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The annual snow layer is an extremely dynamic portion of the cryosphere and can be defined as the snow accumulated and present on the ground during the year. The snow deposited and accumulated over the glaciers reflects the average atmospheric composition and preserves some information about the transport processes of atmospheric aerosol. In the polar region, the annual snow strata can be preserved and the snow accumulation from year to year then forms proxies for climate reconstructions. However, several processes can influence the annual signal in the accumulated snow. To better interpret the chemical signal in ice archive is crucial to investigate the effect of the surface melting and the effect of water percolation due to some atmospheric events such as rain. A daily sampling of the first meter of snowpack was carried out in the Austre Brøggerbreen glacier (Spitsbergen, Svalbard Islands) from 27th March to 31st May 2015. During the experiment a rain event occurred 16th to 17th of April while from the 15th of May the snow had an homogeneous thermal profile. The main aim of this experiment was to describe the daily physical and chemical changes of snowpack occurred during a rain event and when the melting phase is on-going. This is the first field experiment about the evolution of chemical composition of snowpack in a Svaldard glacier. The presented dataset is unique and help to clarify the behaviour of cations (K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) anions (Br-, I-, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, MSA) and two carboxylic acids (C2-glycolic and C5-glutaric acids) in the snow pack during this melting period. Understanding the dynamic of ions during these specific events is mandatory to use these species as climatic proxies in the ice cores archive.

Public safety organizations around the world started migrating toward Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks to support the increasing needs for video and data. To address the unique voice communication requirements of first responders, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced new capabilities that aim at providing similar functionalities as the traditional Land Mobile Radio (LMR) systems, namely, Direct Mode communication and mission critical push-to-talk (MCPTT). Direct Mode communication, also called Proximity Services (ProSe), allows public safety users to communicate directly with each other regardless of the network status. MCPTT was the first mission critical service, and first application, standardized by 3GPP to provide both on- and off-network voice capability. Assessing the performance of those capabilities is critical to accelerate their deployment and adoption by first responders. In this study, we evaluate the performance of an off-network mode MCPTT device over ProSe by focusing on the access time, a measure of the delay incurred before a user can talk. We develop analytical models for various types of calls and verify the accuracy of the predicted access time using ns-3 simulations. We perform sensitivity analysis to show the validity of the models for various scenarios. Finally, we show how the models can be used to guide parameter configuration for both MCPTT and ProSe to optimize the performance.

Introduction Nous proposons d’evaluer la concordance entre les mesures de l’activite administree de microspheres d’yttrium 90 par imagerie TEP et de l’activite preparee avec un activimetre. Materiels et methodes Cinquante-sept injections de microspheres de resine (Sirspheres, SIRTEX Medical) ont ete realisees du 21/11/2017 au 08/11/2018. L’activite preparee a ete mesuree de deux manieres avec un activimetre CRC55t (Capintec) : ACT_flacon : difference de l’activite dans le flacon primaire avant et apres prelevement (CAL# 22 × 10) ; ACT_v-vial : mesure du v-vial complete a 4 mL (CAL# 21 × 10). Apres administration au patient, une quantification TEP (mCT Flow, Siemens) a ete realisee et rapportee a l’heure de la preparation pour ces 3 mesures : TEP_patient : isocontour realise sur le foie (acquisition TEP sur le foie 15 min/pas) ; TEP_residuelle : ROI spherique sur la boite de dechets (acquisition TEP du v-vial + tubulures 3 min/pas) ; TEP_total : TEP_patient + TEP_residuelle. La mesure de l’activite administree au patient combinant mesures ACT et mesure TEP_residuelle a ete proposee : ACT_flacon – TEP_residuelle ; ACT_v-vial – TEP_residuelle. Resultats Les medianes (ecart interquartile) etaient de 940 (560) MBq pour ACT_flacon et 1020 (628) MBq pour ACT_v-vial. Le biais (moyenne des differences) etait de −28 MBq (−3 %) pour les activites Discussion & Conclusion Nos resultats montrent que la mesure de l’activite preparee mesuree a l’activimetre est concordante avec les mesures d’activite au TEP. La concordance est meilleure avec la mesure directe du v-vial qu’avec la mesure par soustraction dans le flacon primaire.

