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Awareness structures by Fagin, Halpern (Artif Intell 34:39–76, 1988) (FH) feature a syntactic awareness correspondence and accessibility relations modeling implicit knowledge. They are a flexible model of unawareness, and best interpreted from an outside modeler’s perspective. Unawareness structures by Heifetz et al. (J Econ Theory, 130:78–94, 2006, Games Econ Behav 62:305–324, 2008) (HMS) model awareness by a lattice of state spaces and explicit knowledge via possibility correspondences. Sublattices thereof can be interpreted as subjective views of agents. Open questions include (1) how implicit knowledge can be defined in HMS structures, and (2) in which way FH structures can be extended to model the agents’ subjective views. In this paper, we address (1) by defining implicit knowledge such that it is consistent with explicit knowledge in HMS models. We also introduce a variant of HMS models that instead of explicit knowledge, takes implicit knowledge and awareness as primitives. Further, we address (2) by introducing a category of FH models that are modally equivalent relative to sublanguages and can be interpreted as agents’ subjective views depending on their awareness. These constructions allow us to show an equivalence between HMS and FH models. As a corollary, we obtain soundness and completeness of HMS models with respect to the Logic of Propositional Awareness, based on a language featuring both implicit and explicit knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the notion of minimal farsighted instability to determine the states that are more likely to emerge in the long run when agents are farsighted. A state is minimally farsighted unstable if there is no other state which is more farsightedly stable. To formulate what it means to be more farsightedly stable, we compare states by comparing (in the set inclusion or cardinal sense) their sets of farsighted defeating states. We next compare states in terms of their absorbtiveness by comparing both their sets of farsighted defeating states (i.e. in terms of their stability) and their sets of farsighted defeated states (i.e. in terms of their reachability). A state is maximally farsighted absorbing if there is no other state which is more farsightedly absorbing. We provide general results for characterizing minimally farsighted unstable states and maximally farsighted absorbing states, and we study their relationships with alternative notions of farsightedness. Finally, we use experimental data to show the relevance of the new solution concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper hypothesizes that disadvantaged parents use more and harsher discipline in part as a rational response to parenting in more dangerous and less forgiving environments. I model parent-child interactions in which altruistic parents modify the behavior of short-sighted children by investing in children's self-control and by punishing misbehavior. In the model, parents choose to devote more resources to punishment when children's misbehavior has more serious long-term consequences. I present empirical evidence in support of this hypothesis by examining the relationship between school safety and parental discipline, finding that parents use harsher discipline when their children attend more dangerous and disorderly schools, even after accounting for neighborhood fixed-effects and a rich set of parent-level controls. Because parents are not directly exposed to their child's school environment, school safety is most likely to influence parents by shaping their concerns about their children's safety, rather than by affecting their stress, mental reserves, or knowledge about effective parenting strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a model of psychological-games-played-on-a-network to demonstrate a role for endogenously determined, rationally chosen ethics. Our analysis produces sharp results about contagion of nonethical or ethical behavior and the possible equilibrium configurations of each type of behavior. We find, and quantify, critical densities for clusters of each type of behavior that determine everything about contagion. We introduce society as a third player to investigate ethical failures as externalities. We use these results to show how regulations and network structure can affect whether clusters of ethical behavior can survive and how large they can be in a financial market setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The art market, following the example of financial markets, is divided into a primary market, where works are traded directly from artists, and a secondary market that is mainly the auction market. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and galloping inflation have influenced the creation of a bull market in artwork. The high incomes of some buyers and inflation have influenced the emergence of the so-called ‘glittery’ art market. Works by neglected artists have ‘very much taken on a life of their own’: fantasy art, works by young poster artists, casting ‘nightmares’ – have been selling well for more than a year. People terrified of inflation are putting their money ‘in works of art’. The auction market dominates the primary market because anonymity makes it easier to enter the art market. The gallery market does not guarantee this anonymity. Very often, the auction market for works of art is used for money laundering. The purpose of this paper is to show that auction mechanisms are a good tool for the efficient allocation of goods and money in an area of galloping inflation and most art auctions are asymmetry.

We propose an outdoor activity for game theory courses in which students are invited to fly self-made paper airplanes to earn points in three tests. The main goal of this outdoor classroom experiment is to help students learn by experiencing concepts of uncertainty in the domain of profit, specifically risk aversion. After the experiment, students are encouraged to reflect on decision making under uncertainty. We present a theoretical model to explain the decisions made by the participants, their optimal behavior and any deviations from it. Our activity aims to introduce the study of decision making under uncertainty through an experience.

