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Due to magnetic phase transitions rare-earth materials possess unique properties near the Curie and Neel temperatures, such as the magneto-caloric effect, the abnormally high heat capacity, the magnetic susceptibility and permeability extremes. Using rare earth materials in gas cryogenic refrigerators regenerators increases the efficiency, reduces the power consumption and allows reaching helium temperatures. The magneto-caloric effect has also extreme values near the Curie and Neel temperatures. The paper presents theoretical and experimental methods allowing to determine magnetic phase transitions temperatures in a wide range of low temperature materials with a various rare-earth components content and expected thermophysical properties of a certain rare-earth materials composition at the temperatures based on starting pure metals characteristics. The results analysis has shown that magnetic phase transitions temperatures are a linear function of the components concentration. Moreover, heat capacity values and MCE also depend linearly on the starting components concentration, which simplifies calculations significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An artificial channel-cut crystal monochromator for the hard X-Ray beamlines of SASE 1&2, cryogenically cooled by the so-called pulse tube cooler (cryorefrigerator), is currently under development at the European XFEL (http://www.xfel.eu/). The fabrication is on-going. We present here the crystal optical consideration and the novel cooling configuration, according to the X-Ray FEL pulses proprieties. The mechanical design improvements are pointed out as well to implement such kind of monochromator based on the previous similar design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the emerging technique for analysis and performance prediction of a pulse tube refrigerator. The regenerator plays an important role in any cryorefrigerator, and hence to predict the realistic performance, proper boundary conditions are required in CFD tool. The modeling of regenerator requires appropriate definition and knowledge about hydrodynamic parameters viz. viscous resistance, inertial resistance and porosity. The present work report, CFD assisted prediction of hydrodynamic parameters for some widely used regenerator wire mesh structures selected on the basis of different porosity, which can predict the same pressure drop and friction factor obtained from experimental correlation equation. A unique value of viscous and inertial resistance is obtained iteratively for each mesh screen structures over a range of mass flow rate. These data can be readily used as boundary conditions for CFD simulations of the test section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PHyTIR is a NASA-funded technology demonstration for a near-term earth-observing instrument in the thermal infrared spectrum, intended for use in the HyspIRI mission. PHyTIR will use two Thales 9310 single-stage pulse tube cryocoolers, one to directly cool the FPA, the other to simulate a passive radiator. We report performance measurements for the two Thales 9310 cryocoolers intended for inclusion in the PHyTIR demonstrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) landed successfully on Mars on August 5, 2012, eight months after launch. The chosen landing site of Gale Crater, located at 4.5 degrees south latitude, 137.4 degrees east longitude, has provided a much more benign environment than was originally planned for during the critical design and integration phases of the MSL Project when all possible landing sites were still being considered. The expected near-surface atmospheric temperatures at the Gale Crater landing site during Curiosity's primary mission (1 Martian year or 687 Earth days) are from -90oC to 0oC. However, enclosed within Curiosity's thermal control fluid loops the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument is maintained at approximately +20oC. The CheMin instrument uses X-ray diffraction spectroscopy to make precise measurements of mineral constituents of Mars rocks and soil. The instrument incorporated the commercially available Ricor K508 Stirling cycle cryocooler to cool the CCD detector. After several months of brushing itself off, stretching and testing out its subsystems, Curiosity began the exploration of the Mars surface in October 2012. The CheMin instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) received its first soil sample from Curiosity on October 24, and successfully analyzed its first soil sample. After a brief review of the rigorous Ricor K508 cooler qualification tests and life tests based on the original MSL environmental requirements this paper presents final pre-launch instrument integration and testing results, and details the operational data of the CheMin cryocooler, providing a snapshot of the resulting CheMin instrument analytical data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purity of the process gas is essential for the reliability of refrigerators