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In neuroscience, the term neuromyth refers to an unsubstantiated misconception which has been generated for a number of reasons, such as a misunderstanding or misquotation of scientific facts regarding the nervous system. This study addresses the persistence of neuromyths related to the number of neurons in the human brain, especially in educational neuroscience texts. Through a review of 24 texts in neuroscience and related fields, as well as a systematic search of experimental articles in the Web of Science database, the figures reported in the literature were compared with experimental data obtained through stereology. The most recent experimental results suggest that the human brain contains approximately 19 billion neurons, in contrast to the commonly cited inaccurate figures, such as 86 billion, 100 billion, one billion and 86 trillion, which could originate from incorrect translations and terminological misunderstandings. The results show the need to demystify these neuromyths and promote further experimental research that allows more precise estimates on neuronal quantification, thus contributing to a better understanding of the human brain in various areas of neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con el propósito de despertar el interés en el conocimiento del cerebro humano y sus aplicaciones clínicas, se ha desarrollado un software interactivo que presenta imágenes tridimensionales. Este software está diseñado con tres opciones: blog de información, explora el cerebro en 3D y prueba tu conocimiento para permitir a los estudiantes de Psicología Clínica explorar de manera significativa las estructuras cerebrales, un componente fundamental dentro del ámbito de la Neuropsicología, impartido en la asignatura correspondiente. En la actualidad, la tecnología se ha expandido en todos los sectores, incluida la educación. Es por ello que se ha creado esta herramienta, que facilita la identificación de las distintas partes del cerebro y sus órganos adyacentes. De esta manera, se fortalecen los conceptos teóricos impartidos en clase, proporcionando una experiencia educativa más dinámica y visualmente enriquecedora. El enfoque metodológico utilizado es descriptivo, ya que se busca que los estudiantes sean capaces de caracterizar el proceso de enseñanza a través del uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC).

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte is the property of Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O transtorno de personalidade antissocial (TPA) é relacionado às variações estruturais e funcionais das regiões cerebrais. Frente a isso, buscou-se, por meio da revisão integrativa da literatura, verificar o que a literatura aponta como alterações estruturais e funcionais mais relevantes no TPA. Foram incluídos 6 artigos associados ao tema de pesquisa, independentemente do idioma, disponíveis na íntegra dentro do período de 2010 – 2023 nas seguintes bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Concluiu-se que as regiões cerebrais mais relevantemente relacionadas com o TPA compreenderam a área pré-frontal, amígdala e o giro temporal superior, devido à importância desses locais para o funcionamento adequado das funções executivas e da regulação emocional.

BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is highly labile and delayed processing might alter results of analysis.Hypothesis/objectivesTo determine the effects of time and addition of autologous serum on cytological evaluation of CSF.AnimalsTen client-owned adult horses requiring euthanasia.MethodsProspective study. Serum and CSF were collected from each horse before and within 10 minutes after euthanasia. CSF samples were divided into 15 aliquots (2 mL each); 1 aliquot was submitted for routine CSF analysis within 60 minutes of collection. Four drops of autologous serum were added to 7 of the aliquots, and stored at 4°C (serum group); the remaining 7 samples were stored unaltered at 4°C (control group). Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and cell morphology score were done at T4, T8, T12, T24, T48, T72, and T96 hours after collection. Protein concentration was measured in the control group at T0 and T96 hours.ResultsThe cell morphology scores were significantly different in the control group at T48 (median 2, range 0-4), T72 (2, 0-4), and T96 (3, 0-4) in comparison to T0 (1). No change was observed in the serum group. TNCC remained stable over time in both groups. No statistically significant difference in CSF protein concentration was found between T0 and T96.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe addition of autologous serum to an aliquot of CSF sample before shipping improves the preservation of cell morphology up to 96 hours after collection.

Copyright of Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada is the property of Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuaderno de Pedagogia Universitaria is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La Realidad Aumentada (RA) está transformando la educación, especialmente en el estudio del cerebro y la memoria. Una aplicación llamada "bRAin" utiliza RA para enseñar sobre estos temas a estudiantes de Psicología, quienes aprendieron significativamente más después de usarla. Esta tecnología permite a los estudiantes explorar el cerebro en 3D y comparar casos como el de H.M., un paciente cuyo estudio ha contribuido a comprender la memoria. "bRAin" demuestra el potencial de la RA en la educación, y se espera que surjan más aplicaciones similares en el futuro.

