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Growing Ideas, the National Gardening Association's series for elementary, middle, and junior high school educators, helps teachers engage students in using plants and gardens as contexts for developing a deeper, richer understanding of the world around them. This volume's focus is on hydroponics. It presents basic hydroponics information along with suggestions for helping students discover concepts on their own, and includes numerous examples from actual classrooms where teachers explore this growing technique with their students. Also included are suggestions for supporting students' varied learning styles in both cooperative and individual activities. Chapter titles are: "The What and Why of Hydroponics"; "Meeting Plant Needs"; "Choosing and Nurturing Plants"; "Exploring Hydroponics in Your Classroom"; "Choosing Systems"; "Simply Super School-Made Soilless Systems"; "Resources and Suppliers"; and "Appendix: Homemade Nutrient Mix." (MKR)

The ability to utilize and change energy is one of the most fundamental characteristics of living things. Plants have the unique ability to change light energy into the chemical energy on which human beings depend for such things as fuel and food. Through the activities in this book students examine how plants and other living things use and transform energy. By gaining a basic understanding of energy, students begin to develop the background for knowing how to use the Earth's energy resources more efficiently. The activities included follow an inquiry-based approach that aims at teaching basic science concepts and science process skills. Each activity follows a multi-step teaching and learning cycle and includes the following parts: overview, time, materials, background, laying the groundwork, exploration, objective, making connections, and branching out. (JRH)

To facilitate the least restrictive education of handicapped children required by Public Law 94-142, special educators are encouraged to cooperate with regular classroom teachers in meeting the needs of handicapped children. An outline of eight suggestions for developing communication skills and effective consultation techniques focuses on being accessible, showing interest, establishing a conducive environment, and listening. The paper concludes with a list of references. (LP)

Parents of handicapped children are encouraged to participate in the decision-making process affecting their children's education. Parent's rights are outlined and seven suggestions for productive participation in the educational process are provided, including learning about their child's special problem, communicating with the classroom teacher and other relevant school personnel, maintaining objectivity, and keeping a notebook. The paper concludes with a list of references. (LP)

An overview of the uses of microcomputers in special education management is provided. Following a list of nine applications of microcomputers to educational management is a brief description of microcomputers currently used in education. A listing of five firms currently marketing special education management software includes information of software applications, flexibility, and cost. Suggestions for selecting and evaluating software focus on documentation, cost, input, output, flexibility, training, and hardware. Resources for further information are provided. (LP)

Having a garden in the classroom offers students a chance to explore plant life cycles, and provides a hands-on context for teaching a wide variety of basic subject area skills in science, mathematics, social studies, language arts, health, and fine arts. This teacher guide is designed to help teachers in grades K-8 establish and maintain a garden in their classroom. The information is presented in eight chapters. Chapter 1 helps the teacher plan the garden's role in the classroom. Chapters 2-6 give the teacher the information necessary to cultivate an indoor garden. Topics include setting up, choosing fluorescent tubes and containers, planting and transplanting, maintaining a healthy environment, controlling pests, and preparing the garden for a long vacation. The information provides additional insights into developing curriculum activities, lessons, and experiments. Chapter 7 provides information on troubleshooting and cleaning and storing equipment. Chapter 8 describes ways to build on the enthusiasm that an indoor school gardening program generates, both in school and in the community. Appendices contain an indoor gardening Growers Guide, reproducible activity worksheets, a list of necessary yearly supplies, instructions to build a grow lab, and an annotated reference section that lists books, audiovisual materials, organizational resources, and suppliers of gardening equipment and seeds. (MDH)

As students observe plant growth, the questions that naturally arise can provide opportunities for student exploration and discovery. This guide presents a collection of activities for students in grades K-8 that turn students' questions into life sciences learning experiences. The guide contains four chapters, each with background information and sections of related activities. An activity summary outlines the activities in each chapter, including topics and science process skills covered, duration, and grade ranges. In Chapter 1, students investigate plant life, from seed to full-grown plant, exploring basic plant needs, plant structures, plant responses to their environment, and green plants' ability to make food. In Chapter 2, students observe plant life cycles and discover the structures and processes involved in plant reproduction. In Chapter 3, students explore the diversity of life and how we make sense of this diversity. In Chapter 4, students investigate how humans use plants, how our actions can affect them, and how we can lessen our negative impact in the global garden. Six appendices contain specific and general activity reproducibles, a list of interdisciplinary activity ideas as plants are maturing, instructions for using Wisconsin Fast Plants Kits, selected resource books for students and teachers, and seed sources. An index of terms is included. (MDH)

