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Climate change has become the biggest global challenge, being a real danger especially for crops and an inevitable threat to food security. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in the Transylvanian Plain during 2012–2021, regarding the influence of climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, water reserve in the soil and hours of sunshine, on the development stages and yield of maize. During 2012–2021, the soil water reserve determined for maize cultivation was above the minimum requirements (1734.8 m3 ha−1) in the spring months, but fell below this limit in the months when the water consumption for maize was the highest, but without reaching the withering index (1202.8 m3 ha−1). The hours of sunshine in the maize vegetation period have been significantly reduced from 1655.5 h (2012) to values between 1174.6 and 1296.7 h, with a significant decrease in this parameter being observed. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.51) shows the importance of rainfall during the period of emergence of reproductive organs in maize production. During 2019–2021, there was a decreasing trend of temperatures in May compared to the multiannual average of this month, and therefore the processes of emergence and growth of plants in the early stages were affected. During the period of the study, all parameters analyzed (temperature, rainfall, water reserve in the soil, hours of sunshine) deviated from the multiannual average, with negative variations compared to the requirements of maize. Climatic conditions, especially during the growing season, have a significant influence on the yield of a crop, especially when the interaction between several parameters is manifested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of monitoring the thermal and hydric regime of the soils from the Someşan Plateau is to set up the evolution tendency of pedoclimate parameters and to establish the agrotechnical measures in order to adapt agricultural technologies to climate changes. Romania is among the areas with the lowest capacity to adapt to existing climate changes and to those which are going to come and the Someşan Plateau is among the most affected areas due to the reduced degree of afforestation and the lack of forest curtains. Monitoring and variability of climate elements was achieved during 2013-2018, through a network of 10 HOBO microstations which stored soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m height), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and rain gauges. The thermal regime of the soils from the Some an Plateau is mesic, with values of the annual average temperature of the soil 50 cm deep ranging between 8-15°C, and the differences between the average of summer temperatures and the average of winter temperatures are higher than 6°C at 50 cm depth (the difference ranging between 10.3-15.6°C). The annual values of the soil humidity ranged between 0.153-0.344 m3/m3. The annual average of the air temperature during 2013-2018 ranged between 9.21-11.03°C. The annual average of rainfall ranged between 476.3-879.4 mm/an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme weather events can affect maize crops in general, but they can also affect agricultural weed control practices. The purpose of this study is to identify the presence of weeds in maize cultivation in a location in the Transylvanian Plain in characteristic climatic conditions. In order to perform the experiments related to the study, the identification of the presence of weeds in maize cultivation Turda Star variety, in climatic conditions characteristic of SCDA Turda, during two successive years, respectively 2018 and 2019. The study of weed presence during 2018-2019 highlighted that the species identified in the first year in which the experiment took place, do not fully coincide with those identified in the second experimental year, respectively 2019. In 2019, only 4 distinct species were identified The differences between the two experimental years, in terms of regarding the occurrence of weed species, before the experimental treatments, can be explained both by the differences between the two experimental years, in terms of rainfall and thermal regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research at a national and international level in the field of agrotechnics has as a main objective the optimization of soil functions and the preserve of soil and water resources by applying systems of conservative agriculture, securing the crop productivity under efficiency and efficacy conditions. The aim of the paper is to know the impact the soil tillage system and graduation of quantity of vegetal debris have upon the soil moisture and temperature as well as upon the production of maize and soybean crop. The research was made in the experimental field organized at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda (ARDS Turda). The experience was placed on a chernozem, during 2015-2018, trifactor type. The rotation is soybean-wheat-maize, the results presented in the paper were obtained in the agricultural year 2015-2016, in the maize crop, and 2017-2018 in the soybean crop. The experimental factors established were: Factor A - Crop: a1 - soybean; a2 - wheat; a3 - maize; Factor B - Soil tillage system: b1 - conventional system: reverse plough + disk 2x + sowed + fertilized (witness); b2 - conservative system with minimum tillage: chisel + rotary harrow + sowed + fertilized; b3 - conservative system with direct sowing (sowed - fertilized - herbicides); Factor C - Vegetal debris: c1 - 60% (3 t/ha); c2 - 80% (4 t/ha); c3 - 100% (5 t/ha). The soil temperature was influenced a little by the soil tillage system, but the influence is significant in the case of vegetal debris. The moisture results show significant differences, ensured statistically in the case of direct sowing, as the quantity of vegetal debris increases. The soil moisture was higher when