n los últimos años, la neurociencia viene ganando cada vez más relevancia en el ámbito educativo. Con el acceso a internet, la cantidad de información es cada vez mayor y no contar con el conocimiento necesario para discriminarla, puede generar la proliferación de neuromitos. En este contexto, se plantea la necesidad de abordar el problema de la proliferación de premisas falsas sobre la composición y las funciones del cerebro, en el ámbito educativo. El objetivo principal de este ensayo de revisión teórica es explicar las fundamentaciones que han dado origen a los neuromitos y mostrar los argumentos científicos que permiten desmitificarlos, como el de la dominancia de un hemisferio y el que afirma que el cerebro solo usa el 10 % de su capacidad. Así, se analizará el posible origen de cada uno, en atención a identificar las bases poco científicas que los sostienen, además de aclarar su real significado. Estudios de neuroimagen han demostrado que ambos hemisferios del cerebro están activamente involucrados en la mayoría de las tareas cognitivas, lo cual desmiente la teoría de la dominancia hemisférica. Asimismo, investigaciones en neurociencia han revelado que prácticamente todas las áreas del cerebro tienen alguna función activa, lo cual refuta la idea de que solo utilizamos un 10 % de nuestra capacidad cerebral. Como conclusión, se destaca la importancia de afianzar la formación docente en neurociencia a través de institutos calificados y mediante el diseño de programas de estudio validados por la comunidad científica, de modo que se evite caer en cursos con débiles fundamentos científicos. Particularmente, integrar la neurociencia en la formación inicial de educadores es crucial para derribar creencias erróneas, arraigadas en las prácticas docentes.

O ato de ler tem se revelado, a partir dos avanços neurocientíficos, um processo complexo, uma vez que envolve naturezas específicas, a cognitiva e a social, contudo, interligadas entre si (Sousa, Hübner, 2017; Dehaene, 2012). Cientes da complexidade e do impacto que a leitura pode exercer sobre a vida do leitor, propomos este trabalho, realizado mediante uma revisão de literatura narrativa (Alves, 2022), com o objetivo geral de investigar, a partir de pesquisas empreendidas, no campo das Neurociências, a relação entre a leitura e o cérebro. Para tanto, recorremos, sobretudo, aos estudos desenvolvidos por Cosenza e Guerra (2011), Dehaene (2012); Izquierdo (2018), Lent (2018), Mlodinow (2022), dentre outros. Como resultado, verificamos que o ato de ler implica uma mobilização cerebral do leitor, uma vez que, ao lermos um determinado texto, acionamos algumas regiões específicas do nosso cérebro: a região frontal, a parietral e a região occípitotemporal. Localizadas, no hemisfério esquerdo do córtice cerebral (Cosenza, Guerra, 2011; Dehaene, 2012, Lent, 2018). Verificamos ainda que o cérebro humano não desenvolveu ainda regiões especifica para a leitura, o que quer dizer que outras áreas são solicitadas para que seja possível desenvolvermos as habilidades como a de transformar o grafema em fonema, de visualizar a forma das letras, das palavras e construir sentidos. Com efeito, constatamos a complexidade envolvida, nesse processo, que é a leitura.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar a proposta teórica de Thomas Nagel (1937-) acerca do problema mente-corpo, bem como tecer algumas críticas a sua teoria. Para tanto, analisaremos, em um primeiro momento, os trabalhos de Nagel que se mostram fundamentais à discussão, nos quais aparecem os argumentos que estruturam sua proposta. Em um segundo momento, durante a última seção do estudo, observaremos algumas críticas que podem ser tecidas à visão sustentada pelo autor, mais especificamente sobre os argumentos que visam sustentar a existência de uma conexão psicofísica e a possibilidade de ser desenvolvida uma fenomenologia objetiva capaz de explicar a subjetividade.

El objetivo del presente ensayo es aportar evidencias acerca de la creatividad y el ejercicio artístico como procesos cognitivos complejos y contrastar esto respecto a concepciones históricas diferentes. En algunos períodos anteriores al siglo XX, la creatividad ha sido considerada como un “don” o como fruto de la “inspiración divina”. Platón propuso que la creatividad era independiente de la voluntad o las habilidades de los artistas: eran las musas quienes inspiraban el trabajo creativo; por lo tanto, los artistas eran simples herramientas para la expresión divina: no era una habilidad humana. Hoy en día, la creatividad continúa siendo materia de estudio y examen: ¿es un don divino?, ¿está relacionada con un talento innato?, ¿es un proceso cognitivo que puede ser enseñado, adquirido, y mejorado?, ¿es la expresión de algún tipo de inteligencia? Investigaciones actuales indican que la creatividad nada tiene que ver con la inspiración divina; es esta es una capacidad humana vinculada con el pensamiento y el hacer transformativos. Las representaciones mentales y la experiencia están involucradas en los procesos creativos. El cerebro humano ha transitado por un largo proceso evolutivo y la creatividad es uno de sus principales productos. Relacionada con la imaginación, la neuroplasticidad, el pensamiento, el análisis, el aprendizaje, la resolución de problemas, las lluvias de ideas, la experimentación, la expresión y muchas otras habilidades humanas, la creatividad es –sobre todo– un proceso cognitivo, tal como se propone aquí.