and liquefiers. Filtration and adsorption of impurities like water, nitrogen, and oil result in a major effort, cost, and maintenance in the helium process. Expensive impurity monitors for moisture, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon contents are required to identify filter failures and leakage immediately during the operation. While water and nitrogen contaminants can be detected reliably, the measurement of oil aerosols at the ppb-level is challenging. We present a novel diagnostic oil aerosol measurement system able to measure particles in the sub-µm range. This unit enabled us to evaluate and improve the oil separation system on a LINDE TCF 50 helium liquefier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamic study is performed on nitrogen expander cycles for large capacity liquefaction of natural gas. In order to substantially increase the capacity, a Brayton refrigeration cycle with nitrogen expander was recently added to the cold end of the reputable propane pre-cooled mixed-refrigerant (C3-MR) process. Similar modifications with a nitrogen expander cycle are extensively investigated on a variety of cycle configurations. The existing and modified cycles are simulated with commercial process software (Aspen HYSYS) based on selected specifications. The results are compared in terms of thermodynamic efficiency, liquefaction capacity, and estimated size of heat exchangers. The combination of C3-MR with partial regeneration and pre-cooling of nitrogen expander cycle is recommended to have a great potential for high efficiency and large capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancement of operational responsive space programs calls for a development of compact, reliable, low power and vibration free cryogenic cooling for sophisticated infrared payloads. The refrigeration in a typical closed cycle split Stirling linear cryocooler is achieved by a cyclic compression and expansion of a gaseous working agent due to a synchronized reciprocation of electro-dynamically and pneumatically actuated compressor and expander pistons. Attenuation of the cryocooler induced vibration usually relies on the concept of actively assisted momentum cancellation. In a typical dual-piston compressor this objective is achieved by actively synchronizing the motion of oppositely moving piston assemblies; a typical single-piston expander may be counterbalanced by a motorized counter-balancer. The above approach produces complexity, weight, size, high incurred costs and affects reliability. The authors analyze the case of passive attenuation the vibration export induced by the split Stirling linear cryocooler comprised of inline mounted single-piston compressor and expander. Placement of all the moving components onto a common axis results in a single axis consolidation of vibration export and enables use of single tuned dynamic absorber and low frequency vibration mount. From theoretical analysis and full-scale testing, the performance of such vibration protection arrangement is similar to known systems of active vibration cancellation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multivariable model-based non-linear controller for Warm Compression Stations (WCS) is proposed. The strategy is to replace all the PID loops controlling the WCS with an optimally designed model-based multivariable loop. This new strategy leads to high stability and fast disturbance rejection such as those induced by a turbine or a compressor stop, a key-aspect in the case of large scale cryogenic refrigeration. The proposed control scheme can be used to have precise control of every pressure in normal operation or to stabilize and control the cryoplant under high variation of thermal loads (such as a pulsed heat load expected to take place in future fusion reactors such as those expected in the cryogenic cooling systems of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER or the Japan Torus-60 Super Advanced fusion experiment JT-60SA). The paper details how to set the WCS model up to synthesize the Linear Quadratic Optimal feedback gain and how to use it. After preliminary tuning at CEA-Grenoble on the 400W@1.8K helium test facility, the controller has been implemented on a Schneider PLC and fully tested first on the CERN's real-time simulator. Then, it was experimentally validated on a real CERN cryoplant. The efficiency of the solution is experimentally assessed using a reasonable operating scenario of start and stop of compressors and cryogenic turbines. This work is partially supported through the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) Goal Oriented Training Program, task agreement WP10-GOT-GIRO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher operating frequency can improve power density in a cryocooler thereby can effectively reduce the volume and weight of the whole system while maintaining comparable efficiency. A pneumatically driven split-Stirling cryocooler operating above 100 Hz was designed, manufactured and tested. Effect of parameters on the performance was investigated