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Over the last three quarters of a century, international guidelines and regulations have undergone significant changes in how children are problematised as participants in biomedical research. While early guidelines enacted children as vulnerable subjects with diminished autonomy and in need of special protection, beginning in the early 2000s, international regulatory frameworks defined the paediatric population as vulnerable due to unaddressed public health needs. More recently, ethical recommendations have promoted the active engagement of minors as research partners. In this paper, I adopt a post-structuralist approach to policy analysis to examine deep-seated assumptions and presuppositions underlying the changes in the problematisation of children as biomedical research participants over time. While biomedical research ethics focuses on the autonomy and vulnerability of minors, ethical guidelines are situated in specific sociocultural contexts, shaped, among other things, by contingent public health needs and changing conceptions of the value of research and science for society. In the process, I demonstrate the challenge of moving away from an approach that in taking adults as the model overshadows the complexity of children's lived experiences as well as their personal, cultural, and social lives. The lack of acknowledgement of this complexity makes children vulnerable to epistemic injustice, which is particularly crucial to address in public involvement initiatives.

While there is a substantial body of leaving care research, the theorization of care leaving has been more limited. Only a few studies have incorporated a life course perspective, mainly in Global North contexts where life course perspectives may differ significantly from those in the Global South, including Africa. Drawing on findings from a feasibility research study, this paper contributes to the emerging international literature on theorizing care leaving by applying a life course perspective to the experiences of youth leaving care in four African countries. The paper highlights how life course can be a useful conceptual framework for understanding the experiences of care leavers with an emphasis on four core concepts: biography, linked lives, waithood, and agency. Implications for policy and practice are outlined with a focus on interdependence, participatory practice, biography, and cultural transition planning alongside efforts to redress systemic, oppressive barriers facing care leavers in society.

Life skills development among youth in foster care is critical in helping them overcome the barriers they face when leaving care. While foster care agencies, child welfare professionals, and caregivers play important roles in life skills development, little research has examined the topic from their perspectives. This study examined the barriers and supports Florida foster care agencies, child welfare professionals, and caregivers face related to life skills development of youth in foster care. Foster care agency representatives (n = 11) completed interviews or questionnaires and identified agency-level challenges, agency-level supports, and caregiver-focused supports for life skills development. In surveys, child welfare professionals (n = 24) and caregivers (n = 23) identified the challenges and supports they experience, as well as additional supports they needed. Semi-structured interviews with three child welfare professionals and seven caregivers gathered in-depth information on the topics covered in the survey. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes within the data. While a number of challenges (i.e., lack of youth-focused resources, staff turnover) emerged across all three groups, supports were more varied across and within groups. Notably, caregivers received minimal support from the foster care system in helping youth develop life skills. Despite this, caregivers and child welfare professionals mainly identified youth-focused resources and services as needed additional supports. More training, support, and funding are required to address the challenges identified in this study. Broader child welfare issues, such as staff retention and turnover, must also be addressed to support the youths' development of independent living skills.

Child sex trafficking (CST) is the exchange of something of value for any sexual act with a minor. Public child welfare agencies are responsible for serving CST victims. In response to the critical need for training child welfare workers on engaging survivors of CST, we describe an innovative game-based training model used to train over 1000 workers in Maryland. The "Case-By-Case" game uses case studies to shape small group discussions, role playing, skill drills for child welfare workers to build their capacity to identify and engage survivors. Initial evaluations indicate a significant increase in knowledge and self-efficacy for training participants. The model may hold promise for social work education in this critical area, as well as for other types of professional training for social workers.

This article carries out a systematic review of the scientific literature on child participation in the formal education system in Spain between 2010 and 2022. Recognising the importance of child participation in the context of the European Union, the theoretical principles of this study are in line with the perspective that child participation involves recognising the fundamental right of children to be heard and taken into consideration from an early age and providing them with the opportunity to convert that listening into positive changes to aspects that affect their lives. Child participation has significant benefits, both from an individual point of view (the child's own development and the recognition that all rights are for all children), and a social and collective point of view (the strengthening of democracy itself making the school a school for participation). The systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted according to the PRISMA statement 2020. The analysis of the selected articles was based on the Lundy model of child participation (2007) which considers four dimensions: space, voice, audience and influence. The results show that despite the Spanish scientific community's growing interest in child participation in the field of early childhood education, school culture is still very adult-centric. Aspects related to the dimensions of voice, audience and influence could be improved for which more research is required. There is a clear need to broaden the techniques and instruments required for making child participation effective, and experiences that go beyond consultative participation should be developed. This would enable forms of child participation focused on improving their lives based on their own needs being heard and taken into consideration.

