. Aging was associated with reduced odds of animals having a vaccination recorded within one-year and three-years. In both species the odds of vaccination reduced as the level of socioeconomic deprivation assigned to the animal's area of residence increased., Conclusion: The results provide a baseline that can be used as a reference to continue to track vaccination uptake in the cat and dog population. Temporal trends suggest time between vaccinations has increased in recent years. Strategies to encourage owners to vaccinate their animals should consider targeting areas of high deprivation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Shona Bloodworth's PhD project was funded by BSAVA PetSavers and the University of Liverpool. The studies were entirely investigator-led with no influence from the external funder., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Single-atom dynamics of noble-gas elements have been investigated using time-resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with direct observation providing for a deeper understanding of chemical bonding, reactivity, and states of matter at the nanoscale. We report on a nanoscale system consisting of endohedral fullerenes encapsulated within single-walled carbon nanotubes ((Kr@C 60 )@SWCNT), capable of the delivery and release of krypton atoms on-demand, via coalescence of host fullerene cages under the action of the electron beam ( in situ ) or heat ( ex situ ). The state and dynamics of Kr atoms were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Kr atom positions were measured precisely using aberration-corrected high-resolution TEM (AC-HRTEM), aberration-corrected scanning TEM (AC-STEM), and single-atom spectroscopic imaging (STEM-EELS). The electron beam drove the formation of 2Kr@C 120 capsules, in which van der Waals Kr 2 and transient covalent [Kr 2 ] + bonding states were identified. Thermal coalescence led to the formation of longer coalesced nested nanotubes containing more loosely bound Kr n chains ( n = 3-6). In some instances, delocalization of Kr atomic positions was confirmed by STEM analysis as the transition to a one-dimensional (1D) gas, as Kr atoms were constrained to only one degree of translational freedom within long, well-annealed, nested nanotubes. Such nested nanotube structures were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. This material represents a highly compressed and dimensionally constrained 1D gas stable under ambient conditions. Direct atomic-scale imaging has revealed elusive bonding states and a previously unseen 1D gaseous state of matter of this noble gas element, demonstrating TEM to be a powerful tool in the discovery of chemistry at the single-atom level.

We used THz (terahertz) and INS (inelastic neutron scattering) spectroscopies to study the interaction between an endohedral noble gas atom and the C60 molecular cage. The THz absorption spectra of powdered A@C60 samples (A = Ar, Ne, Kr) were measured in the energy range from 0.6 to 75 meV for a series of temperatures between 5 and 300 K. The INS measurements were carried out at liquid helium temperature in the energy transfer range from 0.78 to 54.6 meV. The THz spectra are dominated by one line, between 7 and 12 meV, at low temperatures for three noble gas atoms studied. The line shifts to higher energy and broadens as the temperature is increased. Using a spherical oscillator model, with a temperature-independent parameterized potential function and an atom-displacement-induced dipole moment, we show that the change of the THz spectrum shape with temperature is caused by the anharmonicity of the potential function. We find good agreement between experimentally determined potential energy functions and functions calculated with Lennard-Jones additive pair-wise potentials with parameters taken from the work of Pang and Brisse, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 8562 (1993)., (© 2023 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Introduction: Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and premature death in the United States. Recent advances have led to two efficacious mobile health (mHealth) treatments for smoking cessation: iCanQuit, an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based behavioral treatment promoting cessation through accepting triggers and committing to values; and Motiv8, a contingency management intervention promoting smoking cessation with financial incentives via biochemically verified abstinence. This study will evaluate the comparative effectiveness of the Florida Quitline, iCanQuit alone, and iCanQuit+Motiv8 in a pragmatic trial among patients who smoke in underserved primary care settings., Methods: The study will be an individually-randomized controlled trial with three arms (Florida Quitline, iCanQuit alone, iCanQuit+Motiv8 combined) conducted in multiple primary care practices affiliated with the OneFlorida+ Clinical Research Consortium. Adult patients who smoke will be randomized to one of the 3 study arms (n = 444/arm), stratified by healthcare setting (academic vs. community). The primary outcome will be 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at 6 months post-randomization. Secondary outcomes will be 12-month smoking abstinence, patient satisfaction with the interventions, and changes in patient quality of life and self-efficacy. The study will also assess how and for whom the interventions help sub-group patients in achieving smoking abstinence by measuring theory-derived factors that mediate smoking outcome-specific baseline moderators., Conclusions: Results from this study will provide evidence for the comparative effectiveness of mHealth smoking cessation interventions in healthcare settings. Use of mHealth interventions can make smoking cessation resources more equitably accessible and have far-reaching impact on community and population health., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05415761, Registered 13 June 2022., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declared no competing financial or non-financial interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Encapsulation of atoms or small molecules inside fullerenes provides a unique opportunity for study of the confined species in the isolated cavity, and the synthesis of closed C 60 or C 70 fullerenes with enclosed atoms or molecules has recently developed using the method of 'molecular surgery'; in which an open-cage intermediate fullerene is the host for encapsulation of a guest species, before repair of the cage opening. In this work we review the main methods for cage-opening and closure, and the achievements of molecular surgery to date., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Synthesis of Kr@C 60 is achieved by quantitative high-pressure encapsulation of the noble gas into an open-fullerene, and subsequent cage closure. Krypton is the largest noble gas entrapped in C 60 using 'molecular surgery' and Kr@C 60 is prepared with >99.4% incorporation of the endohedral atom, in ca. 4% yield from C 60 . Encapsulation in C 60 causes a shift of the 83 Kr resonance by -39.5 ppm with respect to free 83 Kr in solution. The 83 Kr spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 is approximately 36 times longer for Kr encapsulated in C 60 than for free Kr in solution. This is the first characterisation of a stable Kr compound by 83 Kr NMR.

