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Los acahuales (i.e. selvas secundarias) de zonas tropicales secas o estacionales, suelen ser pobres en especies arbóreas y dominados por unas cuantas especies de arbustos y árboles pioneros, usualmente dispersados por viento, siendo notable la ausencia de plantas arbóreas del dosel cuyas semillas relativamente grandes dependen de vectores animales para su dispersión. Varios estudios han encontrado que la siembra directa de especies arbóreas zoócoras con semillas grandes, en pastizales abandonados puede ser una práctica exitosa para enriquecer y acelerar la sucesión secundaria. Sin embargo, todavía no se conocen cabalmente las condiciones de hábitat o etapa sucesional óptima para realizar la siembra directa de semillas de árboles de fases sucesionales tardías. En este estudio seleccionamos dos especies arbóreas con semillas zoócoras relativamente grandes, que suelen formar parte del dosel de las selvas sub-caducifolias del centro de Veracruz: Brosimum alicastrum y Enterolobium cyclocarpum. Las sembramos en siete hábitats; seis de ellos representando un gradiente de menor a mayor complejidad estructural o desarrollo sucesional, desde pastizal activo hasta acahual de 10 años y el hábitat restante fue selva mediana sub-caducifolia bien conservada. Evaluamos experimentalmente la importancia de la depredación de semillas, protegiendo la mitad de ellas sembradas dentro de jaulas diseñadas para excluir a vertebrados granívoros. Durante un año monitoreamos la emergencia, supervivencia y crecimiento de plántulas, marcando a las que sobrevivieron su primer año, para ser registradas cuatro años y medio después. Un porcentaje relativamente alto de plántulas emergió de las semillas sembradas (75% en Brosimum, 60% Enterolobium). No detectamos diferencias significativas en la emergencia de plántulas entre los siete hábitats, ni entre los dos tratamientos de exposición a granívoros (dentro vs. fuera de exclusorios). Ninguna de las semillas sembradas fue removida por granívoros. La supervivencia y crecimiento deEnterolobium durante el primer año fue mayor en hábitats abiertos sin cobertura de plantas leñosas (ca. 60%) que en los sombreados por arbustos y árboles (80%) que en hábitats abiertos (0%). Nuestros resultados muestran que los pastizales abandonados y los acahuales pobres en especies arbóreas, pueden ser enriquecidos mediante la siembra directa de árboles de fases sucesionales tardías con baja capacidad de dispersión, siempre y cuando se elija cuidadosamente el hábitat (o etapa sucesional) óptimo para la siembra de semillas, con base en la ecología del establecimiento de plántulas de las especies involucradas. En el centro de Veracruz se puede acelerar la recuperación de la selva, sembrando semillas de Enterolobium desde el momento del abandono del pastizal, siempre y cuando se controle el crecimiento de los pastos durante los primeros dos a tres años de crecimiento de las plántulas. A su vez las semillas de Brosimum deberán sembrarse hasta que los arbustos o árboles pioneros hayan colonizado el sitio y sombreado a los pastos.

Introduction: Vitiligo is a dermatological disease that affects about 0.38% to 2.9% of the world population. Currently, the main treatments used for vitiligo involve the use of topical drugs such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, systemic treatment with steroids and even surgical grafts and, in acute cases, depigmenting treatments. Natural products are an alternative for the treatment of vitiligo: mamacadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii), a plant rich in furanocoumarins, and sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), rich in phenolic substances, are already used to treat vitiligo. There are also popular reports of the use of a preparation containing coffee (Coffea sp) and sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus) to treat vitiligo. Case report: A female patient, 28 years old, diagnosed with vitiligo, reported having obtained a positive result in the repigmentation of the pale white patches after the daily use of a preparation containing coffee and sunflower seed for about one year. Discussion: Data from the scientific literature demonstrated that chemical constituents of these plants, such as chlorogenic acid and its isomers, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, and substances such as linoleic acid and vitamins E and B, which help in the process of melanin formation on the skin, may be responsible for the observed repigmentation of the patches. Further research on this case report is important for scientific validation and the development of new therapeutic options, especially with less adverse effects, in the treatment of vitiligo.

[1148] Brosimum acutifolium Huber Bol. Mus. Goeldi Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 6: 66 (Huber 1910). — Brosimopsis acutifolia (Huber) Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 30 (Ducke 1922). — Piratinera acutifolia (Huber) Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20 (3): 100 [18 June 1918] (Pittier 1918). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Pa: tauni • Ka: takini • Te: takweni • Wp: takweni • Nt: takinan • Cr: bwa-mondan, takini • Fr: bois tarin, takini • Br: mururé. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 28 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & M.-F. Prévost 2585. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 59 trees in 36 plots; Fmax = 1.1 %; dbhinv = 83 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 583, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1151] Brosimum parinarioides Ducke Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 27 (Ducke 1922). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Pa: amap • Te: ulukupi • Wp: amapakuwa, amapala, amapalã • Nt: dokali • Cr: mapa • Br: amapá-doce, amapárana, mururérana. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 11 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: S.A. Mori et al. 25711. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 45 trees in 34 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 584, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

The objective of this work was to evaluate the structure, composition and biodiversity of forests associated with wild species of Theobroma in the Colombian Amazon. Five circular plots with a diameter of 25.24 m (500 m2) were established in the municipality of Cartagena de Chaira department of Caqueta, and in the municipality of Puerto Leguizamo, department of Putumayo. 190 individuals associated to wild Theobroma species were registered in the Colombian Amazon, distributed in 35 families, 85 genera, and 123 species. The most representative species found were Iryanthera laevis, with 8 individuals; Brosimum cf. potabile, with 7 individuals; Eschweilera albiflora, with 6 individuals; Iryanthera crassifolia, with 5 individuals, and Neea parviflora, Theobroma glaucum and Parinari campestris, with 4 individuals each. Of the 35 families found in the study area, the most representative for their IVI were Moraceae (41,04), Fabaceae (37.31), Myristicaceae (34.33), Malvaceae (26.53), Burseraceae (24.67), Lecythidaceae (17.07), Lauraceae (13.47), and Rubiaceae (12.40). The diversity index of Shannon (H) exhibited the following values for the established plots: Palmichales (3.38), El Jordan (3.16), El Guamo (3.58), Las Vegas (3.34), and La Cocha (3.51). Shannon's diversity values showed that the forests of El Guamo and La Cocha have a high degree of diversity (3.58 and 3.51 respectively). The phytosociological and importance value indices allowed the identification of four outstanding tree species Iryanthera laevis, Brosimum cf. potabile, Eschweilera albiflora and Iryanthera crassifolia, which somehow represent a potential for the conservation of native cocoa materials.

