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Context.--Body fluid cytology is an important diagnostic tool used to identify various conditions. However, an accurate diagnosis in this setting can sometimes be challenging.Objective.--To identify the performance characteristics of body fluid cytology by analyzing participant responses from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytopathology.Design.--Participant responses from 5102 slides were analyzed for concordance to the general category (GC) and to the reference diagnosis (RD). Nonlinear mixed models were used to analyze concordance.Results.--The overall GC concordance was 95.2%. The GC type, participant type, and preparation type were significantly associated with GC concordance (P < .001). Concordance for malignant cases was higher than it was for benign cases. Cytotechnologists had better GC concordance compared to pathologists. ThinPrep (Hologic, Marlborough, Massachusetts) slides had the highest GC concordance. Participant type, fluid type, preparation type, and participant interpretation were significantly associated with rD concordance (P < .001). Pathologists performed better than cytotechnologists did for RD concordance. Pericardial fluid had the lowest RD concordance, especially for cases with normal or reactive findings. Modified Giemsa-stained slides performed best for lymphoma and hematopoietic malignancy. Small cell carcinoma had the highest GC concordance, and its RD concordance was higher in pleural than in peritoneal fluids. Adenocarcinoma showed the highest concordance rates for both GC and RD.Conclusions.--This study illustrates the challenges associated with interpreting body fluid cytology, particularly in pericardial fluid, and the factors that may affect accurate diagnoses. The results also highlight the value of using multiple preparation types in challenging cases.(Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018;142:53-58; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0509-CP), Body fluid cytology is an important diagnostic test for various malignant and benign conditions. Effusions can be caused by inflammatory, infectious, and benign; neoplastic or malignant; and primary or metastatic [...]