Introducción: El manejo de los aneurismas cerebrales ha ido evolucionando con el paso de los siglos. En esta revisión se hace un resumen de cómo se ha desarrollado el manejo médico, endovascular y quirúrgico en el abordaje de estas patologías que causan una gran morbi-mortalidad en la población. Objetivo: Evaluar el manejo médico, endovascular y quirúrgico de los aneurismas cerebrales rotos y no rotos a lo largo del tiempo, desde las primeras veces en que fueron tratados hasta las innovaciones que se están llevando a cabo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos buscados en la base de datos de PubMed, buscando Mesh Terms con palabras seleccionadas relacionadas al tema. Diseño de estudio: Revisión. Métodos: Selección de estudios con palabras clave de PubMed, y según consenso de todos los autores. Extracción de datos en Rayyan. Palabras claves: hemorragia subaracnoidea, aneurisma, neurocirugia, procedimientos endovasculares.

Introducción: a lo largo de la historia se han desarrollado sistemas de conciencia que han permitido interpretar el entorno de una forma más acertada. En nuestra especie, dichos sistemas facilitaron que se dominara la materia y que se desarrollaran aspectos neurofisiológicos tan complejos que nos posibilitan preguntarnos sobre nuestro origen, fisiología y existencia. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron datos de varias fuentes, de diversas bibliotecas, que incluyen neuroanatomía, psicología y etología, así como datos obtenidos de la geología, la paleontología y la arqueología que nos orientan para reconstruir la historia filogenética y relacionarla con los conocimientos actuales de neurología y psiquiatría. Resultados: en las especies, la aparición de sistemas complejos, como el sistema nervioso, expresa su mayor exponente en el sistema nervioso humano. Esto, a partir de estrategias evolutivas estables, ha abierto el camino para desarrollar sistemas de conciencia más sofisticados como el humano. Discusión: las diversas hipótesis que intentan explicar el origen de nuestro cerebro han revelado datos que permiten comprender e interpretar diferentes formas de conciencia, primitivas y complejas, que con gran dificultad permiten reconstruir dicho origen, desde diversos aspectos neurofisiológicos que nos llevan a intentar comprender la estructura misma de la psique, que parece desarrollarse funcional y filogenéticamente a partir de capas profundas hasta capas superficiales. Conclusiones: entendemos que la aparición del sistema nervioso y la conciencia tiene una historia, un proceso importante que entender para interpretar el origen de nuestro cerebro y su relación con la conciencia; sin embargo, aún quedan muchos interrogantes por interpretar.

Introdução: A descoberta da comunicação bidirecional entre intestino e cérebro tem despertado interesse para a compreensão do papel da microbiota intestinal na regulação dos processos emocionais. Objetivo: Analisar o mecanismo de influência direta da microbiota intestinal no sistema nervoso e apontar possíveis desafios enfrentados na estratégia de tratamento, abordando possíveis impactos em protocolos de tratamento. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa de revisão de literatura do tipo integrativa cuja finalidade deu-se para reunir e resumir os estudos já publicados entre o período de 2013 a 2023 acerca do tema investigado visando atender os objetivos propostos. Resultados: Foram encontrados cerca de 1.400 artigos publicados, sendo perceptível o aumento do número de publicações a partir do ano de 2012. Após aplicar os critérios de inclusão e discutir sobre os artigos encontrados entre os autores, foram selecionados 07 artigos que contemplassem no mínimo um dos objetivos propostos para a investigação do tema proposto. Discussão: A partir do conhecimento dos mecanismos de perturbação da microbiota intestinal, somados a neurobiologia dos transtornos mentais, é possível fazer associação dos medicamentos psicobióticos como potencializadores do tratamento na abordagem a saúde mental. Visto que, o estado de eubiose pode contribuir diretamente para com o sucesso do tratamento farmacológico. Conclusão: É necessário desenvolver uma microbiota intestinal saudável para a conquista da homeostase, garantindo proteção, manutenção da função imunológica da mucosa intestinal, absorção de nutrientes e regulação de neurotransmissores importantes na saúde mental.