using Sage. Experiments on the cold head were performed using a commercial linear compressor. The cryocooler achieved a no-load temperature of about 77 K with a cool down time to 80 K of 6.9 min at 105 Hz and 2.50 MPa, and the maximum net cooling power of 0.31 W was gained at 90.0 K at 105 Hz and 3.25 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A test refrigerator based on the modified Reverse Brayton cycle has been developed in the Chinese Academy of Sciences recently. To study the behaviors of this test refrigerator, a dynamic simulation has been carried out. The numerical model comprises the typical components of the test refrigerator: compressor, valves, heat exchangers, expander and heater. This simulator is based on the oriented-object approach and each component is represented by a set of differential and algebraic equations. The control system of the test refrigerator is also simulated, which can be used to optimize the control strategies. This paper describes all the models and shows the simulation results. Comparisons between simulation results and experimental data are also presented. Experimental validation on the test refrigerator gives satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the devices and pipeline in the horizontal cryogenic cold-box of a 10kW@20K helium refrigerator developed by Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Four devices, six valves, supporting components and pipe lines are positioned in the cold-box. At operating state, the temperature of these devices and pipeline is far below the room temperature, and the lowest temperature is 14K. Due to different material and temperature, the shrinkage of devices and pipes is different. Finite element analysis software SOLIDWORKS SIMULATION was used to numerically simulate the thermal stress and deformation. The results show that the thermal stress of pipe A is a little large. So we should change the pipe route or use a bellows expansion joint. Bellows expansion joints should also be used in the pipes connected to three of the six valves to protect them by decreasing the deformation. At last, the effect of diameter, thickness and bend radius on the thermal stress was analyzed. The results show that the thermal stress of the pipes increases with the increase of the diameter and the decrease of the bend radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF) is able to provide the necessary test bed for measuring the performance of Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities in a cryomodule (CM). The CMTF have seven 300 KW screw compressors, two liquid helium refrigerators, and two Cryomodule Test Stands (CMTS). CMTS1 is designed for 1.3 GHz cryomodule operating in a pulsed mode (PM) and CMTS2 is for cryomodule operating in Half-Wave (HW) and Continuous Wave (CW) mode. Based on the design requirement, each subsystem has to be far away from each other and be placed in distant locations. Therefore choosing Siemens Process Control System 7-400, DL205 PLC, Synoptic and Fermilab ACNET are the ideal choices for CMTF cryogenic distribution real-time remote control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryocoolers with large cooling powers at 80 K are very promising as they could find important applications in superconducting field such as cooling cables, transformers and fault current limiters. The pulse tube cryocooler has attracted attention due to its virtue of no moving components in the cold region. However, as the cooling power increases, problems inside the thermal buffer tube, such as difficulty in obtaining good flow straightening, existence of Rayleigh streaming, the gravity effect etc., present big obstacles to achieving high thermal efficiency. On the other hand, a free piston Stirling cryocooler, though more complicated due to the existence of the displacer, could avoid these problems with the elimination of the thermal buffer tube. Meanwhile, the efficiency is better than the pulse tube cryocooler around 80 K due to its capability of recovering the acoustic work. In this article, a free piston Stirling cryocooler with about 300 W cooling power at 80 K is designed with our simulation based on thermoacoustic theory. The theoretical analysis and numeric model are given in detail. The phase shift effect of the displacer and the internal energy loss mechanism are discussed. From our calculation, a relative Carnot efficiency of about 50% at 80 K has been obtained analytically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the cooldown and current charging campaign have been carried out towards the demonstration of the first successful plasma discharge in the steady state superconducting Tokomak (SST-1). The SST-1 machine consists of cable-in-conduit wound superconducting toroidal as well as poloidal coils, cooled using 1.3 kW at 4.5 K helium refrigerator -cum- liquefier (HRL) system. The cryo system provides the two-phase helium at 0.13 MPa at 4.5 K as well as forced-flow pressurized helium at 0.4 MPa and in addition to 7 g-s-1 liquefaction capacity required for the