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This article examines the visualization of Hutsuls in German-Austrian, Ukrainian, Polish and Russophile ethnographic texts, asking how national and imperial imaginations of space were produced through such fluid cross-linking of texts and photographs. Considering the radical changes in image circulation since the late-19th century, we aim to reconsider the role of photography in image-making of the Habsburg Empire. This article shows how the same images were supposed to serve many purposes, when they were embedded in different settings. The construction of photographic objectivity, the circulation of images through imperial infrastructures and the exoticization of rural peoples were, however, common phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation new information regarding the attribution of portraits of unknown persons from the collection of the Chernivtsi Art Museum and to examine the process of studying these works. The methodology of this study involves the use of various methods: historical, systematic, verification of the received data, artistic, and comparative analysis, among others. The application of these scientific methods allowed to comprehensively and objectively study and systematise the information available in various sources regarding the studied paintings and discover the names of the portrait subjects. The scientific novelty of the research results consists in the fact that for the first time the stylistic features of the works were analysed, the similarity of museum paintings with portraits made by other European artists of the 18th century was revealed; the faces of the rulers of the Austro-Hungarian Empire depicted by artists, the time of execution and the provenance of the portraits were determined. Conclusions. The study of pictorial portraits that entered the collection of the Chernivtsi Art Museum, such as "Portrait of a Woman" and "Portrait of a Man" by unknown authors, began with an analysis of stylistics, which made it possible to roughly establish the time of the creation of images as the second half of the 18th century, when in the fine arts of Europe the rococo style prevailed and in some places overlapped with older traditions of creating ceremonial portraits, which were characterised by emphasised restraint and some conventionality and flatness in the interpretation of form. Further restoration and research of the works, in particular the features of the costume, attributes and awards in the portrait of a young man, allowed to assume that the portrait depicts members of one of the royal families of Europe. Comparative analysis revealed that the paintings from the museum's collection are ceremonial portraits of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria-Hungary (1717-1780) and her son Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790). The found analogies with similar works of European masters also helped to establish that the works of the court artists of these monarchs, in particular, Joseph Hickel and Anton von Maron, as well as the works of other artists, served as models for the portraits from the museum in Chernivtsi. The study of the biographies of the portrait subjects and the time of execution of the works, which became samples, also confirmed the preliminary dating of the works ‒ 1770s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piddubnyi I. Repercussions of the situation of the Hungarian population of Bukovyna at the beginning of World War II in the documents of the State Archive of Chernivtsi Region. The outbreak of World War II brought significant changes to the Kingdom of Romania, both in relations with traditional allies and in the structure of the territory. The loss of a number of territories led to the voluntary outflow of part of the population from their places of traditional residence. The latter applies not only to Germans, but also to Hungarians who repatriated in 1941. Purpose of the article. The purpose of this publication is to introduce into scientific circulation the information about the Hungarian population of Bukovyna during the initial period of World War II, shown in the documents of the State Archive of the Chernivtsi Region. Research methods. A synchronous approach and special historical methods were used during studying this issue. Comparative and chronological methods to study the situation were applied. The latter methods allowed tracing the sequence of events related to the solution of the issue of repatriation of the Hungarian population of Bukovyna, who lived in five villages in the south of the region. The use of the synchronous method makes it possible to trace the sequence of decision- making by government officials regarding the Hungarian population in the context of Romania’s territorial losses and the implementation of revisionist activities by the Hungarians. The academic novelty of this article lies in its repercussions of the situation related to the solution of the issue of the Hungarian population of Bukovyna fate in the initial period of World War II and the beginning of the German-Soviet campaign, for the first time in Ukrainian historiography. Conclusion. The territorial losses of the Kingdom of Romania, which occurred during June-September 1940, led not only to the change of the political situation in the country itself and the loss of powers of individual institutions, but also to the change of the ethnic situation in the country. The separation of the northwestern part of Ardeal from Romania by decision of the Vienna arbitration of August 30, 1940, played a decisive role in the decision of the Hungarian national minority of Bukovyna to repatriate to Hungary. At the same time, the Vienna arbitration did not solve, as the following events showed, the issues of relations between Romania and Hungary, which remained tense throughout the subsequent stages of World War II until the fall of 1944. Despite the participation in the alliance with Germany in 1941-1944, Hungary and Romania were in the state of hidden confrontation, which was manifested by the presence of Romanian military units on the new border with Hungary, the secret migration of Ardeal residents across the new border of the countries, and the constant intelligence and propaganda activities from both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines attempts to create new interpretations of the memory and history of Chernivtsi during the Soviet era through the prism of guidebooks and tries to deconstruct it. Guidebooks are considered primarily as textual representations of official policies on reconstructing Chernivtsi's past as valuable narrative sources for understanding how the totalitarian state ideologically dominated this culturally diverse city. A linguistic approach based on the theoretical model of newspeak is applied to the study of publications in order to identify discourses and analyze them. Soviet newspeak in guidebooks functions as a means of constructing narratives and an instrument for their internalization in society. The author also examines the guidebooks in the context of official historical and national policies in the post-Stalin USSR, which, in the case of the annexed territories of the Ukrainian SSR in the aftermath of the Second World War, involved the assimilation of new regions by Ukrainians along with the cleansing and demonization of local “Others.” The ideological framework for these actions included discourses on “Old Russian ethnicity” (davnoruska narodnist) as “a cradle of three brotherly peoples,” “Russian-Ukrainian friendship,” “Great Patriotic War,” and others. The study also seeks to understand the motivations of the guidebooks' authors, drawing on their biographies. It concludes that Soviet guidebooks to Chernivtsi, adhering to the official doctrine, create an exclusive and sanitized image of the city's past, aimed at erasing the history and experiences of the local “Others,” represented primarily by Romanians, Jews, and Germans, who, before the Soviet annexation, were demographically dominant ethnic groups in the city. In specific contexts, markers of “Others” create the illusion of presence and agency; however, the guidebook`s texts mostly ignore the multicultural past of Chernivtsi. Simultaneously, when the “Others” are not excluded from the narrative, their very presence in Chernivtsi's history was mainly interpreted as a hostile phenomenon, a historical mistake, and a consequence of colonial oppression in the city declared by the Soviet authorities to be primordially Ukrainian. As publications aimed at tourists and guests of the city, guidebooks appropriately represent Soviet memorials and objects of the symbolic space of Chernivtsi, through carefully crafted textual interpretations. Tourist guides are regarded as significant sources for researching local memory and history policies.