Oxidative stress is caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species that generate an imbalance in the cellular antioxidant capacity. In this study, the effect of alpha-lipoic acid on microsomes isolated from rat brain and heart was analyzed by determining chemiluminescence (expressed as counts per minute) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Oxidative stress was induced by subjecting the samples to an ascorbate-Fe++-dependent pro-oxidant system at 37 °C for 120 minutes. The inhibitory effect of alpha-lipoic acid was compared using different concentrations thereof, corresponding to 50, 150 and 250 [ig per mg of microsomal protein. Controls were performed simultaneously without the addition of the pro-oxidant. A significant increase in light emission and malondialdehyde was observed in the microsomes of both organs in the ascorbate-Fe++ group. Analysis of chemiluminescence levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances indicated that alpha-lipoic acid acted as an antioxidant that protected rat heart microsomes from damage by lipid peroxidation at all doses tested. In brain microsomes, alpha-lipoic acid was observed to act as an antioxidant only at the 150 |ig/ml dose. In the latter case, it will be necessary to test new doses of it to demonstrate the effects on these membranes. In conclusion, alpha-lipoic acid acted as an antioxidant to protect the membranes of both organs against peroxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the role of bioethics and law in the face of the development of meliorative intervention techniques on the genotype and the brain. With the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in recent years, an individual could enhance his genetic conditions by manipulating his somatic cells. Similarly, with the new BCI techniques, an individual could connect his or her brain to an AI in order to stimulate and enhance certain brain areas. However, both bioethics and law seem to infer a general prohibition of meliorating interventions. What rational arguments support this prohibition? Is the human body an unavailable asset for the individual? Is individual freedom and autonomy unjustifiably limited by it? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the features of the structural complexity of the cerebral hemispheres in men and women using fractal analysis of outlined and skeletonized images, as well as quantitative analysis of digital skeletons of the cerebral hemispheres. Material and Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of 100 individuals aged 18-86 years (44 males and 56 females) were investigated. Five sections of each brain were selected for morphometric study (4 coronal and 1 axial sections). The sections were preprocessed, and outlined and skeletonized images were obtained. Fractal analysis was conducted using the twodimensional box counting method, and fractal dimensions of outlined and skeletonized images were determined. Additionally, quantitative analysis of skeletonized images was performed, determining the following parameters: branches, junctions, end-point voxels, junction voxels, slab voxels, triple points, quadruple points, average branch length, and maximum branch length. Results: We observed that both variants of fractal dimension in males and females did not show significant differences, although most quantitative parameters in males were larger than those in females. Conclusions: The spatial and structural complexity of the cerebral hemispheres, as characterized by fractal dimensions, is almost indistinguishable between males and females. However, in some individual brain sections, the male brain may exhibit a slightly higher number of end-point voxels, corresponding to the gyri of the cerebral hemispheres. The obtained data can be used in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes (e.g., for detecting malformations) and for theoretical studies in neuroanatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: presentar los avances diagnósticos, moleculares y radiológicos, así como en las estrategias terapéuticas para gliomas difusos en los últimos 5 años (2018-2023) en la Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud (FUCS), Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materiales y métodos: se describen las técnicas diagnósticas y terapéuticas utilizadas para gliomas difusos con casos ilustrativos. Resultados: se muestran los avances de las herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas para el manejo de gliomas difusos. Discusión: en los últimos 5 años se ha avanzado en la clasificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de los gliomas difusos, gracias a los avances tecnológicos como los marcadores moleculares, la tractografía y la fusión de imágenes para la neuronavegación y las técnicas de estimulación cortical. Esto ha permitido que el tratamiento de los pacientes con dichos tumores mejore la tasa de morbilidad, la calidad de vida libre de enfermedad y la supervivencia global. Conclusiones: las técnicas de diagnóstico como la tractografía, la fusión integral de imágenes intraoperatorias y el mapeo cerebral electrofisiológico con estimulación cortical y subcortical han mejorado el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los gliomas difusos.

Objetivo: Na obra, a neurocientista americana Maryanne Wolf investiga as conexões cerebrais e os desdobramentos cognitivos que acontecem durante e após a leitura de textos impressos e textos digitais. Conclusão: A diferença é tão grande que, segundo a autora, pode ser responsável pelo boom de crianças com déficit de atenção.