Objective To estimate the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of occupational exposure to body fluids among health-care workers in Africa. Methods Embase[R], PubMed[R] and CINAHL databases were systematically searched for studies published between January 2000 and August 2017 that reported the prevalence of occupational exposure to blood or other body fluids among health-care workers in Africa. The continent-wide prevalence of exposure was estimated using random-effects meta-analysis. Findings Of the 904 articles identified, 65 studies from 21 African countries were included. The estimated pooled lifetime and 12-month prevalence of occupational exposure to body fluids were 65.7% (95% confidence interval, CI: 59.7-71.6) and 48.0% (95% CI: 40.7-55.3), respectively. Exposure was largely due to percutaneous injury, which had an estimated 12-month prevalence of 36.0% (95% CI: 31.2-40.8). The pooled 12-month prevalence of occupational exposure among medical doctors (excluding surgeons), nurses (including midwives and nursing assistants) and laboratory staff (including laboratory technicians) was 46.6% (95% CI: 33.5-59.7), 44.6% (95% CI: 34.1-55.0) and 34.3% (95% CI: 21.8-46.7), respectively. The risk of exposure was higher among health-care workers with no training on infection prevention and those who worked more than 40 hours per week. Conclusion The evidence available suggests that almost one half of health-care workers in Africa were occupational exposed to body fluids annually. However, a lack of data from some countries was a major limitation. National governments and health-care institutions across Africa should prioritize efforts to minimize occupational exposure among health-care workers. Objectif Estimer la prevalence au cours de la vie et sur 12 mois de l'exposition professionnelle aux liquides organiques des agents de sante en Afrique. Methodes Nous avons systematiquement recherche dans les bases de donnees Embase[R], PubMed[R] et CINAHL des etudes publiees entre janvier 2000 et aout 2017 documentant la prevalence de l'exposition professionnelle au sang ou a d'autres liquides organiques des agents de sante en Afrique. La prevalence de l'exposition dans l'ensemble du continent a ete estimee a l'aide d'une meta-analyse a effets aleatoires. Resultats Sur les 904 articles reperes, 65 etudes menees dans 21 pays africains ont ete selectionnees. La prevalence combinee au cours de la vie et sur 12 mois de l'exposition professionnelle aux liquides organiques etait estimee a 65,7% (intervalle de confiance, IC a 95%: 59,7-71,6) dans le premier cas et 48,0% (IC a 95%: 40,7-55,3) dans le second, exposition etait en grande partie due a des lesions percutanees, la prevalence sur 12 mois etant estimee a 36,0% (IC a 95%: 31,2-40,8). La prevalence combinee sur 12 mois de l'exposition professionnelle etait de 46,6% (IC a 95%: 33,5-59,7) chez les medecins (a l'exception des chirurgiens), de 44,6% (IC a 95%: 34,1-55,0) chez les infirmiers (sages-femmes et infirmiers auxiliaires compris) et de 34,3% (IC a 95%: 21,8-46,7) chez le personnel de laboratoire (techniciens de laboratoire compris). Le risque d'exposition etait plus eleve chez les agents de sante n'ayant pas ete formes a la prevention des infections et chez ceux qui travaillaient plus de 40 heures par semaine. Conclusion D'apres les donnees disponibles, pres de la moitie des agents de sante en Afrique sont exposes chaque annee aux liquides organiques dans le cadre de leur travail. Le manque de donnees dans certains pays a neanmoins constitue une limite majeure. Les gouvernements nationaux et les etablissements de sante de l'ensemble du continent doivent donner un degre de priorite eleve aux efforts visant a minimiser l'exposition professionnelle des agents de sante. Objetivo Hacer una estimacion del tiempo de vida y la prevalencia de 12 meses de exposicion profesional a fluidos corporales entre los profesionales sanitarios en Africa. Metodos Se realizo una busqueda sistematica en las bases de datos Embase[R], PubMed[R] y CINAHL de estudios publicados entre enero de 2000 y agosto de 2017 que mostraran la prevalencia de la exposicion profesional a sangre u otros fluidos corporales entre los profesionales sanitarios en Africa. La prevalencia de la exposicion en todo el continente se estimo utilizando un meta-analisis de efectos aleatorios. Resultados De los 904 articulos identificados se incluyeron 65 estudios de 21 paises africanos. El tiempo de vida estimado en conjunto y la prevalencia de 12 meses de exposicion profesional a fluidos corporales fue de un 65,7% (intervalo de confianza, IC, 95%: 59,7-71,6) y 48,0% (95% IC:40,7-55,3), respectivamente. La exposicion se debia en su mayor parte a heridas percutaneas, con una prevalencia estimada durante 12 meses del 36,0% (95% IC: 31,2-40,8). La prevalencia durante 12 meses de exposicion profesional en conjunto entre los medicos (excepto los cirujanos), enfermeras (incluidas las matronas y las auxiliares de enfermeria) y el personal de laboratorio (incluidos los tecnicos de laboratorio) fue del 46,6% (95% IC: 33,5-59,7), 44,6% (95% IC: 34,1-55,0) y del 34,3% (95% IC: 21,8-46,7), respectivamente. El riesgo de exposicion fue mas alto entre los profesionales sanitarios sin formacion en el ambito de la prevencion de infecciones y entre aquellos que trabajaban mas de 40 horas a la semana. Conclusion Las pruebas disponibles sugieren que casi la mitad de todos los trabajadores sanitarios en Africa estan expuestos profesionalmente a fluidos corporales cada ano. Sin embargo, la falta de datos de algunos paises supuso una gran limitacion. Por lo tanto, los gobiernos nacionales y las instituciones sanitarias africanas deberian priorizar los esfuerzos para disminuir la exposicion entre los profesionales sanitarios., Introduction Worldwide, health-care workers risk occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens through contact with human body fluids. Although about 60 blood-borne infectious pathogens have been identified, including Epstein-Barr virus, most occupation-related, [...]

