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In the United States, the marriage of minors remains legal in 40 of 50 states despite evidence that the practice often leads to the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse of girls. As a political issue, child marriage has failed to capture the attention of the public or media. Yet, over the past six years, a majority of state legislatures have put marriage age reforms on their legislative agendas, in some cases leading to policy adoption of a child marriage ban. Using archival data from 50 states and in-depth interviews, I argue that the advocacy of a small group of child marriage survivors precipitated progress on marriage age reforms. I find that legislators responded positively to narratives given by child marriage survivors and expressed a paternal need to protect girls. I also examine the limitations of placing survivors of traumatic life experiences at the forefront of policy action. This article contributes to our knowledge of how gender justice issues rise to the legislative agenda and how certain overlooked issues require a high level of personal traumatic disclosure to gain attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) can be effectively explored through feminist methodologies that center the lived experiences of girls and young women affected by these issues. Eliminating harmful practices, which are rooted in gender inequality and have myriad life-course consequences for those who experience them, has become a global priority in recent years. However, dominant conceptualizations of the drivers and consequences of child marriage and FGM/C often fail to adequately engage with or reflect adolescent girls' own nuanced experiences and perceptions. A feminist epistemology underlines the need for research methods that can uncover and address dynamics of power and inequality, as well as the complexities of voice and agency surrounding these practices, both of which perpetuate harmful practices and marginalize the voices of those who are most affected. The paper discusses adaptations to two key sets of methodological tools used with adolescent girls in research on FGM/C in Ethiopia and on child marriage in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Jordan, and Lebanon as part of the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) longitudinal study. The purpose of these tools was to address and shift power inequalities, both within the research process and in girls' lives more widely. The Social Network Hexagon, Marriage Chain, and Marriage Decision-Making Pairs tools were used to explore child marriage decision-making processes and dynamics and outcomes for adolescent girls. A vignette-based discussion on FGM/C and child marriage and a version of a Social Network Hexagon tool were used to improve understanding of adolescents' social networks and the extent to which these shape their options for change. We find that context-specific adaptations to the tools, determined through ongoing reflexive dialogue with local researchers, were key to creating space for deep reflection and engagement by girls. Exploring the wider structural and social dynamics that enable and constrain girls' agency and decision-making around harmful practices was also key. It enabled insights into the complex ways in which gender- and age-based social norms are exercised within girls' socio-ecological contexts, as well as possible entry points for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed methods study investigated factors associated with school retention among marginalized adolescents in four different settings in Kenya, following COVID-19 school closures. Logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with school retention in 2022 among 1798 adolescent students aged 10–19 in 2020. Qualitative data from 89 in-depth interviews (64 adolescents aged 11–19 and 25 parents), and 21 key informants were thematically analysed. Among female adolescents, age (aOR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.87) and internet access (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.87) were negatively associated with school retention. Engaging in income-generating activities was similarly linked to reduced school retention (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.46). For male adolescents, household loss of income (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.76) and engaging in income-generating activities (aOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.19) were associated with lower school retention. The qualitative findings highlighted the gendered nature of barriers to school retention. Specifically, pregnancy, child marriage, and related childcare responsibilities emerged as important constraints for girls, whereas engaging in income-generating activities and drug and alcohol use were more dominant factors for boys. Across both genders, financial constraints were a key barrier to school retention. This study underscores the multifaceted nature of factors influencing school retention among marginalized adolescents in times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings provide useful information for designing targeted policies and programmes for adolescent school retention in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to explore the strategies and important components that can be implemented to build adolescent awareness about stunting prevention. Methods: This study used descriptive qualitative design. The data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling method was employed to select the participants. The FGDs involved adolescents (n = 6) and high school counselling teachers (n = 5), while the semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts frequently involved in overcoming stunting problems in Indonesia (n = 7). The interview results were transcribed in verbatim transcription and analysed by using thematic analysis. Results: Five themes were identified from the results: 1) Adolescent identity development with three sub-themes: online identity exploration, rebellious stage, and peer influence; 2) Creative and visually appealing website with six sub-themes: interesting appearance, short time span, serial content, story pattern, scenario using adolescent idol's name, and attractive website menu; 3) Nutritional needs for adolescents with three sub-themes: iron and calcium intake, less sugar consumption, and nutritional status; 4) Engaging content for adolescents with seven sub-themes: stunting, reproductive health, anaemia, diet, wellness, early marriage, and physical activity; and 5) Effective communication strategy with two sub-themes: consistency of activities and communicative. Implications: In designing adolescent stunting prevention interventions, multidisciplinary programs utilizing engaging digital health modules and grassroots partnerships should be developed and tested. These programs aim to enhance knowledge retention among youth through appealing online content and interactive community activities. Rigorous evaluation of biopsychosocial approaches can establish integrated best practices across individual, social and policy dimensions for reducing stunting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the way in which childhood is socially constructed in the context of child marriage regulation. Despite extreme social and cultural diversity, there is a core ideology in UN human rights instruments, around which official versions of childhood pivot. International law recommends setting the minimum age of marriage at 18years. This article problematizes the progressively depoliticizing effects of a seemingly neutral regulatory drive at the heart of the UN's promotion of a standardized construction of childhood. The immediate purpose of this article is not to offer solutions to child marriage, but to bring together some elements that may form a basis for understanding the way in which conceptions of childhood are contextually constructed. My hope is that a familiarity with these social perceptions will help to explain the present struggle and resistance to apply universal rights constructions of childhood to non-western societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kerala, the Indian state with the highest reported level of social development, faces a challenge with persistent early marriage, particularly among Muslims in Malappuram. This study explores the sociocultural factors influencing this situation, in which child marriage rates among Muslims are significantly higher than those of Hindus and Christians. Employing a qualitative research strategy within a specific Malappuram mahallu, a Muslim-majority village cluster encompassing three villages, we identify a multifaceted interplay of micro and macro forces perpetuating early marriage. Lack of social networks, stemming from limited higher education options and career opportunities, restricts girls' choices and makes them susceptible to parental pressure to