The third rebbe from Vizhnitsa, Israel Hager, is one of the most influential Hasidic leaders of the first half of the 20th century. He had tens of thousands of followers in Bukovyna, Transcarpathia, the northern regions of Romania and the eastern lands of Hungary. Even during his lifetime, he was recognized by his followers as a figure comparable to the founder of Hasidism, Israel Baal Shem Tov. At the same time, r. Israel is among the little-studied leaders of Hasidism, which highlights the relevance of the proposed study. One of the main topics in the teachings of R. Ha- ger is the substantiation of the leading principles of the tzaddik's authority over the Jewish com-- munity. According to his views, the perfection of the soul and the ability to magically influence on the world are not sufficient conditions that oblige people to obey the will of a spiritual leader. Only caring for his followers gives the tzaddik the right to decide the fate of the believers. He re- solutely rejects the right to be led by ascetics devoted exclusively to the personal service of the Lord or those who behave like kings who are difficult for the common people to reach. A true leader must be open to all people and concerned about their needs. This is what gives him power over the community and, in general, over the whole world. R. Hager shared the common opinion in Hasidic circles about the community's responsibility for the lifespan of a tzaddik. However, he did not support the idea of his contemporary and admirer, Chaim Elazar Shapira, that the community should seek immortality for its leader. According to the views of the Vyzhnytskyi Rebbe, the soul of a tzaddik, thanks to the care of ordinary believers, eventually reaches a high level incompatible with existence in the material world. But even in heaven, the tzaddik continues to take care of the fate of his Hasidim and to lead them. In this way, the concept of the tzaddik's comprehensive power over believers in the earthly and afterlife worlds is substantiated. In this context, R. Hager examines the doctrine of messianic liberation. It is mainly devoted to the possibility of tzaddiks to use the power of the Messiah to help people in the present life. Most modern resear- chers reject G. Scholem's concept of neutralization of the messianic idea in Hasidism, but in rela- tion to R. Hager it turns out to be correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the fact that now, in times of war, cruel existential trials of the Ukrainian people in the struggle against Russian invaders for their independence, statehood, and national identity, it is necessary to evaluate the heroes of national education and culture with deep respect, attention, and regard. Sydir Vorobkevych stands out among the well-known representatives of the cultural and artistic field of Bukovyna. It is proved that now the creativity of such prominent figures of the national spirit as Sydir Vorobkevych is becoming a methodological basis for the content of national patriotic education of young people, reminding everyone of the high civic mission. Based on the study of the facts of his life, it was found that in extremely difficult conditions, the great artist and tireless educator of the Ukrainian soul, Sydir Vorobkevych, in every possible way, united those who were willing to engage in public national and cultural work - from pupils and students to such significant personalities as Y. Fedkovych, S. Smal-Stotsky, O. Makovey, O. Popovych, and others. His ethical norms concerning the intelligentsia were formed according to their civic duty to national public affairs, sacrifice, and devotion to Ukrainian ideals. S. Vorobkevych worked not for the sake of «pure» art but for the sake of the awakening Ukrainian nation, proving himself to be an outstanding educator, teacher, talented artist, and a worthy son of the Ukrainian people. His knowledge of languages, cultures, and traditions of European nations, his versatility of education and interests, and his natural talent and thirst for knowledge made S. Vorobkevych a notable creative personality. He paid special attention to folk culture and worked on everything new that appeared in Ukrainian literature and music. In history, such figures have always played a key role in preserving identity, internal spiritual sovereignty, and the code of national memory. A nation that defends and fights for its freedom and sovereignty shall remember our outstanding educators, artists, and creators of the Ukrainian idea, who sacredly protected, strengthened, and nurtured the national amulets of Shevchenko's word, historical memory, their own culture, and self-awareness, «humanizing» the people, the nation, and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi earned the love and respect of Ukrainians during his lifetime with his selfless work. He did not only pay great attention to the development of the Greek Catholic Church, but also made every effort to raise the level of education, social importance, and ultimately restore and elevate the national dignity of the Ukrainian people. At the same time, it was equally important for him to carry out his pastoral ministry both in Galicia, where a large part of faithful Greek Catholics lived, and in the outskirts. Bukovyna occupied a special place in Andrei Sheptytskyi’s activities. Here, the Greek Catholic denomination was insignificant and accounted for only 3% of the total population of Bukovyna. But the metropolitan saw the need to support all local Ukrainians in a difficult period of formation of national aspirations. Cultural spaces were gradually filled with real life. But already from the beginning of the 20th century the Ukrainian people entered a difficult period of transformational processes and also needed strong economic and church support. In Bukovyna, where the majority of Ukrainians belonged to the Orthodox faith, the church became a field of confrontation with local Romanian politicians who sought to create a Romanian majority here for their own further political projects. Thus, the bishop saw the need for significant efforts to support the entire Ukrainian population of Bukovyna. At the same time, he believed that such activities should be carried out in full agreement with the authorities, representatives of other faiths and nationalities living in the region. A careful study of all historical aspects, a living acquaintance with the real capabilities of the people of Bukovyna, the search for the most effective ways of developing the Ukrainian cause – all this became part of his four visits to Bukovyna at the end of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century. All of them were filled not only with the performance of pastoral duties, but also with communication with believers, politicians, and scientists of various faiths. This was one of the most important contributions of Metropolitan Sheptytskyi to the development of the Ukrainian cause in the region. Because with each of his visits, he raised the prestige of the entire Greek Catholic Church on the one hand and the Ukrainian people on the other.

The article deals with the main trends in the restoration and development of the medical and sanitary service in the territory of Northern Bukovyna in 1918-1928, during which martial law continued here, after which the territory became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In the first post-war period the population of the region found itself almost entirely without healthcare. Collapsed health system could not fight the spread of epidemic diseases through the region that also led to a complicated demographic situation in the post-war Bukovyna. The enduring spread of diseases among the population and, to a certain extent, the wish of Romanian authorities to use medicine for propaganda purposes forced the start of a comprehensive work to improve health and sanitary conditions in the region. The primary task that had to be urgently solved by the health service in the early post-war years has become the overcoming of the epidemics of infectious diseases that at the end of World War I led to great mortality among the population. Quite common among the residents of the region were dysentery, typhoid, typhus, relapsing fever, tuberculosis, and a number of pediatric respiratory infections – scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, contagious parotitis, varicella and others. Some years there was an urgent need for the establishment of health centres, dispensaries. According to the law of 1923, the Health Service was divided into two parts: sanitary and hospital. The Sanitary Service was engaged in supervision, control and study of the health status of the settlements, the use of general and special preventive measures and prevention of epidemics, to provide medical care outside hospitals, educate the population about prevention and treatment of social diseases etc. The Hospital Service was responsible for hospital treatment and medical supervision of patients in hospitals. Bukovyna along with Khotyn district and the northern part of Moldova was included in the VIII sanitary region under the guidance of General Sanitary Inspectorate. For the operation of health service, Bukovyna was divided into five health areas, each headed by a Chief Physician. Areas were divided into sanitary districts. At the head of each one was the district doctor who had assistants, district midwives, and health agents. The duty of medical personnel was to countercheck social diseases. In this regard, 9 infirmaries and 27 dispensaries were founded in Bukovyna within 10 years (1918-1928). To avoid the spread of infectious diseases from abroad – an official centre «Grigore Ghica Vodӑ» was created to examine travellers at the border at the railway station in Nepolokivtsi. Also, in the first post-war decade for health services of the land the Sanitary Inspectorate has founded in Chernivtsi: Regional warehouse of medical instruments and devices; Regional warehouse of drugs, serums, vaccines and bandages, and the Institute of Hygiene. Compulsory preventive vaccination against smallpox and other infectious diseases was introduced. Doctors held free consultations in towns and villages both at home and in hospitals. At the same time, in the first post-war decade a decrease of doctors and paramedical staff is observed. Taking into consideration the shortage of a sufficient number of hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses, lack of medicines, vaccines, therapeutic sera in Bukovyna, it should be ascertained that the state of epidemic diseases in the region in the early post-war years remained extremely hard. Only in the mid-20s such diseases as smallpox, typhus, and dysentery had been largely overcome thanks to vaccination, organizational and educational measures taken by the authorities. However, there remained high death rate from heart diseases, pneumonia, tuberculosis, due to difficult living conditions and inaccessibility of health care to the most.

The article analyzes the figure of Hryhorii Kupchanko, the Bukovynian ethnographer, journalist, publisher, and public figure. The author dwelled on some aspects of his biography, publishing, and journalistic activities, scientific research in ethnography, local history, and history that were unknown to the public. It is noted that H. Kupchanko quite often submitted false information about himself, which caused a lot of errors in the work of his researchers in the memoirs and autobiography. The source base of research was rather narrow. Major attention is paid to understanding the changes in the social and political views of H. Kupchanko, his evolution from old Russophilia to radical Moscophilia, as well as propaganda activities. The article confirms that since the late 1880s H. Kupchanko moved to the positions of the most consistent supporters of the Russian idea, in his numerous newspaper articles, brochures, he sought to impose Russian identity on the Rusyns of Bukovyna, Galicia and Transcarpathia, to convince them that they were the part of the «single Russian people», and that their language was a Great Russian dialect. This is evidenced by his numerous publications in the newspapers Russka Pravda, Prosvieshchieniye, various brochures, which were published in mass circulation and distributed free of charge to peasants of the Western Ukraine lands. The desire to justify H. Kupchanko by the fact that he made a certain contribution to the study of the customs, rituals, folklore of the Rusyns of Bukovyna and seems to be only a Russophile and not a radical Moscophile, does not hold waterand is refuted by numerous facts on his public and propaganda activities.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historiography of the topic of relations between Soviet authorities and local population, the instruction of Sovietization processes in the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region during 1940-1947. The study of relationship between Soviet authorities and local population is quite unexplored and requires further scientific study. There was no comprehensive study. In the scientific literature, this issue is highlighted in the form of a diverse thematic spectrum and concerns current political, economic, household and educational and cultural issues. During the last decades, depending on socio-political conditions and the available base of historical sources, the approach to the coverage of the mentioned issues has changed. The conclusion emphasizes that modern Ukrainian historiography, relying on a much wider source base, examines in more depth certain aspects the life of population in the territory of Chernivtsi region. Soviet historiography in Ukraine was strongly influenced by communist ideology and censorship, which had a significant impact on the study of the history of Bukovyna. The problems and achievements of Soviet industrial construction, the collectivization of agriculture, and the development of industry and transport infrastructure were studied. Special attention was paid to Soviet land reform policies and national policy regarding Bukovyna national minorities. Researchers are forced to work within the approved historical concept and maintain a positive image of Soviet government. This approach significantly limited the possibility of conducting objective research and analysis of the history of Bukovyna in the specified period. Foreign historiography of the history of Bukovyna was aimed at a detailed study of the events and processes of that time, in particular in the context of national issues using available sources and archival materials. Ukrainian historiography of the history of Bukovyna sought to understand and analyze the complex events of that time, focusing on the political, socio-economic and cultural aspects of life in Bukovyna, as well as on the role of Ukrainian population in the struggle for freedom and national independence. Thus, during the half-century period of studying the problems of the entry of Northern Bukovyna territory into the USSR, the interaction of local population and the Soviet authorities, the literature is not sufficiently systematized and does not cover the problems as a whole, a lot of works have a limited source base, because access to information on this topic was provided only at the end of the 20th century.