Copyright of JMD: Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Elaborating on the methods and means of enriching nutrition, including that of plants, with a number of microelements that are vital for humans is now very important due to the unresolved acute problems of micronutrient deficiency and imbalance, which affect the majority of the population of various countries in the world. Promising solutions for the implementation of biofortification in terms of safety, efficiency, size, biocompatibility, and transportability are the water-soluble derivatives of C60 or C70 fullerene. By now, the use of water-soluble fullerenes (C60(OH)22–24 or C70(OH)12–14 fullerenols, C60 fullerene with glycine or with arginine: C60-L-Gly or C60-L-Arg) with various functional groups for plant enrichment is pioneering. Experimental research work was carried out at the agrobiopolygon of the Agrophysical Research Institute under controlled microclimate conditions. This work constituted an assessment of the influence of C60(OH)22–24 fullerenol introduction into the soil on the content of macro- and microelements in the soil and in plants, for example, cucumber, as well as on the plants' physiological state (photosynthetic pigments, the intensity of lipid peroxidation, the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes), growth, and element content. Its aim was to study the possibility of enriching the plants' production (Chinese cabbage, tomato, and cucumber) with compositions of the fullerene derivatives (C60-L-Gly or C60-L-Arg, C60(OH)22–24 or C70(OH)12–14 fullerenols) and selenium or zinc compounds by introducing them into a nutrient solution or by foliar treatment of plants. It was revealed that the introduction of solutions of C60 fullerenol in various concentrations (1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) into soddy-podzolic sandy loamy soil contributed to the activation of the processes of nitrogen transformation in the soil, in particular, the enhancement of the process of nitrification, and to the increase in the content of mobile forms of some macro- and microelements in the soil as well as of the latter in plant organs, for example, in cucumber plants, especially in their leaves. Along with this, the plants showed an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments, a predominant decrease in the activity of the oxidative enzyme peroxidase and in the intensity of lipid peroxidation, and an increase in the content of the reducing enzyme catalase. The improvement in the physiological state of plants had a positive effect on the growth rates of cucumber plants. The compositions of solutions of amino acid fullerenes (C60-L-Gly or C60-L-Arg) and sodium selenate as well as C60 or C70 fullerenols and zinc sulfate, selected on the basis of different charges of molecules or functional groups of fullerene derivatives, showed higher efficiency at low concentrations in enriching the plant products of Chinese cabbage, tomato, and cucumber with selenium and zinc, respectively, compared with mineral salts of the indicated elements and control (edible part of Chinese cabbage: by 31.0−89.0% relative to that in the control and by 26.0–81.0% relative to the treatment of plants with a sodium selenate; tomato fruits: by 33.7–42.2% relative to that in the control and by 10.2–17.2% relative to the treatment of plants with a sodium selenate; cucumber fruits: by 42.0–59.0% relative to that in the control and by 10.0–23.0% relative to the treatment of plants with a zinc sulfate). At the same time, the quantitative characteristics of growth, productivity, and/or quality of the obtained products increase and improve accordingly. The prospects for further research include an in-depth study into the mechanisms of the compositions of fullerene derivatives and various compounds of trace elements' influence on the plants, as well as the synthesis and study of the various exo- and endo derivatives of fullerenes' properties, including C60 complex compounds with transition metals and fullerenes, which, inside their carbon networks, contain atoms of various chemical elements, such as lanthanum and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of JMD: Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of JMD: Journal für Mathematik-Didaktik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study how an organization should dynamically screen an agent of uncertain loyalty whom it suspects of committing damaging acts of undermining. The organization controls the stakes of the relationship, while the agent strategically times undermining, which can occur repeatedly and is detected only stochastically. The optimal commitment stakes policy exhibits both discreteness and gradualism, with distinct "untrusted" and "trusted" phases featuring gradually rising stakes during the untrusted phase and a discrete gap in stakes between phases. This policy is also the equilibrium outcome when the organization cannot commit, and the agent's equilibrium undermining policy exhibits variable, non-monotonic intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses biform game models to examine firms’ patent deployment strategies that involve a choice between appropriating a patented technology to gain a unique competitive advantage or licensing the technology to a competitor in the product market. It addresses the question of under what circumstances firms use a patent appropriation strategy over a licensing strategy, or vice versa. By incorporating competitive and cooperative settings, this study develops theory and propositions to illustrate the mechanisms by which patent deployment strategies are chosen by an innovator or follower in a product market as a function of the characteristics of innovation, transaction costs, bargaining power, strategic interactions, and other market conditions. This study contributes to the literature by distinguishing between patent appropriability and value appropriation in a transactional network under rivalry. The model and its extensions provide new insights into appropriation strategies for patent portfolios, which are important intellectual assets in a knowledge-based economy.