marry early. Parents, on the other hand, often view early marriage as an appropriate solution to their anxieties concerning parental responsibility, dowry and family honour. This pressure is amplified by the narrative promoted by religious leaders who portray early marriage as the ideal path. This narrative, in turn, resonates with a subset of young men, particularly temporary Gulf migrants who prefer to marry adolescent girls, thereby perpetuating the cycle. We also argue that, unlike most regions in India, poverty and illiteracy are not the primary drivers of early marriage among Muslims in Malappuram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two recent documentaries, Nanfu Wang and Jialing Zhang's One Child Nation (2019) and Shosh Shlam and Hilla Medalia's Leftover Women (2019), investigate the legacy of China's one-child policy and its social impacts on marriage, career and motherhood in the present day. In the films, seemingly progressive young women subjects are depicted against a backdrop of culturally backward and brainwashed individual community members, representing Chinese culture at large, which results in a confusing narrative replete with logical gaps and unanswered questions. This article brings together qualitative data collected from interviews with "leftover women" with film analysis and scholarship on transnational feminism to argue for the importance of critical modes of representation and cautions against the tendency to blame culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child marriage poses a serious problem in many countries, including Indonesia, with millions of girls under the age of 18 getting married every year. This research aims to explore the factors related to child marriage in Indonesia and analyze the prevention efforts undertaken by the government. The research method used is normative legal research with a normative juridical approach, referring to the analysis of legislation and relevant documents. Data were collected from secondary sources and analyzed qualitatively using the IRAC method (Issue, Rule, Analysis/Application, Conclusion). The results show that child marriage is influenced by complex factors such as economics, education, culture, religion, and law. Although there has been a decrease in the number of child marriages in Indonesia, challenges in prevention still exist, especially regarding marriage dispensations that the court can grant. Preventing child marriage requires a comprehensive approach through increasing awareness, education, cultural change, and strengthening consistent legal regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erdem is the property of Ataturk Kultur Merkezi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The consequences of early marriage have become a global concern for young women. The detrimental effects of early marriage disproportionately affect girls. Regarding its effects in poor nations like Ethiopia, there is a dearth of data. As a result, this study offers baseline, first-hand, and updated information for both the nation and the study area. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early marriage on Guji women who were married before the age of 18. Methods: This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach and was carried out from January to April 2024. An in-depth interview technique was employed to collect the data. The interviews were conducted in the Oromo language. A purposive sampling technique was applied to choose the study participants. A total of 25 women who met the eligibility criteria were selected. A thematic data analysis approach was employed to analyze the data in this study. Results: Three themes, 10 subthemes, and more than hundreds of codes were extracted after the interview data were analyzed. The main themes and subthemes of this study were as follows: 1-Precipitators of early marriage (abduction and arranged marriage); 2-Consequences of early marriage (emotional damage, moral damage, early marriage is a risk factor for maternal and child health, early marriage is a major cause for girls to drop out of school, poverty, gender-based violence and divorce, lack of essential life skills); and 3-Attitudes toward early marriage (early marriage is a harmful cultural practice; girls should be protected). Conclusion: The study's findings illustrated the multidimensional effect of early marriage, necessitating the involvement of numerous sectors and stakeholders. The community, religious leaders, the health, education, and legal sectors, as well as the parents of young girls, should all take an active role in delaying early marriage. This indicates the development of policies that permit cooperation amongst all relevant parties. Creating awareness among girls, families, and the community through community-based education is crucial. Early married women should participate in intervention programs to provide their experience to young girls. Women who are victims of early marriage must receive full support to mitigate its negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Common mental health disorders in early life represent a major challenge and these conditions become more complicated and substantial during the development period of adolescence. Despite the global concern over the increasing prevalence of mental health issues among adolescents, it remains largely a neglected area of research and health policy in Bangladesh, where the burden of child marriage is significantly higher. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with depression among married adolescent girls in Bangladesh. Methods: The study utilized the data from first-ever Bangladesh Adolescent Health and Wellbeing Survey (BAHWS), conducted in 2019–2020. A total of 1,693 married adolescent girls were included in the final analysis. Depressive symptoms were measured using the standardized Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) tool. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess the prevalence of depression, while bivariate analysis was done to measure the significance of the variables. Furthermore, logistic regression was used to examine the association between any form of depression and selected covariates. Results: The overall prevalence of mild to severe levels of depression among the participants was 53.1% (Mild: 40.3%; Moderate: 9.9%; Moderately severe: 2.3%; Severe: 0.6%). In the multivariable logistic regression model, it was found that adolescents from richest wealth quintile were 35% less likely to suffer from depression (AOR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.45–0.92; P value = 0.02). Additionally, physical violence (AOR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.14–2.09; P value = 0.004), sexual harassment (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.11–2.01; P value = 0.007), social bullying (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.73–2.91; P value <.001), and cyberbullying (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.10–2.77; P value = 0.01) were associated with depression. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that more than half of the married adolescents suffer from mild to severe levels of depression, while any form of violence and harassment significantly increases their risk of depression. Therefore, a more inclusive policy is needed, engaging with communities and local stakeholders, to lay out key actions and intervention pathways to address the issue of violence against married adolescent girls as the extent and spectrum of violence continue to evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child marriage is one of the public health challenges that has caused increasing concerns in the health and development system. Therefore, this research was conducted to identify individual and interpersonal factors influencing child marriage from the perspectives of stakeholders and informants. Method: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis and an inductive approach from 2023 to 2024 in Bam city, Kerman, Iran. Thirty-six stakeholders (girls who have been married for 15 years, parents, husbands, and informants) were purposively selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman approach, with the assistance of MAXQDA software. Results: After analyzing of the data, individual and interpersonal themes were emerged. The first theme of "individual factors" consisted of biological, psychological, and demographic category with four sub-categories including insufficient cognitive and inferential development, physiological and anatomical features, facing stressful factors in life, and demographic characteristics. The second theme of "interpersonal factors" consisted of family structure with four sub-categories including traditional parenting methods, family values, family breakup, Inefficiency of management and problem-solving in the family, and weak social capital in the family. The category of Ineffective interactions and social support also encompass