The role of sea ice in the Earth climate system is still under debate, although it is known to influence albedo, ocean circulation, and atmosphere-ocean heat and gas exchange. Here we present a reconstruction of AD 1950 to 1998 sea ice in the Laptev Sea based on the Akademii Nauk ice core (Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic). The halogens bromine (Br) and iodine (I) are strongly influenced by sea ice processes. Bromine reacts with the sea ice surface in auto-catalyzing "Bromine explosion" events causing an enrichment of the Br / Na ratio and the bromine excess (Brexc) in snow compared to that in seawater. Iodine is emitted from algal communities growing under sea ice. The results suggest a connection between Brexc and spring sea ice area, as well as a connection between iodine concentration and summer sea ice area. These two halogens are therefore good candidates for extended reconstructions of past sea ice changes in the Arctic.

Le decret travailleur traite des dispositions reglementaires relatives a la prevention des risques lies aux travaux sous rayonnements ionisants. A ce titre, il complete le systeme reglementaire existant qui traite de la prevention des risques en general. Dans ce texte, apparait la notion d’etude de poste de travail : ce concept ne doit pas etre traite de facon independante et centre exclusivement sur le risque d’exposition aux rayonnements ionisants. Dans le cadre de la mise en place d’une organisation de prevention des risques, cette notion d’etude de poste doit etre appliquee comme un element complementaire des dispositions existantes de prevention des risques. Sur l’etablissement de La Hague, une politique de prevention des risques est mise en œuvre qui s’appuie sur une organisation par processus « sante securite ». Celle-ci associe l’ensemble de secteurs qui ont en charge la prevention des risques : la securite au travail, la sante au travail et la radioprotection. Cette organisation a permis de developper depuis de nombreuses annees une approche pluridisciplinaire dans le domaine de la maitrise des risques s’appuyant sur un edifice documentaire et methodologique complementaire dont l’ensemble constitue l’etude de poste.

The recent developments of synchronized cardiac MRI are a unique opportunity for the radiology community to integrate cardiac imaging. This educational aticle aims to help radiologists and technicians to obtain cardiac planes comparable to those of cardiac ultrasound and gated SPECT. Of course, cardiac planes described herein for MRI also apply to multi-detector CT.

Le port d’un stimulateur cardiaque (pacemaker ou PM), de meme que celui d’un defibrillateur implantable (DI) ou d’un neurostimulateur (NS), est aujourd’hui encore l’une des rares contre-indications a la realisation d’une IRM, contreindication largement enseignee dans les Facultes de Medecine et les Ecoles de Manipulateurs.

One hundred thirty-two women between the ages of 19 and 50, with various forms of benign breast diseases received 1 mg promegestone, or 0.5 mg promegestone, or 10 mg lynestrenol daily (double-blind), for 15 days per cycle, during three cycles. The groups were identical before treatment, with the exception of a longer history of mastodynia and mastopathies in the 1 mg promegestone group than in the lynestrenol group ( P = 0.04) and a greater proportion of mastosis zones in the lynestrenol group as compared to the 0.500 mg promegestone group ( P = 0.05). The effectiveness of lynestrenol both in terms of symptomatology (evaluated as good or excellent in 66.6% of the cases) and of clinical observations (evaluated as good or excellent in 59% of the cases) is not significantly different statistically from that of promegestone at 1 mg, whose effectiveness on symptomatology was good or excellent in 65.9% and 57.1% of the cases, respectively, or from that of promegestone at 0.5 mg/day (with 65% and 51.3% effectiveness, respectively). Clinical tolerance was rated good or excellent for 73.9% of the women on 1 mg promegestone and for 59.5% of the women on 0.500 mg promegestone, compared to 66.7% of the women on lynestrenol. No statistically significant difference was observed, neither between lynestrenol and promegestone 1 mg nor between lynestrenol and promegestone 0.5 mg. This study shows a clear improvement in functional and physical signs in patients treated with promegestone. Promegestone's efficacy is close to that of lynestrenol, a norsteroidal progestin. A dosage of 0.5 mg promegestone from the 11th to the 25th day of the cycle may be given, and this dosage may be adapted to take into account clinical response.