Homegardens have been removed from housing, altering people's quality of life. In Cuiabá, in addition to the destruction of the old houses that had extensive homegardens, a significant part of the new houses do not have spaces for plants. The aim of this study was to survey the plant species kept in the homegardens of the Nossa Senhora Aparecida neighborhood in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. 15 homegardens were selected by the snowball technique, the maintainers were interviewed and guided tours were held with them to collect and identify the species. Most of the interviewees were female and the plants were obtained from relatives and neighbors. More than 60% of the species are exotic, but there are plants obtained in the Cerrado such as bocaiúva (Acrocomia aculeata), mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii), assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes) and imbaúba (Cecropia pachystachya). The homegardens of the Nossa Senhora Aparecida neighborhood have great plant diversity, represented by 125 species belonging to 58 botanical families. The most frequent families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, with emphasis on the species Annona squamosa L., Carica papaya L., Malpighia glabra L. and Mangifera indica L., all of which contribute to food security. The medicinal use of most species indicates the importance of encouraging the maintenance of diversity in homegardens Os quintais urbanos têm sido suprimidos das moradias, alterando a qualidade de vida das pessoas. Em Cuiabá, além da destruição das casas antigas que possuíam extensos quintais, parte expressiva das novas moradias não apresentam espaços destinados ao cultivo de plantas. Objetivou-se neste estudo levantar as espécies vegetais mantidas nos quintais do bairro Nossa Senhora Aparecida em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Foram selecionados pela técnica de bola de neve 15 quintais, entrevistados os mantenedores e realizadas turnês guiadas com os mesmos para a coleta e identificação das espécies. A maioria dos entrevistados foi do sexo feminino e, as plantas foram obtidas com parentes e vizinhos. Mais de 60 % das espécies são exóticas, mas, estão presentes plantas obtidas no Cerrado como bocaiúva (Acrocomia aculeata), mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii), assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes) e imbaúba (Cecropia pachystachya). Os quintais do bairro Nossa Senhora Aparecida têm grande diversidade vegetal, representada por 125 espécies pertencentes a 58 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais frequentes foram Lamiaceae, Asteraceae e Euphorbiaceae, com destaque para as espécies Annona squamosa L., Carica papaya L., Malpighia glabra L. e Mangifera indica L., todas frutíferas que contribuem para a segurança alimentar. O uso medicinal da maioria das espécies indica a importância do incentivo à manutenção da diversidade nos quintais. Palavras-chave: diversidade; plantas medicinais; uso popular; segurança alimentar. Diversity and use of plants in homegardens in Nossa Senhora Aparecida district in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, State, Brazil ABSTRACT: Homegardens have been removed from housing, altering people's quality of life. In Cuiabá, in addition to the destruction of the old houses that had extensive homegardens, a significant part of the new houses do not have spaces for plants. The aim of this study was to survey the plant species kept in the homegardens of the Nossa Senhora Aparecida neighborhood in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. 15 homegardens were selected by the snowball technique, the maintainers were interviewed and guided tours were held with them to collect and identify the species. Most of the interviewees were female and the plants were obtained from relatives and neighbors. More than 60% of the species are exotic, but there are plants obtained in the Cerrado such as bocaiúva (Acrocomia aculeata), mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii), assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes) and imbaúba (Cecropia pachystachya). The homegardens of the Nossa Senhora Aparecida neighborhood have great plant diversity, represented by 125 species belonging to 58 botanical families. The most frequent families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, with emphasis on the species Annona squamosa L., Carica papaya L., Malpighia glabra L. and Mangifera indica L., all of which contribute to food security. The medicinal use of most species indicates the importance of encouraging the maintenance of diversity in homegardens. Keywords: diversity; medicinal plants; popular use; food security.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros físico-químicos, fitoquímicos e atividades biológicas do extrato do fruto maduro de Brosimum gaudichaudii. Os frutos foram coletados, e o extrato hidroetanólico produzido por maceração. As avaliações foram realizadas para as características organolépticas, rendimento, massa seca, teor de umidade, pH, vitamina C, varredura entre 900-400 nm, fitoquímica qualitativa, fotoproteção entre 400-200 nm, citotoxicidade sobre Artemia salina em diferentes concentrações de extrato e atividade antifúngica sobre o gênero Candida. Os resultados obtidos foram, líquido límpido, amarelo e aromático, rendimento de 19,54%, massa seca de 11,08%, teor de umidade 88,92%, pH de 5,62, conteúdo de vitamina C de 3,70 mg 100 g-1, densidade relativa de 0,95 g mL-1 20 °C. Várias classes fitoquímicas apresentaram positividade no extrato hidroetanólico, como também ação fotoprotetora UVC, bioatividade sobre A. salina com Concentração letal CL50 2,51 µg mL-1, e alta eficiência antifúngica sobre Candida albicans entre 33,8-1,5 mm, C. krusei entre 30,1-8,9 mm, C. guilliermondii entre 21,7-4,6 mm e C. tropicalis entre 9,7-5,1 entre as concentrações 500-3,90 mg mL-1. O extrato hidroetanólico do fruto maduro de Brosimum gaudichaudii demonstrou neste estudo importantes resultados, sugerindo que novos estudos sejam realizados avaliando outras atividades biológicas sobre o extrato hidroetanólico.

RESUMEN El crecimiento compensatorio y las defensas vegetales son respuestas para lidiar con la herbivoría y la luz. El estudio de la influencia de los componentes morfo-fisiológicos, de la asignación de biomasa y de la defensa vegetal podría arrojar información que ayude a entender estas respuestas. Se evaluaron los efectos de la herbivoría y la apertura de claros sobre el crecimiento, los componentes morfo-fisiológicos, la asignación de biomasa y las defensas químicas y físicas en plántulas de Brosimum alicastrum en una selva mediana subcaducifolia. Se utilizó un diseño anidado con sitios de sotobosque y claros (n = 3 en cada uno) y dentro de ellos plántulas sometidas a tres tratamientos de herbivoría: control (n = 10), simulada (n = 10) y natural (n = 10). Se registró a lo largo de seis meses la influencia de la herbivoría sobre el crecimiento (biomasa, área foliar, altura, diámetro y producción de hojas), la producción de fenoles y la dureza foliar. Se halló un crecimiento compensatorio (todas las variables de crecimiento) con la herbivoría natural, subcompensatorio (biomasa, altura y diámetro) con la simulada, y sobrecompensatorio (producción de hojas) con la herbivoría natural sólo en claros. Los componentes morfológicos como el cociente del área foliar (LAR) y el área foliar específica (SLA) fueron mayores bajo claros y el fisiológico, como la tasa de asimilación neta (NAR), en sotobosque. La proporción de biomasa en sotobosque fue mayor hacia hojas y tallos y en claros más alta hacia raíces. La herbivoría fue mayor en claros y los fenoles foliares en sotobosque. No se encontró una relación (compromiso) entre las defensas y el crecimiento, sólo una tendencia negativa con los fenoles bajo condiciones limitantes de recursos, como ocurre en el sotobosque. ABSTRACT Compensatory plant growth and plant defense are responses to deal with herbivory and light availability. The research focused on compensatory growth responses explained through the influence of morphological and physiological components of plant growth, allocation mass, and plant defense could clarify such process. We studied the effects of herbivory and gap-openness on compensatory growth responses, morphological and physiological components, allocation mass, and chemical defenses in seedlings of Brosimum alicastrum in a subhumid tropical forest. We used a nested design with understory and gap-openness site (n = 3 each) within each replicated site seedling belong to three herbivory treatments (n = 10 each): control, simulated, and natural; and along six months we studied the influence of leaf herbivory on plant growth (mass, leaf area, height, diameter, and leaf production) and production of phenols and leaf toughness. We recorded compensatory growth responses (all plant growth variables) with natural herbivory, subcompensatory (mass, height, and diameter) with simulated and, overcompensatory (leaf production) with natural herbivory although only under gap-openness. We found a higher leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) (both morphological components) under gap-openness and high values of net assimilation rate (NAR) on understory. The mass proportion was highest in leaves and stems on the understory and higher in roots under gap-openness. Leafherbivory was highest under gap-openness while the phenols of the leaves on understory. We did not find a relationship (trade-off) between defense with plant growth, but it was possible to underline a negative pattern of the leaf phenols under limiting resources environment such as understory.