two sub-categories: Peer pressure and reference groups, and inappropriate care and support relationship between teachers and students. Conclusion: The results showed that individual and interpersonal factors are effective on children's marriage. Some individual factors have a biological origin, indicating that increasing girls' awareness of marriage, pregnancy, individual rights, and life skills is one solution that can help reduce early marriage. On an interpersonal level, fostering positive relationships within the family, school, and society, and strengthening the support network can play a crucial protective role for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of SEZ on indigenous peoples' socioeconomic status and local development in the study area. A quantitative approach to analyzing the socioeconomics of treatment and control groups. A structured questionnaire was designed and a field survey was undertaken to collect primary data from respondents. This study used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to create a socioeconomic index for two groups: those who sold their agricultural land and those who did not sell, and a two-sample independent t-test was used to determine the influence of SEZ on socioeconomic and local development. The results showed that the compensation amount for the acquired land not only improved the socio-economic living conditions of the indigenous population in short run, but also transformed their type of employment from agriculture to labor work, increased health expenditure, increased household wealth and minor changes in education expenditure and construction effected new houses, most of which is used for child marriage, vehicle purchased and dowary expenses in the special economic zone. This unproductive spending increases in the short term, which in the long run will convert skeikonicity into deprivation. Previous studies focused only on the geopolitics behind the geo-economy and the challenges and success factors for SEZs in Pakistan. This study is unique as it is the first attempt that uses statistical and economic tools to identify the positive and negative impacts of SEZ on the local development in the area. It makes an academic contribution to the literature to improve the knowledge of the effects of these special economic zones on the local development in any area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though extensive literature exists on Moroccan women in the public sphere, simultaneously less research explores the ways in which men 'do domesticity'. This paper will examine the ways urban Moroccan middle-class men interact within the private spheres of life, why they do so and what this means for gendered subjectivities in Morocco. For some urban middle-class Moroccan men, being a good father means taking an active role in his children's lives and taking care of them with the help of his wife. This is not true for all urban middle-class men, but most said that they were more willing to help with cooking, cleaning and childcare than their father had been: showing a generational shift. Additionally, most participants said that doing housework does not lower the level of a man's masculinity. Despite this, every Moroccan woman that I talked to does most reproductive labour around the house. This paper explores the dynamic nature of Moroccan masculinity across the life cycle: from early marriage, to being a father and being retired. This generational shift is happening due to the confluence of structural changes in education, socioeconomic class and occupation in addition to individuals' desire to be active fathers and husbands. I place urban Moroccan middle-class masculinities in context with Moroccan femininities and highlight both male and female voices. These findings are based on 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Rabat, Morocco including 53 semi-structured interviews and extensive participant observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study articulates the psycho-social aspect of silence and pays attention to women's existential crises by utilising Michelle Balaev's pluralistic trauma theory in Bapsi Sidhwa's novel, The Pakistani Bride. The study examines the change in the protagonist's identity even though, except for gender, she has the same religion and culture. The research endeavours to figure out this specific difference and highlight the non-reflexive male-dominated environment of a postcolonial country. Moreover, it shows the pre- and post-wedding experiences of a young Muslim girl who seeks approval of tradition or religious ideals while challenging privileged patriarchy. However, the study raises complex questions about why women relinquish their right to articulate their opinions and prefer silence over speech. Does fear of isolation put women into silence and force them to internalise the social set-up? This study has wide-ranging ramifications for gender parity and the rights of women. By illuminating the intricate web of connections between gender equality and prosperity, this study can challenge harmful cultural norms, encourage empowerment, and have a positive impact on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the factors influencing domestic violence (DV) among women in Bamyan, Afghanistan, with a particular focus on the impact of early marriage. Data were collected through a survey of 356 women aged 15–49 from 24 villages in Bamyan, covering a total population of 15,054. The study employs logistic regression and chi-square tests to analyze the data. Findings indicate a strong association between early marriage and an increased likelihood of experiencing emotional, physical, and sexual violence. Protective factors such as higher education, greater autonomy, and negative attitudes toward wife beating significantly reduce the odds of DV. However, higher education levels among husbands were linked to increased odds of emotional and overall domestic violence, highlighting that education alone may not challenge deep-seated gender norms. The results call for comprehensive interventions to delay marriage, enhance women's autonomy, and address societal attitudes toward gender and violence, aiming to create a safer and more equitable environment for women in Bamyan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Gender & Women's Studies (KTC) / Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Gender & Women's Studies (KTC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is widespread concern about whether opening up changes cultural customs. However, empirical evidence remains limited. In this paper, we provide new evidence on this issue by examining the impact of trade liberalization on marriage payment customs in China. We first provide a conceptual framework based on a labor market perspective to illustrate how trade liberalization has driven changes in marriage payment customs. Then, using China's World Trade Organization accession as a quasi‐natural experiment, this paper uses the difference‐in‐differences strategy and China's large‐scale household survey data to conduct an empirical study. Our results suggest that trade liberalization has reduced marriage payments in China, especially the bride price but not the dowry. Evidence from industry and census surveys suggests that the declining earning ability of marriageable men and the increasing relative economic status of women have driven down the bride price from the supply and demand sides, respectively. We also find that the impact of trade liberalization has been concentrated on southern and rural households. In addition to the decline in the bride price, the bad practice of child marriage in China has also been alleviated as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction : Yemen has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the Middle East and North Africa region and is home to one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. How the conflict and resulting displacement have impacted family formation patterns is not entirely clear. In this study, we investigate the impact of displacement on child marriage and early childbearing by comparing time-to-first-marriage and time-to-first-birth among displaced and non-displaced girls. Methods We used data collected through cross-sectional multistage stratified cluster household surveys in three governorates in Yemen with high concentrations of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Employing an analytic sample 1,861 girls aged 15–24, we compared entry into first marriage and time to first birth between IDPs and non-displaced persons using Kaplan Meier curves and Cox regressions. Results We found high rates of child marriage in this population, with 37.8% and 34.5% of ever-displaced and never-displaced girls aged 20–24 married before age 18. Overall, those who were displaced had 30% higher hazard of overall marriage compared to their host counterparts (95% CI 1.16–1.47), and 23% increased hazard of child marriage (95%CI 1.01–1.51). Stratification by governorate revealed heterogeneity across governorates, with displaced populations at higher hazard of marriage in Aden and Maarib but not in Hadramout. We found that child brides and displaced participants were more likely to initiate earlier childbearing compared to non-child brides (HR = 3.44; 95% CI 2.94 4.0) and host counterparts (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.15–1.58). Despite generally having lower age at first birth, child brides experienced a 19% lower hazard of first birth after marriage compared to those married over 18, indicating that child brides tended to wait longer before first birth (95% CI 0.72–0.92). We did not find a significant association between displacement status and marriage to birth interval after adjusting for child marriage status. Conclusion Our results highlight the impact of forced displacement on time-to-first-marriage and suggest that those who are displaced are more vulnerable to child marriage. We did not find compelling evidence for child marriage driving an increase in early childbearing. Nonetheless, our findings highlight the need for interventions that focus on prevention and mitigation of child marriage in this setting, particularly among IDPs who are at increased vulnerability.

