Search

Within the framework of radioactive waste management, the evolution of the gaseous composition inside the underground repository structures must be understood. Indeed, chemical and microbial reactions and exchanges occur between the rock, the structures and the air. These processes are studied in the Andra’s Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory’s (URL). Recently, a gas monitoring station “Flair soil™” has been designed to monitor the gaseous composition inside this URL. This station is composed by two analyzers: a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) which allows to follow the evolution of several gases and an infrared laser spectroscope (Picarro) providing simultaneous measurements of CH4, CO2 and CO. Thus, a multivariate calibration method for the quantitative detection of interfering and non-interfering gases in a nitrogen matrix has been developed for the QMS. The MS was calibrated from pure gases in a nitrogen matrix, with known concentrations and ion currents obtained from the measurement of each species of gas. This method uses matrix calculations to calculate the relative concentrations of an unknown gas mixture from the ion currents measured directly in the MS. The test gases T1 and T2 were used to assess the accuracy of the method. Daily ion currents are corrected from theoretical ion currents obtained from calibration coefficients and test gas concentrations. Some gases are less well quantified due to their low concentration in the test gases and interferences on the measured masses. One of the motivations of this study lay in developing an advanced measurement tool allowing to be low in sensitivity, and thus to improve the detection and quantification of gases at low concentrations. The objective of this paper is to propose an analytical method to measure the gaseous composition with several molecules. This method was able to detect hydrocarbons, noble gases, sulfides, greenhouse gases, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen in the same mixture.

Fluorosilicone rubber (F-LSR) is a promising material that can be applied in various cutting-edge industries. However, the slightly lower thermal resistance of F-LSR compared with that of conventional PDMS is difficult to overcome by applying nonreactive conventional fillers that readily agglomerate owing to their incompatible structure. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with vinyl groups (POSS-V) is a suitable material that may satisfy this requirement. Herein, F-LSR-POSS was prepared using POSS-V as a chemical crosslinking agent chemically bonded with F-LSR through hydrosilylation. All F-LSR-POSSs were successfully prepared and most of the POSS-Vs were uniformly dispersed in the F-LSR-POSSs, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The mechanical strength and crosslinking density of the F-LSR-POSSs were determined using a universal testing machine (UTM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements confirmed that the low-temperature thermal properties were maintained, and the heat resistance was significantly improved compared with conventional F-LSR. Eventually, the poor heat resistance of the F-LSR was overcome with three-dimensional high-density crosslinking by introducing POSS-V as a chemical crosslinking agent, thereby expanding the potential fluorosilicone applications.

In prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction using the acellular dermal matrix (ADM)-assisted technique, breast volume asymmetry can occur. We hypothesized that ADM size influences implant size selection in prepectoral breast reconstruction with implant coverage using an ADM. We investigated factors influencing implant size selection and provide guidelines for surgeons.A retrospective chart review was performed to identify all patients who underwent prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction between January 2017 and October 2020. We assessed patient characteristics, preoperative expected implant volume, ADM size, volume of implant used in surgery, and symmetry scale of aesthetic item scale (AIS) 6 months after surgery. We compared the symmetry score of AIS between a group in which the preoperative expected silicone implant size (ES) was used and a group in which a silicone implant of a smaller size than planned (SS) was used.Patient characteristics, including age, body mass index (BMI), and excised breast volume, were similar between the groups (P .05). ADM size had a significant effect on implant size selection (odds ratio = 1.760, P .01). The symmetry score of AIS was higher in the SS group.ADM size must be considered when selecting implant size in prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction using the ADM-assisted technique.