the crops were sowed and during the first phases of vegetation, then the differences decreased in time. Maize and soybean reacted better to soil loosening, mobilizing the soil fertility and mineralization of nutritive substances, ensuring a higher production in the conventional tillage system. The aim of applying conservative agricultural practices is to accumulate, preserve and value efficiently the water coming from rainfall in order to protect the soil and to avoid desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternari solani Sorauer produces harmful disorders in potato cultures. It is a mushroom with high sensitivity against climatic conditions, rainfall regimen, especially. The aim of this study is to emphasize the influence of the climatic factors upon develpment of earlyblight in potato, and also interactions between the evolution of the earlyblight and climatic conditions. The interaction between the climatic factors of importance in the manifestation and management of the earlyblight in potato attack produced by the attack of the Alternaria solani Sorauer mushroom on the potato variety Redsec (depending on the applied treatment), represented mainly by humidity and temperature, expressed as averages throughout the experimental period 2018 -2019, presents a series of particularities, which, however, are also conditioned by the applied phytosanitary treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agrotechnical characterization of lands from the Someşan Plateau targets the knowledge of their restrictions and limitations with the purpose to determine the needs and possibilities of increasing the production capacity, under the conditions of a durable agriculture. The purpose of the paper is the technological characterization of lands and the specification of agrotechnical measures to set up durable agricultural technologies, the determination of indices of characterization of rain aggressiveness (Fournier Index, Modified Fournier Index, Angot Pluviometric Index), of the best sowing time and the amount of active biological temperatures, as well as the degree of water ensurance of plants during the vegetation period. Monitoring and variability of climate elements was achieved during 2014-2018, through a network of 10 HOBO microstations, which store soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m hight), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and rain gauges. According to the values of the Fournier Index, 31.81% of the soils fit in low risk of rain erosivity. At the same time, the values of the Modified Fournier Index in most of the stations are between 90-120 and fit in a moderate rain risk of aggressiveness. The percentage analysis of the values of this index shows that 12.5% of the values crorespond to a low rain risk of aggressiveness, 58.33% of the values correspond to a moderate rain risk of aggressiveness and 29.16% of the values correspond to a high rain risk of aggressiveness. From the percentage analysis of averages of monthly values of the Angot Index it results that 54.9% of the values are subunit and 45.1% of the values are over unity, indicating the fact that drought intervals prevail over rain ones. The analysis of the best sowing time leads to the recommendation to maintain the reference intervals for the Someşan Playeau, thus: maize, 10-25 April; potato, 10-30 March; clover, 1-10 March. An increase of the amount of active biological degrees and the need to remake the zoning of favorability conditions for certain crops, according to the new microclimate conditions of the area is registered. When it comes to the degree of water ensurance of plants during the vegetation period for the main crops, one can notice that during 2014-2018, in the case of spring row crops, the water need was ensured during an optimal interval of 57.14% from the vegetation period in the case of maize, of 53.49% in the case of potato, of 53.57% in the case of clover and of 47.67% in the case of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire for sustainable agriculture has begun to spread in the las decades. The main issues of growing strawberries in organic system are represented by the control of diseases and pests and weeds control. Their appearance and development is directly influenced by agro-climatic factors, being, in this case, necesarry to use the most effective techniques and methods to control them. Thus, for the control of weeds the soil was mulched with black plastic. The soil temperature and humidity was monitorized in fieldd and tunnel using two HOBO microstations. The sensors were placed at 10-15 cm depth. In field were registered the rainfalls and air temperature at a heigh of 1m. Durring the study (March-June 2018), the highest values of soil temperature and moisture were recorded in tunnel. From phytosanitary point of view, the fluctuations of agro-climatic factors influenced both the variety and the amount of strawberries affected by fungal diseases. The highest quantity of strawberries was affected in field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility in cows is one of the major problems with great economic implications. The purpose of this study was to identify by global and individual gynecological investigation major ovarian diseases and to determinate their incidence in the relation with hot season at Aberdeen Angus cows. The study was carried out in June 2019 in private unit in Timis county, Romania, on a number of 93 Aberdeen Angus cows in order to determine the prevalence of different ovarian diseases at this breed in a summer season. Gynecological investigations were performed in order to establish the prevalence of ovarian diseases in the summer season. The results showed different pathological entity variation. Thus, 50.22% of the animals taken into study presented ovarian hypofunction, 27.9% presented corpus luteum, 0.93% polycystic ovary with uterine adherences and 7.44% ovarian follicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to increase