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The work reported herein describes the synthesis of a 3D material UiO-66(Zr)-NH-OC-MWCNT by combining a synthesized metal–organic framework UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 and a carboxy functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube MWCNT-COOH via an amide linkage and demonstrated its application for simultaneous electrochemical determination of two benzimidazole fungicides-carbendazim and thiabendazole. Different analytical techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize all the synthesized materials. The electrochemical characterization of the fabricated electrode was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques have been used for the electroanalysis of carbendazim and thiabendazole. A limit of detection of 0.077 µM and 0.557 µM, respectively, have been obtained in the calibration range of 0.1 to 40 µM for carbendazim and 1 to 40 µM for thiabendazole, after optimization of several parameters which are susceptible to the sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor. Furthermore, with satisfactory results from the study of interferences, repeatability, and reproducibility, the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for analysis of carbendazim and thiabendazole in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate based on SiO2@Ag core-shell with a QuEChERs pretreatment method were constructed for the determination of carbendazim residue in tobacco leaves. The SERS substrate was formed by self-assembly of monolayer homogeneous SiO2 nanospheres onto silicon wafer following by vacuum thermal evaporation of silver film. The QuEChERs pretreatment method was used to eliminate the interfering effects of pigments and organic acids in tobacco leaves. The results for carbendazim in tobacco leaves show the limit of detection (LOD) of the SERS substrate was 0.1 mg/kg and the recovery rate was from 82.56% to 95.93%. The proposed low-cost sensitive SERS substrates provide potential application for tobacco safety monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of carbendazim (CBZ) through TiO2 photocatalysis, in the presence of halide ions and under near-UV light irradiation, was investigated. HPLC–MS technique was used to characterize the photoproducts. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that CBZ degraded slowly in TiO2 aqueous dispersions containing no salt (CBZ conversion of 6% after ca. 5 h of irradiation). The photodegradation efficiency increased particularly by addition of bromide salts. Indeed, CBZ reached complete degradation after ca. 30 min at the maximum concentration of NaBr used (0.05 M). Two significant aspects have emerged from the data analysis: the bromide role is to cause inhibition of the electron–hole recombination, a reaction known to be competitive with the reactive process; CBZ photodegradation is especially initiated by direct hole transfer pathway, whereas the OH• role is crucial in the catalyst regeneration process. Degradation attempts under sunlight appeared promising for a more sustainable photocatalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of pesticide pollution on environmental microorganisms in soil has become the focus of widespread concern in society today. The response of earthworm gut and surrounding soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activity to carbendazim (CBD) was studied in a soil-earthworm ecosystem amended with manure. In the experiment, CBD was added to the manured soil (MS). Meanwhile, the pesticide treatment without manure and the control treatment without pesticides were also set up. The activities of catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured to evaluate the toxicity of CBD. The Biolog method was used to assess the functional diversity of the microbial community. In the 2  mg/kg CBD treatment, earthworm AChE activity decreased significantly in the MS after 14 d, which occurred earlier than in the un-manured soil (NS). The changes of earthworm CAT activity in the pesticide treatments showed a trend of initially increasing and then maintaining at a high activity level. However, the CAT activities at 28 d in the manured soils were clearly lower than that at 7 d for both the CBD treatments, while they remained stable in the control treatments. The carbon source utilization, Simpson index, Shannon index, and McIntosh index of soil microorganisms in the MS treatments were significantly higher than those in the NS treatments. The overall activity of earthworm gut microorganisms in the MS treated with 2  mg/kg CBD was higher than that in the control. Also, CBD treatment (2  mg/kg) increased significantly the Simpson index and McIntosh index of earthworm gut microorganisms. The results indicated that the enzyme activities in the manured soils increased before 7 d for the pesticide treatments. Furthermore, exposure to CBD at a high concentration in the MS not only led to the earlier inhibition of earthworm enzyme activity but also significantly improved the overall activity of earthworm gut microorganisms and microbial functional diversity. This study revealed the ecotoxicological effects of earthworms in response to pesticide stress following the use of organic fertilizers under facility environmental conditions, which can provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of pesticide pollution in soil in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of carbendazim-contaminated effluents is a challenge because of its complex composition and toxicity. A promising solution lies in biodegradation and the fungus Actinomucor elegans LBM 290 shows significant potential in this regard. Thus, the aim of this study was to biodegrade MBC by A. elegans LBM 290 in a liquid medium addressing the changes in the fungal morphology and protein production. The fungus A. elegans LBM 290 efficiently remove the fungicide carbendazim, with 86.6% removal within 8 days. This degradation is a combination of biodegradation (24.54%) and adsorption (62.08%). Exposure to carbendazim negatively affected the fungus, causing a decrease in biomass and morphological changes. Proteomic analysis revealed the fungal response to carbendazim stress through increased production of Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase, an antioxidant enzyme that combats oxidative stress, and the presence of a G protein subunit, suggesting participation in stress signaling pathways. These findings contribute to understanding the strategies of A. elegans LBM 290 to cope with carbendazim exposure in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the bioactivity of fluazinam to Fusarium pseudograminearum, the mycelial growth of 86 strains of F. pseudograminearum isolated from various cities in Henan Province from April to May 2022 was determined. The sensitivity baseline was established, and the field control efficacy of fluazinam on Fusarium crown rot (FCR) was determined. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of fluazinam on mycelial growth was 20 µg/mL, the effective concentration (EC50) of fluazinam on the mycelial growth of 86 strains was 0.013-0.492 µg/mL, and the average EC50 value was 0.194 µg/mL. The sensitivity of 57 strains (66.3%) was approximately normal distribution, and the average EC50 value of (0.201±0.057) µg/mL was used as the sensitivity baseline of F. pseudograminearum to fluazinam. The sensitivity of strains in the same city was quite different, and the ratio of the maximum and minimum EC50 value was 2.8-36.7. The difference in Luohe was the largest, and the difference in Xuchang was the smallest. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of strains to fluazinam in different cities. There was no significant correlation between the sensitivity of F. pseudogramine to fluazinam and the geographical origin of the strains in Henan Province. There was no significant correlation between the sensitivity to fluazinam and its sensitivity to carbendazim and tebuconazole. Seed soaking with 500 g/L fluazinam suspension concentrate (SC), the incidence of FCR in Yichuan County and Xin'an County decreased by 45.46% and 56.88%, respectively, at the double ridge stage, and the white spike rate decreased by 8.73% and 13.67%, respectively, at the milky stage. The control efficacy of seed soaking with 500 g/L fluazinam SC against FCR of wheat at the double ridge stage was better, reaching more than 51% in both places. This study laid a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of fluazinam in FCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the important diseases in wheat production. In order to clarify the activity of triazole fungicide triticonazole against F. graminearum, the toxicity of triticonazole against F. graminearum at different developmental stages was determined in the lab. It was found that the sensitivity from low to high is: conidia germination < germ tube elongation < mycelial growth, and the EC50 values were 18.16, 1.332, and 0.4613 µg/mL, respectively. The sensitivity of 101 strains of F. graminearum collected from 9 cities in Henan Province to triticonazole was determined by the mycelial growth rate method. The results showed that the EC50 values ranged from 0.0586 to 0.9183 µg/mL, with an average of (0.3866 ± 0,1969) µg/mL. The sensitivity frequency distribution showed a continuous single-peak curve. The average EC50 value could be used as the sensitivity baseline of F. graminearum to triticonazole in Henan Province. The combined toxicity assessment of triticonazole with five other fungicides including pydiflumetofen, carbendazim, fludioxonil, phenamacril, and prochloraz against F. graminearum revealed synergy ratio (SR) ranged from 0.53 to 3.76. Different combinations and proportions of the compound showed additive or synergistic effects. Among them, the synergistic effect was the most obvious (SR 3.76) when prochloraz and triticonazole were compounded at a mass ratio of 1: 3. The indoor in vitro control effect determination showed that at a dose of 400 µg/mL of active ingredient, the compound prepared with a mass ratio of 13 of prochloraz and triticonazole had the highest therapeutic efficacy of 82.63%. The research results help guide the scientific and rational use of triticonazole and provide a theoretical basis and data support for the comprehensive prevention and control of wheat FHB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pesticide residues may enter the human body through the food chain when livestock and poultry consume pesticide-contaminated feed. Therefore, monitoring and limiting pesticide residues in animal feed and animal-origin foods is necessary. Carbendazim is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in food and feed and has various toxic effects on non-target animals. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of carbendazim contamination in feed on broiler chicken growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, histopathology, and carbendazim residues in broiler muscles and livers. The results demonstrated that contamination of 5–100 mg/kg carbendazim in feed did not affect broiler growth performance or health. Carbendazim contamination in feed at 200–800 mg/kg slightly reduced growth performance. Broiler kidneys showed minor histopathological alterations after 400 mg/kg carbendazim exposure. Furthermore, when the carbendazim content in feed was less than 25 mg/kg, the residual carbendazim in the muscles and livers of broilers did not exceed the maximum residue level set by the European Union and China. Based on the above findings, carbendazim residues in the feed of less than 25 mg/kg can be considered safe for chicken products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, sensitive and reliable sensing system based on nitrogen-rich porous carbon (NRPC) and transition metals, NRPC/Ni, NRPC/Mn and NRPC/NiMn was developed and successfully applied as electrode materials for the quantitative determination of carbendazim (CBZ). The synergistic effect of NRPC and bimetals with acceptable pore structure together with flower-like morphology resulted in producing a highly conductive and interconnected network in NRPC/NiMn@GCE, which significantly enhanced the detection performance of CBZ. The electrochemical behavior investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed improved CBZ detection for NRPC/NiMn, due to the controlled adsorption/diffusion process of CBZ by the NRPC/NiMn@GCE electrode. The influences of various factors such as pH, NRPC/NiMn concentration, CBZ concentration and scan rate were studied. Under optimal conditions, 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.0 containing 30 µg/mL NRPC/NiMn, a favourable linear range detection of CBZ from 5 to 50 µM was obtained. Moreover, a chronoamperometric analysis showed excellent repeatability, reproducibility and anti-interfering ability of the fabricated NRPC/NiMn@GCE sensor. Furthermore, the sensor showed satisfactory results for CBZ detection in real samples with acceptable recoveries of 96.40–104.98% and low RSD values of 0.25–3.45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important pulse crop in India. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol), is a major biotic constraint in lentil production. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of combination products of fungicides and bio‐agents against Fol under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Fungicides were evaluated using the poisoned food technique, while the antagonistic activity of bio‐agents was studied using dual culture technique. Among seven combination products of fungicides, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% was the most effective fungicide in restricting the colony diameter of the pathogen. In field conditions, the seed treatment with carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% at 2.5 g/kg seed performed best in both yield and seed quality parameters. Among the bio‐agents tested, Trichoderma asperullum gave the best results in suppressing pathogen growth under in vitro conditions. The seed treatment with the combination of T. asperullum + Pseudomonas fluorescens at 5 g/kg seed showed improvement in seed yield and seed quality parameters in the field. The present study has provided chemical and biological measures for the integrated management of lentil wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at the Mycotoxin Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah for the period 2023-2024. A set of experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Beltanol (BT), Carbendazim (MBC) and Thiophanate- methyl (TM) fungicides in controlling Rhizoctonia solani, which causes eggplant root rot. The genetic matching using BLAST revealed that the bacterial isolates that isolated from non-infected eggplant soils were Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas putida. The toxicity results of fungicides on R. solani also showed the efficiency of the BT in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus by 100% for the tested concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, 100, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 500 mg L-1. Both the MBC and TM fungicides demonstrated variation in their efficiency in controlling the pathogen. The toxicity lines confirmed the values of the median effective concentrations (EC50), as they reached 100 and 489.7 mg L-1 for both MBC and TM, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentration (I50) of BT was estimated at 7.94 mg L-1 for A. caviae, E. cloacae and P. putida respectively. While it was 12.58 mg L-1 for MBC in A. caviae, E. cloacae and P. putida respectively. While it was 31.62 mg L-1 for TM in the case of A. caviae, E. cloacae and P. putida respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cercospora