Various implant wrapping methods with acellular dermal matrix (ADM) have been introduced, but most focus on random trimming and suturing aimed to maximize implant coverage. Here we present our clinical experience using a “tear-drop appearance” wrapping method to achieve natural contours through upper pole volume replacement. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 56 consecutive cases of prepectoral prosthetic-based breast reconstruction (PPBR) using this wrapping method following nipple-sparing mastectomy between March 2020 and June 2021. The “tear-drop appearance” wrapping design creates an anatomical tear-drop–shaped pocket to encourage lower pole fullness and create a natural contour through upper pole volume replacement by ADM. Patients’ baseline characteristics, operative data, and complications were analyzed. Aesthetic outcomes were measured using the BREAST-Q and Aesthetic Item Scale (AIS). A successful reconstruction was achieved without major complications and using a single ADM sheet. Four types and three sizes of ADMs were used. The mean resected breast tissue weight was 274.3 g, while the mean implant volume was 230.0 cc. The average BREAST-Q and AIS scores were 4.6 ± 0.8 and 4.5 ± 0.7, respectively. Owing to its simplicity, reproducibility, and effectivity, this method is an excellent implant coverage option that achieves a natural contour in PPBR.

Odontogenic cutaneous fistula of dental origin at the alar-facial groove is rarely reported. As many patients present with only skin lesions without dental problems, it is often confused with a cyst, abscess or pyogenic granuloma. We report the case of a 52-year-old man who presented with a relapsing cutaneous ulcer in the left alar-facial groove area. Ultrasonography findings suggested a ruptured epidermal cyst, and an excisional biopsy was performed. At 10 days after the surgery, wound dehiscence and pus discharge were observed. Computed tomography revealed a sinus tract, and a diagnosis of odontogenic cutaneous fistula was made. After consultation with the dental department, endodontic treatment was performed. During reoperation, a remnant fistula from the left alar-facial groove area to the left upper central incisor was observed, for which fistulectomy was performed. The patient remained disease-free postoperatively. With early accurate diagnosis, patients with odontogenic cutaneous fistula can be protected from unnecessary surgical intervention and ineffective antibiotic therapy.

After a partial mastectomy, large or ptotic breasts can be reconstructed using breast reduction techniques. Wise-pattern reduction is typically used to remove masses in any quadrant of the breast, but this technique leaves a large inverted T-shaped scar. Instead, the short scar periareolar inferior pedicle reduction (SPAIR) technique involves a periareolar line and does not result in a scar along the inframammary fold (IMF). A 49-year-old patient with macromastia and severely ptotic breasts was diagnosed with invasive cancer of the left breast. Her large breasts caused pain in her back, shoulders, and neck. She also expressed concern about postsurgical scarring along the IMF. In light of this concern, we chose the SPAIR technique, and we designed and performed the procedure as described by Hammond. During surgery, we removed 36 g of breast tumor and 380 g of breast parenchyma from the left breast. To establish symmetry, we also removed 410 g of tissue from the right breast. Postoperatively, the patient reported satisfaction regarding the reduction mammaplasty and, in particular, noted decreased back, shoulder, and neck pain. In summary, we used the SPAIR technique to achieve oncologic and aesthetic success in a patient with macromastia and a tumor located lateral to the nipple-areolar complex.

Crohn’s disease is difficult to diagnose owing to its varied symptoms, among which fistulae are a late-stage symptom that appears mainly in the form of a perianal fistula. A patient who was previously healthy without clinical history visited our hospital with an ulcer of unknown cause at the right flank and gluteal region. Using computed tomography (CT) and colonoscopy, we diagnosed the ulcer as an enterocutaneous fistula caused by Crohn’s disease and successfully treated it with general surgery. In young, lean men with skin lesions of unknown cause, a CT or colonoscopy test may be useful for diagnosing underlying gastrointestinal problems.