In a 66-year-old woman with pruritus, jaundice, dark-brown urine and light-colored faeces obstructive jaundice was diagnosed. Despite extensive investigations, it was not possible to clearly distinguish if varicosis or cholangiocarcinoma was the cause of the obstruction. During laparotomy the right lobe of the liver was seen to be greatly underdeveloped. The portal system showed a varicose deformation with compression of the bile ducts and portal hypertension. The right lobe of the liver was removed and the portal hypertension was treated by creating a shunt between the hepatic portal vein and the right ovarian vein. The jaundice disappeared and the patient recovered. Histological investigation showed atrophy, secondary biliary fibrosis, cirrhosis and a biliary cystadenoma. There were no signs of malignancy. The varicose deformation can be considered to be a result of the portal hypertension caused by fibrosis and cirrhosis with possibly a history of thrombosis and insufficient recanalization.

On a routine basis we performed systematic molecular screening for FGFR3 and TP53 mutations in 121 bladder tumors. We then specifically analyzed the predictive value of the recurrence of FGFR3 and TP53 genotypes in superficial lesions.The FGFR3 gene was analyzed by direct sequencing of exons 7, 10 and 15, whereas TP53 status was determined using the p53 functional assay in yeast.We identified a missense FGFR3 mutation in 66% of pTa, 26% of pT1 and 12% of pT2 tumors. Of activating FGFR3 mutations 54% and 85% were found in low G1 and intermediate G2 grade tumors, respectively, but in only 20% of high grade G3 tumors. We detected inactivating TP53 mutations in 10% of pTa, 42% of pT1 and 58% of pT2 tumors. Moreover, TP53 mutations were found only in 23% of grade G1 and 3% of grade G2 tumors but in 44% of high grade G3 tumors. When the 2 genotypes were combined, we observed that 58% of pTa tumors had the (mutant FGFR3, WT TP53) genotype, whereas 58% of invasive lesions harbored the inverse genotype (WT FGFR3, mutant TP53). The (mutant FGFR3, WT TP53) genotype and the (WT FGFR3, mutant TP53) genotype were detected in 23% and 38% of pT1G3 tumors, respectively. In the subgroup of 92 patients with superficial pTa-T1 bladder tumors we did not find that the TP53 or FGFR3 genotype alone or combined had a predictive value for tumor recurrence.Our data again represent solid proof for the pivotal role of FGFR3 and TP53 mutations in superficial and invasive bladder tumors, respectively. However, other molecular markers should be identified for borderline pT1G3 bladder tumors, which are probably at the crossroads of these 2 distinct molecular pathways.

The recent developments of synchronized cardiac MRI are a unique opportunity for the radiology community to integrate cardiac imaging. This educational aticle aims to help radiologists and technicians to obtain cardiac planes comparable to those of cardiac ultrasound and gated SPECT. Of course, cardiac planes described herein for MRI also apply to multi-detector CT.

WN-gate, p-channel AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure insulated-gate field-effect transistors (HIGFETs) fabricated on a metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) wafer are discussed. A self-aligned Mg ion implantation (80 keV, 6*10/sup 13/ cm/sup -2/) annealed at 850 degrees C in an arsine atmosphere and the control of the SiO/sub 2/ sidewall dimensions allow the fabrication of p-channel HIGFETs with a gate length smaller than 0.5 mu m with low subthreshold current. P-channel HIGFETs with 0.4- mu m gate lengths exhibit extrinsic transconductances as high as 127 mS/mm at 77 K and 54 mS/mm at 300 K. >