Background: Newborns of parents with intellectual disabilities face higher risks in their environment for child unsafety, despite parents' good intentions. To help parents prevent unsafe circumstances, a good understanding of the risk factors faced by these parents is needed. Methods: This casefile study examined (1) which risk factors were present for expectant parents with intellectual disabilities in child protection, (2) which domains of risk factors, and (3) whether a cumulation of risk factors was related to child safety. Results: Expectant parents with intellectual disabilities in child protection before the child was born often experienced a cumulation of risk factors. Child, family, and care factors best predicted child safety. A cumulation of risk factors over multiple life domains increased the risks for child unsafety. Conclusions: To reduce the risks of unsafe parenting conditions for newborns, preventive interventions for expectant parents with intellectual disabilities should address their needs from an ecological perspective.

Social determinants of health (SDOH)--conditions in which children live, learn, and play--affect child health and well-being. Publicly funded services in education and child welfare systems are important resources to support child well-being, but cross-system coordination is rare. Leveraging integrated administrative data from 60,287 6th graders enrolled in public schools in Minnesota, we used latent class analysis (LCA) to examine patterns of cross-system SDOH, including educational services and involvement in child welfare. Five classes emerged. The largest class was characterized by a few multi-system SDOH and had low service needs. Two classes had differing patterns of school service use, one with a greater likelihood of special education service use alone and the other characterized by the use of multiple school services. Two classes were characterized by cross-system SDOH/service use (e.g., homelessness, child protection, placement in care, mental health, and special education services). We then assessed whether race/ethnicity predicted class membership and tested educational distal outcomes. American Indian, Black, and Latinx children had higher odds of exposure to both cross-system SDOH classes. Students facing any SDOH, particularly those with greater multi-system SDOH exposure, had worse attendance and academic achievement. Our study indicates that children are navigating complex experiences of SDOH and service needs, with a disproportional likelihood that Black children, Indigenous children, and other children of color (BIPOC) experience SDOH. Identifying patterns of SDOH provides an opportunity for policymakers and practitioners to intervene to promote health equity. By understanding facilitators and barriers to child well-being, the results inform how child-serving systems can strive toward health equity.

This mixed-methods study investigated the effects of a traditional play program (TPP) on 48 children's emotional intelligence (EQ), social ability (SA), and self-esteem (SE), important skills for children's overall well-being and development. The participants were recruited from two child welfare centers (CCs) and divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a 13-week, biweekly 40-minute TPP designed to improve these skills. The analysis revealed TPP's efficacy in improving EQ, SA, and SE, with consequent implications for child welfare centers' interventions. Future research should focus on understanding underlying mechanisms and generalizability to other groups.

Students with administrative care measures have historically faced difficulties in achieving school goals. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the declaration of a lockdown, which accelerated changes in the schools' pedagogical actions. This investigation analyses the strategies used by the educational system to promote the academic inclusion of students who have an open protection file in the child welfare system within the context of COVID-19. Two different phases are compared: Phase 1) from the March lockdown to the end of the 2019/20 school year; Phase 2) The first six weeks of the beginning of the 2020/21 school year. Longitudinal follow-ups were carried out with adolescents in care with a sample of N = 10 (Phase 1) and N = 11 (Phase 2). Based on the grounded theory, information is supplemented by case studies through interviews with educational professionals, N = 14 (Phase 1) and N = 11 (Phase 2). The results indicate deficits of schools' adaptability to the situation of the students suffering social exclusion and difficulties in monitoring when students do not attend school in person and do school activities at home. It is concluded that the design of the educational policy applied in the context of the pandemic does not take the social factor into account.