current leads and other cold mass at 4.5 K. The entire integrated cold masses having different thermo hydraulic resistances cooled with the SST-1 HRL in optimised process parameters. In order to maintain different levels of temperatures and to facilitate smooth and reliable cooldown, warm-up, normal operations as well as to handle abnormal events such as, quench or utilities failures etc., exergy efficient process are adopted for the helium refrigerator-cum-liquefier (HRL) with an installed equivalent capacity of 1.3 kW at 4.5 K. Using the HRL, the cold mass of about 40 tons is being routinely cooled down from ambient temperature to 4.5 K with an average cooldown rate of 0.75 - 1 K-h-1. Long-term cryogenic stable conditions were obtained within 15 days in the superconducting coils and their connecting feeders. Afterwards, all of the cold mass is warmed-up in a controlled manner to ambient temperature. In this paper, we report the recent operational results of the cryogenic system during the first plasma discharge in SST-1 as well as the troubleshooting experiences of the cryogenic plant related hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the thorium molten salt reactor (TMSR), fission products such as krypton, xenon and tritium will be produced continuously in the process of nuclear fission reaction. A cryogenic system with a two stage GM cryocooler was designed to separate Kr, Xe, and H2 from helium purge gas. The temperatures of two stage heat exchanger condensation tankswere maintained at about 38 K and 4.5 K, respectively. The main fluid parameters of heat transfer were confirmed, and the structural heat exchanger equipment and cold box were designed. Designed concentrations after cryogenic separation of Kr, Xe and H2 in helium recycle gas are less than 1 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a multi-disciplinary research centre under design and construction in Lund, Sweden. This new facility is funded by a collaboration of 17 European countries and is expected to be up to 30 times brighter than today's leading facilities and neutron sources. The ESS will enable new opportunities for researchers in the fields of life sciences, energy, environmental technology, cultural heritage and fundamental physics. A 5 MW long pulse proton accelerator is used to reach this goal. The pulsed length is 2.86 ms, the repetition frequency is 14 Hz (4 % duty cycle), and the beam current is 62.5 mA. The superconducting section of the Linac accelerates the beam from 80 MeV to 2.0 GeV. It is composed of one string of spoke cavity cryomodule and two strings of elliptical cavity cryomodules. These cryomodules contain four elliptical Niobium cavities operating at 2 K and at a frequency of 704.42 MHz. This paper introduces the thermo-mechanical design, the prototyping and the expected operation of the ESS elliptical cavity cryomodules. An Elliptical Cavity Cryomodule Technology Demonstrator (ECCTD) will be built and tested in order to validate the ESS series production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron science facility funded by a collaboration of 17 European countries currently under design and construction in Lund, Sweden. The centerpiece of ESS is a 2.5 GeV proton linac utilizing superconducting RF cavities operating at 2 K. In addition to cooling the SRF cavities, cryogenics is also used at ESS in the liquid hydrogen moderators surrounding the target. ESS also uses both liquid helium and liquid nitrogen in a number of the planned neutron instruments. There is also a significant cryogenic installation associated with the site acceptance testing of the ESS cryomodules. The ESS cryogenic system consists of 3 separate helium refrigeration/liquefaction plants supplying the accelerator, target moderators and instruments. An extensive cryogenic distribution system connects the accelerator cryoplant with the cryomodules. This paper describes the preliminary design of the ESS cryogenic system including the expected heat loads. Challenges associated with the required high reliability and turn-down capability will also be discussed. A unique feature of ESS is its commitment to sustainability and energy recovery. A conceptual design for recovering waste heat from the helium compressors for use in the Lund district heating system will also be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant progress has been made on the Raytheon low cost space cryocooler called the Dual-Use Cryocooler (DUC). Most notably, the DUC has been integrated and tested with an advanced regenerator. The advanced regenerator is a drop-in replacement for stainless steel screens and has shown significant thermodynamic performance improvements. This paper will compare the performance of two different regenerators and explain the benefits of the advanced regenerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling with REGEN3.3 has shown that the phase between flow and pressure at the cold end of 4 K regenerators has a large effect on their second-law efficiency. The use of inertance tubes in small 4 K pulse tube