With each year of the reign of the Romanian authorities, the trade relations of the region expanded. Despite the loss of Bukovyna’s niche in the trade of Austria-Hungary, after World War I it was possible to establish quickly trade circulation both in the middle of Romania and abroad. The geography of business contacts became extremely wide and was not limited to the domestic market, but also included connections with the countries of Europe, Asia and America. Customs in Chernivtsi and Grigore Ghica Vodă (Nepolokivtsi) became the «northern gates of Romania». Growth of trade through them caused the strengthening of the role of the commodity exchange and shops, which allowed Chernivtsi to establish itself as a commercial centre of the region. Grains, poultry, livestock, meat, eggs, skins, fruits, forest and minerals became the export items. The development of the region’s export trade in the specified period was characterized by cyclicality.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historiography of the topic of relations between Soviet authorities and local population, the instruction of Sovietization processes in the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region during 1940-1947. The study of relationship between Soviet authorities and local population is quite unexplored and requires further scientific study. There was no comprehensive study. In the scientific literature, this issue is highlighted in the form of a diverse thematic spectrum and concerns current political, economic, household and educational and cultural issues. During the last decades, depending on socio-political conditions and the available base of historical sources, the approach to the coverage of the mentioned issues has changed. The conclusion emphasizes that modern Ukrainian historiography, relying on a much wider source base, examines in more depth certain aspects the life of population in the territory of Chernivtsi region. Soviet historiography in Ukraine was strongly influenced by communist ideology and censorship, which had a significant impact on the study of the history of Bukovyna. The problems and achievements of Soviet industrial construction, the collectivization of agriculture, and the development of industry and transport infrastructure were studied. Special attention was paid to Soviet land reform policies and national policy regarding Bukovyna national minorities. Researchers are forced to work within the approved historical concept and maintain a positive image of Soviet government. This approach significantly limited the possibility of conducting objective research and analysis of the history of Bukovyna in the specified period. Foreign historiography of the history of Bukovyna was aimed at a detailed study of the events and processes of that time, in particular in the context of national issues using available sources and archival materials. Ukrainian historiography of the history of Bukovyna sought to understand and analyze the complex events of that time, focusing on the political, socio-economic and cultural aspects of life in Bukovyna, as well as on the role of Ukrainian population in the struggle for freedom and national independence. Thus, during the half-century period of studying the problems of the entry of Northern Bukovyna territory into the USSR, the interaction of local population and the Soviet authorities, the literature is not sufficiently systematized and does not cover the problems as a whole, a lot of works have a limited source base, because access to information on this topic was provided only at the end of the 20th century.

With each year of the reign of the Romanian authorities, the trade relations of the region expanded. Despite the loss of Bukovyna’s niche in the trade of Austria-Hungary, after World War I it was possible to establish quickly trade circulation both in the middle of Romania and abroad. The geography of business contacts became extremely wide and was not limited to the domestic market, but also included connections with the countries of Europe, Asia and America. Customs in Chernivtsi and Grigore Ghica Vodă (Nepolokivtsi) became the «northern gates of Romania». Growth of trade through them caused the strengthening of the role of the commodity exchange and shops, which allowed Chernivtsi to establish itself as a commercial centre of the region. Grains, poultry, livestock, meat, eggs, skins, fruits, forest and minerals became the export items. The development of the region’s export trade in the specified period was characterized by cyclicality.

The article deals with the main trends in the restoration and development of the medical and sanitary service in the territory of Northern Bukovyna in 1918-1928, during which martial law continued here, after which the territory became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In the first post-war period the population of the region found itself almost entirely without healthcare. Collapsed health system could not fight the spread of epidemic diseases through the region that also led to a complicated demographic situation in the post-war Bukovyna. The enduring spread of diseases among the population and, to a certain extent, the wish of Romanian authorities to use medicine for propaganda purposes forced the start of a comprehensive work to improve health and sanitary conditions in the region. The primary task that had to be urgently solved by the health service in the early post-war years has become the overcoming of the epidemics of infectious diseases that at the end of World War I led to great mortality among the population. Quite common among the residents of the region were dysentery, typhoid, typhus, relapsing fever, tuberculosis, and a number of pediatric respiratory infections – scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, contagious parotitis, varicella and others. Some years there was an urgent need for the establishment of health centres, dispensaries. According to the law of 1923, the Health Service was divided into two parts: sanitary and hospital. The Sanitary Service was engaged in supervision, control and study of the health status of the settlements, the use of general and special preventive measures and prevention of epidemics, to provide medical care outside hospitals, educate the population about prevention and treatment of social diseases etc. The Hospital Service was responsible for hospital treatment and medical supervision of patients in hospitals. Bukovyna along with Khotyn district and the northern part of Moldova was included in the VIII sanitary region under the guidance of General Sanitary Inspectorate. For the operation of health service, Bukovyna was divided into five health areas, each headed by a Chief Physician. Areas were divided into sanitary districts. At the head of each one was the district doctor who had assistants, district midwives, and health agents. The duty of medical personnel was to countercheck social diseases. In this regard, 9 infirmaries and 27 dispensaries were founded in Bukovyna within 10 years (1918-1928). To avoid the spread of infectious diseases from abroad – an official centre «Grigore Ghica Vodӑ» was created to examine travellers at the border at the railway station in Nepolokivtsi. Also, in the first post-war decade for health services of the land the Sanitary Inspectorate has founded in Chernivtsi: Regional warehouse of medical instruments and devices; Regional warehouse of drugs, serums, vaccines and bandages, and the Institute of Hygiene. Compulsory preventive vaccination against smallpox and other infectious diseases was introduced. Doctors held free consultations in towns and villages both at home and in hospitals. At the same time, in the first post-war decade a decrease of doctors and paramedical staff is observed. Taking into consideration the shortage of a sufficient number of hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses, lack of medicines, vaccines, therapeutic sera in Bukovyna, it should be ascertained that the state of epidemic diseases in the region in the early post-war years remained extremely hard. Only in the mid-20s such diseases as smallpox, typhus, and dysentery had been largely overcome thanks to vaccination, organizational and educational measures taken by the authorities. However, there remained high death rate from heart diseases, pneumonia, tuberculosis, due to difficult living conditions and inaccessibility of health care to the most.

Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi earned the love and respect of Ukrainians during his lifetime with his selfless work. He did not only pay great attention to the development of the Greek Catholic Church, but also made every effort to raise the level of education, social importance, and ultimately restore and elevate the national dignity of the Ukrainian people. At the same time, it was equally important for him to carry out his pastoral ministry both in Galicia, where a large part of faithful Greek Catholics lived, and in the outskirts. Bukovyna occupied a special place in Andrei Sheptytskyi’s activities. Here, the Greek Catholic denomination was insignificant and accounted for only 3% of the total population of Bukovyna. But the metropolitan saw the need to support all local Ukrainians in a difficult period of formation of national aspirations. Cultural spaces were gradually filled with real life. But already from the beginning of the 20th century the Ukrainian people entered a difficult period of transformational processes and also needed strong economic and church support. In Bukovyna, where the majority of Ukrainians belonged to the Orthodox faith, the church became a field of confrontation with local Romanian politicians who sought to create a Romanian majority here for their own further political projects. Thus, the bishop saw the need for significant efforts to support the entire Ukrainian population of Bukovyna. At the same time, he believed that such activities should be carried out in full agreement with the authorities, representatives of other faiths and nationalities living in the region. A careful study of all historical aspects, a living acquaintance with the real capabilities of the people of Bukovyna, the search for the most effective ways of developing the Ukrainian cause – all this became part of his four visits to Bukovyna at the end of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century. All of them were filled not only with the performance of pastoral duties, but also with communication with believers, politicians, and scientists of various faiths. This was one of the most important contributions of Metropolitan Sheptytskyi to the development of the Ukrainian cause in the region. Because with each of his visits, he raised the prestige of the entire Greek Catholic Church on the one hand and the Ukrainian people on the other.