Diante da aplicabilidade dos extratos de Brosimum gaudichaudii no tratamento do vitiligo, o objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um método analítico por cromatografia em camada delgada de alta eficiência (CCDAE) para a quantificação simultânea de psoraleno e bergapteno, presentes no extrato liofilizado de B. gaudichaudii, a fim de se tornar um método alternativo para o controle de qualidade dos extratos produzidos a partir desta espécie. O extrato liofilizado foi produzido a partir do extrato mole das raízes de B. gaudichaudii preparadas com solução hidroalcoólica a 55 % (v/v). A metodologia para análise dos compostos bergapteno e psoraleno, presentes no extrato liofilizado, foi desenvolvida e validada por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD)/densitometria. A melhor resolução, separação e identificação dos marcadores, ocorreram em cromatoplacas de sílica RP 18 F254 (Merck) e fase móvel composta por acetonitrila: água 60:40. Os fatores de retenção (FR) para o psoraleno e o bergapteno foram 0,41 e 0,35, respectivamente. O método de análise desenvolvido se mostrou linear, preciso e exato. Desta forma, a densitometria por CCD ou CCDAE se mostrou uma técnica alternativa para identificação e separação destas furanocumarinas, sendo importante para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos contendo extratos de B. gaudicaudii para o tratamento do vitiligo.

Brosimum gaudichaudii Trecul, Moraceae, is a Brazilian plant species used in traditional medicine to treat vitiligo or as an additive in natural suntan lotions. Even though it is widely used in Brazil, its safety and efficacy have not been studied. In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract was standardized for its psoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen content, and its biological effects were studied in B16F10 cells. Melanin synthesis capacity of the extract was compared with synthetic psoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen in the same cell line. Safety assessment of the extract was performed by neutral red uptake, comet, and micronucleus cytome assays. The herbal extract was less cytotoxic to the B16F10 cells than pure active ingredients, psoralen, and 5-methoxypsoralen in equivalent doses. Melanin synthesis was enhanced by 300% with the extract compared with the 130% increase with psoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen. The extract prepared with the roots, as well as the synthetic compounds used as control standards, exhibited mutagenic activity on B16F10 cells. Consequently, caution has to be taken with the use of these roots for the treatment of vitiligo in popular herbal medicine.

In this study, we evaluated the occurrence and diversity of endophytic and total (endophytic + epiphytic) yeasts in fruits of seven Cerrado native plant species in two Conservation Units from the Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil. Healthy and mature fruits were collected for the isolation of yeasts using MYGP medium. After five days, the colonies were counted and the morphologically distinct yeasts were isolated axenic culture. The molecular identification of the isolates was performed using ITS region (rDNA). A total of 69 specimens of yeasts were isolated. The Guapira graciliflora (endophytic) and Ouratea hexasperma (total) hosts had higher yeast densities per gram of fruit and together with the Brosimum gaudichaudii showed higher species diversity. Yeasts belonging to the Ascomycota Phylum were predominant. The most frequent genera of yeasts were Candida, Aureobasidium and Hannaella. Others genera such as Hanseniaspora, Meyerozyma, Filobasidium, Cryptococcus, Symmetrospora, Sirobasidium, Meira, Rhodosporidiobolus, Papiliotrema and Erythrobasidium were identified. This is the first report of the occurrence of endophytic yeasts in fruits of G. graciliflora and represents the host with greater density and diversity of species of endophytic yeasts. In addition, expands the knowledge about the occurrence of yeasts associated with the fruits of seven native plant species of the Cerrado.

Brosimum gaudichaudii is a common plant of Cerrado, which is of pharmaceutical interest owing to the high accumulation of furanocoumarins in the bark of the roots. The production chain is based on extractivism, which exerts a considerable ecological pressure. In this paper, a technique for its cultivation under garden conditions has been presented. Seeds were made to germinate, and the seedlings were cultivated in 1, 45 m deep PVC tubes filled with Cerrado soil. After nine years, the plants started producing flowers and fruits. The concentration of furanocoumarins was considerably high in the cultivated plants. Five plants were sampled for morphological description and chemical analysis. Root cuttings were obtained. After six months of observation, more than 70% of the cuttings had emitted shoots and leaves. The cultivation in PVC tubes is a suitable method for harvesting the roots, and it is easy to carry out vegetative propagation of this plant by root cuttings.

Premise of research. Moraceae, the well-known mulberry or fig family, displays small, inconspicuous, diclinous flowers that are very different from many other rosids. One remarkable condition is th...

This study investigates the synergistic behavior between oxidative atmosphere and potassium catalytic effects on woody (Amapaí) and non-woody (Miscanthus) biomass. Inert and oxygen-lean torrefaction was conducted at 275 °C for demineralized and K-loaded samples in fixed-bed and thermo-gravimetric equipment. Torrefaction improvement was assessed by torrefaction severity index (TSI), Catalytic Enhancement Area (CEA), Catalytic index (CI), and conversion rate (CR). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzed the impact on condensable compounds. The K% anticipated the biomass oxidation and the oxidative medium improved the catalytic effect. CEA and CI provided a reliable performance index (R2 > 0.90) to assess the synergistic effect. Condensable compound yields variation with increasing K% was similar for both atmospheres but the K-impact on the compounds production was intensified under oxidative conditions. The furfuryl alcohol yield increased by a factor of 30 for Amapaí comparing higher K% and demineralized samples, whereas a factor of 3 was observed for inert conditions. For Miscanthus, the factors of increasing production were 22 and 5 for oxidative and inert atmosphere. Under oxygen-lean, syringaldehyde and vanillin yields decreased with higher K%, whereas inert treatment revealed insignificant effects. The results indicate that torrefaction duration and targeted condensates production could be improved according to the K% and atmosphere.