leaf spot of mothbean caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin is one of the most important fungal diseases causing damage to the crop. C. canescens causes losses to yield in major Mothbean growing areas of Rajasthan. Its affects the foliation and in severe infection damaged entire crop that lead to yield loss up to 50-70%. In this, Check the efficacy of new molecules available in the market should be analyzed with this disease. Methods: Nine fungicides were tested at four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) under in vitro conditions with CRD design against C. canescens and also tested under field conditions. The field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, SKRAU, Bikaner, during Kharif 2019 in RBD design with the application of foliar spray of nine different fungicides at different concentrations against Cercospora leaf spot disease of mothbean. Result: Among these new molecule fungicides tested, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP was highly effective with maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (100.00%) at 200 ppm concentrations. The results of in vivo studies revealed that spraying with 0.15% trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG helped to manage the leaf spot successfully and reduced the disease intensity (15.51%) with disease control (72.71%) and recorded highest yield (8.10 q ha-1) effective under field conditions as foliar spray at appropriate time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the presence of the three pesticides methomyl (MET), carbendazim (CBZ) and chlorpyrifos-ethyl (CPE), as well as the degradation product of CPE (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; TCP), in 44 honey samples from all 12 regions of Morocco. With a validated HPLC-UV method occurrence frequencies of 63.6% for MET, 54.5% for CBZ, 95.1% for CPE and 34.1% for TCP were obtained, even at concentrations higher than the maximum residue limits for MET, CPE and TCP. Based on the predominant pesticide, principal component analysis separated sampling regions into three groups. Risk assessment indicated that ingestion of these pesticides, alone or in combination, in honey did not pose a risk to consumers (HQ and HI < 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Epicoccum sorghinum is a pathogenic fungus that causes leaf spot in a wide range of plants, including maize, and synthesizes the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TEA), which is carcinogenic. Despite the relevant economic and yield losses caused by E. sorghinum worldwide, methods for the control of this pathogen are lacking. RESULTS: In this work, the efficacy of Bacillus‐produced dipicolinic acid (DPA) for control of E. sorghinum was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays, and compared with the efficacy of three commercial fungicides, including carbendazim, prochloraz, and thiram. DPA inhibited E. sorghinum mycelial growth, and conidia germination, and produced important alterations in E. sorghinum hyphae. Interestingly, 10 mM DPA reduced TEA biosynthesis by 86.6%. Although DPA rapidly degraded on maize leaves, 10 mM DPA showed higher preventive (67.4% lesion length inhibition) and inhibitory (89.5% lesion length inhibition) efficacies for the control of E. sorghinum on maize leaves compared to the commercial fungicides. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, this study presents the first method for the control of E. sorghinum on maize and demonstrates that DPA application is a suitable approach to inhibit E. sorghinum symptoms in plants and TEA biosynthesis. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of four bioremediation strategies: mycoaugmentation with Actinomucor elegans LBM 239; biostimulation with carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus sources; combined mycoaugmentation and biostimulation; and natural attenuation could improve the quality of carbendazim-contaminated soil. The experiments were done in microcosm soil and remediation effectiveness was assessed based on pollutant content, soil characteristics, and ecotoxicological tests. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of A. elegans LBM 239 on plant growth promotion. Results revealed that mycoaugmentation, biostimulation, and combined strategy (mycoaugmentation + biostimulation) significantly decreased the concentration of carbendazim, with removal percentages higher than 90%, with a significant toxicity reduction at 15 days. Mycoaugmentation and biostimulation combined strategy improved the content of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the soil. A. elegans did not demonstrate plant growth-promoting properties and no signs and symptoms of the disease were observed on inoculated tomato seedlings. Finally, the principal component analysis revealed that the combined treatment of mycoaugmentation and biostimulation constitute the most efficient bioremediation alternative to restore carbendazim-contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate, CBZ) is a systemic benzimidazole carbamate fungicide and can be used to control a wide range of fungal diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. It is widely used in horticulture, forestry, agriculture, preservation and gardening due to its broad spectrum and leads to its accumulation in soil and water environmental systems, which may eventually pose a potential threat to nontarget organisms through the ecological chain. Therefore, the removal of carbendazim residues from the environment is an urgent problem. Currently, a number of physical and chemical treatments are effective in degrading carbendazim. As a green and efficient strategy, microbial technology has the potential to degrade carbendazim into non-toxic and environmentally acceptable metabolites, which in turn can dissipate carbendazim from the contaminated environment. To date, a number of carbendazim-degrading microbes have been isolated and reported, including, but not limited to, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, and Aeromonas. Notably, the common degradation property shared by all strains was their ability to hydrolyze carbendazim to 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB). The complete mineralization of the degradation products is mainly dependent on the cleavage of the imidazole and benzene rings. Additionally, the currently reported genes for carbendazim degradation are MheI and CbmA, which are responsible for breaking the ester and amide bonds, respectively. This paper reviews the toxicity, microbial degradation of carbendazim, and bioremediation techniques for carbendazimcontaminated environments. This not only summarizes and enriches the theoretical basis of microbial degradation of carbendazim, but also provides practical guidance for bioremediation of carbendazim-contaminated residues in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a survey of post-harvest diseases of apple in Himachal Pradesh conducted during July to September 2021, fourteen different types of rots were observed. Among these, Penicillium expansum (blue mould) was most destructive with exclusive incidence of 43.8%. Surveys of different markets/stores of Himachal Pradesh revealed that the total losses due to apple decay at various locations varied from 7.80 to 21.93%. Ten important commercial varieties of apple were screened for their comparative susceptibility against fruit decay. Tydeman's Early Worcester was found to be most tolerant to all the rot causing fungi with mean per cent rotting of 23.26%.Cow urine was found most effective in providing 79.21% growth inhibition of test fungi under study. The next best bio-products were Emblica officinalis (amla), Melia azadirach (darek) and Dodonaea viscose (mehandu) with per cent growth inhibition of 75.66, 73.59 and 68.48%, respectively. Under in vitro conditions, mancozeb (0.1%) was the most effective fungicide providing 84.83% growth inhibition. The efficacy of mancozeb as dip treatment at 0.1% concentration was judged to be significantly superior followed by 0.05% carbendazim with per cent control of 95.97 and 92.35%, respectively. Preharvest spray of mancozeb (0.3%) was highly effective in checking all the test fungi under different type of storage for 2 months. 