Background: Local governments increasingly rely on sales taxes to raise revenue, often justifying the need for a local sales tax increase with a specific programmatic goal, such as better education or transportation. In Washington State, the legislature explained that a local sales tax increase was necessary to support criminal justice because criminal justice requires more police, courts, and jails. Objective: Informed by decades of literature questioning the efficacy of fighting crime through police, courts, and jails, the objective of this study seeks to use empirical evidence to explain whether the social fabric offers indicators that can better define criminal justice and thus inform local tax policy so that local sales tax revenue may be used to prevent crime rather than fight it. Method: The study compiled a 29-year history of 36 social variables across all 39 Washington counties to determine whether crime is predictable and what is most predictive of crime. Pearson coefficients of determination were calculated to identify cross-sectional associations between social variables and crime variables. An ARIMAX predictive model was then constructed to test the predictive power of the multivariate time series. Results: The study finds that crime is predictable and social observations specific to how a child grows up are consistently predictive explanatory variables of crime. There is reason to believe that the most effective action state and local governments can take to promote criminal justice and prevent crime is to leverage their taxing power to ensure that every child (a) has access to food and basic necessities, (b) is raised in a safe and stable home, and (c) graduates from college.

Sexual abuse of children is a growing public health issue, with a substantial proportion of such abuse carried out by other children and young people. Schools and teachers are uniquely placed to prevent and intervene against harmful sexual behaviour (HSB) among children and young people. Yet, for schools to safeguard effectively, they are reliant on cooperation with a range of children's services. This study forms part of a wider research project exploring teachers' safeguarding role. It identifies two emerging issues critical in interpreting the data and developing sound safeguarding processes: recognition of the role of professionals' emotional reactions in addressing HSB and the impact of asymmetrical power relations. Building on Draugedalen and Osler's theorisation of teachers' safeguarding, this article examines front-line service providers' perspectives on how they can support schools' safeguarding, proposing a holistic structure of transformative practices that addresses emotions and asymmetrical power relations.

Child marriage in Tanzania is a critical human rights issue in Tanzania and around the globe. This article focuses on the legal structure of Tanzania to show that Tanzania's Law of Marriage Act, Sections 13 and 17, enacted in 1971, violates its constitution and obligations in international human rights treaties and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; mainly, they violate individuals' rights to equality, education, and their family's welfare. The reader will find that the legal and social structures within Tanzania are in conflict with global norms. In addition, the social structure that the government relies on to legitimize these sections of the Marriage Act continues to allow child marriage. This article resolves that child rights, precisely girls' rights, are inhibited through the enactment and continued application of the Law of Marriage Act, Sections 13 and 17. The article will conclude with some salient recommendations that assist Tanzania's government in resolving the issue.

Post-World War II, the vocational parent system was established in Japan in 1951--based on the Child Welfare Law--to provide aftercare for older dependent children. The vocational parents lived with the children and provided the guidance necessary for them to live independently. The evolution of the vocational parent system is divided into three periods for this study: the 1950s, the end of the 1950s to the mid-1960s, and the mid-1960s to the 1970s. Vocational parents were primarily from small- and medium-sized business establishments who could provide personal guidance. This prevented the children from becoming skilled workers and seeking employment in large companies. Vocational parents were expected to provide "parental love" to the children without compensation, despite having to bear the childcare costs and blunders at work. The more the government, welfare personnel, and newspapers sought the welfare ideal of parent-like assistance, the more detached they became from the realities of the working environment and the needs of the children. Consequently, the disparity may have contributed to the decline in aftercare in post-war Japan.

This article studies the history of playgrounds in Finland and focuses on the emergence and implementation of the objectives of the international playground movement in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it examines the relations between supervised playgrounds, women's emancipation, child welfare policies, and political discussion on social class. In doing so, the article illustrates the transnational circulation and implementation of early twentieth century "child-saving" ideas, such as the playground reform. The analysis is done by cross and close reading a wealth of contemporary texts on playgrounds, such as magazines, newspapers, and archival materials. By tracing the interwoven aspects of the playground movement and the history of Finland, especially the significance of the Civil War of 1918, this article argues that supervised playgrounds were utilised in reconciling the socio-political issues of the newly independent state.