fertility in sheep by applying modern biotechnology: induction and synchronization of estrous in out of breeding season. The study was conducted during May 2019- July 2019 on 132 ewes, aged between 1 and 6 years, in Covasna county, Romania. The ewes were syncronisated with Medroxyprogesterone (Ovigest, Hypra), Cloprostenol (PGF Veyx Forte, Esteve) and GnRH (Ovarelin, Ceva). After the synchronization, the artificial insemination was performed at 126 ewes by intracervical method. At 29 days after the artificial insemination was performed the diagnosis of gestation using an ultrasound. From 126 animals artificial inseminated, in 121 (91.67%) cases the diagnosis of gestation confirmed the gestation and in 22 cases was confirmed a twin gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prostaglandins (natural and synthetic analogues) on estrous synchronization in beef cows. The study was carried out between May - August 2019 in a private unit in Timis County, and involved 54 Aberdeen Angus cows diagnosed with ovarian luteal tissue: corpus luteum (n=36 cows), cystic corpus luteum (n= 8 cows) and luteal cysts (n=10 cows). Two products were used for the treatment of this pathology: PGF Veyx Forte (n=27 cows) and Enzaprost (n=27 cows). The interval between hormonal treatment and the onset of estrous was ranging from 48-96 hours. In this trial 83.33% of the animals expressed signs of estrous. In the present experiment the conception rate after the artificial insemination was 71.11%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developing sustainable agriculture (ecological) promoting sustainable production systems, diversified and balanced, in order to prevent the pollution of the crop and the environment. In order to extend the system of sustainable agriculture in the Republic of Moldova, national legislation has been established on the production, processing and capitalizing on agri-food products and special attention is given to soil quality - plant life. The aim and tasks of rural research were to: Determine the washed soil mass on the slopes based on the average statistical parameter data depending on the chemical properties (humus content) and make the necessary calculations. From the analysis of the data on soil losses through washing it is observed that they are in close connection with the degree of erosion. By comparing these data to the result we obtained: not eroded soil - 92 cm; poorly eroded soil - 76 cm; moderately eroded soil - 47 cm; strongly eroded soil - 40 cm; mollic delluvial soil - 132 cm; typical delluvial soil - 193 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify and verify the effectiveness of breeding sows management, intended to optimize the economic performances and correcting negative factors that influence reproductive parameters of them. The research was made in a farm from Mureş County. In this study were followed 100 animals from lines: Camborough, Hypor Libra, Eurohyb, and PIC. The research was focused on several directions: detecting estrus in sows and gilts; the organization of artificial insemination; pregnancy management; the management of parturition and newborn piglets; pregnancy rate and the prolificacy. The animals were divided in 3 groups, depending on the age and number of previous pregnancies. The average number of piglets born at the PIC line was 9.8, and the average number of weaned piglets was 9.5, with a range of 8.6 piglets (group III) and 10.2 piglets (group II). The average number of products produced by the Camborough line was 9,75, with a minimum of 9,6 piglets (lot III) and a maximum of 9,9 piglets (group II). For weaned piglets the average number was 8.75 with values between 8.3 piglets (group III) and 9.2 piglets (group II). For Hypor Libra line the average number of piglets born was 12.35, with values between 12.3-12.4 piglets. The average number of weaned piglets to this line was 11.75, with a minimum of 11.6 (lot II) and a maximum of 11.9 piglets (group III). The average number of piglets born from the Eurohyb line was 9.55, with a minimum of 7.9 piglets (group I) and a maximum of 11,2 piglets (lot III), and the average number of piglets weaned was 8.85 with a minimum of 7.5 piglets (group I) and a maximum of 10.2 piglets (group III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retained fetal membranes is an issue that has been debated over the years, especially regarding the treatment, because it is wanted to implement a therapeutic option that affects, as little as possible the female reproductive life, thus reducing the associated economic implications of this pathology. In this study, we have analyzed the cases of retained placenta in a farm from Brasov county. The aim of this study was to verify the incidence, diagnosis, treatment of the retained placenta in cows and its economic implications. In this study were included 248 bovines that have calving in the interval January 2015-December 2017. Of these, a number of 29 animals have been found with retained placenta, which represents 11.69%. All 29 bovine animals were treated by manual detachment of the placenta. Economic losses stem mainly from the treatment of the retained placenta and the treatment of the uterine infections, as well as from the longer duration of the service period and calving interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maize is one of the most valuable nutritional sources for both man and animals. This study was conducted in order to emphasize the herbicidation efficacy on weed biomass in maize crops cultivated at the Reasearch development Station Turda, Cluj County, Romania, using different herbicidation products. The experiment was carried out between 2015 and 2016, and 8 experimental variants wer used. Concerning fresh biomass, our study shows that the means range from 327.26 kg/Ha, reported in untreated control, and 53.36 kg/Ha, reported for Variant 6, where herbicidation was performed with Titus Plus + Principal + Trend, where best results were obtained. In