The round block technique (RBT) is an oncoplastic surgery method that uses volume displacement techniques after partial mastectomy. However, cosmetic problems occur after tissue rearrangement in patients with small breasts or those in whom a large amount of breast tissue is excised. Therefore, we used an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) when the volume was insufficient after tissue rearrangement. Patients who underwent breast reconstruction using the ADM with the RBT after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were included. The ADM graft was performed in two layers. First, it was placed on the glandular flap, and the patient was then seated to ascertain the degree of deformity. If the volume was insufficient, a graft was also performed under the skin flap. Overall, 107 oncoplastic surgeries were performed. Tumors were most commonly located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast, and the mean resected breast tissue was 27.1 g. Seroma was the most common complication, but it improved with several aspirations. There were no major complications or cosmetic problems requiring reoperation. Therefore, if the ADM was used for defects that could not be reconstructed with the RBT alone, safe and cosmetically good results could be obtained.

As vessel diameter decreases, reperfusion after anastomosis becomes more difficult. When a blood vessel is sutured, its inner diameter becomes narrower owing to the thickness of the suture material and the number of sutures. To minimize this, we attempted replantation using a 2-point suture technique. We reviewed cases of arterial anastomosis in vessels with a diameter of less than 0.3 mm during replantation performed over a four-year period. In all cases, close observation was followed by absolute bed rest. If reperfusion was not achieved, a tie-over dressing was applied, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy was administered in the form of a composite graft. Of the 21 replantation cases, 19 were considered successful. Furthermore, the 2-point suture technique was performed in 12 cases, of which 11 survived. When three or four sutures were performed in nine patients, eight of these cases survived. Composite graft conversion was found in three cases in which the 2-point suture technique was used, and two of these cases survived. The survival rate was high in cases where 2-point sutures were used, and there were few cases of conversion to a composite graft. Reducing the number of sutures aids in optimizing reperfusion.

Summary:. Costochondritis after breast reconstruction and radiation therapy is rarely reported. Moreover, it is difficult to diagnose using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; as such, wound debridement and reconstruction must be performed in several stages. A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with invasive cancer of the right breast, and she underwent nipple sparing mastectomy and direct-to-implant breast reconstruction in November 2007. Thirteen years later, in September 2020, she experienced pain and swelling on her right breast. Incisional drainage and implant removal were performed in another clinic; however, the infection was not controlled. An implant-induced infection was suspected, and debridement was performed to a level where fresh tissue appeared in the upper layer of the intercostal muscle. Antibiotics and open dressing were used for 10 days; however, yellowish debris was noted, and third to fifth ribs and costal cartilages turned dark brown. Radiation-induced costochondritis was diagnosed based on clinical findings from the intraoperative field, wound course, and cartilage biopsy. Radical chest wall resection and reconstruction was performed using Teflon (Dupont/Chemours, Wilmington, Del.) and latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. The patient was discharged 2 weeks after surgery without any complications. Costochondritis should be clinically diagnosed while performing the first debridement in staged operation. Radical chest wall resection is essential with chest wall reconstruction using Teflon and a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap.