Background: The intersection of cancer and aging is an emerging public health challenge in developed countries because of the aging and expansion of the population., Aims: We convened a panel of experts to share their insights on this topic at the inaugural University of Florida Health Cancer Center's (UFHCC's) Cancer and Aging Symposium, which was held virtually in February 2022., Methods: We featured presentations from four leading scientists, whose research spans multiple disciplines including basic science, translational research, geriatric oncology, and population science., Results: Each speaker offered their unique perspective and insight on the intersection between cancer and aging and discussed their current and ongoing research in this field. In addition to this panel of experts, scientists from the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute, as well as a UFHCC-affiliated citizen scientist, shared their perspectives on strategies to move the field forward. Some of the key open questions and opportunities for future research offered by these presenters in aging and cancer include but are not limited to infusing health disparities research into the field of cancer and aging, assessing the value of geriatric assessment in identifying early vulnerabilities that may affect response to emerging cancer therapies in older patients, and assessing biological age and other biomarkers (e.g., clonal hematopoiesis) in relation to clinical endpoints and the development of primary, secondary, and tertiary cancer prevention interventions., Conclusion: Research is needed to accelerate knowledge regarding the dynamic interplay of cancer and aging and optimize care in diverse older adults to achieve equity in cancer outcomes., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST Drs. DeGregori, Zhou, and Licht are Editorial Board members of Aging and Cancer and a co-author of this article. To minimize bias, they were excluded from all editorial decision-making related to the acceptance of this article for publication. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Introduction: Although the involvement of citizen scientists in research can contribute to scientific benefits, much remains unknown about participants' lived experiences in research. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore how citizen scientists describe their role in, motivation for, and communication with researchers., Methods: In-depth interviews ( N = 9) were conducted with citizen scientists at a translational health research center., Results: Key results include that citizen scientists were invested in learning researchers' discipline-specific language and viewed small group sizes as conducive to their active participation., Conclusions: Programs can apply these findings in an effort to improve citizen scientists' long-term engagement in research., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