A study was conducted to assess the engraving force and the associated resistance pressure of the M855 projectile in an M16A2 barrel section. The M855 test projectiles were tested in a 2 2 matrix, two different M16A2 barrel sections and two cross head rates, 1.3 and 3.6 in/s. The results of the testing are evaluated and potential ramifications are evaluated using the PRODAS software. Conclusions from the research are presented as well as recommendations for future testing., The original document contains color images.

DNA pooling is an efficient method to rapidly perform genome-wide linkage scans in autosomal recessive diseases in inbred populations where affected individuals are likely to be homozygous for alleles near the disease gene locus. We wanted to examine whether this approach would detect linkage in autosomal dominant (AD) disorders where affected individuals may share one allele identical by descent at loci tightly linked to the disease. Two large outbred pedigrees in which the AD diseases familial venous malformation (FVM) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT1), linked to 9p and 9q, respectively, were investigated. Separate pools of DNA from affected (n = 21 for FVM and 17 for HHT1) and unaffected family members (n = 9 FVM and HHT1), and 25 unrelated population controls were established. Polymorphic markers spanning chromosome 9 at approximately 13.5-cM intervals were amplified using standard PCR. Allele quantitation was performed with a fluorimager. Visual inspection of allele intensities and frequency distributions suggested a shift in frequency of the most common allele in the affecteds lane when compared to control lanes for markers within 30 cM of the FVM and HHT1 loci. These subjective assessments were confirmed statistically by testing for the difference between two proportions (one-sided; P??? 0.05). When using population controls, the true-positive rates for FVM and HHT1 were 5/5 and 2/5 markers, respectively. False-positive rates for FVM and HHT1 were 3/9 and 2/9, respectively. In both AD diseases investigated, quantitative DNA pooling detected shifts in allele frequency, thus identifying areas of known linkage in most cases. The utility of this technique depends on the size of the pedigree, frequency of the disease-associated allele in the population, and the choice of appropriate controls. Although the false-positive rate appears to be high, this approach still serves to reduce the amount of overall genotyping by about 60%. DNA pooling merits

The angiographic findings in a patient with an interesting vascular tumor of the right atrium are described. The tumor was supplied by vessels from both the right and left coronary arteries and consisted of dilated blood spaces in which contrast material persisted for a prolonged period of time. Since this picture is identical to that described in cavernous hemangioma of other organs, this report presumably represents the first description of the angiographic findings in a cavernous hemangioma of the heart.

The effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) (0.5 mg/kg) on sleep architecture and behavior were examined in six healthy volunteers following a single or oral dose of the drug in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, m-CPP reduced total leep time (TST) and sleep efficiency in all subjects. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep were decreased and stage 1 sleep was prolonged in a majority of subjects. Prominent behavioral and psychological effects were reported in five out of six subjects following m-CPP (but not following placebo) that interfered with sleep. The sleep disruption and behavioral activation following nighttime administration of m-CPP contrasts with the sedative properties of its parent compound, trazodone, suggesting that the hypnotic effect of trazodone is not related to the agonist profile of its metabolite, m-CPP.

This is the first in a series of reports aimed at assessing the influence of small caliber rifling designs on bullet engraving forces. The intent of this program is to evaluate the interior ballistics in gun barrels of unique rifling designs (e.g., polygonal) and/or bore materials (e.g., ceramic). This first report tests the assumption that engraving forces are related to the relative bore area of a small caliber gun barrel., The original document contains color images.

The viewgraphs for the advanced Turreted Gun Systems for all-composite aircraft, RAH-66 and MV-22 are presented., Proceedings from the 36th Annual Gun & Ammunition Symposium & Exhibition 9-12 April 2001 Sponsored by NDIA. Contains viewgraphs only.