Background:. Upper blepharoplasty in elderly patients has characteristics that differ from those of younger patients. Blepharoptosis in elderly patients causes not only aesthetic problems but also functional problems such as entropion, visual disturbance, and sore eyes. We hypothesized that factors influencing patient satisfaction with upper blepharoplasty in elderly patients include aesthetic outcomes, functional outcomes, and personal factors. Methods:. This study included 57 patients aged >65 years who underwent upper blepharoplasty between April 2018 and March 2019. All surgeries were performed through the “Upper Blepharoplasty Service Project” of the public health center in Geoje City. To evaluate the individual characteristics of the patients, a preoperative questionnaire (including sociodemographic characteristics, main symptoms of discomfort in the upper eyelid, and degree of expectation of surgical results) was administered to the patients. After 6 months, a satisfaction survey was conducted accordingly. Results:. The main symptoms of discomfort were sagging of the skin of the upper eyelid. The mean score for patient satisfaction was 3.84 ± 0.40, and satisfaction with the results of surgery relative to the cost was 4.53 ± 0.63, which was the highest score. Significant verification of the regression coefficients showed that functional improvement and cognitive degree of postsurgery precautions had a significant effect on patient satisfaction, whereas aesthetic outcomes and expectations of surgical results were not correlated with patient satisfaction. Conclusion:. The findings indicated that elderly patients tended to be satisfied with functional improvement that resolved their symptoms of discomfort and personal factors such as cost and cognitive degree of precautions after upper blepharoplasty.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate microbial contamination of melons in Korea. A total of 123 samples including melon fruits, leaves, seeds, soils, and irrigation water were collected from farms and markets to detect total aerobic bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli, and pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Samples were collected from Iksan and Nonsan farms to monitor bacterial levels on pre-market melons. The total aerobic and coliform bacteria on melon cultivation were between 0.43 and 6.65 log CFU g -1 , and 0.67 and 2.91 log CFU g -1 , respectively. Bacillus cereus, a fecal coliform, was detected in soils and melon leaves from Iksan farm at 2.95, 0.73 log CFU g -1 , respectively, and in soils from Nonsan farm at 3.16 log CFU g -1 . Market melon samples were collected to assay bacterial load on melon being sold to consumers. The contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria in agricultural markets, big-box retailers, and traditional markets were 4.82, 3.94, 3.99 log CFU g -1 , respectively. The numbers of coliform in melon on the markets ranged from 0.09 to 0.49 log CFU g -1 . Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any samples. The count of total aerobic bacteria on melon seeds ranged from 0.33 to 3.34 log CFU g -1 . This study found that irrigation water, soil, manure and various farm work activities including post-harvest processes were latent sources of microbial contamination. These results suggest that hygienic management and monitoring of soil, water, and agricultural material should be performed to reduce microbial contamination in melon production.

This study was surveyed that water physiochemical characteristics and phytoplankton incidence of main stream and Lake Doam near to Daegwallyeong agricultural area. Based on above results, it was conducted to get information overall water characteristics in south Han upstream river. COD value of Lake Doam was and T-P (Total phosphorous) from there was which was higher than the value of grade VI based on lake water living environment standard. Suspended solid was an average of 9.77 NTU which was higher than value of lake living standard. Concentration of phytoplankton was over from July to September. It was considered that cyanobacteria were occurred due to massive influx of nutrient material by high temperature and rainfall during this season. Compare to Ontario's sediment quality guidelines, T-N and T-P was middle value between LEL and SEL in Lake Doam. This value means that contamination in water is serious. Therefore, it is considered that systematic management was needed to reduce and block contamination source.

This study is aimed to investigate microbiological contamination of Angelica gigas Nakai. A total of 111 samples including root, soil, and irrigation water were collected from farms and market to detect aerobic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, coliform, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes,. Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The contaminations of aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Bacillus cereus in the root during cultivation were found 6.71 log CFU , 4.13 log CFU , and 3.54 log CFU , respectively. The contamination of coliform and B. cereus were detected in all steps from harvesting to processing, with the highest count recorded from the cutting step. In marketing, the contaminations of aerobic bacterial, coliform, and B. cereus were 5.5~6.0 log CFU , 2.4~2.6 log CFU , and 3.5~4.0 log CFU , respectively. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any of samples. This result indicated that hygienic soil management and post harvest management should be performed to reduce the contamination of hazard microorganisms and to produce safe agro-products.