RESUMO Objetivo analisar as respostas do processamento das informações auditivas em sujeitos adultos jovens com transtorno do zumbido. Métodos estudo de caráter descritivo e quantitativo. Participaram do estudo 36 sujeitos, com idades entre 19 e 35 anos, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (20 sujeitos com zumbido crônico) e Grupo 2 (16 sujeitos sem zumbido). Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à anamnese, inspeção visual do meato acústico externo, audiometria tonal liminar, logoaudiometria, medidas de imitância acústica e, como instrumentos de avaliação, os testes comportamentais do processamento auditivo central - Teste Dicótico de Dígitos, Teste Padrão de Frequência, Teste de Fala no Ruído, Masking Level Difference e Gap in Noise. Resultados existiram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos para as respostas do Teste Dicótico de Dígitos na orelha esquerda e para o Gap in Noise em ambas as orelhas. Conclusão adultos jovens com zumbido crônico apresentam prejuízo nas habilidades de integração binaural e resolução temporal.

A aprendizagem é um processo complexo mediado através da formulação de novas conexões cerebrais pelo sistema nervoso. Duas áreas que juntas buscam estudar como esse processo acontece são a Educação e a Neurociência cognitivista. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a utilização dos conhecimentos de Neurociência por parte dos professores de Biologia do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas de Iguatu-CE, para o desenvolvimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos alunos. A metodologia utilizada foi a qualitativa seguindo o método de análise de Bardin, cujas questões foram categorizadas e analisadas. Conclui-se que os professores apresentam pouco conhecimento sobre Neurociência, contudo, percebem a sua importância para o fortalecimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem e aplicam, mesmo que de forma indireta, conhecimentos dessa área.

En el presente artículo se analiza el papel de la bioética y el derecho ante el desarrollo de las actuales técnicas de intervención meliorativa sobre el genotipo y el cerebro. Con el desarrollo de la técnica de CRISPR/Cas9 en los últimos años, un individuo podría mejorar sus condiciones genéticas manipulando sus células somáticas. No obstante, el interés doctrinal se ha centrado más en la línea germinal pues, a diferencia de la anterior —que se extingue con el fallecimiento—, tiene la capacidad para afectar al genoma de la descendencia. Del mismo modo, con las nuevas técnicas de BCI, un individuo podría conectar su cerebro a una IA con la finalidad de estimular y potenciar determinadas áreas cerebrales. Sin embargo, tanto desde la bioética como desde el derecho parece inferirse una prohibición general de intervenciones meliorativas. ¿Qué argumentos racionales sostienen esta prohibición? ¿Es el cuerpo humano un bien indisponible para el individuo? ¿Se trata de una limitación injustificada de la autonomía de la voluntad?

El trabajo detalla las aproximaciones normativas, legales y aplicativas del Neuroderecho y sus implicaciones en el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense, de forma que se precisen los diferentes elementos jurídicos aplicables a la investigación biométrica comercial, permitiendo establecer los parámetros mínimos que resguardan los derechos neurales de los sujetos de investigación biométrica en el país, así como la definición de los alcances técnicos y jurídicos que los investigadores en el área deben considerar para su desarrollo. Se sustenta en un estudio de campo a una muestra de 100 abogados activos, así como en un análisis jurídico de las normas de posible ligamen al Neuroderecho, precisando una relación difusa en su contenido, así como aplicaciones dispersas.

