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Background: In camels, thelaziosis is mainly caused by Thelazia leesei Railliet & Henry, 1910, a little-known eyeworm species. Given the paucity of scientific data, this study aimed to provide new insights into the morphology, molecular characterization, and phylogenetic relationship of T. leesei and its occurrence in camels from Iran, where animals suffer from the high burden of eyeworms. Methods: From December 2020 to November 2022, slaughtered camels (n = 400) of different sex and age groups were examined in Sistan-va-Baluchestan province in Southeast Iran's local abattoirs. Adult eyeworms were fixed and stored for morphological identification by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products corresponding to the partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) of eyeworms were Sanger sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. Results: A total of 118 (29.5%) camels from all five counties examined were infected with eyeworms, with an abundance of 0.9 and a mean intensity of 3.2 (i.e., up to 18 worms from a single animal). The infection rate was higher in camels older than 4 years of age (P = 0.01901). Lachrymation was associated with infection in animals (P < 0.00001). The morphology of our specimens resembled that of T. leesei, with the exception of the position of the nerve ring and esophagus length. Genetic analysis showed that the cox1 partial sequences of our T. leesei specimens had genetic distances of 8.8% to 13.5% compared with other Thelazia species. Conclusions: On the basis of the morphometrics and morphological characteristics, we identified our specimens as T. leesei. In the phylogenetic tree, T. leesei herein isolated formed a monophyletic group together with its congeners, and T. leesei formed a sister clade to T. lacrymalis. In addition, we demonstrated the epidemiology of the infestation of T. leesei in camels in the endemic areas of southeastern Iran. The data presented are crucial for better understanding the pathogenic role of T. leesei and developing effective treatment strategies. In particular, studies on the intermediate host(s) of T. leesei in these regions will support effective control strategies for this parasitosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In less agroecological parts of the Asian, Arabian, and African deserts, Camelus dromedarius play an important role in human survival. For many years, camels have been employed as a source of food, a tool of transportation, and a means of defense. They are becoming increasingly important as viable livestock animals in many desert climates. With the help of camel genetics, genomics and proteomics known so far, this review article will summarize camel enzymes and proteins, which allow them to thrive under varied harsh environmental situations. An in-depth study of the dromedary genome revealed the existence of protein-coding and fast-developing genes that govern a variety of metabolic responses including lipid and protein metabolism, glucoamylase, flavin-containing monooxygenase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase are other metabolic enzymes found in the small intestine, liver, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we will discuss the handling of common medications by camel liver cytochrome p 450, which are different from human enzymes. Moreover, camels developed several paths to get optimum levels of trace elements like copper, zinc, selenium, etc., which have key importance in their body for normal regulation of metabolic events. Insulin tolerance, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes, vimentin functions, behavior during the rutting season, resistance to starvation and changes in blood composition and resistance to water loss were among the attractive aspects of camel enzymes and proteins peculiarities in the camels. Resolving the enigma of the method of adaptation and the molecular processes linked with camel life is still a developing repository full of mysteries that need additional exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemoprotozoan diseases, especially trypanosomosis and theileriosis, adversely affect the productivity, growth, and performance of camels. Regular sampling and investigation of camels are challenging due to several factors. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge on camel parasite genotyping, cytokine production, and oxidative stress parameters during infection. Methods: The present study investigated two critical blood protozoa infecting camels in Egypt, Trypanosoma evansi and Theileria annulata, using molecular methods, specifically 18S rRNA gene analysis. Following molecular confirmation, experimental infections were induced in Swiss albino mice to assess the expression of immune response genes and oxidative stress parameters. The study further explored the correlation between histopathological alterations and inflammatory reactions in the kidney, spleen, and liver of infected mice, alongside the immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Results: Trypanosoma evansi and T. annulata isolated from naturally infected camels were molecularly identified and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OR116429 and OR103130, respectively. Infection with T. evansi and T. annulata caused significant adverse effects on the immune condition of infected mice, increasing the pathogenicity of the infection. This was evidenced by a significant increase in oxidative stress parameter levels in both naturally infected camels and experimentally infected mice compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the expression of immune response genes was significantly elevated in infected mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a pronounced upregulation of caspase-3, PCNA, and TNF in the infected groups relative to the control group. These findings are the first to be reported in Egypt. Conclusions: This study successfully identified and genotyped two economically important blood protozoa, T. evansi and T. annulata, from camels in Egypt. Additionally, the experimental animal model provided valuable insights into the immune response, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes induced by these parasites, demonstrating comparable results to naturally infected camels. These findings highlight the potential of this model to study parasite–host interactions and immune responses, contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of T. evansi and T. annulata infections. This model may be useful for future studies focused on disease control and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized welfare assessment protocols are crucial to enhance animal welfare; up to date, there is no data on the level of welfare of camels kept under pastoralism. A tailored protocol for measuring welfare in dromedary camels kept under nomadic pastoralist conditions was recently developed, drawing from the currently available welfare protocol for dromedary camels kept in intensive systems. This study, therefore, aimed to apply the newly developed tailored protocol and assess the welfare of dromedary camels kept under pastoralism in the Southern Punjab Province of Pakistan. A total of 44 welfare indicators (animal-, resource, and management-based measures) aligning with animal welfare principles ("Good Feeding", "Good Housing", "Good Health", and "Appropriate Behavior") were gathered into two assessment levels: "Caretaker-Herd level" and "Animal level". Data were collected in 2023 in the Cholistan desert in the southern Punjab province. Fifty-four herds were evaluated for a total population of 1,186 camels, of which 510 (495 females and 15 males; average age: 5–6 years old) were assessed at the animal level. The indicators were scored