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea was found on a carrot seedling in a greenhouse and a fieldat Daegwallryeong, Gangwon Province in 2007–2009. Symptoms included irregular, brown,blight, or chlorotic halo on leaves and petioles of the carrots. Fungal conidia were globose tosubglobose or ellipsoid, hyaline or pale brown, nonseptate, one celled, 7.2–18.2 × 4.5–11 μm (12.1× 8.3 μm) in size, and were formed on botryose heads. B. cinerea colonies were hyaline on PDA,and then turned gray and later changed dark gray or brown when spores appeared. The fungalgrowth stopped at 35oC, temperature range for proper growth was 15–25oC on MEA and PDA.Carrots inoculated with 1 × 105 ml conidial suspension were incubated in a moist chamber at 25± 1oC for pathogenicity testing. Symptoms included irregular, brown, water-soaked rot on carrotroots and irregular, pale brown or dark brown, water-soaked rot on leaves. Symptoms weresimilar to the original symptoms under natural conditions. The pathogen was reisolated fromdiseased leaves, sliced roots, and whole roots after inoculation. As a result, this is the first reportof carrot gray mold caused by B. cinerea in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to explore how social support, mother’s psychological status, and maternal sensitivity affected attachment security in children with disabilities by using the structural equation model (SEM). Subjects were 141 pairs of children with disabilities and theirs mothers. Empirical data was obtained through a series of questionnaires such as marital satisfaction, support from people around, maternal depression, and parenting stress. In addition, maternal sensitivity and attachment security were obtained through a Maternal Behavior Q-set and an Attachment Behavior Q-set. The results were as follows: first, mother’s psychological status was fully mediated by social support and maternal sensitivity. Secondly, mother’s psychological status had a negative effect on maternal sensitivity, while her maternal sensitivity, in turn, had a positive effect on the child’s attachment security. However, maternal sensitivity did not fully mediate between a mother’s psychological status and the child’s attachment security. These structural relationships were not different between children with pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation. There were also no significant differences in the structural paths according to children’s developmental age.

Five species of red algae were recorded for the first time in Korea: Acrochaetium plumosum (Drew) Smith, Gelidium australe J. Agardh, Gelidium galapagense Taylor, Cryptonemia lactuca (c. Agardh) J. Agardh, and Kallymenia harveyana J. Agardh. Their habitats and morphological characters were described with illustrative figures. Acrochaetium plumosum is characterized by obovoid to clavate cells with thick walls, stellate chloroplasts with a central pyrenoid, mono sporangia that are produced singly or in a: concatenate form of two, and branching secundly and distichously. Gelidium australe is characterized by terete and slightly compressed axes and branches, terete and slightly contorted branchlets, and spatulate to lanceolate forms of tetrasporangial stichidia. Gelidium galapagense is characterized by a thallus composed of stolons and erect foliaceous branches with short digitate branchlets, and palmate forms of tetrasporangial stichidia. Cryptonemia lactuca is characterized by flabellate, subcartilagineous, strongly undulate, di-polychotomously laciniate thalli, with a midrib in the lower portion of the thallus, and tetrasporangia in the cortical layer of the small segments formed on the apical margin of the blade. Kallymenia harveyana is characterized by the gelatinoid and laminate thallus with a very short stipe, with the cortical cells compacted with small granules, and stellate cells in the medulla.

This paper presents the dynamic characteristics and damage detection of an aircraft wing panel using a scanning laser vibrometer. The panel has an irregular shape with side lengths 16.44" x 14.82" x 11.10" x 5.38" x 14.22", different values of thickness (0.059" to 0.110"), and seven ribs on its backside. An in-house finite element code GESA is used to model the panel using 528 DKT plate elements and to obtain mode shapes and natural frequencies, and Operational Deflection Shapes (ODS) are measured using a scanning laser vibrometer. Results show that numerical dynamic characteristics agree well with the experimental ones. Six defects are created in the panel, including four small nuts glued on the backside and two small slots cut by electron discharge machining. Detection of the six defects is performed using the distributions of RMS velocities under high-frequency broadband periodic chirp excitations provided by a PZT patch and damage locating curves obtained by processing experimental ODSs using a newly developed BOudnary Effect Evaluation (BEE) method. The BEE method is non-destructive and model-independent; it processes experimental ODSs to reveal local boundary effects caused by defects. Experimental results show that the six small defects in the panel can be pinpointed using the approach.