As people live longer, so cardiologists are having to manage coronary artery disease in progressively older patients with more severe coronary lesions. The authors tried to determine the feasibility and results of coronary angiography in a retrospective study of 65 patients (44 men and 21 women) over 75 years of age (range 75 to 84 years) with coronary artery disease (excluding valvular heart disease). The study period was 22 months. The commonest indication was unstable or invalidating angina resistant to medical therapy (42 of the 65 cases). Twenty-two patients underwent coronary angiography in the context of myocardial infarction complicated in 3 cases by septal rupture. With the exception of these 3 patients, two of whom underwent surgery, 39 of the 62 remaining patients were judged to be candidates for myocardial revascularisation (63%); 37 underwent a revascularisation procedure (60%), 20 by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and 17 by coronary bypass surgery. The primary success rate of angioplasty was 90% (18 out of 20). There were no deaths in this group. Two patients who were referred for surgery died, an operative mortality of 12% (2 out of 17). All patients were followed up: 56 out of the 65 were still alive at the time of enquiry, after an average period of 18 months. All surviving patients who were successfully revascularised (by angioplasty or surgery) were pauci- or asymptomatic. Although there is an increased mortality related to revascularisation of elderly patients, this would seem to be acceptable given the quality of the medium term clinical results.

In the present study, we explored the effects on sulphatase activity by Promegestone (R-5020), Tamoxifen (TAM), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-TAM) and ICI 164,384 in the T-47D hormone-dependent and MDA-MB-231 hormone-independent mammary cancer cell lines. Using homogenates of these cells it was observed that Promegestone has a significant effect on the inhibition of oestrone (E1) sulphatase activity. As this effect is competitive, it is suggested that there is a direct action of this compound on the enzyme. Tamoxifen has very little or no effect, 4-hydroxytamoxifen has an intermediate effect and ICI 164,384 is active in the enzyme inhibition, particularly with MDA-MB-231 cells. The present data could open new possibilities for human breast cancer treatment, as sulphatase is very active in the first step of the conversion of oestrone sulphate (E1S) to oestradiol (E2), and oestradiol is one of the principal carcinogenic factors in human hormone-dependent breast cancer.

The possibility of an intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with aortic stenosis is well known: this entity is associated with a high risk of postoperative complications. The authors carried out a Doppler echocardiographic study of flow in the left ventricle in 51 patients who had recently undergone valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis (valve area0.75 cm2). Before surgery, only one patient had significant acceleration of intraventricular systolic flow attaining 3.8 m/s (maximum pressure gradient of 60 mmHg). After surgery, maximum intraventricular systolic velocities of over 2.5 m/s with a typical end systolic peak were observed in 8 patients under basal conditions (gradients of 30 to 115 mmHg), and in 7 others after inhalation of amyl nitrite. Pulsed spectral and color Doppler flow mapping showed that the highest velocities were located at the mitral papillary muscle level. In addition, these patients had significant reduction in cavity size. Only one patient had systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet with septal contact. Left ventricular dimensions were measured by TM echocardiography. High intraventricular velocities seemed to be significantly related to the smallest ventricular dimensions, the thickest ventricular walls and the smallest preoperative aortic valve surface area. The highest intraventricular pressure gradients-disappeared with betablocker therapy (4 cases), after correction of hypovolemia (1 case), after drainage of large pericardial effusions (2 cases) or spontaneously (1 case). This study confirms the relatively high prevalence of dynamic intraventricular gradients after surgical cure of aortic stenosis and the value of Doppler echocardiography for the avoidance of certain drugs (inotropic agents, vasodilators, diuretics), which could aggravate the hemodynamic abnormality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

We evaluated a program for prevention of preterm birth involving early detection and aggressive intervention with subcutaneous terbutaline pump therapy in a high-risk, private patient population. Risk factor screening, frequent cervical examinations, and intensive patient education were used to detect preterm labor before it progressed to an advanced stage. Home terbutaline pump therapy was prescribed for patients with uterine contractions associated with progressive cervical change, after stabilization with IV magnesium sulfate. In this study of 51 patients, home terbutaline pump therapy was successful in 98% of the cases, prolonging pregnancy an average of 6.6 weeks. Mean gestational age at delivery was 37 +/- 1.4 weeks, and infant birth weight averaged 3 kg. Only 22% of infants required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, with a mean length of stay of 7.25 days. Population factors in this compliant, well-educated patient group may have contributed to the positive outcomes achieved.