Child maltreatment is a significant public health concern that affects children's health and well-being throughout their life. Children who are maltreated are at an increased risk of developing a disability or delay and are more vulnerable to a range of mental health-related problems, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, criminality, and other forms of poorly regulated emotional behavior. Children with disabilities are also at a higher risk for maltreatment, and their needs often go unmet. This systematic literature review aimed to identify, analyze, and summarize the preventive programs and intervention practices between 2009 and 2021, addressing maltreatment in children from birth through 8 years of age. The initial search identified 616 peer-reviewed articles on the topic. Seventeen intervention studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed and coded using systematic procedures. The findings suggest that home visiting and parent education are the most highly investigated educational intervention programs, with parents and caregivers as the primary recipients of the interventions. Studies of maltreatment interventions in children with disabilities are limited, with inadequate methodological rigor. We recommend future robust and wide-ranging investigations to prevent and mitigate the effects of maltreatment of children, particularly children with disabilities, and replications of studies that show promise.

From 2017 to 2021, the Youth Action Research Revolution (YARR) team documented the institutional histories of young people experiencing homelessness in Canada. Interviews with youth focused on educational, child welfare, health care, and criminal justice institutions. Situated at the intersections of critical adult education (CAE), participatory action research (PAR), and institutional ethnography (IE), we outline our mobilization of IE to ground learning and action in our team. We document the different phases of learning that we undertook to illustrate how CAE, PAR, and IE can be mutually supportive frameworks for praxis and activist learning. We highlight our use of IE to illuminate and resist the institutionalizing processes at work in post-secondary contexts and reflect on the importance of mutual aid as essential to realizing the social justice potential of participatory research. We suggest that co-creating IE research with young adults with lived experiences of homelessness constitutes a unique opportunity to mobilize CAE values and tangibly support community research that seeks to positively influence the lives of those implicated by the problems we study together.

The promotion of social and emotional well-being and positive mental-health has become a key focus for governments across the world, with schools seen as prime locations to facilitate improvements in these areas for children. In response, schools have implemented a wide-ranging package of support designed to target well-being and mental health, including 'Social and Emotional Learning' (SEL). Although research points to complexities with the implementation of SEL, little is known about the influences behind how it is interpreted by schools and their staff. This paper, drawing on data from 24 individual interviews and ten focus groups with staff members working across primary schools located in North West England, offers insights into this research gap. The main finding of the study is that individual staff members framed, enacted and valued social, emotional and behavioural work in response to their own roles and working environment, and that schools utilised SEL in light of their own specific needs and priorities. Main conclusions for policy and practice are that 'emotions' should be prioritised as the basis of schooling to establish and maintain an ethos where SEL is valued and utilised effectively.

Since the year 2000, most parents have emigrated en masse due to a deepening socio-political and economic crisis in Zimbabwe, leaving their school-going children in the country. This paper assesses the experiences and challenges faced by these Left-Behind Learners (LBL), and ascertain the challenges faced by teachers in meeting the needs of these learners through inclusive education. The study followed a qualitative research approach with data collected at two high schools in Harare using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results of the study indicate that LBL faced numerous challenges: excessive household chores, lack of help from guardians, inadequate representation at school meetings, and non-payment of school expenses. Teachers in the sample were not aware of the vulnerability of LBL, and were inadequately equipped to deal with this 'new' vulnerability. The study recommends the crafting of an inclusive education policy for the country so that new vulnerabilities are holistically dealt with, and that teachers be trained in inclusive education methodologies.

Section 28(1)(c) of the South African Constitution (1996) unequivocally affirms that children are the only vulnerable group with an explicit right to social services. Nonetheless, the practical realisation of this right remains elusive for many children, leaving them without access to vital social services. Through the theoretical framework of transformative constitutionalism, this article posits that the evolving field of social services provision within school settings presents a promising avenue to champion children's right to social services and a range of other children's rights, and facilitate and promote their access to basic education. Utilising a qualitative research approach with an exploratory case study design, this study investigates whether providing social services through a programme in Botshabelo schools in the Free State effectively promotes the realisation of children's rights. The results show that social services in schools can contribute to realising various children's rights. It is recommended that there should be a symbiotic partnership between the Departments of Social Development and Basic Education with the latter endorsing and expanding the provision of social services within schools. This integration is recommended on the basis that it not only advances crucial human rights for children, such as child protection, social security, and a safe environment, but also shows promise in enhancing the academic performance of learners grappling with challenging circumstances.