In a Swedish second semester course on Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry in mathematics education at Karlstad University, a bridging teaching strategy comprising elements from Mathematics, Didactics, History, Literature, and Technology was applied by using the concept of Narrative Didactics and Digital Interactive Mathematical Maps developed by the Professorship for Didactics of Mathematics at the University of Passau, Germany. The complete assessment of the teaching strategy comprised both an evaluation of the technological and the narrative didactical scaffolding and was partly analysed previously concerning especially the technology acceptance aspect, while here we broaden and deepen the evaluation analysis of the application of narrative didactic elements. Regarding the latter, at the end of the course, students were asked to formulate a short historical-oriented narrative motivation for a school topic of own choice with the help of information provided by the timeline of the Mathematical Map. A representative example of these art-combining products is presented and evaluated according to elements of narrative didactics. Results indicate a fruitful, promising, and synergetic connection between different fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts, and Mathematics that can lead to a richer and more sustainable learning process in mathematics lessons both at university and school level.

In the present work, the antioxidant efficiency of the C60 and C70 fullerenes has been quantitatively assessed with two methods: the chemiluminescence method and semilogarithmic method for processing kinetic curves based on the transformation of kinetic absorption curves at AIBN-induced cumene oxidation. As found, the measured values of the stoichiometric inhibition coefficient for C70 fullerene (f = 5.1 and 3.2) are higher than for C60 (f = 1.1 and 1.1), which indicates a higher inhibitory activity of the C70 fullerene as compared with C60. At the same time, both fullerenes demonstrate lower reactivity toward peroxyl radicals generated upon the hydrocarbon oxidation in comparison with well-known antioxidants, ionol and α-tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by empirical evidence on firm networks in Italy, this paper explores the relationship between the nature of goods produced by firms operating in the same R&D network and their strategic location. We consider a two-firm spatial Cournot model deriving the conditions under which two firms create a cooperative link in order to share R&D cost-reducing investments. We show that the cooperative link is formed irrespective of the nature of goods produced by participating firms. However, the nature of goods produced affects the distance between firms belonging to the same networks; this distance tends to be greater when firms produce substitute goods. We also discuss the stability of the cooperative link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-regioselective synthesis of bisadducts based on low-symmetry C70 has been a challenging work due to the large amount of formed regioisomers, which require tedious separation procedures for isomeric purity and block their application in different fields. Herein, we successfully obtained a novel 1, 2, 3, 4-bis(triazolino)fullerene[C70] 2 with high regioselectivity by the rigid tether-directed regioselective synthesis strategy and the corresponding molecular structure was unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography characterization. The crystal data clearly show that the addition occurs at the domain of corannulene moiety at the end of ellipse C70 as well as the 1, 2, 3, 4-addition sites located at one hexagonal ring with a [6,6]-closed addition pattern. Furthermore, 2 was applied as an additive of perovskite layer to construct MAPbI3-based regular (n-i-p) perovskite solar cells, affording the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.59%, which is a 7% enhancement relative to that of control devices without additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines electrical properties of fullerene (C70) based all-small-molecule organic photovoltaics with low donor concentration. Enhancements in the properties of devices are observed with the incorporation of lithium fluoride (LiF) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3) as cathode buffer layers (CBLs). Samples are characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), optical absorption spectra, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics in dark and under illumination, and capacitance-frequency (C-ω) measurements. Device with single CBL (LiF) exhibits reduced photoabsorption leading to less saturation photocurrent density (J sat) and lower maximum exciton generation rate (G max), due to non-uniform deposition of LiF in device. In contrast, device having two CBLs (LiF & MoO 3) has enhanced the photoabsorption exhibiting high J sat and G max attributed to uniform deposition of MoO 3. Moreover, dielectric properties and AC conductivity of devices are also measured confirming the results and these are found to be dependent on the frequency and voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistency of COVID-19 in the world and the continuous rise of its variants demand new treatments to complement vaccines. Computational chemistry can assist in the identification of moieties able to lead to new drugs to fight the disease. Fullerenes and carbon nanomaterials can interact with proteins and are considered promising antiviral agents. Here, we propose the possibility to repurpose fullerenes to clog the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 protease, Mpro. Through the use of docking, molecular dynamics, and energy decomposition techniques, it is shown that C60 has a substantial binding energy to the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Mpro, higher than masitinib, a known inhibitor of the protein. Furthermore, we suggest the use of C70 as an innovative scaffold for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. At odds with masitinib, both C60 and C70 interact more strongly with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro when different protonation states of the catalytic dyad are considered. The binding of fullerenes to Mpro is due to shape complementarity, i.e., vdW interactions, and is aspecific. As such, it is not sensitive to mutations that can eliminate or invert the charges of the amino acids composing the binding pocket. Fullerenic cages should therefore be more effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus than the available inhibitors such as masinitib, where the electrostatic term plays a crucial role in the binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]