1-methyl cyclopropene (MCP) fumigation of apple fruits immediately after harvesting for 12 hours was most effective in checking the test fungi under study providing 89.60% control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochars derived from apple pomace (AP-BC) and industrial wastewater sludge (IS-BC) were used to investigate adsorption performance and mechanism for removing carbendazim from water and compare its performance with commercial biochar (commercial BC). The results showed that the adsorption capacity of AP-BC and IS-BC were 76 mg g−1 and 82 mg g−1 respectively that was comparable with the commercial BC (80 mg g−1). The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were best described by the Pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. Thermodynamic analysis suggested that higher temperatures can enhance the mobility of molecules, increased mobility facilitates more frequent and stronger interactions between the adsorbate molecules and the surface of the adsorbent material, leading to greater adsorption capacity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed carbendazim's weak electrophilic nature, supporting the primary physisorption mechanism. Even after five cycles of recycling, both biochars maintained a consistent carbendazim removal efficiency of around 82%, highlighting their high reusability. In this study, the examination of waste-derived biochar's economic feasibility revealed that using biochars derived from waste biomass for large-scale wastewater treatment applications is an economically viable choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the toxicological mechanisms of pesticide mixtures on soil organisms, this study concentrated on evaluating enzymatic activity and gene expression changes in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826). Despite being frequently exposed to multiple pesticides, including the common combination of abamectin (ABA) and carbendazim (CAR), environmental organisms have primarily been studied for the effects of individual pesticides. Acute toxicity results exhibited that the combination of ABA and CAR caused a synergistic impact on E. fetida. The levels of MDA, ROS, T-SOD, and caspase3 demonstrated a significant increase across most individual and combined groups, indicating the induction of oxidative stress and cell death. Additionally, the expression of three genes (hsp70, gst, and crt) exhibited a significant decrease following exposure to individual pesticides and their combinations, pointing toward cellular damage and impaired detoxification function. In contrast, a noteworthy increase in ann expression was observed after exposure to both individual pesticides and their mixtures, suggesting the stimulation of reproductive capacity in E. fetida. The present findings contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the potential toxicity mechanisms of the ABA and CAR mixture, specifically on oxidative stress, cell death, detoxification dysfunction, and reproductive capacity in earthworms. Collectively, these data offered valuable toxicological insights into the combined effects of pesticides on soil organisms, enhancing our understanding of the underlying risks associated with the coexistence of different pesticides in natural soil environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bean scab caused by Elsinoë phaseoli is a major challenge to common bean cultivation in Kenya. However, knowledge about its epidemiology and management is limited. This study conducted three experiments in Kakamega, Kenya, evaluating scab inoculum sources and control options. The first experiment evaluated three different inoculum sources over two seasons; bean crop residue caused the highest scab incidence in both the 2021 (62.1%) and 2022 (81.1%) seasons. The second experiment assessed the effect of rotation history on scab over three seasons. Scab incidence consistently surpassed 90% within the first 30 days after planting in half‐yearly rotated fields across all seasons, while the disease was absent after planting in fields with no recent history of legumes. Fields rotated out of legumes consistently had the highest grain yield, averaging 1.5 t ha−1 over the seasons. Additionally, the rotation land treatment displayed significantly more pods per plant during the 2021 (9.7), 2022a (9.8), and 2022b (12.5) seasons. In the third experiment, the impact of five fungicides and four cropping systems on bean scab was investigated over two seasons. Neither fungicide treatments nor cropping systems had an effect on bean scab incidence even when only severe symptoms were considered. Carbendazim had the highest yield (1.9 t ha−1) outperforming the unsprayed control only in the 2022 season while none of the other fungicides outperformed the control treatment in yield parameters in either season. This study emphasizes the challenge of managing bean scab without proper crop rotation and underscores the role of crop residue as a critical inoculum source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbendazim, a common pesticide, has shown signs of causing cancer, infertility and toxicity to organisms. Due to its intense use, this fungicide has become a persistent compound in the environment, raising the importance of better understanding its behaviour, metabolic pathways and effects on organisms. Zebrafish is considered an excellent animal model, being able to rapidly absorb compounds in water, mimicking what occurs in the aquatic environment. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate carbendazim metabolites in zebrafish water tank using liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (LC-HRMS) to highlight analytical targets in order to monitor carbendazim exposure in aquatic environments. For this purpose, treatment, negative and stability groups were defined. In addition, water samples were collected from the tanks and analyses were carried out by LC-HRMS. The results allowed the putative annotation of 7 target metabolites. This study applied the analysis of zebrafish water tank for evaluation of target metabolites of carbendazim as a promising approach, since it is a much cleaner matrix than the usual biological matrices. These metabolites can ensure detectability and further strengthen confidence in monitoring carbendazim exposure in aquatic environments. To the best of our knowledge, there is no one study that has evaluated carbendazim metabolites produced by zebrafish, neither in the animal's body nor in the water tank. This is the first report on the generation of carbendazim metabolites by zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to identify the species of the pathogen of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith, screen out suitable fungicides, and provide theoretical basis for the identification and field prevention of the pathogen of K. coccinea. [Method] The pathogen of K. coccinea leaves collected from Yunfu, Guangdong province were isolated by tissue block separation method, which was determined based on Koch's postulates and was identified by morphology and molecular biology. The mycelial growth rate method was used for biological testing, as well as indoor toxicity of different fungicides to K. coccinea. [Result] By isolating and purifying the diseased leaves, a total of 6 strains were obtained. And representative strain Al was selected for morphological identification and ITS sequence analysis. The pathogen of K. coccinea was identified as Colletotrichum sp.. Through biological testing of strain Al, it was determined that the most suitable growth medium was PDA medium, the most suitable temperature for mycelial growth was 28 °C, the lethal temperature was 53 °C for 10 minutes, the optimal pH for mycelium growth was 6.0, the optimal lighting conditions were continuous darkness, the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for this mycelium were maltose and yeast powder. Among the four tested fungicides of thiram, bromoxynil, carbendazim and azoxystrobin, carbendazim had the best inhibitory effect, with an EC50 value of 0. 