The article analyzes the figure of Hryhorii Kupchanko, the Bukovynian ethnographer, journalist, publisher, and public figure. The author dwelled on some aspects of his biography, publishing, and journalistic activities, scientific research in ethnography, local history, and history that were unknown to the public. It is noted that H. Kupchanko quite often submitted false information about himself, which caused a lot of errors in the work of his researchers in the memoirs and autobiography. The source base of research was rather narrow. Major attention is paid to understanding the changes in the social and political views of H. Kupchanko, his evolution from old Russophilia to radical Moscophilia, as well as propaganda activities. The article confirms that since the late 1880s H. Kupchanko moved to the positions of the most consistent supporters of the Russian idea, in his numerous newspaper articles, brochures, he sought to impose Russian identity on the Rusyns of Bukovyna, Galicia and Transcarpathia, to convince them that they were the part of the «single Russian people», and that their language was a Great Russian dialect. This is evidenced by his numerous publications in the newspapers Russka Pravda, Prosvieshchieniye, various brochures, which were published in mass circulation and distributed free of charge to peasants of the Western Ukraine lands. The desire to justify H. Kupchanko by the fact that he made a certain contribution to the study of the customs, rituals, folklore of the Rusyns of Bukovyna and seems to be only a Russophile and not a radical Moscophile, does not hold waterand is refuted by numerous facts on his public and propaganda activities.

The article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. It is determined that private railways, as important transport arteries of Bukovyna, were of national importance and played a significant role in the transport system of Austria-Hungarian Empire. They served the leading economic districts of Bukovyna, acting as an integral part of production in each of them. In other words, they were used for development of local, intersectoral and interregional relations. Regional railways, first of all, played an important role in the social and economic life of Bukovyna region. In most cases, they did not carry the strategic cargo, but made it possible to connect the most remote corners of separate areas of the region into a single whole. In practice, local railways were a significant addition to the main central line, providing the latter with a greater intensity of cargo and passenger turnover and thus increasing their profitability. At the same time, the trade volume between the outskirts and the center of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was increased. It contributed to the intensification of economic development of certain districts of Bukovyna region.

This study is aimed at identifying the most noticeable Slavic elements in the calendar rites of Bukovyna. It analyzes material collected by Romanian researchers in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century (E. Niculiță-Voronca, T. Pamfile, L. Bodnărescu, А. Fochi, A. Zașciuc), documents from the Central Scientific Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova, the New Linguistic Atlas of Romania, Moldova and Bukovyna (1987), as well as personal observations recorded by the authors of the study in Ukraine and Romania during ethnographic expeditions. In the calendar rites of the Romanians of Bukovyna, some clear Slavic elements can be identified, such as some names of calendar holidays, Ukrainian elements in such rites as koliada, the Christmas star, shchedruvannya. Ukrainian motifs of musical folklore in winter rites, as well as the use of the names of Ukrainian opryshky and haidamaky, the adaptation of the “walking with vertep”, the use of the term vidma of Ukrainian origin, the penetration of the name and main text of the Ukrainian Malanka, etc.

Purpose. Assess the current state and prospects of sports and health tourism in Bukovyna. Methods.Field, surveys, statistics, SWOT-analysis of the state and development of tourism. Results. 156 tourist organizations operate in the region's tourist services market. Of the eleven districts of the region, six sports and health tourism is developing quite rapidly: Vyzhnytskyi, Kitsmanskyi, Novoselytskyi, Putylskyi, Storozhynetskyi and Khotynskyi. In the course of the research, a number of survey questions were developed and a survey of 365 respondents was conducted. Respondents included participants of all types of tourist activities in Bukovyna: tourists who are members of various tourist clubs, participants of spontaneous campaigns, members of spontaneous groups at youth organizations, educational institutions. Employees of the regional tourism department, as well as heads of tourist clubs, their deputies, presidents and members of the presidium of the Chernivtsi regional and city sports tourism federations also took part in the survey. The statistical analysis of the results of the survey on the proposed system of questions showed that respondents agree on the complexity of the situation with the financing and logistics of tourism, including sports and health. The imperfection of the structure and content of professional training, the imperfection of the program, regulatory and legal framework, as well as insufficient attention to this type of tourism by the state and weak promotion. Conclusions. The availability of natural resources in the region, the demand for recreation determine the interest in the widespread development of sports and health tourism in the region, provided the creation of a mechanism to stimulate investment in tourism infrastructure and the appropriate level of information technology.

The article under study highlights the process of resettlement and adaptation of Old Believers in the multi-ethnic environment of Bukovyna in the late 18th – early 20th centuries. The representatives of the Austrian administration of the region were active supporters of involving the Lipovans, motivating their perspective for Vienna officials by the fact that the new settlers, owing to their hard work and practical farming skills, will be able to influence positively the economic development of Bukovyna. The author verifies the evidences of contemporaries who confirm that the anticipations of local officials were largely satisfied – the Lipovans were quite successfully integrated into the economic life of their new homeland. The Old Believers were promptly associated with hard-working and enterprising people, who generally led a healthy lifestyle, preserving their ethno-cultural identity. The researchers affirm that quite a lot of traditional elements of material and spiritual culture were preserved for a long time, although certain changes took place in the course of time under the influence of non-ethnic factors in the environment of the Lipovans of Bukovyna. The main factor that facilitated the preservation of the traditional way of life of the Old Believers was the system of prohibitions and prescriptions of a religious and moral-ethical nature. Simultaneously, under the influence of scientific and technical progress, there is a partial recession of clearly regulated canons among the Lipovans, a gradual attachment to the technical benefits of civilization. The consequences of the globalization processes influence can be considered as a recess of an isolated way of life, contacts with representatives of other ethnic groups and confessions, which resulted in certain changes in the everyday and ritual spheres, the spreading of the practice of marriages with non-believers, the transition to Orthodoxy of the Nikon’s model, etc.

The article makes an attempt to reconstruct the common history of works and days of Ukrainian scholar, writer, socio-political and cultural figure Hryhoriy Kupchanko (1849–1902), using, in particular, method of «reverse» optics, which means the examination of a particular individuality drama «from within». The attempt of reconstruction is largely determined by the attempt of the «Russian world» to present H. Kupchanko as «their own» – as a Moscowphile, as they say. The peculiarities (amount) of the apostasy to Moscowia of this representative of the elite stratum of the Bukovynian peasantry, the pupil of the appanage and Austrian civilization, the interconnection of the apostasy with the external factors, objective circumstances, as well as with subjective factors, the formation of contradictory views of the future scholar in his youth and different lines of his later behavior are elucidated. It turns out that historical fate of the Kupchanko’s family, consistent romanization that took place in Bukovyna in XIX century and led to principal staggering and deformations in the minds of young people in the period of formation of their personalities, worked on these contradictions. Decisive was the support of intellectual-creative efforts of H. Kupchanko by his gymnasium teacher – Bukovynian pedagogue and public figure I. Hlebovytsky and his supporters from Moscowophile circle, support which, maybe, had also a financial «equivalent» and promoted education of the University of Vienna. In the end, some psychological depths of the scholar's and writer’s personality also interfered, and the intensity of this life, the risks of activities, ambiguous relations with fellow countrymen, the extreme vulnerability of character, the complexity of personal destiny, etc., could have come from it. H. Kupchanko’s position in the Ukrainian nation-building process is interpreted not as purely Moscowphilia, but as Russophile. The pro-Ukrainian orientation of his efforts can be seen in his poetry and scholarly and popular studios, in particular those telling about Bukovyna and other eternal Rus (Ukrainian) lands. In fact it was a form of resistance to Moscowphilia and politics, although this author himself was not fully aware of. H. Kupchanko’s mistakes, however, reflected the general natural difficulties in the development of national self-consciousness, and without them there would be no advancement as such. The source base of the work was all available corpus of memoirs, biographical, scholarly, popular science, literature and fiction material relating to the subject, including the relevant archival documents.