The issue of ending child marriage attracts global attention, especially in developing countries. However, the link between married children and economic growth remains in question. The purpose of this article is to utilize regional macroeconomic indicators to quantify the association between child marriages and the Indonesian economy. The analysis shows a negative relationship between marriage at a young age and the economy using panel regression and simultaneous equations model. The results also demonstrate that marriage at an early age might decrease economic growth, as it has an undesirable effect on health and education. Therefore, this paper delivers a suggestion related to the policy strategies, primarily educational policies and health, that support the Indonesian Government in ending child marriage.

The article proves that the range of issues related to reproductive and sexual health is an important area that requires a separate scientific review. At most, the current demand for analysis of adolescent reproductive health issues is due to the needs of the formation of the future generation, procreation and national prosperity of the state and nation. Objective of the study: to analyze the trends in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals regarding the appropriate level of provision and protection of reproductive and sexual health of adolescents and to identify social and cultural-legal obstacles in achieving the specified task. Materials and methods. The results of the research are based on the analytical information of international bodies and the data of the author’s survey, which was conducted during 2023–2024 in different regions of Ukraine, the respondents were 346 teenagers. Three groups of key problems in the field of ensuring the right to reproductive health of adolescents were formed and analyzed: problems caused by socio-cultural trends (early marriages, early sexualization and the tradition of genital mutilation); environmental problems and trends in the negative state of the nation’s health; shortcomings of the health care system and informing the population about contraception. Results. It was found that the health care system often provides information in a form that is not accessible to adolescents, does not provide an adequate level of sexuality education. The insufficient number of specialized and adapted reproductive health programs for adolescents disrupts the system of early disease prevention, contributes to an increase in the level of child pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and other types of negative consequences. Conclusions. Shortcomings in the health care system, in particular, limited access to medical services, lack of specialists with appropriate qualifications, gaps in financing, etc., are a significant gap for the implementation of the studied right. Attention is drawn to the duty of a democratic state to create a system of providing medical services adapted for adolescents, which includes information and a mechanism of access to contraception, providing medical and preventive services.

IntroductionChild marriage, regardless of gender, refers to the marriage of individuals under the age of 18. Recognized as a violation of fundamental human rights, child marriage is condemned by various international conventions, treaties, and agreements, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child. While both girls and boys can experience early marriage, the harsh reality is that the consequences are far more severe for girls. Female child spouses are particularly vulnerable to partner violence, mental health issues, and limited decision-making power due to the inherent power imbalances in these relationships. Child marriage is linked to a range of adverse economic, socio-cultural, and psychological outcomes, contributing to lower socio-economic status and higher poverty rates among child spouses. Moreover, intergenerational patterns of early marriage perpetuate this cycle. Girls affected by child marriage often find themselves dependent on others, lacking significant decision-making power, which diminishes their quality of life. Additionally, without the necessary skills and abilities, these girls struggle to become active contributors to society. As a result, we witness a decline in human capital and a decrease in women's participation, ultimately diminishing the role of women in society. Materials & MethodsThis study employed a qualitative research method grounded in an interpretive paradigm. The implementation strategy followed the systematic contextual theory as outlined by Strauss and Corbin. The focus of this research was on girls affected by child marriage in Bandar Abbas City. Sampling was conducted using theoretical and purposive techniques. Through purposive sampling, the researchers intentionally engaged with individuals, who possessed adequate knowledge and insight related to the phenomenon under investigation.The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information emerged during interviews. Ultimately, 21 girls, who were married before the age of 18, were selected for participation. Interviews lasted between 40 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the depth of the participants' responses. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using a 3-step coding approach: open, axial, and selective coding. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe findings of this research revealed that one of the most significant aspects of child marriage was the presence of binding structures within marriage traditions. These frameworks rooted in epistemological, value-based, and cultural foundations shaped the meanings associated with marriage, the perceived value of marriage, and the roles of gender and femininity. These concepts had been institutionalized through customary, religious, and cultural structures. Religious frameworks played a crucial role in reinforcing these binding structures as the beliefs of families and previous generations elevated the sanctity of marriage. Within this context, children often adhered to established traditions and familial obligations, accepting them without resistance due to deeply ingrained religious values. Ultimately, the interplay of customary and cultural norms, parental authority, gender stereotypes, and social pressures contributed to the prevalence of early marriage among these girls.The economic and livelihood challenges faced by families were significant factors contributing to the phenomenon of child marriage. Many girls grew up in financially disadvantaged households, struggling with issues related to welfare and education. In their pursuit of improved economic conditions and to meet financial needs, some girls had resorted to marriage as a solution. Additionally, many child brides harbored idealized and romantic notions of marriage, believing that these dreams would materialize once they were married.Field studies on child marriage revealed that, contrary to the initial assumption that this issue predominantly affected impoverished families, it also occurred among those with average economic status and even among families with higher incomes. While structural poverty and economic challenges were critical factors underlying child marriage in Bandar Abbas, the issue could not be solely attributed to financial circumstances. This research posited that the mechanisms driving child marriage extended beyond economic factors, delving into the deeper cultural, religious, and gender stereotypes that shaped perceptions of gender and marriage. These underlying influences were rooted in cognitive and linguistic foundations that defined the meanings associated with sex and marriage.