This article suggests that there exists a dichotomy within social work related to listening to the voice of the child, contributing to a diminution of social works practical, ethical and legal obligation to enact Article12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The article gives an in-depth exploration of this phenomenon and offers insights as to why this dichotomy exists, arguing that if social work is to realise its obligation to listen to the voice of the child, it must find solutions that accommodate the professions responsibilities to listen to children. One such solution is offered within the paper that may assist social work resolve its problematic relationship with Article12. An adapted model of Honneth's recognition theory is offered as a unique theoretical and practical method to help social work accommodate its duty to safeguard children whilst simultaneously listening to their wishes and feelings at individual, State and societal level. The theory can be used to critique current practice, offering social workers a template to build participatory practices, based on the equal recognition of children's citizenship and agency. Honneth's theory can be used to evaluate how well new participatory practices satisfy the criteria of love, rights and solidarity. By accepting Honneth's theory of recognition, social work can begin to make progress addressing the practice dichotomy concerning participation aspiration and reality. The article offers an innovative and unique contribution to the literature on children's participation by adapting Honneth's recognition theory and applying it exclusively to the participation rights of children known to social services, offering novel ways social workers can enable this group of children to lay claim to their right to participate.

This paper explores modes of expectation among care-experienced young people when navigating educational success. Luhmann's theoretical framework is used to conceptualise experiences of educational success and the role of uncertainty. We identify three modes of expectation: trust, risk and danger. To illustrate these modes, we draw on selected examples from an interview study with 28 care-experienced young people focusing on their experiences of support and aftercare while transitioning out of care. The trust mode of expectation is based in a confidence that the future entails a positive outcome--in the case of this study, regarding educational success. This expectation is characterised by the young person's feelings of belonging, underpinned by a safety net of unconditionally supportive caregivers. The risk mode of expectation is characterised by the young person's feeling of being overwhelmed and burdened by the complexity of the educational system in combination with unknown future circumstances when leaving care. The battle against child welfare services to keep supportive measures increases levels of uncertainty. The danger mode of expectation emerges when educational success is disrupted by the interference of child welfare services. The system is seen as unpredictable and powerful, making the young person withdraw from formal support. We conclude that educational success for care-experienced young people is closely linked to their mode of expectation with regard to managing the uncertainty of the future and that their mode is highly dependent on their social, institutional and biographical contexts.

Post-secondary educational outcomes for care-experienced youth are poor. This has been a consistent finding across studies in many countries. Most studies do not distinguish between different types of post-secondary educational pathways and outcomes, however. There has been limited attention to the potential for post-secondary vocational education (PSVE) as a viable educational path that may lead to positive employment and social outcomes. In this paper we examine PSVE for care leavers by reviewing available data, examining policy context and utilising relevant theories. We offer next steps in policy, practice and theory development.

Incarcerated disabled Girls of Color reside and exist within a nexus of systems that continually entrap them through the ongoing use of carceral logics. Utilizing interviews from a larger qualitative study, this article centers the lived experiences of disabled Girls of Color by interrogating the collusive partnerships between schools, child "welfare," and other related systems in entrapping and criminalizing them. The narratives shared by the incarcerated disabled Girls of Color highlight the role of schools in perpetuating state induced entrapment, how multi-system collusion makes carceral and state-sanctioned protection systems indistinguishable, and showcase the creative ways that Girls of Color resist and subvert confinement and entrapment within carceral apparatuses. Ultimately, this article recognizes how multiple systems are set up to trap incarcerated disabled Girls of Color through collusive relations. However, through forged connections, economies, and the girls' savvy and ingenuity, their experiences remind us that 'nobody about to trap' them fully.

This survey-based research explores data from a diverse range of 54 professionals involved in collaborative team working to support children with specific needs. The survey investigated the individual's perception of their own role, and the interactions within the team. The survey collected some quantitative data, such as age and length of time in role, to explore correlations, but it also asked open-ended questions, providing a wealth of qualitative data. While we have focused on relationship dynamics between professionals in previous work, in this article we revisit the data with a specific focus on the positionality and voice of the child and their parents within multi-professional teams. In doing so we find that professionals frequently forget that the child themselves is entitled to a say in the decisions made about them and that the concept of the parent as an expert on their own child is rarely recognised in practice. There is also evidence that the challenging emotions that many parents struggle with during multi-professional working can easily be misread as reluctance or disinterest. All of these findings highlight a need for professionals to take a far more reflective approach to their collaborative work with colleagues, families and children.

