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Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes the disease botulism, which can be lethal if untreated. Rapid determination of exposure to BoNT is an important public health goal. Previous work in our laboratory focused on the development of Endopep-MS, a mass spectrometry-based endopeptidase method for detecting and differentiating BoNT in buffer. This method can rapidly determine the presence of BoNT in a sample and differentiate the toxin type of BoNT present but does not yield additional information about the subtype. We now describe here the application of Endopep-MS to detect BoNT A in a spiked milk sample. This work also describes subtype identification achieved through mass spectrometric analysis of the protein toxin itself and does not require the presence of DNA from the toxin-producing bacteria. Tryptic digests of A1 and A2 subtypes of BoNT were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and peptides unique to either the A1 or A2 subtype were subjected to tandem mass spectrometry analysis to confirm their identities. Finally, subtype identification through mass spectrometric analysis was performed on BoNT A isolated from spiked milk. In its entirety, this method would allow for analysis of BoNT with toxin type identification in a few hours and subtype identification within 24 h.

Crystal structure of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type B in complex with the inhibitor reveals that during the course of enzyme inhibition, the active site rearranges and zinc ion is gradually removed from the active site causing loss of catalytic activity.

Results show that the endopeptidase botulinum neurotoxin type A occurs as a monomer in crystal structures and as a dimer in solution but dissociating into monomeric form under low concentration levels. Data further demonstrate that the catalytic activity of the monmer is about four-fold higher than dimer foms.

The role of the C-terminus of synaptosomal-associated protein of Mr = 25 kDa (SNAP-25) in exocytosis was analyzed in the large-core vesicles of intact and detergent-permeabilized bovine adrenochromaffin cells. The administration of type A botulinum neurotoxin (BoNTA) in bovine adrenochromaffin cells cleaved SNAP-25 and attenuated exocytotic responses to K+-depolarization. The effects of BoNTA on exocytosis indicated the functional role of specific regions in SNAP-25 during the various stages of the exocytotic process.

The time duration between sensory spoilage of packaged Tilapia fish and production of toxins by Clostridium botulinum depends on the storage temperature. Sensory spoilage and toxin formation occurs simultaneously in food stored at 16 degree celsius (C) in modified atmosphere (MA) or vacuum packages. Storage at 8 degree C delays toxin development by seven to 23 days after sensory spoilage in both types of packaging. The bacterium cannot produce toxin until ten days after sensory spoilage in MA-packaged fish stored at 4 degree C.

Byline: Matjaz Ocepek, Aleksandra Hari, Branko Krt, Mateja Pate, Irena Zdovc A year after an outbreak of botulism in waterfowl, the presence of the causative agent of the disease, Clostridium botulinum type C, was investigated, using bioassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eighty two mud samples collected at different locations in the Skocjanski zatok nature reserve were investigated. Mouse bioassay revealed that 38 (46.4%) samples contained C. botulinum type C neurotoxin. PCR targeted at the C. botulinum type C neurotoxin gene revealed six (7.3%) positive samples. The number of C. botulinum spores in 1 g of mud was also estimated. We did not manage to isolate C. botulinum from mud samples, but we did isolate one type C neurotoxin producing strain from an animal that died during the outbreak. The toxin type was established in the mouse toxin neutralisation test and the strain was identified with PCR.

The action of BoNT-A and -E in neuronal cultures is examined, to understand how each serotype enters neurons. The uptake of BoNT-A and -E is enhanced with synaptic activity and the translocation of the toxin catalytic moiety into the cytosol occurs at different rates.