Abstract Child marriage negatively affects women’s socio-economic empowerment, particularly in education and employment. This study aimed to explore women’ perspectives on the timing of their marriages, considering their educational and employment status at the time. It also sought to identify factors influencing early married women’s perception of their marriages as timely. We analyzed both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data included a sample of 5,596 women aged 15–24 from the 2017/18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Additionally, we collected qualitative data through six in-depth interviews, two focus group discussions, and 13 key informant interviews. We used a multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression model to examine the relationship between women’s formal employment, education, and child marriage. Thematic analysis was employed for the qualitative data. Around 62% of the total women analysed reported their married occurred early with the mean age at marriage was 15.2 years. Approximately 55% of the total early married women believed their marriages occurred at the right time, especially among those who were employed at the time of their marriage. Among this subset, we also noticed a higher likelihood of discontinuing work and education following marriage. Qualitative findings revealed reasons behind this perception, such as escaping poverty, safety concerns, limited job prospects, and the impact of non-marital relationship and societal norms. While many early-married women perceived their marriage as timely, particularly those initially employed, this decision often coincides with a subsequent withdrawal from work and education. This underscores the pressing need for policies and programs aimed at educating women about the legal age for marriage and the negative consequences associated with early marriage while also equipping them with knowledge and resources for informed decision-making.

This research is backdroped by the role of Kiais (religious figures) whose opinions regarding the permissibility of child marriage are widely followed by their local community. It aims to investigate the relevance of child marriage law in the Regency of Brebes from the perspective of maqāṣid al-usrah. This research was conducted in Banjarharjo, Pararaja, Banjaran, and Brebes districts of the Regency of Brebes by employing legal anthropology and Ushul al-Fiqh approaches. The theories used in this research are internalization theory and maqāṣid al-usrah. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The practice of child marriage in Brebes society is, in principle, irrelevant to the concept of maqāṣid al-usrah, which was theoretically explained by Jamal al-Din 'Aṭiyyah. This research found that religious understanding that is internalized in the community traditions resulted in a fiqh product entitled Kitāb al-Nikah authored by an Indonesian ulama and the authority of Lebe' which has had a significant influence on the practice of child marriage in Brebes Regency. The practice of child marriage should not only be based on authoritative texts but also requires consideration of 'āqil bāligh as well as consideration of suitability, namely rushd (capability) as well as considering maqāṣid al-usrah, regulating the relationship between men and women (tanẓīm al-'alaqah bayn al-jinsayn), realization of peace, love, and compassion (taḥqīq al-sakn wa al-mawaddah wa al-raḥmah), maintaining religion in the family (hifz al-tadayyun fi al-usrah), regulating the essential aspects of the family (tanẓīm al-jānib al-mu'assasī li al-usrah), and Family Financial Regulation (tanẓīm al-jānib al-māl li al-usrah).

Background of the study Child marriage is linked with multiple maternal and child health issues. However, there is insufficient information regarding the factors influencing child marriage among rural women. Objective To identify the determinants of child marriage among rural women of reproductive age women in the West Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2024. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to May 5, 2024. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 711 participants. The SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to determine the determinants of child marriage. Adjusted odd ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to assess the strength of the associations, and statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05. Results The prevalence of child marriage was 49.6% (95% CI: 0.472-0.524). Being Muslim (AOR=2.104, 95% CI =1.176-3.764), nonformal fathers’ education (AOR=2.633, 95% CI=1.135-6.109), primary level of fathers’ education (AOR=3.326, 95% CI=1.421-7.787); not exposed to media (AOR=1.56, 95% CI=1.033-2.356); living with a relative (AOR=1.592, 95% CI=1.012-2.504); not knowing the legal age of marriage (AOR=2.528, 95% CI=1.593-4.010); marital decision making by girls (AOR=.666, 95% CI=.463-.959), and poor parental wealth status (AOR=4.464, 95% CI=2.795-7.129) were associated with child marriage. Conclusion Almost one in every two women married before 18 in the study area. The determinant factors include religion, fathers’ level of education, exposure to media, living arrangements; awareness of the legal marital age, marriage decision making, and parents’ wealth status. Thus, intervention efforts should focus on these factors to increase the marital age and improve women’s prospects.