Children and youth in contemporary western society spend less time outdoors compared to previous generations. Increased use of technology, lack of green space, and concerns for risk and safety have contributed to a generation of children spending too much time indoors. A disconnection between children and nature has occurred. Our team conducted a research synthesis review of several empirically defined non-traditional literacies (physical literacy, media literacy, health literacy, nutrition literacy, and ecological literacy) to identify common components used to conceptualize, define, and describe a new nature-based literacy. Findings included four common components: (a) Motivation, (b) Knowledge, (c) Competence, and (d) Confidence. Operationalizing nature-based literacy into a set of capability domains are described as a practical way of re-engaging children and youth with the natural world. Recommendations for future research and practice are shared.

This article assesses the evolving dimensions of sympathy education in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It focuses on the League of Pity, the juvenile branch organisation of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). In its early years the League sought to emphasise Christian service and self-denial, and aimed to help poor victims of abuse become useful members of society. After the turn of the twentieth century, however, images and descriptions of suffering children featured in its propaganda less frequently; they were increasingly supplanted by reports of the various fundraising events attended by League members. The NSPCC sought to promote a sense of community between the League's children and those whom it helped, but there was little real connection across the gulf that separated them. The League of Pity was an imagined community, despite its successes as an organised philanthropic offshoot of the NSPCC.

In this paper, we explore the critical praxis approach of an equity initiative with students who have left care. We contend that 'praxis' ("International Studies in Widening Participation," 2018, 5: 10-20) -- understood here as the close, dialogic and iterative relationship between research and practice, can be a powerful tool for approaching ordinarily rigid equity categorisations as a means for interrogating their conceptual efficacy while simultaneously creating more exploratory approaches to equity populations and initiatives. We examine how unproblematised notions of care leavers migrate between fields and institutions, arguing for a more robust and rigorous interrogation of the salience of the concept of a care leaver as it is integrated into the field of higher education. We contend that rigid definitions of care that narrowly define people only through their relationship to formalised state-legitimated forms of welfare intervention risk making 'absent' ("Epistemologies of the south: Justice against Epistemicide," 2014; Routledge) the substantial population of people nearby this experience of care. This includes people who have escaped official definitions as policies change, circumstances that are similar or identical to people placed in care that have not been included in the official definition of care, or the overlapping and intersecting conditions of marginality that often shape the conditions for being removed into state care. Critical praxis is offered here as providing the basis for allowing the category of 'care leaver' or 'care experienced' to become an in-road for expanding practice initiatives and research understandings to further dimensions of marginalisation and social vulnerability.

The aim of this article is to examine contemporary conceptualizations of cultural and linguistic diversity in the Swedish policy for early childhood education and care (ECEC). The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with high-level policy actors and the analysis of documentary material. Using the concepts of interculturality and hybridity as theoretical tools, the study explores understandings of diversity at preschool and connects these with the role of preschool in culturally and linguistically diverse settings. The findings suggest that the concept of diversity is (a) embedded in dynamic notions of culture, (b) articulated within discourses of democratic citizenship, and, (c) its enactment is promoted in time and space where negotiation and dialogue emerge. Within the context of increased population diversity, there is consensus over the core functions of the Swedish language in preschool, while discourses of multilingualism are characterised by positive yet complex and sometimes diversified constructions. These are reflected in the multiple roles assigned to preschool based on preparing, preventing, and promoting educational and welfare values to children from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

The article depicts manifestations of the law in the educational work of renowned Polish-Jewish educator Janusz Korczak, and re-evaluates Korczak's work in terms of children's legal education. It does so in relation to the theoretical insights of Polish-Russian legal sociologist Leon Petrazycki -- and particularly the notion of "Intuitive Law", a term that describes the nature of the law as separate from formal state laws and as based on psychological and emotional experiences, when it comes to expressions of progressive justice. To illustrate Korczak's legal work and to fully understand its intuitive nature, the article closely follows the legal "institutions" in Korczak's main, Jewish, orphanage, which usually involved the children themselves. Among other things, it offers descriptions of the children's parliament as it was enacted at the orphanage, the orphans' court, their self-published newspaper -- which promoted progressive democratic views, etc. The article also analyses a sampling of Korczak's literary works in relation to the field of law. The various testimonies indicate that Korczak viewed the legal practice as a means of education and as a potentially educational aim in itself, and the legal field as a platform for fairness in day-to-day life as part of living law, similarly to Petrazycki's views.