Although COVID-19 is primarily considered a respiratory pathology, it has been observed to impact other bodily systems, including the nervous system. While several studies have investigated anatomical changes in brain structures, such as volume or thickness post-COVID-19, there are no comprehensive reviews of these changes using imaging techniques for a holistic understanding. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the literature on brain changes observed through neuroimaging after COVID-19. We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines using Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Pubmed, Sciencedirect, and LitCOVID. We selected studies that included adult patients during or after COVID-19 development, a control group or pre-infection images, and morphometric measurements using neuroimaging. We used the MSQ scale to extract information on sample characteristics, measured anatomical structures, imaging technique, main results, and methodological quality for each study. Out of 1126 identified articles, we included 19 in the review, encompassing 1155 cases and 1284 controls. The results of these studies indicated a lower volume of the olfactory bulb and variable increases or decreases in cortical and limbic structures' volumes and thicknesses. Studies suggest that brain changes occur post-COVID-19, primarily characterized by a smaller olfactory bulb. Additionally, there may be variations in cortical and limbic volumes and thicknesses due to inflammation or neuroplasticity, but these findings are not definitive. These differences may be attributed to methodological, geographical, and temporal variations between studies. Thus, additional studies are required to provide a more comprehensive and quantitative view of the evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Stereotactic brain biopsy, which employs imaging techniques such as computed tomography, is an important tool not only for obtaining an accurate diagnosis but also for avoiding damage to vital structures. Methods: We collected data through our computer-based system Comprehensive Hospital Administration System (CHAS) and the images through Synapse, an internet-based software in our medical center. Only one neurosurgeon performed all biopsy procedures, and all biopsy materials were evaluated by two pathologists. Results: Our diagnostic performance was average for a total of 83.87% compared to the greatest series resulting > 90%, and 39 of them matched the magnetic resonance image with the histopathological diagnosis for a total of 62%, which is considered low. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathologic diagnosis had a 74% correlation, which is considered average. Histopathological diagnosis is entirely dependent on pathology specialists, which is why we need an initial guideline in this case, magnetic resonance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is highly labile and delayed processing might alter results of analysis. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the effects of time and addition of autologous serum on cytological evaluation of CSF. Animals Ten client‐owned adult horses requiring euthanasia. Methods Prospective study. Serum and CSF were collected from each horse before and within 10 minutes after euthanasia. CSF samples were divided into 15 aliquots (2 mL each); 1 aliquot was submitted for routine CSF analysis within 60 minutes of collection. Four drops of autologous serum were added to 7 of the aliquots, and stored at 4°C (serum group); the remaining 7 samples were stored unaltered at 4°C (control group). Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and cell morphology score were done at T4, T8, T12, T24, T48, T72, and T96 hours after collection. Protein concentration was measured in the control group at T0 and T96 hours. Results The cell morphology scores were significantly different in the control group at T48 (median 2, range 0‐4), T72 (2, 0‐4), and T96 (3, 0‐4) in comparison to T0 (1). No change was observed in the serum group. TNCC remained stable over time in both groups. No statistically significant difference in CSF protein concentration was found between T0 and T96. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The addition of autologous serum to an aliquot of CSF sample before shipping improves the preservation of cell morphology up to 96 hours after collection.

Este artigo oferece uma concepção da pessoa humana com base nas estruturas e funcionalidades do cérebro e algumas dificuldades advindas de um compromisso ontológico com o materialismo reducionista. Primeiramente, a pessoalidade será tratada sob os aspectos anatômicos, funcionais e cognitivo-comportamentais, procurando identificar alguns elementos para se afirmar a existência de uma pessoa humana. Questões sobre a redução da pessoalidade a entidades ou a processos mais básicos, ou se é possível explicar a pessoalidade por meio do organismo ou mais propriamente pelo seu cérebro, serão discutidas. Na segunda parte, propõe-se uma crítica à concepção reducionista da pessoa ao cérebro. Espera-se encontrar uma resposta favorável aos achados oferecidos pelas neurociências, com a rejeição do reducionismo da pessoa, em razão dos limites filosóficos inerentes às ciências do cérebro.

Introdução: As neoplasias de sistema nervoso central representam 21% do câncer infantojuvenil, sendo a principal causa de morte nessa população em países desenvolvidos. Avanços na neuroimagem têm melhorado seu diagnóstico, e a combinação de terapias tem permitido a cura, com maior preservação neurológica. A cirurgia é o principal tratamento, frequentemente combinada com radioterapia e quimioterapia. Objetivo: Descrever achados socioeconômicos, sinais e sintomas, e aspectos histológicos dos tumores cerebrais pediátricos, tratados com radioterapia. Método: Estudo transversal e descritivo, utilizando prontuários de 257 crianças e adolescentes portadores de neoplasias de sistema nervoso central, tratados com radioterapia no Instituto Nacional de Câncer, no Rio de Janeiro, de 2012 a 2020. As variáveis foram divididas em sociodemográficas, clínicas e patológicas. Resultados: Crianças brancas do sexo masculino foram as mais prevalentes, com mediana de idade de 7,5 anos no diagnóstico e de 8,0 anos na radioterapia. A maioria possuía casa própria com infraestrutura básica e renda familiar de até um salário-mínimo. Os sintomas mais comuns foram cefaleia, vômitos e alterações na marcha, variando de acordo com a localização do tumor e a idade da criança. A radioterapia foi utilizada em 64% dos pacientes, principalmente para meduloblastoma, tumores de tronco cerebral e ependimoma anaplásico. Conclusão: Estudos específicos sobre crianças e adolescentes com neoplasias cerebrais tratados com radioterapia são raros na literatura. Quando comparados com a população em geral, apresentam perfis sociodemográficos e clínicos semelhantes, com diferenças notáveis apenas na frequência dos tipos tumorais.