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and child marriage are prevalent in many countries in Asia and Africa. These practices are a violation of human rights and have significant impacts on the physical and mental well-being of those affected. COVID-19 restrictions such as lockdowns and closure of schools may have influenced the occurrence of FGM/C and child marriage. This analysis reported on the impact of these restrictions on FGM/C and child marriage. The International Sexual Health And REproductive Health (I-SHARE) research team organised a multi-country online survey. Sampling methods included convenience samples, online panels, and population-representative samples. Data collected included the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the occurrence, intention to practice and change in plans to organise FGM/C and child marriage. Data were analysed from 14 countries that reported on FGM/C and child marriage using basic descriptive statistics. Given it was an online survey, we had more responses from urban areas. Among the 22,724 overall participants, 8,829 participants (38.9%) responded to the survey items on FGM/C and child marriage and were included in this analysis. 249 (3.4%) participants stated that FGM/C occurred in their community during COVID-19. Out of this, COVID-19 affected the plans of 26 (20%) participants intending to organise circumcision and 15% of participants planned to organise FGM/C earlier. People with a worry about finances during COVID-19 were more likely to have an earlier plan to organise FGM/C during COVID-19. In total, 1,429 (13%) participants reported that child marriage occurred in their community. The pandemic affected plans of 52 (13%) participants intending to arrange child marriage and 7.7% (29/384) participants expressed intent to arrange the marriage sooner than planned. People with financial insecurities during COVID-19 were more likely to arrange a child marriage earlier. Thus, our study found that the pandemic impacted plans related to FGM/C and child marriage practices, resulting in many carrying out the practices sooner or later than initially planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Early marriage, defined as marriage under the age of 18, is widely recognized as a human rights violation with deleterious consequences on women's health and well-being. It persists as a significant global public health issue, predominantly being practiced in South Asian countries. In Countries like Bangladesh, this practice contributes to an increase in early pregnancies among women of reproductive age, further exacerbating adverse maternal and child health outcomes. While certain predictors of early marriage are recognized, additional investigation is warranted due to diverse socio-economic and demographic circumstances. This study, therefore, aimed to identify the prevalence and determinants of early marriage among women in Bangladesh. Methods: This study included a total weighted sample of 18,228 married women aged 18 to 49 years, extracted from the most recent nationally representative Bangladesh Demography and Health Survey (2017–18). We estimated the survey weighted pooled prevalence of early marriage among women and stratified by their different characteristics. We used multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression model and estimated the odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to identify the individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with early marriage practice. All analyses were performed by Stata software version 18. Results: Overall, 74.27% [95% CI: 73.15, 75.35] women got married before reaching the age of 18 years. Early marriage was more prevalent in Rajshahi (82.69%), Rangpur (81.35%), and Khulna division (79.32%). Women with higher education (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.12), husband's higher education (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.67), and non-Muslim women (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.52) were associated with a lower likelihood of experiencing early marriage. Compared to those household heads aged ≤35 years, the likelihood of early marriage among women was lower for those household heads aged 36–55 years (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.93) and >55 years (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69–0.88). Women aged 18–24 years (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.40), husbands with agricultural occupation (OR = 1.22, 95% CI:1.06, 1.41), middle wealth index level (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.28), family size five or more (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.31), and rural residence (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.30) were more likely to experience early marriage. Conclusion: This study underscores the alarming prevalence of early marriage among women in Bangladesh, with three-fourths experiencing early marriage, particularly in specific regions. Notably, women education and older household heads were significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of early marriage. Our findings suggest that culturally sensitive interventions should focus on empowering older household heads, alongside initiatives to increase awareness among younger household heads, and enhance education, particularly in rural and impoverished households. These efforts could potentially alter socio-cultural practices and reduce early marriage in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe effect of child marriage and bridewealth payment on women’s agency is significant for access to justice and development programming, especially in the context of the goal of peaceful and inclusive societies. As prevalent practices in sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage and bridewealth payment hugely influence the ability of women and girls to exercise their agency. Indeed, these issues stand at the intersection of an intense cultural struggle between the custodians of culture and change agents. Based on field data collected in 10 countries in Africa, notably in eastern Nigeria, this paper argues that the exercise of agency by women and girls is not a self-enforcing activity. Rather, it is shaped by factors ranging from deficient and poorly implemented legal structures to lack of resources, entrenched cultural norms, and social pressure for normative conformity. By exposing culture and law as enablers and contributors to development, the article urges policy attention to needs-based factors that motivate and constrain women’s agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Marriage Act in Indonesia amended the minimum age for marriage for both women and men to 19 years old. Previous studies were dominated by factors that cause or result from Underage Marriage (UM). It is also important to know the perspective of the judges, who have an important role in the UM dispensation process. This study aims to explore the judges’ perspective when considering age changes in the Marriage Act and the ideal age for marriage. This study uses descriptive qualitative and deductive thematic analysis techniques. Data were collected through a purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews with 27 Islamic Court judges. There are five perspectives in responding to age limit changes; agreeing with 19 years old, returning to the old act, increasing the age limit to over 19 years old, giving different age limits for men and women, and considering that age does not affect readiness to marry. These perspectives also determine the ideal age for marriage based on several factors. The judges identified key factors indicating a person’s readiness to marry, including psychological maturity, physical and reproductive health, economic stability, educational attainment, and adherence to cultural and religious norms. Additionally, the persistence of underage marriage in Indonesia is attributed to poverty, lack of education, cultural practices like dowry, and societal pressure, particularly in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early marriage and motherhood have long been prevalent in India, with 44.5% of women aged 20–24 reporting marriage before 18 in NFHS 3 (2005–2006), dropping to 26.8% in NFHS 4 (2015–2016). Early motherhood has also seen a significant decline, with first births by age 18 decreasing from 34.3% in NFHS I to 8.2% in NFHS V. Despite these improvements, significant regional disparities persist due to social, normative, and legal factors. This study investigates the spatial heterogeneity of early marriage and motherhood across Indian districts, offering a multilevel analysis that reveals critical local variations often obscured at broader levels. Understanding these patterns is crucial for targeted policy interventions and addressing the root causes of early marriage and motherhood. Methods: Utilizing data from the fifth round of National Family Health Survey, this study employs multilevel logistic regression and geospatial analysis to assess the determinants and spatial distribution of early marriage and early motherhood among ever-married women in India. The analysis incorporates individual, household, and community-level variables, complemented by spatial analysis techniques, including Empirical Bayes Bivariate Moran's I values and LISA cluster maps, to identify regional patterns and hotspots. Results: This study revealed that educational attainment emerged as a critical determinant, with uneducated women significantly more likely to marry early. Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and limited mass media exposure, also heightened the risk of early marriage and motherhood. Caste and religion were significantly associated with these events, with marginalized groups facing higher prevalence. Spatial analysis revealed significant geographic disparities, with central and eastern regions showing higher concentrations of early marriage and motherhood. District-level characteristics and the influence of neighboring districts were also significant, highlighting the importance of localized interventions. Conclusions: The findings underscore the critical role of education, economic empowerment, and media literacy in mitigating early marriage and motherhood risks. The study calls for multi-sectoral interventions in geographical hotspots to break the cycle of early family formation and promote reproductive health. Policies enhancing educational opportunities, addressing economic disadvantages, and considering district-specific factors are essential. Comprehensive strategies are necessary to empower women, foster reproductive health, and address the multifaceted nature of early marriage and motherhood in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childbearing under the age of 20 is referred to as teenage childbearing. Compared to high-income countries, it is significantly higher in low-income countries. Adolescent childbearing is influenced by a number of variables, including economic, demographic, and social factors, and these vary geographically. Thus, this study aimed to determine the predictors of adolescent childbearing among Ethiopian women with spatial effect adjustment. Methods: A total weighted sample of 4712 women aged 15 to 49 were included. The data were obtained from the 2019 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. A generalized Geoadditive model which accounts for spatial effect and the non-linear effect of continuous variables was adopted to determine the associated factors of adolescent childbearing among Ethiopian women. Results: The spatial pattern of adolescent childbearing was non-random in Ethiopia with Moran's index statistics 1.731999 (P-value < 0.001). Based on the evidence of spatial variation in a model, the highest risk of adolescent childbearing was observed in Jijiga, Shinilie, Welwel and Walder, Afar (Zone1 and Zone 5), Assosa, Metekel, and Gambela (Zone1). We also noted that women not intending to use a contraceptive method, Muslim religion, living in a rural area, and large household family size were significantly associated with a high risk of adolescent childbearing. Furthermore, our model results also confirmed that higher educational levels, older household age, and good economic status significantly reduced the risk of adolescent childbearing. Conclusions: This study revealed that adolescent childbearing distribution was significantly clustered in the Eastern and Southwestern parts of Ethiopia. Intervention programs aimed at the prevention of early marriage and raising awareness of sexual activity are essential to reducing adolescent childbearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rich literature has documented the relationship between age at marriage and girls’ health and educational outcomes. The upheaval caused by the pandemic on household decision‐making has been hypothesized to have influenced the age of marriage, but the direction of impact is unclear. On the one hand, the pandemic may have increased the age at marriage if lockdown policies and negative income shocks to families placed a burden on household wealth and the ability to pay for weddings. On the other hand, the age of marriage could have decreased during the pandemic due to school closures that kept girls out of school, parental deaths that encouraged families to expedite weddings, and lower wedding costs because of government mandates to have smaller weddings. Using data from the National Family Health Survey of 2019–2021 of India, we explore how the pandemic impacted age at marriage for women using district and household fixed effects models. After accounting for secular trends in the age of marriage and contingent on the model and specification, we find a significant increase in age at marriage for women who got married during the pandemic by 1.1–1.2 years as compared with those married before the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against women (VAW) is widely recognized as a pervasive, global problem that is associated with poor health and economic outcomes for women and children. Women are disproportionately exposed to physical, sexual, and psychological violence during volent conflicts and political upheavals. Similarly, research on disasters indicates a disproportionate impact of such events on women and girls, with an increase in physical and sexual VAW, specific deprivations, and child marriage. This special issue is focused on providing a feminist understanding of the economic drivers and impacts of conflict and disaster on VAW, both within and outside the home. The introduction provides an overview of the contributions and interventions in this special issue, highlighting the complex links between conflict or disaster with VAW. This collection of articles also points to the large gaps in terms of integrating feminist perspectives into the international architecture for post-conflict or post-disaster aid and reconstruction. HIGHLIGHTS VAW is a persistent feature of disruptions due to conflicts and disasters. Disruptions provide opportunities for women to resist and transcend existing gender norms. Robust gender-sensitive risk-reduction strategies mediate negative impacts of disasters. International humanitarian response because of war or disaster does little to reduce risk of VAW. Funding for VAW services reaching survivors remains inadequate within global humanitarian aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a regional study of the mechanics of modernization and liberalization of Muslim law in India. I explore these themes by focusing on how Indian courts, over nearly two centuries, interpreted the Islamic doctrine of khiyār al-bulūgh— the right of a minor to repudiate her marriage upon attaining majority. I also revisit the legislative debates that occurred during the codification of this doctrine into the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939. I identify two paradoxes from this history: first, that the liberalization of religious laws has been achieved at least as reliably and stably through judicial failures—errors, amnesia, indolence and ineptitude—as through deliberate legislative and judicial interventions; and second, that the recent overlaying of religious laws with "liberal-secular" laws in India has resulted in the consolidation and intensification of patriarchal authority over adolescent sexuality—an authority that had been scattered and loosely articulated under the regime of "purely religious" laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, in contemporary discourses, it can be said that religious discourses are quite complex and confusing. Especially the concepts of religion, Sharia, and jurisprudence have become obfuscated being used interchangeably. This phenomenon is evident in certain studies where jurisprudence, inherently a scholarly activity of jurists, is perceived as if it was a religion or Sharia directly ordained by the Lawgiver. This conflation fosters various misunderstandings and misjudgments. Essentially, jurisprudence which is a dynamic process aimed at regulating social relationships on the basis of justice and equity is rendered dogmatic by these misinterpretations. Consequently, this misunderstanding