The authors report the case of radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular conduction in a 5 months pregnant woman who had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The indication of this procedure was a poorly tolerated resistant supraventricular tachycardia with foetal distress. A dual-chamber rate-assisted pacemaker programmed in the VVIR mode was implanted during the same procedure normally, with normal delivery of a healthy child at 8 months' gestation.

It has been suggested that an algorithm of automatic adaptation of the AV delay to the instantaneous atrial rate be introduced into the program of DDD pacemakers to reproduce the physiological adaptation of the PR interval to effort, characterised by progressive shortening inversely linearly related to the heart rate. In order to evaluate the potential benefits in conditions of "standard" programming (basal AV delay the same for all patients: maximal frequency of 1/1 AV synchronisation uniformly limited to 120 bpm), a haemodynamic study was undertaken in 10 patients who had permanent DDD pacemakers implanted for advanced AV block. Measurements were taken during two standardized exercise stress tests (20 W/2 mn steps from an initial load of 20 W) performed in a random order, one with a fixed AV delay of 156 ms and the other with an "automatic AV delay" allowing linear reduction from a maximum value of 156 ms at rest to a minimum value of 84 ms at the maximum heart rate of 120 bpm. At the peak of exercise the "automatic AV delay" significantly affected 4 parameters: the paced ventricular rate (p = 0.008) and rate-pressure product (p = 0.005) which increased, pulmonary capillary pressure (p = 0.03) and cycle-to-cycle variability of systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p = 0.02p0.0001) which decreased. There was a tendency (NS) to slowing of the spontaneous atrial rate and to increase in cardiac output. This increase was significant in some patients and seemed to be due to a good relationship between the individual optimal value of the value basal AV delay measured by Doppler echocardiography and the value programmed in this study (156 ms).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Doppler-echocardiography is playing an increasing role in cardiac pacing: 1) Before implantation, to determine any cardiac disease possibly accompanying the conduction disturbance, and the quality of atrial function in order to identify the appropriate indications for the type of pacing which will restore normal AV synchronism. Alongside morphometric data (size of atria, etc.), this analysis is based above all on the evaluation of LV filling flows and ejection, if necessary during provisional pacing in DRV mode. It is important to be aware of and prevent certain problems: 1st degree AV block with very long PR, high degree interatrial conduction disturbances, etc. 2) To evaluate the possible benefits of pacing in certain new indications, e.g. obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (measurement of intra-LV gradient in sinus rhythm and with DRV pacing with total ventricular capture). 3) After implantation, to optimise the programming of double-chamber pacemakers and in particular AV intervals (base-line AV interval with paced atrial cycle, AV interval with detected atrial cycle, hysteresis of AV interval corresponding to the difference between the two previous values, slope of automatic variation in AV interval during exercise, etc.). Individual programming of these parameters based upon analysis of transmitral and ejection flow rates, at rest and, if necessary, during exercise, enables the optimisation of cardiac function (which is above all useful in the presence of concomitant organic heart disease) while at the same time improving the electrophysiological behaviour of the pacemaker at high frequencies.