14 µg/mL.. Followed by thiram and bromoxynil, with EC50 values of 55. 26 and 55.32 µg/ml., respectively, indicating that they had better inhibitory that effect. The EC50 value of azoxystrobin was 791.95 µg/mL, with a range of 100-1000 µg/mL., and the antibacterial effect was not significant. [Conclusion] The results show that Colletotrichum sp. is the pathogen of Kadsura coccinea collected from Yunfu, Guangdong province. Carbendazim, thiram and bromoxynil could be used as candidate field control agents for the pathogen of K. coccinea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the residual level of fungicides and dietary exposure risk of Chinese chives in production bases and segments like markets in Zhejiang Province. The collection period was mainly from December 2020 to January 2021, and from August 2021 to November 2021. Thirty-nine fungicides in 213 Chinese chives samples collected in Zhejiang Province over the two consecutive years were detected and analyzed, and the risk of acute and chronic dietary exposure to the detected fungicides was assessed. There were 19 fungicides were detected, and the total detection rate was 48.83% (104 out of 213), among which the detection rates of procymidone (15.02%), carbendazim (13.15%), boscalid (13.15%), dimethomorph (11.74%), pyraclostrobin (11.27%) and chlorothalonil (10.80%) were relatively high. The samples with two or more pesticide residues accounted for 25.82% of the total samples (55 out of 213). The residue of pyrimethanil in one sample exceeded the maximum residue limit for bulb vegetables (3 mg/kg) set by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, with the over-limit rate being 0.47%, and the sample qualified rate reaching 99.53%. According to the current standard for procymidone GB 2763.1-2022 (5 mg/kg), none of the samples had the residue exceeding the standard. According to the original standard GB 2763-2021 (0.20 mg/kg), and the over-limit rate was 7.04% (15 out of 213). The acute and chronic risk ranges were 0.004%~5.546% and 0.000%~9.654%,respectively, both of which were lower than 1, thus the intake risk was at an acceptable level. The situation of pesticide residues in Chinese chivesis from Zhejiang Province was relatively serious, thus the management of the use of pesticides should be strengthened to ensure the safety of Chinese chives consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses a major issue in food safety and environmental monitoring by introducing a nanocomposite-based sensor for the efficient detection of carbendazim (CBZ), a common fungicide, in cherry wine. The sensor for the detection of CBZ in cherry wine residue was created using a nanocomposite of polythiophene (PTH) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). SEM, XRD, and FTIR material characterization techniques yielded strong proof of the PTH-g-C3N4 nanocomposite's effective creation and its prospective uses in a variety of sectors, including environmental remediation and energy storage. The electroception method was used to create a novel electrode based on PTH and g-C3N4. Under ideal conditions, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), a highly sensitive electrochemical technique, were used to measure minuscule amounts of CBZ. The dynamic potential difference (DPV) responses of CBZ at different concentrations at the PTH-g-C3N4/GCE in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.0) demonstrated that the sensor's linear range was 100 nM to 85 µM, and that the DPV detection limit and sensitivity were, respectively, 0.37 nM and 3.95562 µA/Mm. The sensor's ability to identify CBZ concentrations in samples of cherry wine residue was evaluated. The CBZ concentration in actual samples was ascertained using the standard addition curves and the standard addition method. The method's accuracy and precision were confirmed by the findings, which showed average recovery rates over 90.00% and relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 4.58%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungicides are pesticides that are frequently used in agriculture because of their action against fungal diseases. However, the widespread application of pesticides around the world raises environmental and public health concerns, since these compounds are toxic and can pose risks to ecosystems and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic, cytogenotoxic, and biochemical effects of azoxystrobin and carbendazim on Lactuca sativa L. and their physiological effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. by analyzing the cell cycle and chromosomal and nuclear alterations in L. sativa; the biochemical effects of azoxystrobin and carbendazim on Phaseolus vulgaris L. and their physiological effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. by analyzing the cell cycle and chromosomal and nuclear alterations in L. sativa; the biochemical effects by analyzing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in L. sativa; and the physiological effects by analyzing chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence in P. vulgaris. It was observed that both fungicides were phytotoxic and cytotoxic, reducing root growth and the mitotic index, cytogenotoxic, increasing the occurrence of chromosomal alterations, as well as inducing oxidative stress and an increase in chlorophyll fluorescence emission and altered energy absorption in the plants used as a test system. In view of this, studies such as the one presented here indicate that the use of pesticides, even in small quantities, can lead to damage to the metabolism of plant organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tea Science is the property of Journal of Tea Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel aptamer-based sensor was developed using the signal amplification strategy of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and polyethyleneimine modified graphene oxide to achieve trace detection of carbendazim (CBZ). The dual identification of aptamer and antibody was used to avoid false positive results and improve the selectivity. Polyethyleneimine modified graphene oxide (GO-PEI), as a substrate material with excellent conductivity, was modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to increase the grafting amount of aptamer on the electrode surface. Moreover, a large number of cyclopentenyl ferrocene (CFc) was aggregated to form long polymer chains through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), so as to significantly improve the detection sensitivity of the biosensor. The linear range of this sensor was 1 pg/mL–100 ng/mL with a detection limit as low as 7.80 fg/mL. The sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility and stability, and also achieved satisfactory results in actual sample detection. The design principle of such a sensor could provide innovative ideas for sensors in the detection of other types of targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the commonest pesticides used in agriculture is the fungicide carbendazim, which can cause deleterious effects on the physiology and behaviour of acutely and chronically exposed animals. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of carbendazim on fish behaviour and our main objective was to evaluate behavioural changes on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to this fungicide. We studied 177 fishes, divided into control groups (not exposed) and treatment groups, exposed to a concentration of 120 µg/L for 7, 14, 21 and 28. Behavioural data were collected using the scan sampling, with instantaneous recording every 30 s. We evaluated and compared fish behaviours and aquarium occupancy between treatments and controls using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. The results indicate that carbendazim initially elicited slow swimming and later fast swimming, decreased aggressiveness, and caused behavioural changes indicative of distress, like abnormal swimming and the gulping of air in water surface. In the wild, this behavioural change can result in an increased predation risk and consequent decrease or extinction of populations, revealing important ecological issues for animal communities living in polluted water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is cultivated extensively in temperate and subtropical regions. Among the various challenges faced by this crop, powdery mildew stands out as one of the most damaging diseases affecting cucurbits, including summer squash. This disease inflicts significant damage on crops grown in both open-field conditions and protected environments. In the present study, we evaluated various systemic and non-systemic fungicides for the management of powdery mildew in summer squash, both under in vitro and field conditions. In our search for new alternatives to carbendazim, difenoconazole, at a concentration of 100 ppm, resulted in only 1.75% conidial germination. This was followed by hexaconazole, which achieved a germination rate of 2.53%, compared to a control group exhibiting 48.32% germination. Hexaconazole also yielded a germ tube length of 2.16 pm, while difenoconazole alone produced 2.91 pm, and the combination of difenoconazole + azoxystrobin resulted in 3.44 pm germ tube length. Under field conditions over two consecutive years, four applications of azoxystrobin at 0.1% demonstrated the highest efficacy, resulting in a disease index of 14.33% and an 81.71% reduction in disease severity compared to the untreated control, which had a disease index of 78.33%. Hexaconazole (0.05%) and difenoconazole (0.03%) were also effective, reducing the disease index to 19.67% and 22.33%, respectively, corresponding to reductions in disease severity of 74.89% and 71.49%. Notably, these fungicides significantly increased crop yield under field conditions over the two-year study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zebrafish being the best animal model to study, every attempt has been made to decipher the toxic mechanism of every fungicide of usage and interest. It is important to understand the multiple targets of a toxicant to estimate the toxic potential in its totality. A total of 22 fungicides of different classes like amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, carboxin, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, etridiazole, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, hexaconazole, kresoxim methyl, mancozeb, myclobutanil, prochloraz, propiconazole, propineb, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin and ziram were reviewed and analyzed for their multiple explored targets in zebrafish. Toxic end points in zebrafish are highly informative when it comes to network analysis. They provide a window into the molecular and cellular pathways that are affected by a certain toxin. This can then be used to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and to draw conclusions on the potential of a particular compound to induce toxicity. This knowledge can then be used to inform decisions about drug development, environmental regulation, and other areas of research. In addition, the use of zebrafish toxic end points can also be used to better understand the effects of environmental pollutants on ecosystems. By understanding the pathways affected by a given toxin, researchers can determine how pollutants may interact with the environment and how this could lead to health or environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are often detected in freshwater, but their impact on the aquatic environment is commonly studied based on single compounds, underestimating the potential additive effects of these mixtures. Even at low concentrations, pesticides can negatively affect organisms, altering important behaviors that can have repercussions at the population level. This study used a multi-behavioral approach to evaluate the effects of zebrafish larvae exposure to carbendazim (C), fipronil (F), and sulfentrazone (S), individually and mixed. Five behavioral tests, thigmotaxis, touch sensitivity, optomotor response, bouncing ball test, and larval exploratory behavior, were performed to assess potential effects on anxiety, fear, and spatial and social interaction. Significant changes were observed in the performance of larvae exposed to all compounds and their mixtures. Among the single pesticides, exposure to S produced the most behavioral alterations, followed by F and C, respectively. A synergistic effect between the compounds was observed in the C + F group, which showed more behavioral effects than the groups exposed to pesticides individually. The use of behavioral tests to evaluate pesticide mixtures is important to standardize methods and associate behavioral changes with ecologically relevant events, thus creating a more realistic scenario for investigating the potential environmental impacts of these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural products are vitally important for sustaining life on earth and their production has notably grown over the years worldwide in general and in Brazil particularly. Elevating agricultural practices consequently leads to a proportionate increase in the usage of pesticides that are crucially important for enhanced crop yield and protection. These compounds have been employed excessively in alarming concentrations, causing the contamination of soil, water, and air. Additionally, they pose serious threats to human health. The current study introduces an innovative tool for producing appropriate materials coupled with an electrochemical sensor designed to measure carbendazim levels. The sensor is developed using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) mounted on a glassy carbon electrode. This electrode is equipped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for improved performance. The combined system demonstrates promising potential for accurately quantifying carbendazim. The morphological characteristics of the synthesized materials were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) technique. The analytical curve was drawn using the electrochemical method in the range of 2 to 20 ppm while for HPLC 2–12 ppm; the results are presented as the maximum adsorption capacity of the MIP (82.4%) when compared with NIP (41%) using the HPLC method. The analysis conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) yielded a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 ppm and a repeatability of 5.08% (n = 10). The results obtained from the analysis of selectivity demonstrated that the proposed electrochemical sensor is remarkably efficient for the quantitative assessment of carbendazim, even in the presence of another interferent. The sensor was successfully tested for river water samples for carbendazim detection, and recovery rates ranging from 94 to 101% were obtained for HPLC and 94 to 104% for the electrochemical method. The results obtained show that the proposed electrochemical technique is viable for the application and quantitative determination of carbendazim in any medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of pesticides carbendazim (CBZ), diuron (DI) and carbofuran (CF) in surface water using a sustainable, handmade, and low-cost composite electrode (CE) based on graphite and polycaprolactone (PCL). The cyclic voltammetric (CV) results showed a quasi-reversible oxidation peak for CBZ around +0.76 V, and an irreversible oxidation peak for DI and CF at +0.88 and +1.32 V, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the anodic peak currents were proportional over ranges of 5.0-1059.0 µg L−1 for the binary analysis of CBZ and DI, with detection limits of 4.0 and 18.0 µg L−1, and limits of quantitation of 13.0 and 55.0 µg L−1, respectively. The proposed electrochemical method also exhibited good repeatability (n = 10) and intermediate precision (n = 3), with a relative standard deviation of 5%. In addition, the method successfully determined CBZ and DI in surface water samples without any sample pretreatment. Comparison with the reference chromatographic method ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) showed no significant differences at a 95% confidence level, demonstrating the applicability of the method. Additionally, the composite electrode offers advantages such as low cost, easy manufacturing, and simple operation.