Bukovyna was part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Volodymeria since 1786 to 1849. This time became important for the further development of local lore studies of Bukovyna. Professors of Lviv University, B. Hacquet, J. Rohrer, M. Stöger, A. Zawadzki played a significant role in the development of research. Considerable attention was paid in their works to geography, demographic features, socio-economic development, and the introduction of changes in the management of the region. There were also works in which flora and fauna, features of geology, etc. were studied. The Ukrainian local lore studies of Bukovyna started in the early 19th century. Thanks to the efforts of the figures of the «Rus Trinity», the first descriptions of folklore, life, and social status of the Ukrainians of the region appeared. A number of local lore studies works were written at the beginning of the 19th century, but they were made public only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nevertheless, they were naturally assigned to this period. In particular, this is the work of I. Вudai-Deleanu and an unknown author, who for the first time prepared the local lore guide «Bukovyna in 1801». The work of T. Bendella in which for the first time tourist routes were proposed to the sights of Bukovyna was an important phenomenon in the development of Bukovyna. Research about Bukovyna at that time was published in well-known European scientific journals, which was of great importance for awakening interest in the region. It is noted that local history of Bukovyna at that time was only making its first steps. The local authorities didn’t care. However, there have been some achievements. They were the significant foundation for the development of Bukovynian studies in the following decades.

The article deals with the identification, translation, content clarification and brief analysis of Bukovynian press materials of the late 80s of the 19th and early 20th centuries, about the outstanding Ukrainian writer and public figure Ivan Franko, his views on the public, socio-political and national-cultural life of Ukrainians, in particular those of Bukovyna, and the latter’s attitude towards I. Franko, his work and as a politician. In particular, on the basis of discovered issues of newspapers in local (Chernivtsi) funds, where something is mentioned about I. Franko’s reside in Bukovyna there is information about his publishing and editorial activities. Out of 9 funds of processed Bukovynian newspapers and funds of Bukovynian calendars, 59 numbers were found, which, to a different extent, write about the life and work of the outstanding Ukrainian writer, scientist, public and political figure. The absolute majority of the identified numbers are from the Ukrainian press, especially from the newspaper «Bukovyna», in particular, when it was edited by a talented native of Galicia, Osyp Makovei. A certain amount of newspaper material testifies to his active social and especially political activity as one of the founders and leaders of the «Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party». Separate issues of the newspapers contain information about I. Franko’s scientific activities, in particular, about social and economic relations in Galicia and Bukovyna in the 18th – 19th centuries. Information about the celebration of the anniversaries of his literary activity: 25-year, 30-year, 40-year is widely presented in Bukovyna newspapers. The Bukovyna press did not ignore the unpleasant facts of government restriction and persecution of I. Franko for his political views. Appropriate conclusions have been drawn.

The article under study highlights the process of resettlement and adaptation of Old Believers in the multi-ethnic environment of Bukovyna in the late 18th – early 20th centuries. The representatives of the Austrian administration of the region were active supporters of involving the Lipovans, motivating their perspective for Vienna officials by the fact that the new settlers, owing to their hard work and practical farming skills, will be able to influence positively the economic development of Bukovyna. The author verifies the evidences of contemporaries who confirm that the anticipations of local officials were largely satisfied – the Lipovans were quite successfully integrated into the economic life of their new homeland. The Old Believers were promptly associated with hard-working and enterprising people, who generally led a healthy lifestyle, preserving their ethno-cultural identity. The researchers affirm that quite a lot of traditional elements of material and spiritual culture were preserved for a long time, although certain changes took place in the course of time under the influence of non-ethnic factors in the environment of the Lipovans of Bukovyna. The main factor that facilitated the preservation of the traditional way of life of the Old Believers was the system of prohibitions and prescriptions of a religious and moral-ethical nature. Simultaneously, under the influence of scientific and technical progress, there is a partial recession of clearly regulated canons among the Lipovans, a gradual attachment to the technical benefits of civilization. The consequences of the globalization processes influence can be considered as a recess of an isolated way of life, contacts with representatives of other ethnic groups and confessions, which resulted in certain changes in the everyday and ritual spheres, the spreading of the practice of marriages with non-believers, the transition to Orthodoxy of the Nikon’s model, etc.

The article deals with the identification, translation, content clarification and brief analysis of Bukovynian press materials of the late 80s of the 19th and early 20th centuries, about the outstanding Ukrainian writer and public figure Ivan Franko, his views on the public, socio-political and national-cultural life of Ukrainians, in particular those of Bukovyna, and the latter’s attitude towards I. Franko, his work and as a politician. In particular, on the basis of discovered issues of newspapers in local (Chernivtsi) funds, where something is mentioned about I. Franko’s reside in Bukovyna there is information about his publishing and editorial activities. Out of 9 funds of processed Bukovynian newspapers and funds of Bukovynian calendars, 59 numbers were found, which, to a different extent, write about the life and work of the outstanding Ukrainian writer, scientist, public and political figure. The absolute majority of the identified numbers are from the Ukrainian press, especially from the newspaper «Bukovyna», in particular, when it was edited by a talented native of Galicia, Osyp Makovei. A certain amount of newspaper material testifies to his active social and especially political activity as one of the founders and leaders of the «Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party». Separate issues of the newspapers contain information about I. Franko’s scientific activities, in particular, about social and economic relations in Galicia and Bukovyna in the 18th – 19th centuries. Information about the celebration of the anniversaries of his literary activity: 25-year, 30-year, 40-year is widely presented in Bukovyna newspapers. The Bukovyna press did not ignore the unpleasant facts of government restriction and persecution of I. Franko for his political views. Appropriate conclusions have been drawn.

The article makes an attempt to reconstruct the common history of works and days of Ukrainian scholar, writer, socio-political and cultural figure Hryhoriy Kupchanko (1849–1902), using, in particular, method of «reverse» optics, which means the examination of a particular individuality drama «from within». The attempt of reconstruction is largely determined by the attempt of the «Russian world» to present H. Kupchanko as «their own» – as a Moscowphile, as they say. The peculiarities (amount) of the apostasy to Moscowia of this representative of the elite stratum of the Bukovynian peasantry, the pupil of the appanage and Austrian civilization, the interconnection of the apostasy with the external factors, objective circumstances, as well as with subjective factors, the formation of contradictory views of the future scholar in his youth and different lines of his later behavior are elucidated. It turns out that historical fate of the Kupchanko’s family, consistent romanization that took place in Bukovyna in XIX century and led to principal staggering and deformations in the minds of young people in the period of formation of their personalities, worked on these contradictions. Decisive was the support of intellectual-creative efforts of H. Kupchanko by his gymnasium teacher – Bukovynian pedagogue and public figure I. Hlebovytsky and his supporters from Moscowophile circle, support which, maybe, had also a financial «equivalent» and promoted education of the University of Vienna. In the end, some psychological depths of the scholar's and writer’s personality also interfered, and the intensity of this life, the risks of activities, ambiguous relations with fellow countrymen, the extreme vulnerability of character, the complexity of personal destiny, etc., could have come from it. H. Kupchanko’s position in the Ukrainian nation-building process is interpreted not as purely Moscowphilia, but as Russophile. The pro-Ukrainian orientation of his efforts can be seen in his poetry and scholarly and popular studios, in particular those telling about Bukovyna and other eternal Rus (Ukrainian) lands. In fact it was a form of resistance to Moscowphilia and politics, although this author himself was not fully aware of. H. Kupchanko’s mistakes, however, reflected the general natural difficulties in the development of national self-consciousness, and without them there would be no advancement as such. The source base of the work was all available corpus of memoirs, biographical, scholarly, popular science, literature and fiction material relating to the subject, including the relevant archival documents.