dry biomass, the largest mean dry weed biomass of 271.59 kg/Ha was also recorded in control Variant 1, and the lowest in Variant 5, where where herbicidation was performed with Principal Plus + Trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize production is one of the most important worldwide. The aim of this study is to emphasize the herbicidation efficacy on weed density in maize crops cultivated in Transylvanian area, Romania, using different herbicidation strategies. A number of 28 of weed species were identified. The application of the various herbicide solutions tested leads to very significant decreases in the number of weed species in proportions ranging from 67% (herbicidation with Basis + Principal + Trend) - 83% (herbicidation with Collage + Trend). For some weed species, total efficacy is identified, while for non-eradicated weeds herbicide solutions with herbicides in variants 4 (herbicidation with Arigo + Trend), 7 (herbicidation with Kelvin Top + Cambio + Dash) and 8 (herbicidation with Collage + Trend), is shown to be satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tranyilvanian Plain is considered as an area with a low capacity to adapt to climate changes, monitoring the climate and implementing the adaption measures being essential for the development of certain durable agricultural technologies. The monitoring and variability of climate elements were achieved during 2008 (March) - 2014, through a network of 10 HOBO stations which store soil temperature data electronically (at 10, 30, 50 cm deep) and air (at 1 m hight), soil moisture (at 10 cm depth) and are equipped with rain gauges. The purpose of the paper is to establish the tendency in the evolution of the soil thermal and hydric regime, to predict and identify the climate tendencies from the Transylvanian Plain. The thermal regime of soils in this area is mesic, the differences between the annual averages of summer temperatures and the average of winter temperatures 50 cm deep in the soil are ranging between 12.81- 20.01°C. The evolution of temperatures at the soil level during 2008-2014 indicate the clear tendencies of rising temperatures at the soil surface (0 cm). The coefficients of linear correlation among the data lines analyzed indicate a rising synchronous evolution of the annual average temperature, with values of the correlation indices of 0.52-0.81. The same linear tendency in evolution of rising of the annual average temperature is recorded also in the case of temperatures from 10 cm and 30 cm deep in the soil. The evolution of temperatures in the air during 2008-2014 shows slightly rising evolutionary tendencies. The evolution of rainfall during 2008-2014 shows a falling linear tendency of them, the highest values of the annual average is recorded in 2010 (631 mm), and the lowest quantities of rainfall were recorded in 2012 (263.9 mm). The value of the correlation coefficient associated to the falling evolution tendency of rainfall is r = -0.51. The multiannual average of rainfall from the Transylvanian Plain is 466.52 mm. From the analysis of the statistical relation between rainfall and soil moisture, the calculated correlation coefficient has a value of r = 0.92 which indicates a direct and positive causal relation between the two parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to perform the oestrus induction and synchronization of Saanen goats in outof-season. The study was conducted from July 2014 - April 2015 on 77 Saanen goats, aged between 1.5 to 5 years. The goats were divided into three experimental groups: in group I (n =37 goats) intravaginal sponge (Ovigest) containing 60 mg of MPA was left in the vagina for 14 days. Immediately after sponge removal the animals received two injections: 0.75 mg (1 ml) prostaglandin (Prosolvin) and 500 IU PMSG hormone (Folligon). In group II (n=20) oestrus induction and synchronization was performed using synthetic prostaglandin (Proliz - 1 ml containing 0.2 mg isopropyl ester of cloprostenol and 9 mg benzyl alcohol) at the dose of 0.5 ml/animal. The group III (n=20) was considered the control group and oestrus synchronization was performed using fertile bucks. In group I the results showed that all goats expressed signs of oestrus. The average value of the oestrus interval was 33 hours and the average of oestrus duration was 20 hours. The number of kids obtained in group I was 94, and prolificacy was P (%) = 2.54. In group II and III was not observed occurrence of oestrus. Synchronization practice is necessary, due to a significant positive effect on oestrus and fecundity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate accumulation in plants is a natural phenomenon resulting from uptake of nitrate ion in excess of its reduction and subsequent assimilation. The problem of nitrate (V) accumulation in vegetable plants is very important to a potential consumer, due to the reported negative impact of nitrates on human health. The aim of this study was to determine the nitrate contents in edible parts of 2 varieties of carrot, before clamping and after uncovering, in fresh carrot and dry matter. Achievement of a rational system of supplementary fertilization requires setting of the most appropriate combination of fertilizers, the ratio between these epochs and the doses of administration and knowledge of how each variety or hybrid reacts to the fertilizers used. Also, if organic carrots are used then the organic fertilizer has natural nitrates unlike the chemical fertilizer which can create a higher concentration of nitrates. The mode of fertilization and its influence on the content in nitrates shows that organic fertilization leads to accumulation of smaller quantities of nitrates in carrot roots. Organic fertilization results in a reduction in the nitrates from roots with 1.89 mg/100 g, respectively 1.91 mg/100 g in 2010, and for the year 2011 of 2.47 mg/100 g and 2.68 mg/100 g, as compared with the chemical fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]