Inactivation of the B1 proton pump subunit (ATP6V1B1) in intercalated cells (ICs) leads to type I distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), a disease associated with salt- and potassium-losing nephropathy. Here [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.009 Byline: David G. Casey, Judy Price Keywords: Saliva; Forensic science; Sexual assaults; Body fluids Abstract: We demonstrate here that the RSIDacents-saliva test can be used as a test for human salivary [alpha]-amylase on samples routinely examined in forensic casework. We show that the RSIDacents-saliva test detects salivary [alpha]-amylase at lower concentrations than the Phadebas.sup.[R] Quantitative test, that the RSIDacents-saliva test does not cross-react with forensically important human fluids and that the RSIDacents-saliva test can be successfully integrated into the whole swab semen extraction method. Author Affiliation: Biology Section, Forensic Science Laboratory, Garda Headquarters, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, Ireland Article History: Received 24 February 2009; Revised 4 June 2009; Accepted 9 October 2009

A study was conducted to examine patients' preferences for the collection of bodily fluids. Patients' preferences for the collection of saliva, blood, and urine were assessed. Findings indicate that patients regarded the donation of saliva as more comfortable and convenient than that of urine or blood at the doctor's office. It was reported that saliva and urine are the easiest to collect at home.

Byline: Rory E. Morty (1), Oliver Eickelberg (1), Werner Seeger (1) Keywords: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Edema; Sodium transport; Isolated lung; Epithelial sodium channel; Na,K-ATPase Abstract: Background Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care setting. The failure of patients to resolve the alveolar edema associated with these conditions is a major contributing factor to mortality hence there is continued interest to understand the mechanisms of alveolar edema fluid clearance. Discussion The accompanying review by Vadasz eta-al. details our current understanding of the signaling mechanisms and cellular processes that facilitate clearance of edema fluid from the alveolar compartment, and how these signaling processes may be exploited in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. To complement that report this review focuses on how intact organ and animal models and clinical studies have facilitated our understanding of alveolar edema fluid clearance in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, it considers how what we have learned from these animal and organ models and clinical studies has suggested novel therapeutic avenues to pursue. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany Article History: Registration Date: 11/04/2007 Received Date: 12/08/2006 Accepted Date: 05/03/2007 Online Date: 25/05/2007 Article note: This article refers to the articles available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0625-z and http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0661-8

Recent work has shown the presence of volatile selenium metabolites in human urine and suggested that these compounds could compromise quantitative selenium analyses by ICPMS. We show that with a commonly used sample introduction system (pneumatic nebulizer and spray chamber), two volatile selenium species recently identified in urine, namely, dimethyl selenide and dimethyl diselenide, gave greatly increased ICPMS responses (up to 58-fold) relative to selenite, an effect related to their volatilization in the spray chamber resulting in enhanced transport to the plasma. The quantitative consequences of this effect were demonstrated by measurement of total selenium and selenium species in certified reference material, NIES CRM 18 human urine. Direct flow injection analysis of the urine gave a total selenium concentration more than 2-fold higher than the certified value. These data suggested that NIES CRM 18 may contain part of its selenium as volatile species, and subsequent reversed-phase HPLC/ICPMS showed the presence of dimethyl selenide in addition to selenosugars and trimethylselenonium ion. Although the practice of quantifying unidentified chromatographic peaks against those of known compounds is common in speciation analysis, this approach when applied to NIES CRM 18 gave a value for the sum of selenium species which was twice the certified total selenium concentration. This work shows that the presence of volatile selenium species in urine precludes the use of flow injection analysis for total selenium measurements and imposes severe restrictions on the quantification of urinary selenium metabolites. In addition, it raises broader issues of the validity of the 'dilute and shoot' approach to the determination of metals in clinical analysis of biological fluids.