Bukovyna was part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Volodymeria since 1786 to 1849. This time became important for the further development of local lore studies of Bukovyna. Professors of Lviv University, B. Hacquet, J. Rohrer, M. Stöger, A. Zawadzki played a significant role in the development of research. Considerable attention was paid in their works to geography, demographic features, socio-economic development, and the introduction of changes in the management of the region. There were also works in which flora and fauna, features of geology, etc. were studied. The Ukrainian local lore studies of Bukovyna started in the early 19th century. Thanks to the efforts of the figures of the «Rus Trinity», the first descriptions of folklore, life, and social status of the Ukrainians of the region appeared. A number of local lore studies works were written at the beginning of the 19th century, but they were made public only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nevertheless, they were naturally assigned to this period. In particular, this is the work of I. Вudai-Deleanu and an unknown author, who for the first time prepared the local lore guide «Bukovyna in 1801». The work of T. Bendella in which for the first time tourist routes were proposed to the sights of Bukovyna was an important phenomenon in the development of Bukovyna. Research about Bukovyna at that time was published in well-known European scientific journals, which was of great importance for awakening interest in the region. It is noted that local history of Bukovyna at that time was only making its first steps. The local authorities didn’t care. However, there have been some achievements. They were the significant foundation for the development of Bukovynian studies in the following decades.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the contribution of A.Joukovsky (A.Zhukovskyi) to the development of historical science, to summarize his experience in the field of research of certain aspects of the history of Ukraine, its popularization abroad. The following research methods were used: prosopographic, biographical, historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-genetic. Its scientific novelty lies in a significant expansion of knowledge about the historical views of A.Joukovsky, his contribution to the study of the history of Bukovyna, deepening knowledge of the history of the Ukrainian church and its famous representative Petro Mohyla, popularizing the history of Ukraine abroad. Conclusion. A.Joukovsky was one of the most prominent representatives of Ukrainian historical science in the late 20th - early 21st centuries. His activities as an editor of publications were noticeable, and later - as chairman of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Europe. His contribution to the formation of the Ukrainian concept of the history of Bukovyna, his substantiation of the foundations of the Ukrainian national revival in the region and the struggle for the establishment of Ukrainian power here is invaluable. A.Joukovsky's views on the history of the Ukrainian church, the issues of the unity of Ukrainian churches are extremely relevant, and he substantiated these in a number of his works. The archeographic developments of the researcher are also valuable. A.Joukovsky was a great enthusiast of popularizing the history of Ukraine abroad. He became the organizer of a number of projects aimed at conveying knowledge about Ukraine to the public in Europe and North America. With the independence of Ukraine, A.Joukovsky did a lot to spread the achievements of the diaspora in the field of history in the Ukrainian territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to define the metamorphosis in Ukrainian ornamentation based on the principles of gradualism and punctualism, which allows us to determine the evolutionary gradual approach due to mimesis and the discrete approach according to poiesis. The research methodology is based on the methods of semiotic and epistemological analysis, system-analytical and comparative-historical methods. The semiotic and epistemological method has been used to determine the philosophical meaning of the symbols of the Ukrainian ornamentation patterns. System-analytical method has been applied to systematise changes used in materials, technique, ornament, and compositional and coloristic solution in the design of Ukrainian ornament in the ethno-contact zone of the SlavicRomansh borderland. The comparative-historical method has been used to specify the areas of Ukrainian ornamentation in the historical retrospect of the 20th century on the Slavic-Romance borderland of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the research occurs in a certain metamorphosis in Ukrainian ornamentation based on the principles of gradualism and punctuality; justification of the factors of artistic integrity of embroidery by ethnographic regions. Conclusions. It was established that the design of Ukrainian ornamentation in the context of the ethnographic development of the ethnic border regions of Ukraine evolved according to the principles of gradualism and punctuality. The evolution of the formation of the subject environment is particularly noticeable in Ukrainian ornamentation and its motifs, which is also due to their sacred meaning, laid down by master embroiderers. It is shown that metamorphoses in Ukrainian ornamentation on the Slavic-Ukrainian borderland in the ethnoregions of Bukovyna, Eastern Podillia, Budjak and Bessarabia took place as a result of mimesis due to the imitation of traditions in embroidery and under the influence of poiesis due to the creativity and innovation of embroiderers in changes in the technique of processing materials, colour scheme, and compositions. The conducted comparative analysis of the ornaments of ethnographic areas reproduced the features of their sacred content with the aim of encoding the foundations and laws of existence in the universe and the preserved code of the Ukrainian nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of Ukrainian festive culture in the second half of the 20th – at the beginning of the 21st century, taking into account the globalisation trends that are taking place in the world. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific methods of analysis: historicism, systematisation, comparison and generalisation of the investigated problem. Scientific novelty: a feature of the festive culture of Ukrainians in the modern period is the appeal to traditions and rituals, sociocultural identity, intangible heritage, as well as the borrowing of some elements of the celebration of events from other cultures. Conclusions. The category "holiday culture" is considered by researchers as a type of sociocultural activity that is carried out by a person in society on various occasions (events) in the form of a festive spectacle and is different from everyday life. Festive culture can be considered through the prism of a sociocultural approach, where the main form of interaction between people is a symbolically constructed action – the so-called "special event" (festival, performance, concert, celebrations, ceremonies). Today, festive culture is also a modernised understanding and reflection of rites, traditions, and customs, which can be presented as separate performances (events) or as parts of a large event. In the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, quite noticeable processes of transformation took place in the holiday culture of the Hutsuls in Bukovina, connected with the Christmas and New Year holidays. In addition to the shortening of the holidays in time, there was a truncation of certain components of the holidays, in particular, the loss of full texts of the verbal formulas for summoning the storm, thunder to the Holy Supper, following various beliefs and omens. With the passage of time, the external form and nature of celebrating events (holidays) changes, but the idea and a number of dominant functions that correspond to the basic aspirations of people remain unchanged, namely to ensure well-being and happiness, which in the perception of contemporaries are associated with a professional career; wishes for good, health; predicting the future and influencing it; reference to the national calendar; respect for public holidays, folk art. The holding of annual nativity scenes led to the emergence of festival tourism. With the passage of time, the external form and nature of celebrating events (holidays) changes, but the idea and a number of dominant functions that correspond to the basic aspirations of people remain unchanged, namely to ensure well-being and happiness, which in the perception of contemporaries are associated with a professional career; wishes for good, health; predicting the future and influencing it; reference to the national calendar; respect for public holidays, folk art. The holding of annual nativity scenes (vertep) led to the emergence of festival tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, the author analyzes the content of oral evidence available among the Bukovynian Lipovans about the time and circumstances of the resettlement of their ancestors to the territory of the region, as well as the etymology of the ethno-confession name «Lipovans». As the researchers note, among modern Old Believers there are still oral stories that record the process of settling in the possessions of the Habsburgs. Usually, representatives of the older generation act as carriers of the oral tradition, who, in turn, heard stories from their parents. They pass on information to the next generation. Almost all Lipovans, despite their age, demonstrate their awareness in this matter. Note that their level of awareness depends on their personal interest in their own past and on the amount of accumulated facts. Usually such legends exist in the form of a tribal tradition. In the folk environment, several variants of legends about the appearance of the ethnonym «Lipovans» have developed. They are based on: a) characteristics of the terrain; b) the names of the original settlements; c) the names of the leaders. The most popular opinion is that the first settlers settled in linden forests, that is, the term «lipovan» comes from the name of the linden tree. Bukovynian Lipovans called themselves that, not seeing anything sane in it. As the informants themselves explained, this was done so that the Russians would not find out about them. Researchers consider this explanation logical, given the previous persecution after the reform of Patriarch Nikon. In everyday life, a certain distinction was formed in the use of terms, each of which occupied its own sphere: in everyday use and in publications on everyday topics – «Lipovans»; in publications that cover the life of the community – «Russian-Lipovanі»; in church life – «Old Believers». Such a division of spheres of application also determines the further coexistence of the ethnonym «Lipovans» and the accompanying designations of the Bukovynian Old Believers diaspora.

In this article, the author analyzes the content of oral evidence available among the Bukovynian Lipovans about the time and circumstances of the resettlement of their ancestors to the territory of the region, as well as the etymology of the ethno-confession name «Lipovans». As the researchers note, among modern Old Believers there are still oral stories that record the process of settling in the possessions of the Habsburgs. Usually, representatives of the older generation act as carriers of the oral tradition, who, in turn, heard stories from their parents. They pass on information to the next generation. Almost all Lipovans, despite their age, demonstrate their awareness in this matter. Note that their level of awareness depends on their personal interest in their own past and on the amount of accumulated facts. Usually such legends exist in the form of a tribal tradition. In the folk environment, several variants of legends about the appearance of the ethnonym «Lipovans» have developed. They are based on: a) characteristics of the terrain; b) the names of the original settlements; c) the names of the leaders. The most popular opinion is that the first settlers settled in linden forests, that is, the term «lipovan» comes from the name of the linden tree. Bukovynian Lipovans called themselves that, not seeing anything sane in it. As the informants themselves explained, this was done so that the Russians would not find out about them. Researchers consider this explanation logical, given the previous persecution after the reform of Patriarch Nikon. In everyday life, a certain distinction was formed in the use of terms, each of which occupied its own sphere: in everyday use and in publications on everyday topics – «Lipovans»; in publications that cover the life of the community – «Russian-Lipovanі»; in church life – «Old Believers». Such a division of spheres of application also determines the further coexistence of the ethnonym «Lipovans» and the accompanying designations of the Bukovynian Old Believers diaspora.