This article presents the novel Child Attachment Relationship (CAR) Guide for social workers in child protection and fostering. The Guide was created to promote social workers' understandings of children's attachment relationship and to identify the means through which those understandings might be enhanced towards their practice. The research and literature highlight a deficit in practical guidance intended to orient social workers towards attachment relationships. The guide uniquely encompasses six evidence-based dimensions intended to facilitate a deeper understanding of children's attachment relationships. It was developed using central concepts in Attachment Theory, the key theory used in social work for explaining the child-parent relationship. The guide integrates attachment theories and approaches that are accessible, necessary, and applicable to all social workers working with children and families. The Guide was introduced to social workers in a 2-day workshop. The focus of this article is first to present the CAR Guide itself, and second to outline and assess social workers' experiences of using the CAR Guide in their practice with children and caregivers.

The aim of this study was to find out if educational activities about friendship can lead to children's well-being, socialization and adaptation in the preschool setting according to parents' perceptions. It is generally accepted that there are strong links between subjective feelings of well-being and companionship (family solidarity and friendship). We gain happiness through our relationships with other people. The relationships in the early years of human life are significant in the development of a healthy and happy human being. A qualitative study using educational activities such as pretend play, drawings and a friend's party among parents, children and teachers was applied. Fifty-two Greek pre-school kids participated in the project. After the 2-month implementation project, 25 semi-structured interviews were carried out with volunteering parents whose children participated. Each was recorded and then transcribed verbatim. Ethical considerations included confidentiality, possibility to withdraw items and approval of both parents and municipal authorities. Interviews revealed that activities dedicated to friendship at the beginning of the school year, could direct to bonding among children, shorter adaptation period and a positive parents' attitude toward school and staff. Although parents were not actively involved in this curriculum, they were able to recognize changes on their children's well-being and adjustment. The importance of this educational program is highlighted in happy bonding among all and in involving parents in school life.

Using a mixed research design, the overall objective of this study is to investigate the profiles of child labour in Ethiopia's districts of Raya-Kobo and Angot. The study's specific objectives are to examine types of activities and prevalence of child labour, to identify the children's working contexts, and to evaluate the extent of harm children face in workplaces. The study hypothesizes the existence of significant variations in the profiles of child labour (activity types, prevalence rates, settings, and level of harm to children) as a result of several circumstances. While survey methodology was used to collect primary data from 431 randomly selected respondents, desk review and document analysis were also used to gather secondary data. The sampling procedures used include multi-stage purposive and systematic random sampling. Descriptive and inferential (Ordered Probit Regression model) methods of data analysis are utilized to analyze the data. The results of the descriptive analysis demonstrate a high incidence and magnitude of child labour, as well as children's early entry to work. The regression analysis reveals children's exposure to high levels of harm at work, which is directly exacerbated by household age, income diversification, land fragmentation, livestock number, shocks, and the predicted value of remittances. Contrarily, access to rural transportation, household heads' education level, cart ownership, and family size reduce children's harm extent while working. The study highlights the need to design strategies for age-appropriate work to protect children from hazardous and high-intensity activities, undertake community awareness campaigns about the impact of child labour on children, and strengthen local stakeholders' capacity. Additionally, connecting rural areas and farmers' croplands to towns or major routes via repaired or new roads would be beneficial.

Six percent of children in the United States enter foster care by age 18. We estimate the effects of foster care on children's outcomes by exploiting the quasi-random assignment of child welfare investigators in Michigan. We find that foster care improved children's safety and educational outcomes. Gains emerged after children exited the foster system when most were reunified with their birth parents, suggesting that improvements made by their parents were an important mechanism. These results indicate that safely reducing the use of foster care, a goal of recent federal legislation, requires more effective in-home, prevention-focused efforts.