Of the total number of breast cancers approx. 30-50% are hormone-dependent and estradiol is one of the main factors of cancerization. Consequently, the control of this hormone inside the cancer cell is of capital importance because it is well established that the inhibition of estradiol biosynthesis can have a positive effect on the evolution of the disease. The blockage of estradiol can be obtained by the action of anti-aromatases, anti-sulfatases, the control of the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity or by the stimulation of the sulfotransferase which converted the estrogens in their sulfates. In breast cancer tissue estrone sulfate is quantitatively the most important source of estradiol. In the intact cell, estrone sulfatase activity is very intense in the hormone-dependent cell lines (e.g. MCF-7, T-47D) but very small activity is observed in the hormone-independent (e.g. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436) cell lines. However, this activity became very strong after homogenization in the hormone-independent cells, suggesting the presence of repressive factor(s) for this enzyme or its sequestering in an inactive form, in the intact cells of these cell lines. In a series of previous studies it was found that in hormone-dependent cell lines different anti-estrogens: tamoxifen and derivatives, ICI 164,384, very significantly decrease the estradiol concentration originated from estrone sulfate, and recently it was observed that Decapeptyl (D-Trp6-gonadotropin-releasing hormone) in the presence of heparin can also decrease the conversion of estrone sulfate into estradiol. No significant effect was obtained in the presence of heparin or Decapeptyl alone. The estrone sulfatase activity can be inhibited by progesterone, the progestagen R-5020, and testosterone. In another series of recent studies the presence of very strong estrogen sulfotransferase activity has been shown in one breast cancer cell line, the MDA-MB-468. We can conclude that: (1) the control of estradiol concentration can be carried out in the breast cancer tissue itself; (2) estrone sulfate can play an important role in the bioavailability of estradiol in the breast cancer cell; and (3) as is the case for the aromatase, the control of: the estrogen sulfatase, estrogen sulfotransferase, and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase can be new targets for therapeutic applications in breast cancer.

Objectifs Montrer l’interet et les differentes techniques de synchronisation a l’ECG en IRM cardiaque. Materiels et methodes Notre experience cardiologique de cinq ans sur une IRM Siemens Symphony 1,5 Tesla a servi de base a cette presentation. Les examens sont realises chez des patients en decubitus dorsal, porteurs d’electrodes ECG specifiques reliees a un module interne. La synchronisation des sequences a l’ECG se fait en mode prospectif ou en mode retrospectif. Resultats Ce poster didactique explique l’installation du patient pour un examen cardiaque, la disposition des electrodes en fonction du morphotype, les techniques d’optimisation du signal ECG, ses limites et artefacts (epanchement pericardique, obesite, transpiration), les modes de synchronisation prospectif et retrospectif ainsi que leurs indications respectives a partir de courtes sequences video. Conclusion Un signal ECG de qualite est un pre-requis indispensable a une exploration IRM optimale du cœur. Cet expose envisage l’ensemble des connaissances utiles aux manipulateurs impliques dans cette activite.

Male contraception apart from vasectomy and the condom is still in a virtually experimental stage. An acceptable male method must not interfere with sexual function and must meet the same demands for safety, simplicity, efficacy and reversibility as female methods. Condoms are the oldest and most effective reversible male method. Vasectomy is a simple and safe procedure, popular in some countries. Its biggest drawback is its uncertain reversibility even after successful reanastomosis. Hormonal approaches to male contraception are based on use of steroid or peptide compounds to inhibit production of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary, resulting in azoospermia. The actual development of such methods has been confounded by imperfect knowledge of the hormonal mechanisms regulating spermatogenesis. The method requires 2 months to become effective because the process of human spermatogenesis is so lengthy. Rates of azoospermia greater than 70-80% have never been achieved. Among substances used, testosterone enanthate is unacceptable because of irregular efficacy and secondary effects inherent in the doses of androgens. Several progestins have been studied in combination with injectable, implanted, or percutaneous androgen therapy. Azoospermia is not usually achieved and secondary effects are significant. Medroxyprogesterone acetate has given more promising results in limited trials. Cyproterone acetate and danazol, a synthetic analog of 17 alpha ethinyl testosterone, are powerful but have significant side effects. The expectation that superanalogs to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) would provide a male hormonal method has thus far not been met. GnRH agonists have never yet produced a durable azoospermia in human males, even with continuous perfusion of elevated doses. It has recently been shown that the required androgen substitution interferes with achievement of azoospermia. GnRH antagonists appear more promising, but the androgen substitution poses a similar problem to that encountered with GnRH agonists. The first human trials are now underway. The hormonal approach may ultimately provide an interesting choice for individuals able to have regular spermograms, but does not appear feasible on a wide scale. A direct approach to male contraception at the level of the epididymis or testicles is theoretically interesting because of the rapidity of the effect. Gossypol, a phenolic compound extracted from cotton oil or seeds, provides extreme oligospermia in 99.9% of users, but the effect has been irreversible in a nonnegligible proportion of men using it for more than 2 years. Other compounds tested have been too toxic for clinical use. Immunological approaches pose major theoretical problems and all developments remain experimental. A better knowledge of the physiology of spermatogenesis and of the control of sperm movement will be required for development of a satisfactory male contraceptive method.

