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On average, ten percent of drugs - commercial products are not available in pharmacies due to shortage. The shortage event disbalance sales and requires a recovery period, which is too long. Therefore, one of the critical issues that pharmacies do not record potential sales transactions during shortage and recovery periods. The authors suggest estimating outliers during shortage and recovery periods. To shorten the recovery period, the authors suggest using average sales per sales day prediction, which helps to protect the data from being downwards or upwards. Authors use the outlier’s visualization method across different drugs and apply the Grubbs test for significance evaluation. The researched sample is 100 drugs in a one-month time frame. The authors detected that high demand variability products had outliers. Among analyzed drugs, which are commercial products i) High demand variability drugs have a oneweek shortage period, and the probability of facing a shortage is equal to 69.23%. ii) Mid demand variability drugs have three days shortage period, and the likelihood to fall into deficit is equal to 34.62%. To avoid shortage events and minimize the recovery period, real data must be set up. Even though there are some outlier detection methods for drug data cleaning, they have not been used for the minimization of recovery period once a shortage has occurred. The authors use Grubbs’ test real-life data cleaning method for outliers’ adjustment. In the paper, the outliers’ adjustment method is applied with a confidence level of 99%. In practice, the Grubbs’ test was used to detect outliers for cancer drugs and reported positive results. The application of the Grubbs’ test is used to detect outliers which exceed boundaries of normal distribution. The result is a probability that indicates the core data of actual sales. The application of the outliers’ test method helps to represent the difference of the mean of the sample and the most extreme data considering the standard deviation. The test detects one outlier at a time with different probabilities from a data set with an assumed normal distribution. Based on approximation data, the authors constructed a framework for scaling potential sales and estimating outliers with Grubbs’ test method. The suggested framework is applicable during the shortage event and recovery periods. The proposed framework has practical value and could be used for the minimization of the recovery period required after the shortage of event occurrence.

The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern approaches to developing and implementation strategies of sustainable socio-economic development in order to increase efficiency and competitiveness of economic entities. Basic research focuses on economic diagnostics of socio-economic potential and financial results of economic entities, transition period in the economy of individual countries and ensuring their competitiveness, assessment of educational processes and knowledge management. The research results have been implemented in the different models and strategies of supply and logistics management, development of nonprofit organizations, competitiveness of tourism and transport, financing strategies for small and medium-sized enterprises, cross-border cooperation. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level the economic entities in different areas of activity and organizational-legal forms of ownership, ministries and departments that promote of development the economic entities on the basis of models and strategies for sustainable socioeconomic development. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts and mechanisms for management of sustainable socio-economic development of economic entities in the condition of global economic transformations and challenges.

Disertacija

Straipsnyje analizuojama konkurencija mobiliųjų telefonų rinkoje įvairiose Europos šalyse. Mokslinės literatūros apžvalga atskleidžia rinkos struktūros svarbą dėl jos netiesioginės įtakos konkurencijos lygiui mobiliųjų telefonų rinkose. Europos šalių mobiliųjų telefonų rinkose technologinės inovacijos pakursto konkurenciją dėl produkto, kurios rezultatas yra aukštesnė produkto diferenciacija. Po to, kai konkurentų produktai tampa pakankamai panašūs, konkurencija reklamoje ar netgi kainų konkurencija tampa dar negailestingesnė. Siekiant išvengti nuostolių ir laukdami ateinant 4G technologijų į mobiliųjų telefonų rinkas, operatoriai ketina jungtis, taip pasiekdami didesnę finansinę galią. Tokie procesai atskleidžiami mokslinėje literatūroje apie mobiliųjų telefonų rinkų evoliuciją Europos šalyse. Taigi mobiliųjų telefonų rinkos struktūra ir ypač jos koncentracija vaidina didelį vaidmenį operatorių konkurencijoje. Šiame straipsnyje autoriai matuoja koncentraciją kai kuriose Europos šalių mobiliųjų telefonų rinkose. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad mobiliųjų telefonų rinkos struktūra sukelia nebylaus susitarimo efektą - aukštesnė koncentracija veda prie didesnių galimybių konkurentams susitarti mobiliųjų telekomunikacijų rinkose. Taigi autoriai mano, kad tokios priemonės, kaip konkurentų kainų politikos analizė ir palyginimas gali atskleisti gan didelį konkurencijos trūkumą tarp operatorių mobiliųjų telefonų rinkose Europos šalyse. The article focuses on competition analyses in cellular mobile telephone markets in various European countries. Scientific literature review discloses the importance of market structure due to its direct impact to competition level in cellular markets. In cellular markets of European countries technological innovations inspires competition on product that results to higher product differentiation. After products of rivals became similar enough competition in advertising or even price competition becomes more rigorous. Seeking to avoid losses and looking for coming 4G launch in cellular markets operators going to commit mergers leading to bigger financial strength. Scientific literature on evolution of cellular markets in European countries reveals such processes. So structure of cellular markets and especially concentration in them plays great importance to competition between operators. In this study we measure concentration in some European cellular markets and in most cases results reveals higher than low concentration level in them.

The article focuses on the complex and economic evaluation and comparison of selling terms provided by the international on-line sellers. Analysis of scientific literature on electronic commerce (e-commerce) published by Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Harvard University Press, Springer, M. E. Sharpe, Routledge, etc. shows that 15% of the authors analyse only selling terms. Most of these authors investigate selling terms from an economic point of view and others, only about 1,5 %, from a legal point of view. The authors that analyse selling terms give the same attention to the international and national issues, but more attention to the United States of America than to the European Union issues. So, the results of this analysis show the importance of research, which combines economic and legal terms, and give more attention to the European Union on-line sellers. The paper presents the results of investigations in this context. In the study, consideration of selling terms is seen as a part of the analysis of purchaser’s decision process where impacts of legal and economic aspects are essential. The same is for the products being sold at international level. Results of theoretical and practical studies show that implementation of internet technologies determines the necessity to identify and analyse the following key issues. The legal and economic aspects are not analysed together in scientific literature. Most of authors, which analyse legal aspects, do not consider economic aspects; the selling terms provided by on-line sellers are not widely analysed from economic perspectives; the selling terms concerning digital products are analysed in 2,4% of the books published in the area of e-commerce. The study presented in the paper contains four different aspects. First, purchasers’ rights, concerning products purchase via the internet, are disclosed. The difference between selling terms for digital and material products is presented.The main issues of the European Union on-line sellers related to the trade in international markets are overviewed. Second, the comparison of selling terms provided by on-line sellers located in 27 European Union countries is given. For comparison, a set of criteria which describe the main legal and economic aspects is selected, and the multi-criteria evaluation method (i.e., COPRAS) is used. Two groups of criteria are defined: the positive criteria, and negative ones. Finally, the complex evaluation of the effectiveness of selling terms of the on-line sellers is performed. Third, the economic evaluation of investments, which are made with the aim to improve selling terms, is presented. The economic impact for purchasers’ decisions of specific selling terms is analysed. Fourth, the selling terms of several international on-line sellers are compared; recommendations for on-line sellers are given; the selling terms concerning digital products are revised. The article is based on the comparative and multi-criteria analysis, and economic evaluation. The results of the study show that the complex and economic analysis of selling terms is very important for understanding cross-border purchasing decisions. [...]