An open-cage fullerene incorporating phosphorous ylid and carbonyl group moieties on the rim of the orifice can be filled with gases (H 2 , He, Ne) in the solid state, and the cage opening then contracted in situ by raising the temperature to complete an intramolecular Wittig reaction, trapping the atom or molecule inside. Known transformations complete conversion of the product fullerene to C 60 containing the endohedral species. As well as providing an improved synthesis of large quantities of 4 He@C 60 , H 2 @C 60 , and D 2 @C 60 , the method allows the efficient incorporation of expensive gases such as HD and 3 He, to prepare HD@C 60 and 3 He@C 60 . The method also enables the first synthesis of Ne@C 60 by molecular surgery, and its characterization by crystallography and 13 C NMR spectroscopy., (© 2021 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The solution-state 13 C NMR spectrum of the endofullerene 3 He@C 60 displays a doublet structure due to a J -coupling of magnitude 77.5 ± 0.2 mHz at 340 K between the 3 He nucleus and a 13 C nucleus of the enclosing carbon surface. The J -coupling increases in magnitude with increasing temperature. Quantum chemistry calculations successfully predict the approximate magnitude of the coupling. This observation shows that the mutual proximity of molecular or atomic species is sufficient to induce a finite scalar nuclear spin-spin coupling, providing that translational motion is restricted by confinement. The phenomenon may have applications to the study of surface interactions and to mechanically bound species.

Synthesis of Ar@C60 is described, using a route in which high-pressure argon filling of an open-fullerene and photochemical desulfinylation are the key steps for >95% encapsulation of the noble gas. Enrichment by recycling HPLC leads to quantitative incorporation of argon in the product endofullerene, with a mass recovery of tens of milligrams, allowing the first characterisation of fine structure in the solution 13C NMR spectrum.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the likelihood of meeting the physical activity guidelines in veterans who are obese by disability status., Design: We used data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a cross-sectional telephone survey. The mean response rate was 44.9%., Setting: Respondents came from all 50 states, District of Columbia, and 3 US territories., Patients: Respondents included veterans self-reporting being obese (N = 13 798)., Measures: We created a mutually exclusive disability variable: no disability, multiple disability, and limitations only with hearing, vision, cognitive, mobility, Activities of Daily Living, or Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Physical activity guidelines were defined as 150 minutes/week of aerobic activity and 2 days/week of strength activities., Analysis: Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated by performing separate log-binomial regression models for meeting strength and aerobic recommendations on veterans who were obese., Results: Obese veterans with mobility limitations only or multiple disabilities were significantly less likely to meet the aerobic (PR = 0.74, P = .002 and PR = .62, P = .021, respectively) or strength (PR = .76, P < .001 and PR = 0.74, P < .001, respectively) recommendations, compared to not having a disability (n = 7964)., Conclusions: Inactivity could be explained by a lack of inclusive weight loss programs for veterans with disabilities and barriers to physical activity encountered by people with disabilities. Two primary limitations of this study are self-report of obesity and physical activity and exclusion of adults in institutional settings.

The endohedral fullerene CH 4 @C 60 , in which each C 60 fullerene cage encapsulates a single methane molecule, has been synthesized for the first time. Methane is the first organic molecule, as well as the largest, to have been encapsulated in C 60 to date. The key orifice contraction step, a photochemical desulfinylation of an open fullerene, was completed, even though it is inhibited by the endohedral molecule. The crystal structure of the nickel(II) octaethylporphyrin/ benzene solvate shows no significant distortion of the carbon cage, relative to the C 60 analogue, and shows the methane hydrogens as a shell of electron density around the central carbon, indicative of the quantum nature of the methane. The 1 H spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1 ) for endohedral methane are similar to those observed in the gas phase, indicating that methane is freely rotating inside the C 60 cage. The synthesis of CH 4 @C 60 opens a route to endofullerenes incorporating large guest molecules and atoms., (© 2019 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