The article identifies and substantiates the factors that influenced the intensification of physical culture and sports in the press ofBukovinain the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century. It is recognized that the view of physical education in one of the territorial units of modernUkraine, and in the past – a separate crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire –Northern Bukovina(1849-1918) is timely. Physical education of children and youth, as well as the whole branch of physical culture and sports, in this period had a wide resonance, which is confirmed by numerous materials of Bukovinian periodicals. It is proved that the democratic principles of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in particular to establish and publish the press in the state and native languages, to organize parties, public associations and other associations) contributed to the development of the press in Bukovina, expressed in increasing the number of publications and expanding the circle of subscribers and readers, the appearance of newspapers and magazines in different languages, including Ukrainian. The author emphasizes the experience of publishing periodicals inWestern Ukraineand the impact of this experience on health issues in the pages of Bukovinian newspapers and magazines. Factors of influence inherent inBukovinain the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. administrative changes, development of physical culture and sports societies, editorial policy of the Ukrainian press of the region, which satisfied the social demands of readers. Factors of influence inherent inBukovinadentified administrative changes, the development of physical culture and sports societies, the editorial policy of the Ukrainian press of the region, which satisfied the social needs of readers. Factors of influence inherent inBukovinain the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century. identified administrative changes, the development of physical culture and sports societies, the editorial policy of the Ukrainian press of the region, which satisfied the social needs of readers.

The purpose of this paper is to study the objective economic aspects and prerequisites for the creating and functioning of regional railways in Bukovyna in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The deployment of railway construction on the lands of Bukovyna in the second half of the 19th century was associated with the processes of the capitalist structure formation in the economies of the countries that included these lands - Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. The successful activities of the large railway companies in Bukovyna were facilitated by their strong ties with banks and close mutually beneficial cooperation with various parts of the state apparatus of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. There was certain dependence between railway companies and States that, on the one hand, companies could not do without financial assistance from the State. On the other hand, the State did not possess sufficient funds at the end of the 19th century to independently expand the railway network and it was forced to entrust the construction of railway lines to private companies. Banks willingly acted as founders of new private railway companies in Austria-Hungary, which intensively stimulated the development of railway construction in Bukovyna. The high degree of the capital concentration in comparison with the other branches of private capitalist production was one of the characteristic features of the railway companies of Bukovyna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care. The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc. It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street. The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities. The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi. The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.

The article presents transformation of medical care for patients with mental disorders and the establishment of psychiatric care in Chernivtsi in the late 19th century. Since the proclamation of Bukovyna as the crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the provision of psychiatric care has changed. A psychiatric service appeared and helped to understand what a mental disorder really is. There was a transition to a scientific interpretation and a scientific approach to providing psychiatric care. The authors research and systematize information from various available sources, various articles, information messages, data from the state archives of Chernivtsi region, etc. It is known that the model of the regional psychiatric hospital in Chernivtsi was developed by the latest requirements for the construction of mental health facilities in Austria and other European countries of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bukovynian psychiatric hospital was extremely modern, equipped with all necessary equipment and the location of the wards in accordance with the standard of the time. Leading doctors were involved, as well as local ones, who had the opportunity to train at the University of Vienna and psychiatric hospitals. 15 hectares of land were allocated for the territory of the hospital, which was located outside the city on the territory of the former Strazagasse (Storozha) and Maisgasses (Kukurudziana) streets, now Mussorgsky Street. The opening of the regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna took place on May 1, 1902. The structure of the psychiatric hospital included 6 buildings, as well as the administration building and other technical facilities. The purpose of the article was to highlight the main historical moments of assisting persons with mental disorders in Chernivtsi in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Describe the historical chronology from the first psychiatric ward at the city hospital to a separate regional psychiatric hospital in Bukovyna. The methodology of the article is a synthesis of the historical chronology of psychiatric care as part of health care in Chernivtsi. The history of the emergence of psychiatric services in Chernivtsi has experienced ups and downs that corresponded to challenging conditions of the time. The transformation of mental service changed from the worldview and level of development of contemporary science. We can observe changes from mystification to the formation of psychiatry, as real modern neuroscience with an evidence-based approach and humane treatment of patients. Through the ages, different countries and changes in the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of mental disorders, Chernivtsi remains the centre of mental health in Bukovyna.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation of sports terminology and its publication in the press of Bukovina (late nineteenth - early twentieth century.). Given the fact that the German language was declared the state language, we attest to the fact that German terminology is used in determining the basic provisions of physical education. The authors emphasized that physical education and sports have a history of development and functioning of the terminological apparatus, singled out the factors of development of physical culture and sports terminology (formation of physical education in Europe during the XIX century; legislative separation of the subject "Gymnastics" ("turn") in education, active activities of public societies, organizational design of certain sports. characterize sports, team terms, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1984–2000, observations of wintering bats in underground cavities located in Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Khmelnytskyi and Ternopil regions were conducted. A total of 24 underground cavities of both natural and artificial origin were surveyed. In 18 of them, hibernating bats were found belonging to 9 species: R. hipposideros, M. myotis, M. bechsteinii, M. daubentonii, M. dasycneme, M. mystacinus, P. auritus, and B. barbastellus. Most of the specimens among wintering cave-dwelling bats were R. hipposideros and M. myotis. No abundant (more than 300 individuals) wintering colonies were found, although such colonies were mentioned earlier for Western Ukraine. Fragmentation of populations is a result of increase of human influence. Small colonies attract less attention of humans and predators thus they have more chances for successful wintering. As of 2000, 3 new underground shelters of key importance were discovered in Chernivtsi, Khmelnytskyi, and Ternopil regions. Some individuals were marked by rings in order to study their migration routes. In total, 89 bats were ringed in Verteba, Vitrova, and Zbruchanska caves. Subsequent catches testified the association of bats with these wintering shelters.

For Bukovyna year 1919 was a time of return to peaceful life. Although in those circumstances it proved to be a difficult task. Reunion of Bukovyna with Romania, accepted by Bukovyna General Congress had to be confirmed later at the Paris Peace Conference. That was the cause, which had created obstacles for carrying out parliamentary elections in the renewed country. Against this background, an important role was played by the organization of regional governance, which concerned the solution of a number of tasks. Food security, streamlining financial problems and restricting food smuggling remained important for the region. These tasks were solved by the ministers-delegates I. Flondor and I. Nistor. The activity of the two ministers-delegates led to an open conflict and their confrontation for a long time. The government crisis in Bukovyna, which was accompanied by the resignation of I. Flondor, led to his attempts to use German, Ruthenian, and Jewish political leaders in opposition to I. Nistor. The situation in the region was exacerbated by social demonstrations, actions of deserters in the region, manifestations of anti-Semitism. All this happened at a time when Bukovyna became a frontline zone, and military units of the VIII Division operated in Pokuttia. The authorities also noted a change in the mood of the population in this period, which could be a perception of the desired. The autumn of 1919 ended with the first parliamentary elections in conditions of siege, which were held on the basis of universal suffrage. Preparations for the elections took place in the conditions of confrontation between the political groups of I. Flondor and I. Nistor. In fact, in order to obtain seats in parliament and to organize the political forces of the Romanians of the region, I. Nistor and his supporters created the Democratic Party of Unification, which was able to win a seat in the Romanian parliament. Along with representatives of the Democratic Party of Unification, independent candidates were also elected. The opening of the newly elected parliament coincided with a rebellion of soldiers from the 113th Regiment in Chernivtsi, which was wrong accepted as a manifestation of Bolshevism. The situation in the region remained difficult at the end of 1919.

Chernivtsi region in Ukraine is a unique territory where the historical and cultural heritage of different time periods is represented: from Old Russian, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian to Romanian and Ukrainian. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive assessment of the historical and cultural heritage of the Chernivtsi region for a more intensive further involvement in the tourism industry in the Carpathian region, together with neighboring EU countries: Romania, Slovakia, Poland. For this purpose, different status, state of preservation and spatial differences were taken into account together with the resources support throughout the territory under study. The article considers the theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the historical and cultural significant sites of the region, carries out a comprehensive assessment of the historical and cultural potential of the Chernivtsi region, analyzes its legacy through three factor components of ratings: the number, concentration and location of tourist destinations (archaeological sites, monuments of architecture, history and monumental art). The result is an integral grade rating of the Chernivtsi region and its regional taxonomic units of the lowest hierarchy, which have the greatest concentration of historical and cultural tourist destinations. According to the studies of the territory the most suitable for effective and perspective use in domestic and international tourist and excursion activities, but the North Bukovyna recreational supra-region occurred to be weak promotional and organizational component of the integral touristic product.