This paper investigates dynamic characteristics (mode shapes and natural frequencies) and defect detection of circular plates using a scanning laser vibrometer. Exact dynamic characteristics of a circular aluminum plate having a clamped inner rim and a free outer rim are obtained using two methods; one uses Bessel functions and the other uses a multiple shooting method. An in-house finite element code GESA is also used to analyze the circular plate using the DKT plate element. Numerical results show that some reports in the literature are incorrect and that high-frequency Operational Deflection Shapes (ODSs) are needed in order to locate small defects. Detection of two defects in the circular aluminum plate is experimentally studied using the distributions of RMS velocities under broadband periodic chirp excitations. RMS velocities of ODSs, symmetry breaking of ODSs, splitting of natural frequencies and ODSs, and a Boundary Effect Detection (BED) method. The BED method is non-destructive and model-independent; it processes experimental ODSs to reveal extra local boundary effects caused by defects to reveal locations of defects. Experimental results show that small defects in circular plates can be pinpointed by these approaches. Moreover, a new concept of using the balance of elastic and kinetic energies within a mode cell for detecting defects in two- dimensional structures of irregular shapes is proposed.

Purpose: Elderly men are often troubled by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including frequency, urgency, incontinence and nocturia. Especially, nocturia is one of the frequently complained about urologic symptoms and this can be combined with sleep disorders. We investigated the prevalence and risk factors for nocturia in males who participated in a prostate examination survey. Materials and Methods: A total of 7,299 men participated in a prostate examination survey from March 2003 to December 2006; these men were given an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and they underwent transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate. The prevalence of nocturia and its associated factors, which included age, the IPSS severity, the prostate volume and the place of residence, were evaluated. Results: Among the men who were evaluated, 23.4% reported voiding once per night and 68% reported voiding twice or more per night. The severe IPSS group revealed a significantly higher nocturia score compared to the mild and moderate IPSS group. While the nocturia score and the other LUTS score increased significantly with age, only the nocturia score increased significantly with age in each of the IPSS severity groups. The nocturia score increased significantly with a prostate volume ≥30g. Men living in Seoul showed a significantly lower nocturia score than that for men living in other areas. Multiple logistic regression analysis also indicated that an older age, a severe IPSS score, the country of residence were the independent risk factors. Multiple regression analysis revealed the nocturia score to have the highest correlation with the quality of life. Conclusions: For Korean males, the prevalence of nocturia ≥2 is 68% and the incidence of nocturia increased significantly according to age, the IPSS severity, the prostate volume and the place of residence. (Korean J Urol 2008;49:818-825) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏

Purpose: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is key to the initiation and maintenance of abnormal prostatic growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Five α-reductase inhibitor reduces prostatic growth and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by blocking the conversion of testosterone to DHT. Dutasteride is a dual (type 1 and 2) 5α-reductase inhibitor. We evaluated the effects of dutasteride on prostate volume, PSA, and PSA density in men with BPH. Materials and Methods: A total of 83 men with a clinical diagnosis of BPH were treated with dutasteride and an alpha-blocker. We investigated the change in prostate volume, PSA, and PSA density 6 and 12 months after initiation of dutasteride therapy. Results: After 6 months of dutasteride therapy, the total prostate volume was reduced from baseline by a mean of 15.46%, the PSA was reduced by a mean of 48.24%, and the PSA density was reduced by a mean of 37.97% (p

Byeong Seok Kim, Young Woo Son, Seoung Jin Lee, Si Hyong Jang, Yong Wook Park, Young Ha Oh, Hong Yong Choi, Hong Sang Moon From the Departments of Urology and Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Schwannoma is a tumor that arises from neural sheath Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. Schwannoma is mostly solitary, except when it occurs in association with Von Recklinghausen's disease. Solitary schwannoma can occur in association with a nerve anywhere within the body, but rarely occurs in the pelvis. Microscopically, the tumors can be divided into hypercellular bundles of spindle-shaped cells (Antoni A area) and areas of lower cellularity, with loose myxomatous arrangement of cells and fibers (Antoni B area). Complete resection of pelvic schwannoma is a curative treatment. We report a case of benign presacral cystic schwannoma that caused recurrent acute urinary retention in a 79-year-old woman, along with a review of the literature. (Korean J Urol 2007;48: 663-666) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