naturally reflects on the usage of the term ‘Islam’, causing ambiguity regarding the essence of Islam or what constitutes Islamic principles. Consequently, the solutions produced by Muslim societies in the past within the framework of religious and sources of Sharia are perceived as religion or Sharia itself and equated with religion and Sharia ordained by the Lawgiver. Perceiving the marriage age of Aisha as a requirement or result of religion is a typical example of this misunderstanding. In such case, devout individuals may advocate for early marriage today, believing it to be a religious mandate, while opponents of religion criticize religion based on this acceptance. It is clear that both attitudes are wrong and that this error stems from treating existing data and the opinions of jurists as religious doctrines. While religious injunctions may indeed serve as the core reference in issuing judgments, and jurists might legitimize their everyday life-related rulings through these injunctions, the other pivot of this compass is the customary, the accepted, and functional outcomes of the period. The judgments related to slavery and concubinage are also of this nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Imago therapy approach on marital adjustment and love styles in married students with early marriages. Methods and Materials: The research employed a semi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population studied included second-year high school students from vocational and technical schools in Mashhad during the 2021-2022 academic year. A purposive sampling method was used, and the participants were randomly assigned to a 15-member experimental group and a 15-member control group. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of Imago therapy intervention and training. Subsequently, post-tests were conducted using questionnaires on both groups, and follow-up tests were administered at the end. To measure the level of marital adjustment, the Spanier Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (1976) was used, and to assess attitudes toward love, the Hendrick Love Attitudes Scale (1986) was utilized. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics through the SPSS statistical software. Findings: The results of the covariance analysis indicated that the Imago therapy model was effective in increasing marital adjustment and love styles, suggesting that this approach can be used in therapeutic and counseling sessions. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Imago therapy significantly improves marital adjustment and love styles in married students with early marriages. Post-intervention scores in the experimental group showed a meaningful increase in marital adjustment and strong attitudes toward love compared to the control group. Thus, Imago therapy is an effective intervention for enhancing marital satisfaction and relationship quality in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of international human rights laws at the national and local levels relies on the framing of norms. Recent research has shown that international norms regarding child marriage have shifted from setting a minimum age limit to building the agency of girls to resist the practice, which can be either active or passive. Active agency requires taking action for its purpose, whereas passive agency involves acting in situations with limited options. The dominant discourse on child marriage often portrays girls as victims, and this article adds to the existing literature on how child brides exert agency utilizing semiotics approach. Based on an extended qualitative study conducted at Quarit Woreda, the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia, the article explores how the girls have been exerting transformative agency to resist the practice, or at least exercise limited agency to enforce their marital choice. It also contrasts them with female parents, where the latter are found to uphold mythical signification being one among the central norm holders. By doing so, the contribution seeks to understand the semiotic system—the structural resources that support versus socio-cultural factors that constrain their agency. This article also discusses the multifaceted difficulties faced by girls in challenging the well-established norm and the creative strategies they use to overcome impediments through networking and collaboration pathways. Lastly, the article suggests potential future interventions that aim to enhance girls' transformative agency which in turn supports the effective enforcement of child marriage law in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of religion and law on child marriage in Sanandaj, Iran. Background: The prevalence of child marriage is 16.65% in Iran and 11% in the Kurdish city of Sanandaj. This study considers the legality and legitimacy of this practice in Iran. Method: Eligible participants were selected through purposive sampling. Participants included three groups: parents of a married child (n = 7), women who were child brides (n = 19), and experts (sociologists, marriage concluders, and marriage counselors; n = 7). The research question was "What impact do religious and legal factors have on the decision of families in child marriage?" The data were gathered using semistructured in‐depth interviews and analyzed by conventional content analysis method. Results: The findings were generally categorized into four main themes including law–religion issues (subthemes: marriageable age in civil law, Sharia principles), predisposed religious interpretations (subthemes: religious interpretations confirming child marriage, interpretations rejecting child marriage), institutional factors (subthemes: official agencies, religious factors), and religious viewpoint of families toward child marriage (subthemes: avoidance of sin, reference of parents/children to religious rules). Conclusions: The intersection of law, religion, and family institutions, with their interconnected rules, encourage child marriage (particularly for girls) in Sanandaj, Iran. Any change in these factors (mostly civil law and Sharia) may influence the demands of families for child marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage at a young age remains a significant social issue requiring special attention, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child Marriage Prevention Policy in Majalengka Regency, as regulated by Regent Regulation Number 54 of 2021, which focuses on the prevention of child marriages. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing primary and secondary data sources through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the rate of child marriages in Majalengka Regency is still increasing, despite the government's efforts to implement preventive measures, including socialization strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of child marriages. One of the main challenges in effectively preventing child marriages is the limited human resources available for implementing the program. This research highlights the need for strengthened resources and better coordination among stakeholders to effectively reduce the prevalence of child marriages in the region. The study also suggests that additional interventions, such as enhanced education and community involvement, are essential to complement the ongoing efforts and address this persistent issue comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the means in which patriarchal structures influences child marriage practices in Pakistan and comprehend how gender-based power dynamics contribute to the continuation of this problem. Pakistan is one of the top six nations in the world for child marriages, which poses a serious societal issue with detrimental effects on the education and development of females. Social scientists, religious scholars, medical professionals, and people from the community participated in Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and interviews as part of the study's qualitative research design. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data. The study showed that child marriages are perpetuated by oppression based on gender and hierarchical social structures. A recurring topic that strengthened patriarchal beliefs was son preference. The idea of "patriarchy derived from matriarchy," in which mothers unintentionally perpetuate traditional gender norms, was a novel discovery. Implement community-based programs that address patriarchal beliefs and empower women, especially mothers, to challenge traditional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]