Non-axisymmetric body shapes are currently being considered by weapon designers. These applications and requirements include increased range, increased maneuverability, and conformal stores to reduce aircraft drag or radar signature. The objective of this test program is to obtain experimental aerodynamics on several basic cross sectional shape variations, The resulting database will serve to supplement the existing database of experimentally determined aerodynamics and will be used to improve current analytical methodologies associated with aerodynamic predictions. Aerodynamic force and moment coefficients have been extracted from the measured free-flight data in the AFRL Aeroballistic Research Facility (ARF). The range of Mach numbers covered during these trials included Mach 0.75 to 3.5 and comprised a total of 104 flights. A total of seven configurations were tested and evaluated at the ARF: four-fin circular, three-fin circular, 0.3 eccentric elliptical (four-fin), 0.6 eccentric elliptical (four-fin), 0.8/0.6 eccentric blended elliptical (four-fin), four-fin square, and three-fin triangular. These experimental test results provide a good comparison of the shape effects on the basic aerodynamics with respect to axial force, normal force, and pitching moment.

A summary of the detailed design and analysis of the objective XMlES 155-mm artillery rearm module is presented in this report. The design focuses on magazine and conveyor concepts to mount on the M977 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) and MlO74 palletized Loading System (PLS) cargo trucks. (KAR) P. 3

The aerodynamic coefficients of the M483A1 have been refined based on analysis of 65 BRL Transonic Range tests. Both the original M483A1 tests (1975) and the latest tests from 1987-1989 were analyzed utilizing a six degree-of- freedom technique during September-October 1990. The Magnus moment was found to be extremely nonlinear with angle of attack and Mach number. The size of the slow arm limit cycle was computed along the region of dynamic instability due to a large positive Magnus moment at moderate yaw levels. The values of the axial force, normal force, pitching moment, damping moment, and Magnus moment are presented.

A muzzle device to suppress the secondary muzzle flash from a GAU8/A Mann barrel was developed. Its effectiveness as a seven-barrel device on a flying GAU/A gun system was estimated through computer analysis and was examined in experimental simulations using lightweight projectiles and various propellant/flash suppressant salt combinations., PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH Battelle Columbus Labs., OH. Rept. no. BATT-G-6569.

This report documents the computerized analysis programs used to examine free-flight, ballistic trajectory data (spatial position, angular orientation, and time) obtained at the United States Air Force Aeroballistic Research Facility (ARF). The Aeroballistic Research Facility Data Analysis System (ARFDAS) is a set of Fortran programs used to extract aerodynamic coefficients from experimental spark range data. This report, essentially a User's Manual, concentrates on how to utilize ARFDAS to conduct the desired analysis. The theory behind derivation of the six degree of freedom equations of motion is fully explained by the references. The purpose of the report is to enable a person, who possesses a good knowledge of aerodynamics, to utilize the ARFDAS computer codes to analyze experimental data to final coefficient form.

The objective of this project is to explore the feasibility of a liquid propellant traveling charge gun concept, which has been proposed as a means for improving the performance of high velocity guns. The concept is based upon a mechanical adaptation of the Taylor theory of cavity formation as a means for both controlling the propellant burning rate and achieving a down-bore traveling charge effect in bulk loaded guns. Improved control over the ballistic process is the objective. Achieving it should broaden the applicability of liquid propellants and permit their advantages to be more successfully exploited. This report describes a twelve month exploratory study of the traveling charge concept. The study consists of three tasks: (1) Analysis and design of the cavity generator; (2) Construction of a single-shot 30mm test fixture and exploratory firings; (3) Refinement of the interior ballistic analysis to more accurately predict performance.

The HIGAD test bed described in this report consists of a four barrel, GAU-8/A class, 30-mm Gatling type weapon with associated feeder and dual rate drive, and a microprocessor-controlled, hydraulically-operated recoil attenuation system. This recoil system is referred to as FORC(Force Optimized Recoil Control) and is used for the 360 shot-per-minute (spm) rate. A second recoil system is used for the higher rate of 720 spm. This system is a passive low force recoil system. Complete interface requirements were established through many joint meetings between General Electric, Honeywell, and ARRADCOM. The resulting test program has demonstrated flawless gun system performance in the HIGAD test bed. A total of 161 rounds were fired for set-up and checkout purposes at the General Electric Firing Range prior to delivery to ARRADCOM. At Rock Island, 972 rounds were accumulated on the gun system during evaluation of the FORC recoil system.