Introduction: Hepatitis C is a disease with a significant global impact. It had estimated that there are 2–5 million HCV-positive persons in Europe. It is very difficult to predict the individual course of hepatitis C due to the many factors influencing the disease progression. Сell reactivity and level of adaptive tension had been considered as additional parameters for the evaluation of individual immune response and may assist to predict an intensity of autoimmune liver inflammation caused by HCV. Research purpose: This article discusses about investigation of cell reactivity and level of adaptation tension for better estimation of pathophysiology of chronic hepatitis C especially in prediction of it clinical course. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of determination of adaptation tension level and cell reactivity in 31 infected persons hospitalized in Hepatology Center of Chernivtsi Municipal Clinical Hospital in 2015. Parameters of immunocompetent cells and immune-hematologic indexes were calculated. Results. It had been established that in patients with chronic hepatitis С level of adaptation decreased on 12.20 %. Abnormalities of adaptation processes were determined in 70.97 % of enrolled patients : in 22.58 % of cases – adaptation level was determined in the zone of stress reaction, and in 48.39 % in the zone of reaction on training. Increase of intoxication index on 33.33 % was determined; proper endogenic intoxication triggered in chronic phase a certain hepatic cells cytolysis caused by viral reproduction with subsequent immune system reaction. Cellular reactivity of organism of patients with chronic hepatitis С decreased on 32.03 %, that was confirmed by elevation on 81.25 % of nuclear index of endotoxicosis level. Conclusions. Cell reactivity index in chronic hepatitis C patients decreased on 32.03 %, that leads to elevation of haematologic intoxication index on 32.25 %. This confirmed that intoxication had been going over interstitial space and manifested up to toxicosis in circulatory blood. Nevertheless, increased nuclear index on 81.25 % certified the presence of middle level of endotoxicosis. Parenchymal damage of cell membranes could lead to significant metabolic disorders, which plays a major role of liver fibrosis formation. It proved the important meaning of adaptive index in each individual patient to consider it for prediction of clinical course. hepatitis C; adaptive stress; cell reactivity; chronic course; immune response; Bukovyna

The article describes the features of teaching English in Bukovyna (a region in western Ukraine, which was a part of former Austro-Hungarian Empire) in the late 19 century and the manifestation of the European leading pedagogical ideas in English textbooks of the period. The emergence of the English language teaching methodology in Bukovyna is reflected in the school curricula of the region. The functions of foreign language textbooks are presented, which include: communicative; informational; organisational and managerial; developing and educating. English textbooks have been analysed according to these functions and criteria developed in modern methodology. The two main groups of English textbooks were differentiated: grammar references and readers. It was found that the structure and content of English textbooks corresponded to the curriculum approved by the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Culture and Education. A lot of attention was paid to grammar material which was presented in German (the official language of the Empire) in the form of rules and commentaries; the exercises were mainly translational, reproductive and non-communicative. The reader included literary excerpts of different genres without providing pre-reading or post-reading tasks. The textbooks analysis proved the use of the approaches and principles of the grammar-translation method of teaching foreign languages which implied predominance of learning grammar, writing and translation over speaking.

The article assumes that in Galicia and Bukovyna the number of folk teachers had signifi cantly increased by the end of XIX – XX. It highlights the main reason to cause the creation of several cultural organizations being complicated fi nantial situation. The author analyzed the activity of the society «Mutual Support of the Galician and Bukovynian Teachers in Lviv (1905-1913)». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Гуйванюк Николай. Влияние литературной интеллигенции на забастовочное движение сельскохозяйственных рабочих Галичины и Буковины начала ХХ в. В статье раскрыто одно из событий отечественной истории начала ХХ в. – массовые забастовки украинского крестьянства Галичины и Буковины как средство отстаивания своих экономических прав. Показана ведущая роль в организации этих забастовок представителей светской интеллигенции, в частности активной ее части – писателей и публицистов. Отмечено значительный вклад организации забастовочного движения И. Франко, М. Павлика, В. Будзиновського, С. Даниловича, Леся Мартовича, А. Чайковского и К. Трилевского.Ключевые слова: агитация, крестьянские забастовки, Галичина, Буковина, украинские писатели. Mykola Guivaniuk. Literary intellectuals’ impact on farm laborers’ strike movement in Galicia and Bukovyna in early twentieth century. The article highlights one of the most crucial events in the course of the national history in early 20th century, namely, farm laborers’ strike movement in Galicia and Bukovyna, for defending their traditional rights to economic thriving. The secular intellectuals’ elite – men of letters and publicists – played an outstanding role in encouraging farm laborers to go on economical strike. The focus of the research revolves around push-and-pull factors of agrarian strikes. Furthermore, literary intellectuals, having public education and propaganda in their hands, considerably influenced strike movement organization and succored their immediate assistance. The author puts an emphasis on I. Franko, M. Pavlyk, V. Budzynovskyi, S. Danylovych, L. Martovych, A. Chaikovskyi, and K. Tryliovskyi’s significant contribution to organizing resistors’ movement. The researcher enhances the best value of literary intellectuals in the course of educative and agitation activities and favorably reflects intelligentsia’s role in urging farm laborers of 20 districts of Galicia and Bukovina to strike during the Harvest of 1902 and gain increase of wages. Consequently, agrarian strikes resulted in farmers’intimidation and prevention them from being engaged in further mass unrest. Importantly, the laborers’ turmoil was immediately counteracted by legal writers, deputies of the Austrian Parliament as well as Galician and Bukovina Diet. Key words: propaganda/agitation, farm laborer strike, Galicia, Bukovyna, Ukrainian men of letters.

Мойсей Антоний. Особенности совместного функционирования повитухи и акушерки в родильной обрядности украинского и румынского населения Буковины. В предлагаемом вниманию читателя исследовании, на основе этнографических и статистических данных, характерных для Буковины, отслеживается процесс исчезновения одного из действующих персонажей родильной обрядности повитухи (моши) под давлением новых реалий, созданных официальной медициной. Проблема рассматривается в компаративном ключе, с учетом многовекового сосуществования украинского и румынского населения в буковинской этнографической зоне. Ключевые слова: повитуха, Моша, акушерка, Буковина, Черновицкая область, родильная обрядность Moysey Antoniy. Specifics of the concurrent functioning of a midwives and obstetricians in maternity rites of Ukrainian and Romanian population in Bukovyna. The proposed research deals with the process of disappearance of the one of characters in maternity rituals - the midwife (Mosha) under the pressure of new realities created by official medicine. The article is based on ethnographic and historical data of the Bukovyna region. Historiography and Source investigate presented topics in comparative perspective, shows how it was described theese problems by Romanian and Ukrainian ethnographers. Some attention was paid to terminology midwife name and its etymology. For insight into the problem by using a building material obtained during field research. It allows to the author to indicate midwifes and obstetricians function in a traditional century’s period: medical, social and magical activities. The word Midwife is used for indication the person, who used own empirical knowledge before, during and after accouchement; performed special magical effect on the whole process of childbirth. As a result of her activities midwife acquired high social status in rural communities. Church cooperated with her and recognizes all midwife magical actions. Respect her job the village citizen have been protected and she enjoyed uncommon love their patients. She was one of the most respected persons for all village families, bathing, christenings, weddings and even burials. Along with the development of the official medicine, this became progress especially in the second half of the nineteenth century. Bukovyna as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and its Bessarabian part (today’s Chernivtsi region), which administratively belonged to the Russian Empire, began a noticeable pressure on midwives as communities character. The article presents a statistical analysis of the growth of special medical establishmentsin the Bukovinian region during XIX - early XX centuries, until the complete disappearance of the midwife (Mosha) in public family rituals. At the same time the process followed to reduce the influence of this important character, and transformation its function and some elements of its activities. Key words: the midwife, “mosha”, the obstetrician, Bukovyna, Chernivtsi region, puerperal rites.

As far as all cities in today's globalized societies are multilingual, multifaceted and multinational, they are a priori of particularly intense historical and cultural significance. Our study aims to illuminate the nature and effects of these interactions. The cities of Central Europe offer rich case studies -- Chernivtsi, in particular, since its architecture shows this historical process thanks to a series of urban landmarks. A thorough investigation of architecture, language and culture can help provide a nuanced understanding of the nature of the entwined relations which prevailed throughout the Romanian period. In this article, we wish to contribute to the debate about the richness and diversity of the architectural styles and urban landscape of Bukovyna, specifically with regards to its capital, Chernivtsi, which can boast of a remarkable political and cultural vibrancy throughout the mentioned period. The present research differs in many respects from previous publications on the topic in scope, period and approach. By scrutinising the city as an object of interdisciplinary studies, we seek to provide a theoretical framework bringing together remembrance with research on heritage conservation under modernity of reality. The history of Chernivtsi's built environment is a striking example of the effects of successive administrations' approach to urban planning and design, influenced by the geopolitical realities of each of the historical epochs, while retaining the tolerance for the architecture of each era. Its interwar period architecture vigorously manifests Romania's national aspirations to leave its impact on the European city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]