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Arbeidsgerelateerde zorg betekent zorg om de gezondheid van werkenden te behouden, herstellen en te verbeteren. Sinds 2016 bestaat het ‘Platform Arbeidsgerelateerde Zorg’, waarbinnen zorgprofessionals en andere betrokken partijen kennis en informatie over projecten delen. Bij het platform zijn onder andere beroepsverenigingen van medisch specialisten, huisartsen en bedrijfsartsen aangesloten. Zij komen twee keer per jaar samen. Het RIVM is voorzitter van dit platform en verstuurt een nieuwsbrief. Uit een evaluatie van het Platform in 2021 bleek dat de leden behoefte hebben aan een plek waar zij alle informatie kunnen terugvinden: een digitaal kennis- en communicatieplatform (KCP). Om dit KCP in te richten, is in 2022 een werkgroep gevormd met zes vertegenwoordigers van beroepsverenigingen. Het RIVM is ook voorzitter van deze werkgroep. De werkgroep heeft de doelen, doelgroepen, inhoud voor het platform en randvoorwaarden bepaald. Het doel is om informatie over arbeidsgerelateerde zorg te verzamelen en beschikbaar te stellen voor de betrokken partijen, zodat zij de zorg voor werkenden kunnen verbeteren. Dit kan gaan om informatie over onderzoeken, ervaringen uit de praktijk en een agenda. Daarnaast heeft het RIVM gesproken met platforms met een soortgelijk thema (arbeid of gezondheid) en doel (kennis delen) om te leren van hun ervaringen. Verder bleek uit gesprekken met de werkgroep en communicatie- en informatieadviseurs dat een online community platform het meest geschikte middel is. Dit biedt namelijk mogelijkheden om de verschillende beroepsgroepen vaker met elkaar in contact te laten komen. Ook kunnen hiermee kennis en ervaringen interactief worden gedeeld. In 2023 gaat het RIVM met de werkgroep verder werken aan het platform. Het RIVM gaat onder andere gesprekken voeren met de Dienst Publiek en Communicatie (DPC) van het Rijk over de mogelijkheden om een digitaal KCP te bouwen.

Banks have become private security actors. As “gatekeepers” of the financial system, they are legally obliged to conduct customer research and monitor bank accounts for unusual or suspicious transactions. If they identify transactions with potential links to money laundering or terrorist financing, they must report these to their national Financial Intelligence Unit. Because of the sheer volume of financial transactions that banks process daily, detection of financial crime relies on digital security technologies that help analysts categorise and identify risky customers and financial transactions. This thesis analyses how banks practice counter-terrorist financing and how they experiment with technologies to make authoritative security decisions. Contributing to theories at the intersection of Science and Technology Studies and International Relations, the thesis develops a dynamic and processual understanding of risk detection and of processes of financial inclusion and exclusion. The research is based on fieldwork observations in the financial crime sector in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It includes three months’ observation at a major Dutch bank, alongside interviews with public and private actors and document analysis. This dissertation analyses security at the human-technology interface, specifically during the production of customer risk profiles, in the design and use of transaction monitoring systems and in the emergence of public-private partnerships to counter terrorist financing. The research concludes that there is a misalignment between regulation and practice: the implementation of counter-terrorist financing rules does not lead to the effective prevention of terrorist financing in practice.

This longitudinal study investigated to what extent the acquisition of cognates among bilingual children depends on the degree of cross-language similarity and intensity of exposure to the tested language, and whether children’s sensitivity to cognates with different degrees of cross-language similarity changes over time. For three consecutive years, 120 Frisian-Dutch bilingual children were tested on their Frisian receptive vocabulary. The sample was split into three groups that differed with respect to intensity of exposure to Frisian at home. In the receptive vocabulary task, cross-language similarity was systematically manipulated through four cognate categories, differing in their degree of overlap between Frisian and Dutch. The results showed a gradual cognate facilitation effect for children with a low intensity of exposure to Frisian. The higher the degree of cross-language similarity, the better their performance. This implies that the co-activation of the two languages depends on the degree of cross-language similarity. Over time, their performance improved the most on non-identical cognates with a cross-linguistic phonological regularity between Frisian and Dutch. This suggests that as they grow older, children with a low intensity of exposure to Frisian become better at recognizing regularities in the overlap of the Frisian and Dutch phonological systems.

Here we present the case of a 64-year-old female patient with a painful thumb. This case demonstrates how, with proper physical examination, a correct diagnosis of 'skier's thumb' with concomitant Stener lesion can be made. This condition is a tear of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the metacarpophalangeal joint with an interposition of the UCL and the aponeurosis adductor pollicis muscle. It is usually treated surgically.