EnglishVitiligo is an acquired pigment disorder of unknown origin, prevalence estimated at 1%. It is characterized by the physical and functional reduction of melanocytes and consequent depigmentation of the skin. The most accepted theories to explain its pathophysiology are genetic predisposition, autoimmune mechanisms and oxidative stress. We report a case of vitiligo in a female patient, who presented a good therapeutic response to the combination of the extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii trecul and khellin, associated with heliotherapy, without adverse effects and good clinical tolerance. portuguesO vitiligo e um disturbio pigmentar adquirido de origem desconhecida, com prevalencia estimada em 1%. Caracteriza-se pela reducao fisica e funcional de melanocitos e consequente despigmentacao da pele. As teorias mais aceitas para explicar sua fisiopatologia sao a predisposicao genetica, mecanismos autoimunes e estresse oxidativo. Relatamos um caso de vitiligo em paciente do sexo feminino, que apresentou boa resposta terapeutica a combinacao do extrato de Brosimum gaudichaudii trecul com khellin, associados a helioterapia, sem efeitos adversos e boa tolerância clinica.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a emergência de plântulas e a morfofisiologia de mudas de mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) produzidas a partir de sementes de diferentes tamanhos. Foram determinadas a porcentagem de emergência de plântulas e as características morfofisiológicas das mudas (altura, diâmetro do colo, índice de robustez, espessura foliar, índice de clorofila, biomassa seca, massa foliar específica - MFE e área foliar total). A emergência iniciou-se após 21 dias da semeadura e atingiu, ao final do experimento, 84% para as sementes pequenas, valor inferior ao das sementes médias e grandes (94 e 90%, respectivamente). Em 60 dias, as mudas apresentavam, em média, 2,53 mm de diâmetro e 12,81 cm de altura. Nos primeiros 30 dias, as mudas formadas a partir de sementes pequenas tinham alturas menores que as demais. O tamanho das sementes não afetou o diâmetro do colo e a espessura das folhas durante o crescimento inicial das mudas, assim como para os parâmetros morfofisiológicos estudados. Ao longo de 120 dias, houve aumento do conteúdo de clorofilas, biomassa seca, área foliar total, exceto para a MFE. O tamanho das sementes afeta a emergência e a altura das mudas de mama-cadela após 30 dias após a emergência. Palavras-chave: Brosimum gaudichaudii; Cerrado; crescimento inicial. Effect of seed size on emergence and mophophysiology of mama-cadela seedlings ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the seedling emergence and morphophysiology of mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) seedlings produced from seeds of different sizes. Seedling emergence percentage and seedling morphophysiological characteristics (height, diameter, slenderness index, leaf thickness, chlorophyll index, dry matter, specific leaf mass - MFE and total leaf area) were determined. The emergence started after 21 days of sowing and reached, at the end of the experiment, 84% for small seeds, lower than the average and large seeds (94 and 90%, respectively). In 60 days, the seedlings had, on average, 2.53 mm in diameter and 12.81 cm in height. In the first 30 days, seedlings formed from small seeds had shorter heights than the others. The seeds size did not affect the diameter and the leaves thickness during the initial growth of the seedlings, as well as for the morphophysiological parameters studied. Over the 120 days, there was an increase in the content of chlorophylls, dry matter, total leaf area, except for MFE. The seeds size affects the emergence and the height at 30 days after mama-cadela seedlings emergence. Keywords: Brosimum gaudichaudii; Brazilian savanna; initial growth.

Brosimum gaudichaudii is a plant species with medicinal relevance due to its furanocoumarin accumulation. The accumulation of these compounds in the root promotes predatory extractivism, which threatens the conservation of the species. In addition, little is known about the conditions for culturing of this species in vitro. The present study aimed to investigate how the application of different spectra of LEDs (white, blue, red, and combinations of blue and red at 1:1 and 3:1 ratios) can impact the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of B. gaudichaudii under different in vitro conditions. To evaluate the production of furanocoumarins in its leaves, which are easy-to-collect perennial organs, we cultured nodal segments in 50-mL tubes with MS medium under 100 μmol m−2 s−1 light and a photoperiod of 16 h for 50 days. We then submitted the seedlings biometric, anatomical, biochemical, and physiological evaluations. The different spectral qualities influenced several characteristics of the seedlings. Plants grown under red light showed greater stem elongation and larger and thinner leaves, strategies aimed at capturing a higher ratio of radiant energy. Exposure to the blue/red ratio of 1:1 induced increases in the concentration of the furanocoumarin psoralen, probably due to the diversion of carbon from primary metabolism, which resulted in lower growth. Cultivation under blue light or blue:red light at 3:1 triggered anatomical and physiological changes that led to higher production of secondary metabolites in the leaves, and at the 3:1 ratio, the seedlings also had a high growth rate. These results highlight the fundamental role of light in stimulating the production of secondary metabolites, which has important implications for the production of compounds of interest and indirect consequences for the conservation of B. gaudichaudii.

In Brazil, there is a large diversity of species of small edible fruits that are considered sources of nutrients and functional properties. They present a high innovation domain for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries due to their health-promoting properties. Edible fruits from Brosimum gaudichaudii (Moraceae) are widely consumed and used in folk medicine and in feed by the population of the Brazilian Cerrado. Nevertheless, detailed information on the chemical fingerprint, antiradical activity and safety aspects of these fruits is still unknown. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the bioactive compounds of hydroethanolic extracts of fruits from Brosimum gaudichaudii using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (HPLC ESI-MS). Eighteen different compounds, including flavonoids, coumarins, arylbenzofurans, terpenoids, stilbenes, xanthones and esters, were detected. Moreover, the study indicated that the hydroethanolic extract of fruits from B. gaudichaudii presented low scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (IC50 >800 μg mL-1 ) and was cytotoxic (IC50