We describe the synthesis and characterisation of open fullerene (1) and its reduced form (2) in which CH 4 and NH 3 are encapsulated, respectively. The 1 H NMR resonance of endohedral NH 3 is broadened by scalar coupling to the quadrupolar 14 N nucleus, which relaxes rapidly. This broadening is absent for small satellite peaks, which are attributed to natural abundance 15 N. The influence of the scalar relaxation mechanism on the linewidth of the 1 H ammonia resonance is probed by variable temperature NMR. A rotational correlation time of τ c =1.5 ps. is determined for endohedral NH 3 , and of τ c =57±5 ps. for the open fullerene, indicating free rotation of the encapsulated molecule. IR spectroscopy of NH 3 @2 at 5 K identifies three vibrations of NH 3 (ν 1 , ν 3 and ν 4 ) redshifted in comparison with free NH 3 , and temperature dependence of the IR peak intensity indicates the presence of a large number of excited translational/ rotational states. Variable temperature 1 H NMR spectra indicate that endohedral CH 4 is also able to rotate freely at 223 K, on the NMR timescale. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of CH 4 @1 show both rotational and translational modes of CH 4 . Energy of the first excited rotational state (J=1) of CH 4 @1 is significantly lower than that of free CH 4 ., (© 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

We describe the development of a small-molecule mimic of Xaa-trans-Pro dipeptide in poly-l-proline type II helix conformation, based upon a (3R,6S,9S)-2-oxo-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane core structure. Stereoselective synthesis of the mimic from l-pyroglutamic acid is achieved in twelve linear steps and 9.9% yield. Configurational and conformational analyses are conducted using a combination of (1)H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and circular dichroism spectroscopy; and evaluation of the mimic as a promising surrogate dipeptide, in a protein-protein interaction between the SH3 domain of human Fyn kinase (Fyn SH3) and peptidomimetics of its biological ligand, are conducted by (1)H-(15)N HSQC NMR titration experiments.

Ketenes were generated by the thermolysis of alkoxyalkynes under flow conditions, and then trapped with amines and alcohols to cleanly give amides and esters. For a 10 min reaction time, temperatures of 180, 160, and 140 °C were required for >95 % conversion of EtO, i PrO, and t BuO alkoxyalkynes, respectively. Variation of the temperature and flow rate with inline monitoring of the output by IR spectroscopy allowed the kinetic parameters for the conversion of 1-ethoxy-1-octyne to be easily estimated ( E a = 105.4 kJ/mol). Trapping of the in-situ-generated ketenes by alcohols to give esters required the addition of a tertiary amine catalyst to prevent competitive [2+2] addition of the ketene to the alkoxyalkyne precursor.

Mixed two-component monolayers on glassy carbon are prepared by electrochemical oxidation of N-(2-aminoethyl)acetamide and mono-N-Boc-hexamethylenediamine in mixed solution. Subsequent N-deprotection, amide coupling and solid-phase synthetic steps lead to electrode-surface functionalisation with maleimide, with controlled partial coverage of this cysteine-binding group at appropriate dilution for covalent immobilisation of a model redox-active protein, cytochrome c, with high coverage (≈7.5 pmol cm(-2) )., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

We report the combinatorial preparation and high-throughput screening of a library of modified electrodes designed to catalyze the oxidation of NADH. Sixty glassy carbon electrodes were covalently modified with ruthenium(II) or zinc(II) complexes bearing the redox active 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione) ligand by electrochemical functionalization using one of four different linkers, followed by attachment of one of five different phendione metal complexes using combinatorial solid-phase synthesis methodology. This gave a library with three replicates of each of 20 different electrode modifications. This library was electrochemically screened in high-throughput (HTP) mode using cyclic voltammetry. The members of the library were evaluated with regard to the surface coverage, midpeak potential, and voltammetric peak separation for the phendione ligand, and their catalytic activity toward NADH oxidation. The surface coverage was found to depend on the length and flexibility of the linker and the geometry of the metal complex. The choices of linker and metal complex were also found to have significant impact on the kinetics of the reaction between the 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione ligand and NADH. The rate constants for the reaction were obtained by analyzing the catalytic currents as a function of NADH concentration and scan rate, and the influence of the surface molecular architecture on the kinetics was evaluated.