At present, different investigations reveal self-learning as a continuous process, factors such as sleep, reading, music and physical activities that also include leisure and recreation, favor and stimulate our attention levels to correctly capture the different information that the world offers us. medium where we develop. Neuroscience as a subject is essential for the study of the human being since education and psychology are integrated in order to improve the didactic resources for the training of students. The objective of this research is to reflect on the application of this science in education as a perfect combination for academic success. A methodology with a qualitative approach was applied and scientific research methods such as theoretical and empirical were used, which allowed to inquire about neuroscience and neuroeducation in the various fields of education. The results demonstrate the interesting field of neurosciences since each brain is unique and that learning is more effective when it is emotionally significant. In conclusion, this science allows us to know how the nervous system works to produce and regulate emotions, thoughts, behaviors: understand how emotions influence the teaching-learning process, which currently and in the future allows improving teaching methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia is defined by a plasma glucose concentration lesser than 70 mg/dL; however, signs and symptoms may not be apparent until plasma glucose concentrations fall below 55 mg/dL. CLINICAL CASE: A 41-year-old male patient with a history of intense chronic alcoholism was taken to the emergency room due to altered alertness, hypoglycemia was documented. He received medical treatment; however, as he did not show improvement, a brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed in which hyperintensities were observed in the basal ganglia and splenium of the corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics in the different expected sequences are: T1: low signal, T2: high signal, DWI: reversible diffusion restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alerta (San Salvador) - Revista Cientifica del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Applied Cognitive Neuroscience is the property of CORPORACION UNIVERSIDAD DE LA COSTA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Latin-American Journal of Physics Education is the property of Latin-American Physics Education Network and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As Jean-Luc Marion has shown in a series of studies, the use of the concept of analogy, in the context of Descartes' philosophy, is not accomplished without it coming into conflict with the tendency to eliminate it as much as possible in favor of the concept of efficient causality. In this paper, Marion's interpretation is extended to the Cartesian theory of the external signs of the passions, with the intention of showing how the relationship between the passions and such signs must be understood as a kind of analogical relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that obesity and overweight chronically inflame the brain, a fact that can cause neural death, white matter degeneration, and subsequently influence poor cognitive performance. Obesity is a risk factor for cognitive decline or even some types of dementia during the aging process. Therefore, it is relevant to raise awareness about the physical and mental risks of having a lifestyle that promotes obesity and overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroscience is a field of science that sparks curiosity. However, scientific findings often need to be expanded beyond academic areas. As an alternative to bringing evidencebased information to the population, the outreach program POPNEURO has developed a monthly newsletter to disseminate neuroscience-related topics. The "Neuroinfo" newsletter is shared as an electronic magazine and promoted on the program's Instagram social media platform (@programapopneuro). Our objective is to report on the process of constructing and disseminating "Neuroinfo" and highlight the metrics of neuroscience-related topics that have garnered the highest engagement. A total of 23 editions were evaluated, and 11 achieved greater reach, as determined by Instagram insights (which shows the number of views and interactions such as likes, comments, shares, and saves). Overall, the newsletter has gained prominence among the content published on our digital platform and has been well-received by the audience, who have interacted significantly with the dissemination posts. Among the topics covered in the newsletter, those that generated the most interaction among users include "Alzheimer's Disease," "Neurophysiology of Sleep," "The Adolescent Brain," "Study Techniques," and others. The experience in developing the monthly online newsletter has been positive and resulted in substantial engagement from the audience following POPNEURO's social media content. This concept can be easily adapted to other scientific fields or in-person scientific outreach, where printed newsletters can be utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicoterapia y Psicosomática is the property of Instituto de Estudios Psicosomaticos & Psicoterapia Medica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A neurociência é uma área da ciência que desperta curiosidade. Entretanto, as descobertas científicas deste campo ficam muitas vezes limitadas ao meio acadêmico. Como uma alternativa de trazer informações baseadas em evidências à população, o programa de extensão POPNEURO desenvolveu um informativo mensal para a divulgação de temas relacionados à neurociência. O informativo “Neuroinfo” é compartilhado em forma de revista eletrônica e divulgado na rede social Instagram do programa (@programapopneuro). Nosso objetivo é relatar o processo de construção e divulgação do “Neuroinfo” e destacar as métricas dos temas relacionados à neurociência que tiveram maior engajamento. Nós avaliamos 23 edições e 11 delas tiveram um maior alcance, obtido através dos insights do Instagram (recurso que mostra quantas pessoas veem o conteúdo e o número de interações feitas a partir disso – curtidas, comentários, compartilhamentos e salvamentos). De forma geral, o informativo ganhou destaque entre os conteúdos publicados em nossa plataforma digital e teve um bom aceite do público, que interagiu com as publicações de divulgação de forma significativa. Dentre os temas do informativo que geraram maior interação entre os usuários estão “Doença de Alzheimer”, “Neurofisiologia do sono”, “O cérebro adolescente” e “Técnicas de estudo”. A experiência em desenvolver o informativo online mensal foi positiva e resultou em expressivo engajamento do público que acompanha o conteúdo do POPNEURO nas mídias sociais. Esta ideia pode ser facilmente adaptada para outras áreas da ciência ou para a divulgação científica presencial, na qual informativos impressos podem ser utilizados. Palavras-chave: Popularização; Cérebro; Cartilha; Mídias Sociais; Extensão Dissemination of neuroscience through an online newsletter: An analysis of the topics with the highest engagement Abstract: Neuroscience is a field of science that sparks curiosity. However, scientific findings often need to be expanded beyond academic areas. As an alternative to bringing evidence-based information to the population, the outreach program POPNEURO has developed a monthly newsletter to disseminate neuroscience-related topics. The "Neuroinfo" newsletter is shared as an electronic magazine and promoted on the program's Instagram social media platform (@programapopneuro). Our objective is to report on the process of constructing and disseminating "Neuroinfo" and highlight the metrics of neuroscience-related topics that have garnered the highest engagement. A total of 23 editions were evaluated, and 11 achieved greater reach, as determined by Instagram insights (which shows the number of views and interactions such as likes, comments, shares, and saves). Overall, the newsletter has gained prominence among the content published on our digital platform and has been well-received by the audience, who have interacted significantly with the dissemination posts. Among the topics covered in the newsletter, those that generated the most interaction among users include "Alzheimer's Disease," "Neurophysiology of Sleep," "The Adolescent Brain," "Study Techniques," and others. The experience in developing the monthly online newsletter has been positive and resulted in substantial engagement from the audience following POPNEURO's social media content. This concept can be easily adapted to other scientific fields or in-person scientific outreach, where printed newsletters can be utilized. Keywords: Popularization; Brain; Newsletter; Social Media; Outreach Program