Background: Non-occupational cases of contact dermatitis to finished wood are occasionally reported from contact with wooden jewellery, musical instruments, knife handles and wooden footwear. Two female patients, 26 and 34 years old, developed acute eczema on the wrists after they worn in the summer a kind of catholic bracelet called “memorabilia” made by single wooden chunks with over-impressed iconic religious images. Objectives: To identify the culprit photoallergen responsible for the reported adverse reactions suspected to be a compound of the wooden bracelets. Methods: Three months after the resolution of the dermatitis, patch test and photo-patch tests were performed with the S.I.D.A.P.A. (Italian Society of Allergic, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology) standard series, and with wood sawdust obtained from both bracelets and tested at 5% in pet. A thin-layer chromatogram (TLC) strip and an extract made from the bracelets were tested in both the patients as patch test and photo-patch test. The extracts of the wooden bracelets were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Patch tests and photo-patch test with standard series turned out negative. Photo-patch tests with wood sawdust in pet. 5% evidenced a positive reaction (++) in both patients. Two chemicals were detected in the wooden bracelets with GC-MS: dibutylphthalate, commonly used as plasticizer, and 8,8-dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one, a coumarin. Patch test with TLC did not elicit positive reactions but the photo-patch test with TLC gave positive reactions in both the patients to the same invisible spot on the strips. Two coumarins (8,8-dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one and 8,8-dimethyl-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-2-one) were detected in the spot with GC-MS. Conclusion: Coumarins are chemicals found in many plants with a known photo-allergic potential. They are probably the main photo-allergens in religious wooden bracelets instead of quinones and psoralens hypothesized in previous reports.

Resumo Devido à alta demanda das empresas por geração de energia oriunda de fontes renováveis, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedades da madeira e do carvão proveniente de três espécies florestais: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Sumaúma), Guatteria sp. (Envirão) e Brosimum sp. (Mumuré). O material foi coletado na Empresa Rosa Madeireira Ltda. De cada espécie foram coletadas 10 amostras para a análise das propriedades da madeira e do carvão e, destas, 5 amostras foram utilizadas para a análise química. As propriedades avaliadas foram: densidade básica e teor de umidade da madeira, rendimento gravimétrico, densidade aparente e teor de umidade do carvão e, composição química. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, assim como os efeitos da densidade básica sobre o rendimento gravimétrico e sobre a densidade aparente foram testados pela correlação de Pearson. As análises indicaram que o fator espécies apresentou efeito significativo em todos os parâmetros, exceto quanto ao teor de umidade do carvão. Sobre densidade básica da madeira, a Sumaúma apresentou o menor valor médio (0,4302 ± 0,0157 g/cm3) e Mumuré, o maior (0,5276 ± 0,0251 g/cm3). Entretanto, com relação ao teor de umidade, Sumaúma foi a espécie que apresentou o maior teor (47,46% ± 2,88). Os valores de rendimento em carvão variaram entre 30,03% ± 1,95 (Envirão) e 32,35% ± 1,46 (Sumaúma). Houve correlação entre a densidade da madeira e o rendimento gravimétrico para a espécie Mumuré (P = -0,553), no entanto, considerada negativa. Entretanto, correlação positiva foi encontrada para Sumaúma (P = 0,058) e Envirão (P = 0,955). Nos testes de densidade do carvão, o Mumuré apresentou o maior valor médio (0,3173 ± 0,0116 g/cm3) e Envirão o menor (0,2654 ± 0,0407 g/cm3). Uma relação direta e positiva entre a densidade básica da madeira e a densidade relativa aparente do carvão foi encontrada. Tratando-se da composição química, o fator espécies não apresentou efeito significativo. Abstract Due to the high demand of companies for generating energy from renewable sources, the aim of this study was to analyze the proprieties of wood and charcoal from three forest species: Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Sumaúma), Guatteria sp. (Envirão) e Brosimum sp. (Mumuré). The material was collected at the Empresa Rosa Madeireira Ltda., and from each species, 10 samples were collected for physical proprieties analysis of wood and charcoal, for this one, 5 samples were utilized for chemical analysis. The proprieties evaluated were: basic density and moisture content of wood, gravimetric charcoal yield, the apparent density and moisture content of charcoal and chemical composition. The data was submitted to the Analysis of Variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability level, as well as the effects of the basic density on the gravimetric yield and on the apparent density were tested using Pearson’s Correlation. The analysis indicated that the species factor had a significant effect on all the parameters, except for the moisture content of charcoal. Regarding the wood basic density, Sumaúma showed the lowest mean value (0.4302± 0.0157 g/cm3) and Mumuré, the highest (0.5276 ± 0.0251 g/cm3). However, in relation to the moisture content, Sumaúma was the species that presented the highest content (47.46% ± 2.88). The charcoal yield values ranged from 30.03% ± 1.95 (Envirão) to 32.35% ± 1.46 (Sumaúma). There was a correlation between the wood density and gravimetric yield for the Mumuré species (p= 0.553), but it was considered negative. Nevertheless, a positive correlation was found for Sumaúma (p = 0.058) and Envirão (p = 0.955). In the charcoal density tests, Mumuré showed the highest mean value (0.3173 ± 0.0116 g/cm3) and Envirão, the lowest (0.2654 ± 0.0407 g/cm3). A direct and positive relationship between the basic density of wood and relative apparent density of charcoal was found. For the chemical composition, the species factor did not show a significant effect.

The antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Brosimum gaudichaudii (BG) and Pyrostegia venusta (PV) in vitro and in beef burgers were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum) and total phenolic content of different ethanol concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of BG and PV extracts were assessed. The effects of the addition of BG and PV extracts on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of beef burgers were evaluated during storage for 10 d at 4 °C and compared to commercial antioxidants. Ethanolic solutions 50% BG and 75% PV showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. BG-treated burgers showed lower TBARS values than PV-treated burgers (0.24 and 0.68 mg/kg, respectively) and similar values to sodium ascorbate and butylated hydroxytoluene treated burgers. PV extract addition decreased lightness, redness, and chroma values of the burgers (P 0.05), indicating similar capacity of maintaining the typical color of burgers after storage. The BG extract did not impair (P > 0.05) consumers’ sensory acceptance of the burgers. Thus, BG extract can be potentially used as a natural antioxidant against oxidative reactions in burgers.

Vitiligo is a disease of an autoimmune nature, characterized by depigmentation of the skin, caused by loss of melanocytes. It is known that the cellular sensitivity to oxidative stress has attributions determinants of melanocyte degradation. Aiming to reduce side effects and optimize treatment, alternative therapies have been incorporated, such as the use of medicinal plants. The research undertaken, propose to perform the analysis of the total phenol content and antioxidant activities of the species Brosimum gaudichaudii, drawing a parallel in its efficiency in the treatment in oxidative stress. The analysis of total phenols was performed by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity through monitoring of free radical DPPH consumption. The research showed that the concentration of phenolic compounds and the curve of antioxidant activity of the analyzed species has considerable value based on the analyzes of the same species, however inferior when compared with other genera, demonstrating that the species has an important action against the oxidative processes that they trigger vitiligo, and may be an important ally in their treatment.