Fire control equations suitable for use in a helicopter air-to-air gunnery engagement are developed. Maximum use is made of existing software from the Closed Loop Fire Control System (CLFCS). New target state estimator, ballistics, and gun order modules are developed to account for target motion effects. The resulting software was coded and run in the CLFCS fire control computer, and made to interface with a modified Multiweapon Fire Control System. (Author)

A study is presented of a 430 gun installed in a AH-1G helicopter and firing GAU-8 ammunition. The weight of the system limits ammunition capacity to less than 100 rounds. The forces on the helicopter limit the burst length to only a few rounds due to the stability augmentation limits of the helicopter. Concepts are generated which address the gun mount control system. Electric versus hydraulic servo drives are discussed. The effects of fire rate on servo bandwidth are studied as are the effects of angular base motion of the helicopter. (Author)

The report describes a fully-operable breadboard model of a unique AHMS (Advanced Helmet Mounted Sight) system which uses a controlled magnetic field to establish the position-sensing coupling between the helmet-mounted sight and the airframe. The system uses a single, passive, helmet-mounted sensor and one or more fixed radiators (depending on the particular application) in conjunction with a System Electronics Unit to implement a closed-loop transducing and computing scheme which provides a full six-degrees-of-freedom for head position sensing. The system is accurate, simple (in a mechanical sense), rugged, reliable, and easy to maintain. It is also relatively light-weight, relatively inexpensive and readily adaptable to a variety of applications. In its fully-implemented form, it can provide precise measures of the translation components as well as the rotation angles of the observer's head with respect to the reference coordinate frame.

Details efforts to develop a long-range attitude sensor capable of detecting azimuth, elevation, roll and bearing of a sensor with respect to a radiator at ranges up to 100 feet applicable to transferring coordinates to a remote station for alignment or docking. System employs a medium-frequency nutating magnetic field to sense attitude and bearing at extended ranges through any nonmagnetic nonconducting medium. (Author)

The report describes the design, development and test of an rf data link system whose function is to remotely set an electronic time fuze (2.75 inch rocket) to one of three options following rocket launch.

A model (equations of motion) has been developed which is capable of computing the six-degree-of-freedom trajectory of a nonsymmetric missile. The forces and moments considered to be acting on the missile are described in a body-fixed coordinate system. The model has been incorporated in a data correlation technique using differential corrections and least-squares theory. A system of five computer programs was developed for complete analysis of ballistic spark range data on a nonsymmetric missile. These are to be used for analysis of data gathered in the USAF Aeroballistic Research Facility, Eglin AFB. The model and data correlation technique were used to anlayze ballistic spark range data on two elliptic cones. Individual and simultaneous reductions resulted in probable errors of fit approximately equal to the accuracy of the data. The results of these reductions are presented.

This report documents the application of Artificial Intelligence to the problem of predicting the aerodynamic stability boundaries of spin stabilized projectiles. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to the analysis of the free flight characteristics (static and dynamic stability) of projectiles and provide a method of recommending corrections (alterations) to the geometry and physical properties to improve flight performance (as required) are the end item goals of this project. To accomplish these goals the analyst must be provided with a set of tools/data will acceptable reliability including: Aerodynamic Coefficients (Predictions or Test Data); Stability Analysis Methodology; Trajectory Simulation; Physical Modeling; AI Expert System. Keywords: Exterior ballistics; Trajectories; Aeroballistics.

A six-barrel, Gatling type, 40-mm rocket launcher has been designed, built, and fire-tested. As stated in the exhibit, the weapon was to be spring-started, gas-bleed-driven, and was required to reach a rate of 6000 rounds per minute within 0.5 second. To meet these goals, a highly efficient gas drive was developed that would make optimum use of gas pressure. The launcher, which was designed to fire a rocket-boosted round from individual cartridge breeches, was able to employ an open breech configuration. (Author)

The report is a final report on the research and development of Subsystem, XM-35 AH-1G Huey Cobra Helicopter, 20-MM Armament (including the XM-195 Gun). The report covers the development of the XM-35 subsystem from the Military Potential Test (MPT) evaluation to the qualification test of the first production type units. The report contains a description with illustrations of subsystem components for both the MPT units and the final production version with emphasis on the changes made to the MPT components in order to improve system performance. The report provides a chronological list of program events from March 30, 1968 to September 17, 1970, and a list of all tests performed during this period. A section of the report covers ground support equipment. (Author)