The present study investigated the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) in the behavioral control of body fluid homeostasis by determining the effect of bilateral injections of the CRH receptor antagonist, [alpha]-helical corticotropin-releasing factor [(CRF).sub.9-41], and the CRH receptor agonist, CRH, on sodium chloride (salt appetite) and water (thirst) intake. Groups of adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats had stainless-steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN and were sodium depleted or water deprived. Bilateral injections of [alpha]-helical [CRF.sub.9-41] into the LPBN significantly potentiated water and salt intake in the sodium-depleted rats when access to fluids was restored. Bilateral injections of [alpha]-helical [CRF.sub.9-41] into the LPBN (1.0 [micro]g) also increased sodium appetite in water-deprived rats. Conversely, in sodium-depleted animals, bilateral injections of CRH inhibited sodium chloride intake. These results suggest that there is an endogenous CRH inhibitory mechanism operating in the LPBN to modulate the intake of sodium (salt appetite). This mechanism may contribute to the behavioral control of restoration of body fluid homeostasis in sodium-deficient states. water intake; [alpha]-helical corticotropin-releasing factor

The subfornical organ (SFO), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), and organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT), which are associated with the lamina terminalis, are important in the control of body fluid balance. Neurons in these regions express estrogen receptor (ER)-[alpha], but whether the ER-[alpha] neurons are activated by hypertonicity and whether hypertonicity regulates ER-[alpha] expression are not known. Using fluorescent, double-label immunocytochemistry, we examined the expression of ER-[alpha]-immunoreactivity (ir) and Fos-ir in control and water-deprived male rats. In control animals, numerous ER-[alpha]-positive neurons were expressed in the periphery of the SFO, in both the dorsal and ventral MnPO, and in the dorsal cap of the OVLT. Fos-positive neurons were sparse in euhydrated rats but were numerous in the SFO, MnPO, and the dorsal cap of the OVLT after 48-h water deprivation. Most ER-[alpha]-ir neurons in these areas were positive for Fos, indicating a significant degree of colocafization. To examine the effect of dehydration on ER-[alpha] expression, animals with and without lesions surrounding the anterior and ventral portion of the 3rd ventricle (AV3V) were water deprived for 48 h. Water deprivation resulted in a moderate increase in ER-[alpha]-ir in the SFO of sham-lesioned rats (P = 0.03) and a dramatic elevation in AV3V-lesioned animals (P < 0.05). This was probably induced by the significant increase in plasma osmolality in both dehydrated groups (P < 0.001) rather than a decrease in blood volume, because hematocrit was significantly increased only in the dehydrated sham-lesioned animals. Thus these studies implicate the osmosensitive regions of the lamina terminalis as possible targets for sex steroid effects on body fluid homeostasis. anteroventral third ventricle; Fos; organum vasculosum lamina terminalis; oxytocin; subfornical organ; water deprivation

Galanin is widely distributed in enteric nerve terminals lining the gastrointestinal tract. We previously showed that pathogenic Escherichia coli, but not normal commensal organisms, increase galanin-1 receptor expression by epithelial cells lining the colon (i.e., colonocytes). When present, galanin-1 receptor activation by ligand causes colonocyte Cl[sup.-] secretion . We herein demonstrate that disparate pathogens including Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexerii also increase colonocyte galanin-1 receptor expression, whose activation is responsible for a principal component of the increased colonic fluid secretion observed. Although eliminating the GAL1R gene by homologous recombination does not alter basal colonic fluid secretion, removal of one or both alleles completely attenuates the increase in fluid secretion due to infection with enteric pathogens. Galanin-1 receptor up-regulation therefore represents a novel mechanism accounting for the increased colonic fluid secretion observed in infectious diarrhea due to several different pathogens., Author(s): Kristina A. Matkowskyj [1, 2]; Alexey Danilkovich [1]; Jorge Marrero [1]; Suzana D. Savkovic [1]; Gail Hecht [1, 3]; Richard V. Benya (corresponding author) [1, 4] We initially determined [...]