To assess a possible inhibitory effect of progestins on PRL secretion, serum PRL and estradiol levels were determined in 13 women with hyperprolactinemia due to a pituitary microadenoma before and after 3 months of treatment with a potent progestin, lynestrenol. PRL levels also were assessed during a TRH challenge test before and after treatment. Results were compared to those obtained in 10 normal women studied during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle and at the end of 3 months of treatment. The PRL response to TRH was blunted in patients before lynestrenol therapy. After therapy, basal serum PRL levels were significantly decreased, and the response to TRH was almost abolished. No change occurred in the normal women. The estradiol level was 80.5 +/- 7.5 (+/- SEM) pg/ml in patients before treatment and decreased to 29.2 +/- 5.0 pg/ml after therapy. Therefore, lynestrenol, a potent 19-nortestosterone derivative, exhibits in vivo an anti-PRL effect that could be related to its antiestrogenic and/or androgenic activities.

III–V integrated circuits associating on one hand a photoconductive detector and on the other hand an MSM photodetector with HIGFETs for optical clock distribution are presented. First, static and dynamic properties of these planar photodetectors are studied, taking into account the main characteristics of their structures (ion implantation for photoconductive detectors and AlxGa1−xAs upper layer with x=0.45 for MSM photodetectors). Secondly, their integration with a III–V digital IC is reported. This IC includes a divider by two and its operation has been investigated up to 1.2 GHz.

An interdigitated GaAIAs/GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector designed to be fully integrable with HIGFET-based digital integrated circuits and which exhibits a dark current as low as 100 pA at 10 V bias voltage is presented. Static and dynamic responsivities are reported, as well as noise properties. Photocurrents (for bias voltage higher than 4 V) comparable to those measured with a pin photodiode, and a shot noise cutoff frequency in excess of 13 GHz were recorded.

International audience; Que se joue-t-il dans le quotidien d'une ville comme Beyrouth où les traces de la guerre qui y a sévi pendant quinze ans s'offrent encore aujourd'hui, en de nombreux endroits, au regard de ses habitants? La description des usages de la mémoire à l'échelle d'un quartier détruit de la capitale permet d'approcher la construction des temporalités urbaines en lien avec la période des guerres libanaises (1975-1990). La ville, espace du quotidien et des pratiques ordinaires, constitue un support et un vecteur des expressions mémorielles. Dans la banalisation de la destruction ou dans la fondation de hauts lieux par des entreprises mémorielles militantes, la société citadine qualifie des traces de la guerre qui bien souvent symbolisent ce qui précisément fut un des enjeux de la guerre civile : la coexistence des communautés dans l'espace urbain. Pour autant, si l'objet mémoriel supposé de ces traces est la guerre, leur force évocatrice ne s'y limite pas. L'analyse de ce qui se joue autour des immeubles en ruines du quartier de Khandaq al-Ghamiq, ancien quartier mixte de Beyrouth, vise la compréhension de la construction des identifications collectives contemporaines. Les pratiques de transmission, d'héritages et les représentations dont ces immeubles sont l'objet révèlent la complexité des relations entre les souvenirs jugés « bénéfiques » et ce qui peut apparaître comme le négatif du travail de la mémoire, ses zones d'ombre et de déni de certains épisodes du passé. De ce fait, ce qui pouvait apparaître au premier abord comme une lacune liée aux conditions particulières de l'enquête devient, dans l'analyse, révélateur des tensions qui régissent la manière et le pouvoir de dire (ou non) la guerre.