Introducción: Es importante considerar los daños que el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas produce al cerebro, para entender el pronóstico y la evolución del paciente, ya que puede causar deterioro cognitivo y llegar a la demencia. Objetivo: Determinar los factores pronósticos del deterioro cognitivo en pacientes adictos a sustancias psicoactivas. Método: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Se trabajó con los pacientes atendidos por consumos de sustancias, en un servicio de psicología, del año 2016 al 2019. Las variables estudiadas fueron: Función ejecutiva, edad, ideación suicida, sexo, características clínicas del consumo, sustancia consumida, coeficiente intelectual, deterioro cognitivo, ansiedad, depresión y tiempo de consumo. Se utilizaron técnicas tanto de la estadística descriptiva, como de la estadística inferencial. Resultados: Se estudiaron 257 pacientes, con consumo fundamentalmente de alcohol y marihuana, edad promedio de 34 años, predominó el sexo masculino (89 %) y una media de 17 años de consumo. El 47 % de los pacientes presentó deterioro cognitivo leve y 9,34 % deterioro cognitivo moderado. El deterioro cognitivo se asoció con tener tolerancia invertida (odd ratio -OR= 6,4), disfunción ejecutiva (OR= 4,2), depresión (OR= 4,1), ansiedad (OR= 2,4), consumir otras sustancias diferentes al alcohol (OR= 2,6), tener necesidad subjetiva de consumo (OR= 2,5), alterada capacidad de abstención (OR= 2,3) e ideación suicida (OR= 2,0). Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos del deterioro cognitivo en los pacientes adictos son: Tolerancia invertida, alteraciones ejecutivas, depresión, ansiedad, consumir otras drogas diferentes al alcohol, tener alterada la capacidad de abstención y presentar ideas suicidas.