The human and shark Na-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCC), although 74% identical in amino acid sequence, exhibit marked differences in ion transport and bumetanide binding. We have utilized shark-human chimeras of NKCC1 to search for regions that confer the kinetic differences. Two chimeras (hs3.1 and its reverse sh3.1) with a junction point located at the beginning of the third transmembrane domain were examined after stable transfection in HEK-293 cells. Each carried out bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb influx with cation affinities intermediate between shark and human cotransporters. In conjunction with the previous finding that the N and C termini are not responsible for differences in ion transport, the current observations identify the second transmembrane domain as playing an important role. Site-specific mutagenesis of two pairs of residues in this domain revealed that one pair is indeed involved in the difference in Na affinity, and a second pair is involved in the difference in Rb affinity. Substitution of the same residues with corresponding residues from NKCC2 or the Na-Cl cotransporter resulted in cation affinity changes, consistent with the hypothesis that alternative splicing of transmembrane domain 2 endows different versions of NKCC2 with unique kinetic behaviors. None of the changes in transmembrane domain 2 was found to substantially affect [K.sub.m(Cl)], demonstrating that the affinity difference for Cl is specified by the region beyond predicted transmembrane domain 3. Finally, unlike Cl, bumetanide binding was strongly affected by shark-human replacement of transmembrane domain 2, indicating that the bumetanide-binding site is not the same as the Cl-binding site.

The role of shear viscosity on the pressure thresholds for inertial cavitation in water and biological fluids was investigated by using the Gilmore equation for adiabatic bubble oscillations. Results show that pressure thresholds increase as viscosity increases and become more significant at higher frequencies. Moreover, the pressure threshold is inversely related to the ratio of a bubble's equilibrium radius to the nonlinear resonance-radius.

This paper describes an extensive kinetic study of the reactions involved in the determination of acetoacetate in body fluids. It is concluded that acetoacetate reacts with glycine to produce an imine intermediate that tautomerizes to an enamine. It is also concluded that nitroprusside reacts with the imine intermediate to produce an unstable product with an absorption maximum near 540 nm. This product decays slowly to produce a stable product with an absorption maximum near 393 nm. A proposed reaction pathway is used to develop kinetic equations, rate constants, equilibrium constants, and molar absorptivity of the unstable product that permit quantitative prediction of the kinetic behavior for a wide range of reactant concentrations.

Two studies were conducted to test the theory that discharge of acetylcholine (ACh) in the pontine reticular formation can be caused by the cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PTT), and that the latter also contributes to respiratory depression. A synchronized time course of increased ACh discharge in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) and respiratory rate depression were noted. Enhanced ACh discharge in the FTG and respiratory rate depression were caused by PPT stimulation. These results agree with the theory that there is causal connection between ACh discharge in the FTG and respiratory depression.

The principles and handicaps of normal osmometry methods were assessed, and osmolality and the thermodynamic concepts of solute-solvent systems, which are essential for studying osmometry of biological solutions, were examined. The use of different techniques of calculating osmolality, the type of mistakes which occur due to overextension or misapplication of osmometry methods and the explanation of information in the literature received through different techniques were studied.

A study was conducted using a mathematical model of the long-loop descending limb (LDL) of Henle to examine three potential functions of alkalinization by postulating in vivo interstitial concentration profiles from the cortex to the papillary tip and measuring the luminal pH HCO-3 concentration and NH3 mass transport through the LDL. NH3 entry has the most important function in LDL alkalinization even though all three mechanisms are involved in this process.

Principles of Design of Fluid Transport Systems in Zoology THE DIVERSITY OF FORMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD IS dazzling, but there are limits to what may be molded by the [...]

Dissolution rates of a well-characterized sample of powdered talc were measured in solvents that mimic fluids found in the human lung. These experiments found that talc dissolution rates were the same for pH controlled aqueous solvents, phosphate buffered saline solution, and modified Gamble's solutions. Variation of solvent chemistry, including the addition of organic chelators and proteins at intercellular fluid concentrations, does not markedly affect the measured dissolution rate of talc at 37 [degrees] C. The data further indicate that the dissolution mechanism for talc in aqueous solutions is independent of pH over the range of 2 to 8. The dissolution rate at 37 [degrees] C, determined by measuring the silicon release rate per unit surface area of talc in a mixed-flow reactor system, is 1.4 ([+ or -] 1.0) x [10.sup.-11] mol Si/[m.sup.2] [multiplied by] s. Application of a geometric shrinking particle model using this dissolution rate results in an estimated lifetime (upper limit) of approximately 8 years for a 1 [micro]m talc particle under pulmonary conditions. Talc dissolves considerably faster than quartz, but slower than chrysotile and olivine in the body. These data can be used to place constraints on the role of particle dissolution in the disease models associated with airborne respirable mineral particles.