Background and Aims Moraceae, the family of mulberry and fig trees, displays small homogeneous flowers but extremely diverse inflorescences ranging from simple and branched to complex and condensed. Inflorescences also vary in flower organization in the receptacle, in the degree of flower condensation and in receptacle shape. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the inflorescence morphogenesis of Moraceae species, to investigate whether clades with a similar pollination mode share the same patterns of inflorescence development and the developmental stages at which we observe the key changes resulting in the diversified inflorescence architecture that culminates in the Ficus syconium. Methods Inflorescences at different developmental stages were sampled from Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus pertusa, Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra and processed for surface and anatomical analyses. Key Results The inflorescence morphogenesis of the studied species is highly variable. The shape of the inflorescence meristem (bulging, hemispheric or elongated), the initiation order and arrangement of flowers along the receptacle and the occurrence of bracts vary between related species. This diversity originates early during inflorescence development. Brosimum gaudichaudii, C. elastica and F. pertusa have flowers enclosed or immersed within the receptacle, although inflorescences begin their development as flat and open structures, as occurs in the other three study species. Conclusion Comparison of the inflorescence morphogenesis in Moraceae species allows us to infer that evolutionary ontogenetic changes driven by pollinators culminate in the enclosure of flowers inside the receptacle, as occurs in the Ficus syconium.

Fruit plants have been widely used by the population as a source of food, income and in the treatment of various diseases due to their nutritional and pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to review information from the most current research about the phytochemical composition, biological and toxicological properties of four fruit species widely used by the world population in order to support the safe medicinal use of these species and encourage further studies on their therapeutic properties. The reviewed species are: Talisia esculenta, Brosimum gaudichaudii, Genipa americana, and Bromelia antiacantha. The review presents the botanical description of these species, their geographical distribution, forms of use in popular medicine, phytochemical studies and molecules isolated from different plant organs. The description of the pharmacological mechanism of action of secondary metabolites isolated from these species was detailed and toxicity studies related to them were reviewed. The present study demonstrates the significant concentration of phenolic compounds in these species and their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, photosensitizing properties, among others. Such species provide important molecules with pharmacological activity that serve as raw materials for the development of new drugs, making further studies necessary to elucidate mechanisms of action not yet understood and prove the safety for use in humans.

We present a phylogenomic study ofBrosimumand the allied generaTrymatococcusandHelianthostylis, with near-complete taxon sampling. Distributed from Mexico and the Greater Antilles to the Amazon, this clade contains the underutilized crop ramón (bread nut) (Brosimum alicastrum) as well as other species valued for timber or medicinal uses. Target enrichment for 333 genes produced a well-resolved phylogenetic tree and showed thatTrymatoccocusandHelianthostylisare nested withinBrosimum. We present a revised subgeneric classification ofBrosimumbased on phylogenetic and morphological considerations, including the reduction ofTrymatococcusandHelianthostylisto subgenera. The monophyletic subgenera can be diagnosed based on stipule, pistillode, and cotyledon synapomorphies. Divergence date estimates suggest a Miocene origin forBrosimum, and ancestral area reconstruction indicated that all four subgenera originated and initially diversified in Amazonia before dispersing into other parts of South and Central America.ResumenPresentamos un estudio filogenómico del géneroBrosimumy sus aliados,TrymatococcusyHelianthostylis, y que incluye prácticamente todas las especies descritas. Su distribución va desde México y las Antillas Mayores hasta el Amazonas y comprende especies como el ramón (B. alicastrum), un cultivo infrautilizado, y otras especies empleadas como madera o en medicina. La secuenciación masiva dirigida de 333 marcadores nucleares de copia única permitió la reconstrucción de una filogenia bien resuelta, en la que se demuestra queTrymatococcusyHelianthostylisestán anidados enBrosimum. Presentamos, por lo tanto, una clasificación revisada a nivel de especies, teniendo en cuenta los resultados moleculares y las características morfológicas, y dondeTrymatococcusyHelianthostylispasan a ser subgéneros deBrosimum. Estos subgéneros monofiléticos pueden ser identificados por caracteres de las estípulas y de los pistilodios.

Using plants to treat health problems is an ancient practice that is still practiced today. One way that plants are used to improve health is through medicine bottled (garrafada). A medicine bottled is a homemade mixture of medicinal plants added to a solvent. Medicines bottled are medicinal mixtures that have been widely used, especially by residents of rural areas. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the plant species and contents used to prepare medicine bottled by the Bananal Community in the municipality of Rondonopolis/MT/Brazil. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the residents of the community. Data analysis was descriptive. The study revealed a total of 12 medicine bottled types used by the community, with 27 plant species belonging to 24 genera and 14 families. The most frequently cited families were Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Moraceae, and Bignoniaceae. The most frequently cited species was Brosimum gaudichaudii Trecul, known popularly as a mama-cadela; was used in three cited medicine bottled. Some medicine bottled was produced with a single species of medicinal plant and others with three or more. Their therapeutic purposes were diverse, with some medicine bottled indicated to treat one disease and others to treat two or more diseases. It can be concluded that the Bananal community demonstrates knowledge about the plant species used and how to extract their active compounds. The strong historical and cultural context, in addition to the diversity and availability of native plant resources in Brazil, may have perpetuated the use of medicine bottled in the Bananal Community. Key words: Medicinal plants, medicine bottled (garrafada), popular knowledge.

Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul., a plant that belongs to Moraceae family, is found throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic bark and leaf extracts of B. gaudichaudii were tested against multiresistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot infections (DFIs). Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated by agar disc diffusion (DD) and broth dilution (BD) methods. By BD method, bark (53.85, 45.83%) and leaf (42.31, 50.00%) extracts contained antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Increased antimicrobial activity was observed when bark and leaf extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (63.64%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66.67%). Statistical analyses of bark and leaf extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive (p = 0.000) and gram-negative bacteria (p = 0.012). Extract of bark (p = 0.075) or leaf (p = 0.005) associated with ACA antibiotic showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Our study suggests that the bark and leaf extracts contain bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant strains.