cryocoolers has limited phase-shifting ability, and their phase shift cannot be varied unless their dimensions are varied. We report here on the use of a miniature linear compressor, operating at the pulse tube warm end of about 30 K, as a controllable expander that can be used to vary the phase over 360°. We also use the back EMF of the linear motor to measure the acoustic power, flow rate amplitude, and phase between flow and pressure at the piston face. We discuss the measurements of the linear motor parameters that are required to determine the piston velocity from the back EMF as well as the measurement procedures to determine the back EMF when the expander is operating at a temperature around 30 K. Our experimental results on the performance of a regenerator/pulse tube stage operating below 30 K show an optimum performance when the flow at the phase shifter lags the pressure by about 65° to 80°, which is close to the model results of about 60°. Temperatures below 10 K were achieved at the cold end in these measurements. The efficiency of the compressor operating as an expander is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero boil-off (ZBO) storage of cryogenic liquids can be used both for an integrated cold source combined with mechanical cryocoolers, and long-term lossless storage of cryogenic propellants such as liquid hydrogen and oxygen. A ZBO system for space application should be less weight and high efficiency. Pulse tube cryocoolers with linear compressors for space application are used as the cold source to compensate heat inputs to the ZBO dewar which have a variety of new insulation technologies. This paper describes an evaluation method for evaluating the systematic characteristics of the ZBO system. For different cryogenic liquids, different solutions comprised of the cryocooler with different cooling capacity and the dewar with different adiabatic means, are analyzed and evaluated from feasibility, average power consumption, working mode and fluctuations of the temperature and pressure. The results show that the solution of the ZBO dewar matched with a single-stage cryocooler is preferred for liquid oxygen and nitrogen storage, and the intermittent working mode is more power efficient than the continuous working mode, while its temperature and pressure fluctuations are a little larger. The solution of the ZBO dewar with a cryocooler cooled screen matched with a multi-stage cryocooler is preferred for liquid neon, hydrogen and helium storage, and the continuous working mode is more feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO) is a proposed space telescope designed to characterize the atmospheres of nearby transiting exoplanets. Its detectors will operate in the 0.4 to 11 micromillimeter range. Two kinds of detectors are currently able to provide the desired sensitivity in this range. Depending on the technology used, cooling to either 6 K or about 30 K will be required. For the former solution, a JT cooler coupled to a pulse tube cooler could be used whereas for the latter, a pulse tube cooler would provide the cooling power. Pulse tube coolers are particularly well adapted for the cryogenics for such mission because of the low level of vibration required and of the temperature range. We developed multistage pulse tube coolers able to cool down to temperature as low as 6 K, with efficient operation from 10 K to 40 K. A design based on our tested prototypes is proposed to fulfill the need for the ECHO missions. This paper describes the experimental results measured with demonstrator models. In particular measured performances of efficient cooling power at 10 K are presented. Several possible configurations for the ECHO cooler will be discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small scale thermoacoustic heat engines have advantages in fields like space exploration and domestic applications considering small space occupation and ease of transport. In the present paper, the influence of resonator diameter on the general performance of a small thermoacoustic Stirling engine was experimentally investigated using helium as the working gas. Reducing the diameter of the resonator appropriately is beneficial for lower onset heating temperature, lower frequency and higher pressure amplitude. Based on the pressure distribution in the small thermoacoustic engine, an outlet for the acoustic work transmission was made to combine the engine and a miniature co-axial pulse tube cooler. The cooling performance of the whole refrigeration system without any moving part was tested. Experimental results showed that further efforts are required to optimize the engine performance and its match with the co-axial pulse tube cooler in order to obtain better cooling performance, compared with its original operating condition, driven by a traditional electrical linear compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A superconducting magnet system, which is composed of an 8 m long solenoid for transportation and 12 short solenoids for focusing, has been developed for Muon Science