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Recent research suggests that cognitive control plays a role in code-switching, both in bilingual adults and in bilingual children. Code-switching would only require cognitive control, however, when speakers maintain some degree of separation between their two languages, not when they completely mix the lexicons and grammars of their languages. For Frisian–Dutch bilinguals, mixing of Dutch (majority language) into Frisian (minority language) is common, but mixing of Frisian into Dutch is not. Therefore, Frisian–Dutch bilinguals need to maintain some degree of language separation when they speak Dutch, but not when they speak Frisian, predicting that code-switching from Dutch to Frisian would affect cognitive control more than vice versa. Design/Methodology/Approach: Frisian–Dutch bilingual children aged 5 and 6 ( n = 104) completed a Flanker task. Information about frequency of code-switching from Dutch to Frisian and frequency of code-switching from Frisian to Dutch was obtained through a parental questionnaire. Data and Analysis: Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that frequency of code-switching from Dutch to Frisian significantly predicted performance on a Flanker task, but that frequency of code-switching from Frisian to Dutch did not. Findings/Conclusions: The results suggests that code-switching from Dutch to Frisian requires more cognitive control than code-switching from Frisian to Dutch. Originality: This is the first study that shows a code-switching asymmetry in the context of a minority–majority language pair. Significance/Implications: The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching requires more cognitive control when a bilingual speaker has to maintain some degree of language separation between her or his two languages.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book offers a rich set of analyses of the challenges of secrecy in security research, and sets out practical ways to navigate, encircle and work with secrecy. It aims to offer not just a conceptual reflection on the dynamics of secrecy, but also practical, hands-on methodological guidance for qualitative fieldwork in the security domain. The book describes new ways of conceptualising secrecy in relation to fieldwork, by understanding secrecy as more than a barrier to be overcome. It shows how secrecy itself can be made productive to the analysis: mapping secrecies and sensitivities in the field can itself be revealing; navigating obfuscation is co-productive of research design and data. The book focuses on reconceptualising secrecy as a complex practice and mode of power.

Contains fulltext : 226747.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BNAIC'20: 32nd Benelux Conference on AI (Leiden, the Netherlands, 19-20 November 2020)

This chapter will help researchers explore how they can study complex digital security technologies. The chapter delineates a multi-sited ethnographic approached around 'sites of experimentation'. It offers two methodological starting points: (i) following technology from design to use, and (ii) observing human-computer interaction.

This chapter seeks to guide researchers who conduct qualitative research in state agencies or other institutions that are characterized by bureaucratic secrecies. It looks at guiding researchers in how to identify, “read”, and interpret the challenges and pitfalls in bureaucratic field sites, and how to make them actually meaningful and productive in the research process. The chapter introduces the metaphor of the “difficult terrain” to illustrate the specific obstacles, challenges, and pitfalls that the ethnographer is likely to encounter in bureaucratic fields. Challenges and pitfalls that relate to the features of “difficult terrain” are not simply obstacles, but contribute to the research process, and shape the way the field interacts with the ethnographer. The chapter aims to develop the metaphor of the “difficult terrain”, and entering bureaucratic fields entails specific challenges. It explains in detail how the specificities of bureaucratic fields, and their inherent secrecy in particular, exert an influence on ethnographic field research.

Research objective: This chapter helps researchers who want their academic writing to include explicit accounts of the ways in which they navigated secrecy and its ethical dilemmas in their fieldwork. It proposes that one way of including such accounts is by way of ‘secrecy vignettes’.

While switching costs in production have been explained in terms of top-down cognitive control, researchers do not agree whether switching costs in comprehension should be interpreted in the same way. Within the BIA + model, it has been claimed that the comprehension of code-switches can be explained sufficiently in terms of bottom-up activation of lexical representations. In the current electrophysiological study, L1 speakers of Dutch with high proficiency in L2 English (n = 63) completed a Flanker task in which they intermittently read sentences with or without an alternational code-switch. With this ‘conflict-adaptation’ paradigm we examined whether reading a code-switch engages cognitive control that influences performance on a subsequent Flanker trial. Half of the participants were presented with Dutch sentences and Dutch to English code-switches, while the other half were presented with English sentences and English to Dutch code-switches. On the P300 component, we found a traditional Flanker effect, with larger amplitudes for congruent than for incongruent trials. The effect was modulated by a preceding code-switch and the direction of this modulation depended on the switching direction: the Flanker effect was smaller after a code-switch from L1 to L2 than after a monolingual L1 sentence, but larger after a code-switch from L2 to L1 than after a monolingual L2 sentence. This suggests that the L1 needs to be inhibited when reading a code-switch to the L2, while inhibition needs to be released upon encountering a code-switch from L2 to L1. These results thus show that reading code-switched sentences engages a domain-general cognitive control mechanism external to the lexicon.