Socioecological theory proposes that the flexibility in grouping patterns afforded by fission–fusion dynamics allows animals to cope with spatiotemporal variability in food abundance. We investigate the influence of fruit tree abundance and foraging environment heterogeneity on fission–fusion dynamics in a group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. We collected 1300 h of behavioral data and 23 samples of biweekly ecological data from August 2009 to July 2010. We measured fission–fusion dynamics through the temporal variation in the size and composition of subgroups, the spatial dispersion within and between subgroups, and the frequency of fissions and fusions. We measured habitat-wide food abundance of preferred species, including two that differ greatly in their relative abundance: Brosimum alicastrum (a hyperabundant resource) and Ficus spp. (a not so abundant resource but often represented by large trees). We evaluated the foraging environment heterogeneity through the variance in the number of trees with fruit between species. Our results show that, although habitat-wide food abundance is important, the availability of key resources strongly influences the spider monkeys’ fission–fusion dynamics. When there was a high abundance of fruit of Brosimum, subgroups tended to be more stable, smaller, and mixed sex, and their members remained close. In contrast, when Brosimum trees with fruit were scarce, females often formed large, more fluid and dispersed subgroups. Foraging environment heterogeneity had a positive effect on within-subgroup spatial dispersion and rates of fission and fusion. The complex relationships we have uncovered suggest that the flexibility afforded by fission–fusion dynamics is an adaptation to highly variable foraging environments.

AimThe Neotropics have the highest terrestrial biodiversity on earth. Investigating the relationships between the floras of the Neotropics and other tropical areas is critical to understanding the origin and evolution of this mega-diverse region. Tribe Dorstenieae (Moraceae) has a pantropical distribution and almost equal number of species on both sides of the Atlantic. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the African and Neotropical floras using Dorstenieae (15 genera, 156 species, Moraceae) as a model clade.Locationthe Neotropics and Africa.MethodsWe used a targeted enrichment strategy with herbarium samples and a nuclear bait set to assemble a data set of 102 genes sampled from 83 (53%) species and fifteen genera (100%) of Dorstenieae, and five outgroup species. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed with maximum likelihood and coalescent approaches. This phylogeny was dated with a Bayesian relaxed clock model and four fossil calibrations. The biogeographic history of the group was then reconstructed with several dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models (incl. DEC and DEC+J).ResultsThe crown-group ages of Dorstenieae andDorsteniawere estimated in the Cretaceous (65.8-79.8 Ma) and the Paleocene (50.8-67.3 Ma), respectively. Tribe Dorstenieae as a whole appears to have originated in the joint area of continental Africa, Madagascar and Asia-Oceania area. The Neotropical species ofDorsteniadiversified in the Eocene (29.8-44.7 Ma) and formed a clade nested within the African lineages in the genus.Brosimums.l., with a crown-group age at the period of the Oligocene and Miocene (14.9-31.1 Ma), represents another Neotropical clade in Dorstenieae.Main conclusionsTribe Dorstenieae originated in the joint area of continental Africa, Madagascar and Asia-Oceania area in the Cretaceous and then dispersed into Neotropics twice. Neotropical diversification after long-distance dispersal across the Atlantic is the most plausible explanation for the extant distribution pattern of Dorstenieae.

Roots´ bark extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii Trecul (EBGT) is traditionally used for photochemotherapy of vitiligo due to the presence of furanocoumarins psoralen (PSO) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) as major compounds. Though plant extracts may provide additional highly permeable psoralens-like substances which may act synergically on vitiligo's therapy. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop an LC-MS/MS method for screening new highly permeable furanocoumarins from B. gaudichaudii and to compare biomarkers permeability and solubility provided as single compounds or as crude extract, according to BCS. An optimized LC-MS/MS method showed twelve permeable and bioactive compounds, among which 9 furanocoumarins, 2 pyranocoumarins and 1 dihydrocinnamic acid derivative were detected in EBGT samples. Solubility of PSO and 5-MOP was found to be, respectively, six- and eleven-fold higher in crude extract than as pure compounds. Permeability (Papp) of PSO and 5-MOP in EBGT were higher than metoprolol, the low/high BCS permeability class boundary reference compound. Hence, both biomarkers were considered as highly permeable (BCS2) compounds. Their permeability were concentration-dependent displaying values from 30.26 ± 5.13-8.21 ± 2.16 × 10-6 cm/s and 10.72 ± 1.73-6.07 ± 1.27 × 10-6 cm/s, respectively, over a wide range (2.3-200.0 mg mL-1). Thus, a carrier-mediated absorption process is suggested as the main mechanism. Accordingly, all additional permeated coumarins, identified by LC-MS/MS, showed to be at comparable amount of biomarkers in the permeated samples inferring similar high permeability rate. Moreover, biomarkers and other highly absorbable and bioactive linear furanocoumarins from EBGT may be used for vitiligo´s photochemotherapy. Taken together, these findings bring additional evidences for using crude plant extract when aiming synergistic effects of bioactive compounds on melanogenic therapies.

The Cerrado has fruit species of great potential of use in commercial systems of agricultural production. They are obliged to carry out studies on the production of seedlings, contributing to a perpetuation of these species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different substrates and different doses of Basacote® on the emergence and early development of B. gaudichaudii plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the experimental area of the Goiano Federal Institute-Campus Ceres. Experiment 1 was composed of six treatments (six compositions) and experiment 2 consisted of 5 treatments (five doses of Basacote®). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and 12 plants per experimental plot. The variables analyzed were emergence, height, lap diameter, number of leaves, root system length, survival rate and fresh and dry matter of the aerial part and root system. The substrate composed of bovine manure + Plantmax® + soil provides better conditions for growth and development of mamacadella plants. The mamacadela seedlings do not tolerate high levels of organic matter in the substrate. For the production of Brosimum gaudichaudii seedlings the use of the 6.48 g dose of Basacote® plant-1 is indicated.

Embarcações tradicionais estão diretamente ligadas à história do rio São Francisco e de suas comunidades ribeirinhas, sendo este um dos maiores rios navegáveis que permitiram a colonização da região Nordeste do Brasil. Este estudo objetivou conhecer as madeiras utilizadas na construção de embarcações do baixo rio São Francisco, gerando subsídios para melhor compreender as relações de uso de recursos florestais destinados à carpintaria naval tradicional. Foram estudadas quatro embarcações pertencentes ao acervo do Museu Nacional do Mar, São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. A coleta das madeiras históricas foi realizada com auxílio de trado de incremento para posterior produção de lâminas histológicas e descrição anatômica. A identificação das madeiras foi realizada por comparação com coleção de referência. Foram identificadas onze espécies de madeiras usadas de forma mista na construção dos componentes das embarcações. São elas: Apuleia leiocarpa (Fabaceae), Astronium graveolens (Anacardiaceae), Brosimum gaudichaudii (Moraceae), Dalbergia nigra (Fabaceae), Hymenaea courbaril (Fabaceae), Manilkara dardanoi (Sapotaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anacardiaceae), Paubrasilia echinata (Fabaceae), Sextonia rubra (Lauraceae), Tabebuia aurea (Bignoniaceae) e Terminalia glabrencens (Combretaceae). O conhecimento sobre as madeiras e seu emprego tecnológico imprimem à construção de embarcações tradicionais um rico significado cultural que integra pessoas e árvores na paisagem do rio São Francisco.