Establishment facility of J-PARC. The transport solenoid is composed of a 6 m straight section connected to a 45 degree curved section at each end. Muons of various momenta and of both electric charges are transported through the solenoid inner bore with an effective diameter of 0.3 m, where 2 T magnetic field is induced. There are 12 focusing solenoids with an effective bore diameter of 0.6 m and a length of 0.35 m arranged on a straight line at suitable intervals. The maximum central field of each focusing solenoid is 0.66 T. All solenoid coils are cooled by GM cryocoolers through their own conductions. The magnet system has been installed into the beam line in the summer of 2012, and its performance has been checked. Beam commissioning has been carried out since October 2012. During beam operation, temperature rise over 6 K in the transport solenoid due to a nuclear heating from the muon production target is observed at beam intensity of about 300 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the recent advances in Stirling-type pulse tube cryocoolers for aerospace applications in the author's group. Due to the special environment featuring the limited power supply and adverse rejection condition, high cooler efficiencies are emphasized and thus the approaches to realize them are stressed. The cold fingers involve three geometries, and designs and optimizations on key dimensional parameters of coaxial and in-line ones for given compressors are discussed and compared. The high performance moving-coil linear compressors are studied, and the optimizations on linear motor and flexure springs are briefly reviewed as examples of studies on the key compressor technologies. The mature single-stage coolers cover 25-200 K with the capacities varying from milliwatt levels to over 30 W, and the high efficiencies at typical temperatures such as 40 K, 60 K, 80 K and 95 K are presented. The two-stage arrangement is becoming another trend to achieve cooling below 25 K and also to simultaneously provide cooling powers at both stages. Some typical development programs are introduced and a brief overview of the data package is updated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, Raytheon has developed, built, tested and integrated high performance cryocoolers. Our versatile designs for single and multi-stage cryocoolers provide reliable operation for temperatures from 10 to 200 Kelvin with power levels ranging from 50 W to nearly 600 W. These advanced cryocoolers incorporate clearance seals, flexure suspensions, hermetic housings and dynamic balancing to provide long service life and reliable operation in all relevant environments. Today, sensors face a multitude of cryocooler integration challenges such as exported disturbance, efficiency, scalability, maturity, and cost. As a result, cryocooler selection is application dependent, oftentimes requiring extensive trade studies to determine the most suitable architecture. To optimally meet the needs of next generation passive IR sensors, the Compact Inline Raytheon Stirling 1-Stage (CI-RS1), Compact Inline Raytheon Single Stage Pulse Tube (CIRP1) and Compact Inline Raytheon Hybrid Stirling/Pulse Tube 2-Stage (CI-RSP2) cryocoolers are being developed to satisfy this suite of requirements. This lightweight, compact, efficient, low vibration cryocooler combines proven 1-stage (RS1 or RP1) and 2-stage (RSP2) cold-head architectures with an inventive set of warm-end mechanisms into a single cooler module, allowing the moving mechanisms for the compressor and the Stirling displacer to be consolidated onto a common axis and in a common working volume. The CI cryocooler is a significant departure from the current Stirling cryocoolers in which the compressor mechanisms are remote from the Stirling displacer mechanism. Placing all of the mechanisms in a single volume and on a single axis provides benefits in terms of package size (30% reduction), mass (30% reduction), thermodynamic efficiency (>20% improvement) and exported vibration performance (≤25 mN peak in all three orthogonal axes at frequencies from 1 to 500 Hz). The main benefit of axial symmetry is that proven balancing techniques and hardware can be utilized to null all motion along the common axis. Low vibration translates to better sensor performance resulting in simpler, more direct mechanical mounting configurations, eliminating the need for convoluted, expensive, massive, long lead damping hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the initial performance of our CCC / SQUID insert with a cryocooled dewar based on a two-stage pulse tube that maintains a pool of liquid helium within a sample space. The heat-leak into the liquid helium pool was calculated at ∼ 180 mW. When the unit was actively cooling, microphonic signals were seen in the SQUID output mostly below 20 kHz, however, the RF SQUID remained stable and locked at its operating point. The cryocooler may be switched off for periods of several hours during sensitive measurements, if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]