Zakaria, El Rasheid, Joanne Lofthouse, and Michael F. Flessner. Effect of intraperitoneal pressures on tissue water of the abdominal muscle. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278: F875-F885, 2000.--A major factor that affects solute and water transport through tissue is the state of tissue hydration. The amount of interstitial water directly affects the transport coefficients for both diffusion and convection. To investigate the effect of simultaneous exposure of tissue to hydrostatic and osmotic pressures on the state of tissue hydration and the pattern of distribution of tissue water, we dialyzed rats with isotonic (290 mosmol/kg) or hypertonic (510 mosmol/kg) solution at intraperitoneal pressures ([P.sub.ip]) between 0 and 6 mmHg, and we infused isotopic markers intravenously and determined their equilibrium distribution volumes ([V.sub.D]) in the anterior abdominal muscle (AAM) by quantitative autoradiography. Total tissue water volume ([[Theta].sub.TW]) was determined from dry-to-wet weight ratios. [[Theta].sub.urea], the [V.sub.D] of [[sup.14]C]urea, equals the sum of the extracellular water volume ([[Theta].sub.EC], [V.sub.D] of [[sup.14]C]mannitol) and intracellular water volume ([[Theta].sub.IC] = [[Theta].sub.urea] - [[Theta].sub.EC]). If [[Theta].sub.if] = interstitial water volume and [[Theta].sub.IV] = vascular water volume ([V.sub.D] of [sup.131]I-labeled IgG), then [[Theta].sub.EC] = [[Theta].sub.if] + [[Theta].sub.IV]. AAM hydrostatic pressure profiles were measured by a micropipette/servo-null system and demonstrated that elevation of [P.sub.ip] above 3 mmHg significantly (P [is less than] 0.05) increases mean tissue pressure ([P.sub.T]) to the same level regardless of intraperitoneal osmolality. The increase in [P.sub.T] resulted in a nonlinear tissue expansion primarily in the interstitium regardless of osmolality. From 0 to 6 mmHg, [[Theta].sub.if] (in ml/g dry tissue) increased from 0.59 [+ or -] 0.02 to 1.7 [+ or -] 0.05 and to 1.5 [+ or -] 0.05 after isotonic and hypertonic dialysis, respectively, whereas [[Theta].sub.IC] increased from 2.8 [+ or -] 0.08 to 3.0 [+ or -] 0.1 after isotonic dialysis and decreased to 2.6 [+ or -] 0.1 after hypertonic dialysis. After dialysis at 6 mmHg with isotonic or hypertonic solutions, [[Theta].sub.IV] increased from 0.034 [+ or -] 0.001 to 0.049 [+ or -] 0.001 and 0.042 [+ or -] 0.002, respectively. [[Theta].sub.urea] during hypertonic dialysis at [P.sub.ip] between 0 and 6 mmHg increased in a nonlinear fashion (F = 26.3, P [is less than] 0.001), whereas [[Theta].sub.IC] invariably decreased (F = 11.1, P [is less than] 0.001) and [[Theta].sub.if] doubled from its control value at low [P.sub.ip]. In conclusion, elevation of intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure causes tissue expansion, primarily in interstitium, irrespective of osmolality of the bathing solution. Tissue hydrostatic pressure is therefore the primary determinant of tissue properties with respect to hydration, which in turn affects diffusive and convective transport. interstitium; peritoneal dialysis; hydraulic conductivity; transport; convection