Closely related languages share cross-linguistic phonological regularities, such as Frisian -âld [ͻ:t] and Dutch -oud [ʱut], as in the cognate pairs kâld [kͻ:t] – koud [kʱut] ‘cold’ and wâld [wͻ:t] – woud [wʱut] ‘forest’. Within Bybee’s (1995, 2001, 2008, 2010) network model, these regularities are, just like grammatical rules within a language, generalizations that emerge from schemas of phonologically and semantically related words. Previous research has shown that verbal working memory is related to the acquisition of grammar, but not vocabulary. This suggests that verbal working memory supports the acquisition of linguistic regularities. In order to test this hypothesis we investigated whether verbal working memory is also related to the acquisition of cross-linguistic phonological regularities. For three consecutive years, 5- to 8-year-old Frisian-Dutch bilingual children (n = 120) were tested annually on verbal working memory and a Frisian receptive vocabulary task that comprised four cognate categories: (1) identical cognates, (2) non-identical cognates that either do or (3) do not exhibit a phonological regularity between Frisian and Dutch, and (4) non-cognates. The results showed that verbal working memory had a significantly stronger effect on cognate category (2) than on the other three cognate categories. This suggests that verbal working memory is related to the acquisition of cross-linguistic phonological regularities. More generally, it confirms the hypothesis that verbal working memory plays a role in the acquisition of linguistic regularities.

Various studies have shown that bilingual children score lower than their monolingual peers on standardized receptive vocabulary tests. This study investigates if this effect is moderated by language distance. Dutch receptive vocabulary was tested with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The impact of cross-language distance was examined by comparing bilingual groups with a small (Close; n = 165) and a large between-language distance (Distant; n = 108) with monolingual controls ( n = 39). As a group, the bilinguals scored lower on Dutch receptive vocabulary than the monolinguals. The bilingual Distant group had lower receptive vocabulary outcomes than the bilingual Close and monolingual groups. No difference emerged between the monolinguals and the bilingual Close group. It can be concluded that bilingual children whose languages provide ample opportunities for transfer and sharing knowledge do not have any receptive vocabulary delays. The findings underscore that bilingual children cannot be treated as a homogeneous group and are important for determining which bilingual children are at risk of low vocabulary outcomes.

Many studies have shown that bilingual children outperform monolinguals on tasks testing executive functioning, but other studies have not revealed any effect of bilingualism. In this study we compared three groups of bilingual children in the Netherlands, aged six-to-seven years, with a monolingual control group. We were specifically interested in testing whether the bilingual cognitive advantage is modulated by the sociolinguistic context of language use. All three bilingual groups were exposed to a minority language besides the nation’s dominant language (Dutch). Two bilingual groups were exposed to a regional language (Frisian, Limburgish), and a third bilingual group was exposed to a migrant language (Polish). All children participated in two working memory tasks (verbal, visuospatial) and two attention tasks (selective attention, interference suppression). Bilingual children outperformed monolinguals on selective attention. The cognitive effect of bilingualism was most clearly present in the Frisian-Dutch group and in a subgroup of migrant children who were relatively proficient in Polish. The effect was less robust in the Limburgish-Dutch sample. Investigation of the response patterns of the flanker test, testing interference suppression, suggested that bilingual children more often show an effect of response competition than the monolingual children, demonstrating that bilingual children attend to different aspects of the task than monolingual children. No bilingualism effects emerged for verbal and visuospatial working memory.

This dissertation investigates the interplay between bilingualism and cognition. This is done by examining the linguistic and cognitive development of 5- to 8-year-old children who grow up in Fryslân, a bilingual province in the north of the Netherlands where both Frisian and Dutch are spoken. The Frisian and Dutch language that are spoken nowadays share a large part of their vocabularies and morphosyntactic structures. This extensive overlap between the two linguistic systems offers a rich opportunity to investigate how cross-language similarity interacts with variables such as exposure, age of onset and cognitive functioning, and to investigate whether growing up with two closely related languages has an effect on children’s cognitive capacities. By following 120 Frisian-Dutch bilingual children over the course of three years, this dissertation seeks to deepen our understanding of the ways in which language and cognition interact.

In this study, age of onset (AoO) was investigated in five- and six-year-old bilingual Frisian–Dutch children. AoO to Dutch ranged between zero and four and had a positive effect on Dutch receptive vocabulary size, but hardly influenced the children's accurate use of Dutch inflection. The influence of AoO on vocabulary was more prominent than the influence of exposure. Regarding inflection, the reverse was found. Accuracy at using Frisian inflection emerged as a significant predictor; this transfer effect was modulated by lexical overlap between the two languages. This study shows that ‘the sooner the better’ does not necessarily hold for language development. In fact, for the correct use of inflection, it does not matter whether children start at age zero or four. For rapidly learning words in a new language it may be helpful to first build a substantial vocabulary in the first language before learning a new language.