A validation study of a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantification of two furanocoumarins (psoralen and bergapten) in soft extract obtained from Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul, Moraceae, roots was conducted. The developed method was sensitive, rapid, reproducible, easy and precise, and showed linearity (r > 0.99) in the range of 10–64 μg/ml for psoralen, and 9–56 μg/ml for bergapten. It also showed a good efficiency for the photodegradation analysis of psoralen and bergapten in the soft extract. The photostability results showed that the Higuchi model presented the best fitting to the obtained data. Both chemical markers showed stability over 2.6 days, suggesting potential applications of the extract in obtaining intermediate products from this plant material. Furanocoumarins take around 30 min to be activated by UV light, reaching the maximum biological potential. Thus, the results obtained to the Higuchi model, corresponding to 2.6 days of stability, shows feasibility with future applications of these chemical markers. Keywords: HPLC-PDA method, Psoralen, Bergapten, Vitiligo, Mamica-de-cadela, Moraceae

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509817464Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul., espécie típica do cerrado, é muito apreciada pelo sabor adocicado dos seus frutos e como planta medicinal no tratamento do vitiligo. Os estudos fenológicos fornecem subsídios para a compreensão da dinâmica dos ecossistemas florestais e para o manejo de espécies nativas. Desse modo, o objetivo nesta pesquisa foi avaliar a fenologia Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul. por meio de dois métodos: a intensidade do evento fenológico caracterizada pela escala de Fournier e a presença/ausência do evento, ambos expressos pelos índices de atividade e intensidade. O acompanhamento dos estádios fenológicos foi feito a cada 20 dias, de 2006 a 2008, em 49 indivíduos selecionados aleatoriamente. O índice de sincronia (Z) foi de 0,96 para enfolhamento; 0,65 para brotação; 0,69 para floração e de 0,72 para frutificação. A abscisão foliar ocorreu em julho e a brotação foi mais intensa (80%) em outubro. A floração ocorreu entre junho e outubro de 2007, com pico de intensidade em agosto (52%) e maior atividade em setembro (92%); a frutificação ocorreu entre agosto e dezembro de 2007, com 91% dos indivíduos em atividade em outubro, porém, intensidade de 25% para o mesmo período. Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul. é planta decídua e os eventos fenológicos estão condicionados à sazonalidade das variações climáticas, principalmente precipitação.

The aim of this study was to analyze the antitumor activity of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., Brosimum gaudichaudii Trecul and Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb species, which are distributed in the Cerrado region of Brazil. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were also conducted on the bark and leaf extracts and antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were studied. The results showed that the bark and leaf extracts of A. humile exhibited the highest contents of phenolic compounds and optimal antioxidant activity. The leaf extract of T. avellanedae had the highest content of flavonoids, displayed high efficiency as a ferrous ion chelating agent and inhibited the growth of the human laryngeal carcinoma (HEp-2) cell line by 88.0% at the concentration of 50 µg/ml. The leaves of B. gaudichaudii had higher levels of condensed tannins, flavonoids and coumarins compared with that of the bark. There was a correlation between inhibition of the NCI- human lung cancer (H292) cell line and the content of condensed tannins and antiradical activity and also between the inhibition of human colon carcinoma (HT-29) cell growth and the antioxidant and chelating activity of ferrous ion. Our data provide evidence that bark and leaf extracts of A. humile and leaves of T. avellanedae possess anticancer activity; therefore, the isolation and identification of the active ingredients of these plant tissues should be conducted to explore their therapeutic potential. Key words: Antiproliferative, Hep-2 cells, HT-29 cells, medicinal plants, NCI-H292 cells, phenolic compounds.

Monodominant tropical forests occur on several continents, including the Brazilian Amazon. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that seedling escape from leaf herbivory contributes to the maintenance of the monodominant Brosimum rubescens forest. The study was undertaken both in a monodominant forest of B. rubescens and in an adjacent seasonal forest in the transitional zone between the Cerrado and the Amazonian forest biomes. Percentage of leaf area damaged and herbivory rates were evaluated on young and mature leaves of seedlings of Brosimum rubescens, Protium pilosissimum and Tetragastris altissima in the understory and in the gap between the monodominant and seasonal forests. Little evidence of any significant relationship between leaf herbivory and seedling density indicates that the monodominant species does not follow the hypothesized pattern of an intensive herbivore attack in areas of higher seedling density. The escape of Brosimum rubescens from herbivore pressure under conditions of high see...

Brosimum gaudichaudii Tréc. (Moraceae) is a common Brazilian Cerrado plant known by its pharmaceutical industry relevance. The authors investigated the latex protein components and potential biotechnological applications. Some protein fragments had their sequences elucidated, presenting similarities to jacalin and Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors. Amino acid residue modifications were found, such as glutamine N-terminal residue cyclisation into pyroglutamic acid residue, and mass differences corresponding to hexoses and N-acetylhexosamine presence. The latex was used to produce a nanoscale structured film, which presented an increased attraction and reduced adhesion behaviours. The film presented high homogeneity, as observed by low nanoroughness values, probably because of its intrinsic components, such as the jacalin-like protein that has known agglutination properties. The immobilised Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor presence in the latex film allow us to point out to applications related to this inhibition, as in active food packaging, since these peptidase inhibitors are able to inhibit pests and microorganism proliferation.

International audience; Observation of archaeological charcoal records from Maya sites, and in particular, the Classic site of Naachtun (Northern Peten, Guatemala), indicates that certain woody taxa tend to occur in proportions that are highly inconsistent with their representation in the local forests today. We note this phenomenon for two taxa in particular: 1) the genus Manilkara, which dominates the charcoal assemblages of Naachtun, but grows in relatively low proportions in modern Central Lowlands forests, and 2) breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum), which is widespread in the modern forests of the region, but whose wood is almost absent in the archaeological record. Based on ethno-graphic and ethnohistoric accounts, many researchers have argued that both of these trees would have played a major role in ancient Maya agroforestry. Therefore, it becomes necessary to determine how accurately the occurrence of Manilkara and Brosimum in archaeological charcoal records reflects their use in the past. We explore the hypothesis that combustion processes may create taphonomic biases that lead to the differential preservation of certain Maya Lowland tree taxa, and thus distort the representivity of the charcoal spectra recovered from ancient Maya sites. To evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted 35 experimental fires using five of the principal tree species of the modern forest around the site of Naachtun, including Manilkara and Brosimum. The charcoal assemblages produced through these fires were systematically identified and studied using quantitative methods. Our results indicate that significant differences exist among these taxa as a result of combustion, and that these phenomena are consistently observed for each taxon through multiple controlled trials. Thus, anthracological analyses are indeed appropriate for reconstructing human-environmental interactions in the Central Lowland forest, but certain predictable taphonomic biases must be taken into account when interpreting the charcoal data.