The adsorption of the fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) on granular activated carbon (GAC) made from bovine bone was investigated in deionized water (DW) and DW with the addition of natural organic matter (DWNOM). The study included tests of isotherms, kinetics, and rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCT). The Freundlich model represented better the adsorption of the fungicide in both matrices, while the pseudo-second-order model fitted better in DW. The isotherm and kinetic studies showed the interference of NOM in the adsorption of CBZ through changes in the parameters of the applied models. In RSSCT, the breakthrough time was faster in DWNOM than in DW. Nevertheless, the CBZ concentrations of both matrices were considered statistically similar for most contact times in RSSCT. In the fixed-bed experiments, the organic matter did not cause significant changes in the adsorption of CBZ in GAC. The NOM presence may have improved the efficiency of GAC in adsorbing CBZ in kinetic and RSSCT tests. There is no knowledge of a similar approach to studying the adsorption of CBZ on GAC in Brazil, mainly using fixed-bed studies. In this way, the present work contributes to a better understanding of the adsorption of carbendazim through the methods used. HIGHLIGHTS Bovine bone GAC removed carbendazim in deionized water (DW) and deionized water with the addition of natural organic matter (DWNOM).; Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order equation fitted better the adsorption of CBZ in DW and DWNOM.; There was a 72% reduction in the Freundlich constant (Kf) of the isotherm with DWNOM compared to DW.; The interference of NOM was not significant in the adsorption of CBZ on RSSCT.;

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising technique for sensitive detection. The design and optimization of plasma-enhanced structures for SERS applications is an interesting challenge. In this study, we found that the SERS activity of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) can be improved by adding Au nanoparticles (NPs) in a simple photoreduction process. Fluoride-salt-etched MXene was deposited by drop-casting on a glass slide, and Au NPs were formed by the photocatalytic growth of gold(III) chloride trihydrate solutions under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The Au–MXene substrate formed by Au NPs anchored on the Ti3C2Tx sheet produced significant SERS through the synergistic effect of chemical and electromagnetic mechanisms. The structure and size of the Au-decorated MXene depended on the reaction time. When the MXene films were irradiated with a large number of UV photons, the size of the Au NPs increased. Hot spots were formed in the nanoscale gaps between the Au NPs, and the abundant surface functional groups of the MXene effectively adsorbed and interacted with the probe molecules. Simultaneously, as a SERS substrate, the proposed Au–MXene composite exhibited a wider linear range of 10−4–10−9 mol/L for detecting carbendazim. In addition, the enhancement factor of the optimized SERS substrate Au–MXene was 1.39 × 106, and its relative standard deviation was less than 13%. This study provides a new concept for extending experimental strategies to further improve the performance of SERS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and reliable method based on a composite of Nafion (Naf), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and mesoporous silica (SBA-15) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is reported for individual and simultaneous determination of indigo carmine (IC, dye) and carbendazim (CBZ, pesticide). SBA-15 was synthesized and characterized and used to design a GCE/Naf/MWCNTs/SBA-15 sensor, which was characterized by electrochemical techniques and used for the determination of IC and CBZ. Using the optimum conditions for differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the peak currents were linear from 1.0 µM to 11.0 µM. The limits of detection for individual measurements were 0.50 µM and 0.57 µM for IC and CBZ, respectively, while those for simultaneous detection were 0.28 µM and 0.30 µM. The interferences studies show that GCE/Naf/MWCNTs/SBA-15 exhibited excellent selectivity. The developed procedure was successfully applied to determine IC and CBZ in spring, tap, and lake water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut root rot, commonly referred to as rat tail or root rot, is caused by a range of Fusarium species. A strain of bacteria (named TG5) was isolated from crop rhizosphere soil in Mount Taishan, Shandong Province, China, through whole genome sequencing that TG5 was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, which can specifically produce chloramphenicol, bacitracin, clarithromycin, lichen VK21A1 and bacitracin, with good biological control potential. Based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry metabonomics analysis and transcriptome conjoint analysis, the mechanism of TG5 and carbendazim inducing peanut plants to resist F. oxysporum stress was studied. In general, for peanut root rot caused by F. oxysporum, B. thuringiensis TG5 has greater advantages than carbendazim and is environmentally friendly. These findings provide new insights for peanut crop genetics and breeding, and for microbial pesticides to replace traditional highly toxic and highly polluting chemical pesticides. Based on the current background of agricultural green cycle and sustainable development, it has significant practical significance and broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saponins are widely recognized for their biological properties, which has led to the development of several research projects applicable to the agricultural sector. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of saponins extracted from quinoa husks, using the crude extract, and incorporated in a formulation against Botrytis cinerea in strawberries. The extraction of saponins by the maceration method was studied, where the effect of temperature, time, and ethanol concentration on the extraction of saponins was evaluated; the process was optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The in vitro antifungal effect of the crude extract of saponins was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), while the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of the formulation was determined by the mycelial inhibition percentage and control percentage, respectively. The optimum extraction point of saponins was obtained at 49.8 °C, 0.367 h, and 47.4% ethanol. On the other hand, the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea was dependent on the concentration of saponins; in the in vitro evaluation the MIC of the crude extract was 8.25 mg mL-1 of saponins and the mycelial inhibition percentage of the formulation was higher than 90%. In the in vivo evaluation of the formulation, the percentage of control ranged from 63.03 to 76.14%, compared to 61.5% control exhibited by the chemical fungicide Carbendazim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbendazim (CBZ) is an active substance in plant protection products that is no longer authorised within the European Union. CBZ is classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 as mutagenic, category 1B and toxic for reproduction, category 1B. In 2010, EFSA established consumers' health‐based guidance values (HBGVs) for CBZ (ADI and ARfD). In compliance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the European Commission asked EFSA on 1 March 2024 to carry out a follow‐up qualitative assessment of the data gaps that were identified in the studies used in the framework of the assessment of the HBGVs for CBZ, in order to confirm the reliability of the existing toxicological studies and their impact for the setting of the HBGVs. By considering missing information in the extensive database and the reliability of the available toxicological studies, EFSA concluded that missing information does not prevent setting of HBGVs and that the critical effects of CBZ were investigated in studies of sufficient reliability and acceptability. Therefore, the HBGVs derived in 2010 are protective for the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sigmae is the property of Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria) is an important ornamental tree that represents the autumnal landscape of red leaves in Northern China, especially in Beijing. However, Verticillium wilt, caused by the fungus (Verticillium dahliae), has resulted in a high mortality rate for smoke trees, posing a serious threat to the highly valued landscape of red leaves in Beijing. To explore an efficient control measure for Verticillium wilt, we systematically analyzed the applicability and efficacy of multiple treatments for three consecutive years in Xiangshan Park and Badaling Forest Park. From 2021 to 2023, diseased smoke trees in Xiangshan Park were subjected to three application methods (agent irrigation, trunk injection, or a combination of the two) and five candidate agents, namely Bacillus subtilis, azoxystrobin, propiconazole, carbendazim, and prochloraz. Analyses of the data for three consecutive years revealed a decreasing trend in the annual disease incidence rate. Specifically, the combined application of agent irrigation and trunk injection exhibited the highest control effect and a significant improvement in the landscape of red leaves in Beijing. Furthermore, the combination of propiconazole via irrigation plus the trunk injection of carbendazim and prochloraz had the greatest control effect. These suppressive measurements were further used and demonstrated to be effective in Badaling Forest Park. Overall, our study provides an effective disease management means for controlling Verticillium wilt in smoke trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global environmental and energy challenges necessitate the development of multifunctional materials that can address both pollutant removal and solar fuel production. In this groundbreaking study, the utilization of the Mo2AlB2 transition‐metal aluminum boron (MAB) phase is introduced as a cocatalyst in the SrTiO3/Mo2AlB2 nanocomposite, marking the first instance of its application in photocatalytic approaches to combat environmental and energy crises. A nanocomposite of SrTiO3/Mo2AlB2 is prepared by ultrasound‐assisted self‐assembly of SrTiO3 nanocubes (STO) with layered Mo2AlB2. The optimized catalyst denoted as STO@5‐MAB is subjected to comprehensive characterization to evaluate its physiochemical properties. Remarkably, the STO@5‐MAB composite demonstrates exceptional performance in both photocatalytic carbendazim (CBZ) degradation, achieving an impressive degradation of 87.5% and CO2 reduction to ethanol with a rate of 9.96 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible‐light illumination. This outstanding performance can be attributed to the composite's 1) hydrophobicity, 2) enhanced light absorption, and 3) the formation of a Schottky junction at the interface, facilitating efficient charge separation. In conclusion, the SrTiO3/Mo2AlB2 nanocomposite demonstrates immense potential in addressing pressing environmental and energy challenges through photocatalytic CBZ degradation and CO2 reduction to ethanol. In this study, the pivotal role of Mo2AlB2 in developing efficient photocatalysts is underscored for environmental and energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ubiquity and impact of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, as well as their residues in environmental compartments, particularly in water, have raised human and environmental health concerns. This emphasizes the need of developing sustainable methods for their removal. Solar-driven photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising approach for the chemical decontamination of water, sparking intensive scientific research in this field. Advancements in photocatalytic materials have driven the need for solar reactors that efficiently integrate photocatalysts for real-world water treatment. This study reports preliminary results from the development and evaluation of a solar system for TiO2-based photocatalytic degradation of intermittently flowing water contaminated with doxycycline (DXC), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), dexamethasone (DXM), and carbendazim (CBZ). The system consisted of a Fresnel-type UV solar concentrator that focused on the opening and focal point of a parabolic trough concentrator, within which tubular quartz glass reactors were fixed. Concentric springs coated with TiO2, arranged one inside the other, were fixed inside the quartz reactors. The reactors are connected to a raw water tank at the inlet and a check valve at the outlet. Rotating wheels at the collector base enable solar tracking in two axes. The substances (SMX, DXC, and CBZ) were dissolved in dechlorinated tap water at a concentration of 1.0 mg/L, except DXM (0.8 mg/L). The water underwent sequential batch (~ 3 L each, without recirculation) processing with retention times of 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. After 15 min, the degradation rates were as follows: DXC 87%, SMX 35.5%, DXM 32%, and CBZ 31.8%. The system processed 101 L of water daily, simultaneously removing 870, 355, 256, and 318 µg/L of DXC, SMX, DXM, and CBZ, respectively, showcasing its potential for real-world chemical water decontamination application. Further enhancements that enable continuous-flow operation and integrate highly effective adsorbents and photocatalytic materials can significantly enhance system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of novel difluoromethyl pyrazole derivatives were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS techniques. Subsequently, their antifungal activities in vitro against Mucor fragilis (M. fragilis), Trichoderma atroviride (T. atroviride), and Mucor bainieri (M. bainieri) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL were evaluated using the mycelium growth rate assay. Bioactivity results showed that the target compounds revealed lower antifungal activities against M. fragilis, T. atroviride, and M. bainieri than those of prochloraz and carbendazim. Additionally, the antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoo) were determined using the turbidimeter test method. The bioassay results demonstrated that some of the target compounds exhibited moderate to good antibacterial activities. Notably, 2-methoxyphenyl 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate displayed superior antibacterial effects against Xoo and Xac with inhibition rates of 62, 86 and 53, 80%, respectively, compared to those of thiodiazole copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]