and aggregated to obtain Principle Aggregated Indexes (PAIs) and a total Welfare Index (TWI). Using the PAIs classification, 4 herds were categorized as excellent, 42 satisfactory, and 8 unsatisfactory. Total Welfare Index (TWI) varied from 55.7 to 82.2, and the thresholds for classification into tertiles were 65.4 and 70.6. Good feeding and Good housing were the most problematic PAIs, with Good feeding as the most influential variable for classification into welfare categories. As expected, camels kept under pastoralism had a higher level of welfare than those reported in the literature for intensive systems, especially concerning the Appropriate Behavior principle. Our findings are a first step in proposing welfare standards for dromedary in Pakistan and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coccidiosis is a serious parasitic disease in camels caused by an intestinal protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria , which is linked to significant causes of reduced milk and meat production. In Saudi Arabia, scare literature focused on the coprological investigation of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). To determine the taxonomic status of camel parasite species, we performed morphological characterization of oocysts and genetic analysis (18S rRNA and ITS-1 gene regions) of Eimeria species collected from camels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A total of 150 faecal samples were obtained from camels at the old camel market. These samples were tested for the presence of Eimeria oocysts using the conventional floatation technique before being sporulated in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Eimeria oocysts were morphologically and molecularly examined and identified, and the infection rate of parasitic infections was determined. Results: Our findings revealed that the overall frequency of oocysts was 30%. The identified species was Eimeria rajasthani , which had a typical ellipsoidal oocyst shape. Oocystic polar granule, micropyle, micropylar cap, and oocyst residuum are not visible. Sporocysts are oval with stieda body. Sporocyst residuum contains many granules and sporozoites with refractile bodies and nuclei. Genetic analyses of the sequence data from the partial 18S rRNA and ITS-1 gene regions revealed that the sequences obtained from E. rajasthani oocysts are related to DNA sequences reported from E. lamae from the Alpaca from China, particularly the 18S rRNA sequences. Conclusion: This study emphasized the need to use molecular phylogenetic tools to describe camel intestinal coccidian parasites with traditional morphology-based approaches to better understand their biology. For camel husbandry and disease control, more studies should be conducted to better understand the epidemiology of these protozoan parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the import and introduction of camels to German Southwest Africa (modern-day Namibia) in the period 1884 to 1915. It identifies, narrates, and quantifies the import of camels and explains the camel’s role in transport and warfare during the German colonial period. Gestures towards how the camel and its ‘non-German expert handlers’ were ‘unlikely agents’ in this story are part of the discussion. Arguably, centring German animal transfers can help complicate existing understandings of German imperial fantasies, shed more light on everyday colonial violence and genocide, and alert us to silences regarding non-German experts and African labourers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ, plays a critical role in T lymphocyte development and adaptive immunity. This study focuses on the anatomical, histological and geometric morphometric characteristics of the thymus in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) during postnatal development. Thymus samples were collected from camels aged approximately 4, 8, 12 and 16 months. Using photogrammetry and 3D modelling, the samples were analysed to generate landmarks and conduct geometric morphometry with the 3D Slicer and ALPACA algorithm. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then performed to evaluate shape variations. Histologically, the samples underwent Haematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Image analysis using QuPath software quantified trabeculae, adipose tissue and Hassall's corpuscles. The results revealed significant anatomical and histological changes in the thymus across the different age groups. Notable variations in tissue composition and structural integrity were observed, with the PCA highlighting distinct morphometric patterns associated with age‐related development. These findings provide a deeper understanding of thymus maturation in dromedaries and offer valuable data for comparative anatomy and veterinary medicine. This comprehensive analysis enhances our knowledge of species‐specific immune development, with important implications for the health and resilience of these animals in arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk and dairy products are important in the human diet not only for the macronutrients, such as proteins and fats, that they provide, but also for the supply of essential micronutrients, such as minerals. Minerals are present in milk in soluble form in the aqueous phase and in colloidal form associated with the macronutrients of the milk. These 2 forms affect the nutritional functions of the minerals and their contribution to the technological properties of milk during cheese making. The aim of the present work was to study and compare the detailed mineral profiles of dairy foods (milk, whey, and cheese) obtained from cows, buffaloes, goats, ewes and dromedary camels, and to analyze the recovery in the curd of the individual minerals according to a model cheese-making procedure applied to the milk of these 5 dairy species. The detailed mineral profile of the milk samples was obtained by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. We divided the 21 minerals identified in the 3 different matrices into essential macro- and microminerals, and environmental microminerals, and calculated the recovery of the individual minerals in the cheeses. The complete mineral profiles and the recoveries in the cheeses were then analyzed using a linear mixed model with Species, Food, and their interaction included as fixed effects, and Sample within Species as a random effect. The mineral profiles of each food matrix were then analyzed separately with a general linear model in which only the fixed effect of Species was included. The results showed that the species could be divided into 2 groups: those producing a more diluted milk characterized by a higher content of soluble minerals (in particular, K), and those with a more concentrated milk with a higher colloidal mineral content in the skim of the milk (such as Ca and P). The recoveries of the minerals in the curd were in line with the initial content in the milk, and also highlighted the fact that the influence of the brine was not limited to the Na content but to its whole mineral makeup. These results provide valuable information for the evaluation of the nutritional and technological properties of milk, and for the uses made of the byproducts of cheese making from the milk of different species. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camels possess exceptional adaptability, allowing them to withstand extreme temperatures in desert environments. They conserve water by reducing their metabolic rate and regulating body temperature. The heart of the camel plays a crucial role in this adaptation, with specific genes expressed in cardiac tissue that are essential for mammalian adaptation, regulating cardiac function and responding to environmental stressors. One such gene, nebulin‐related‐anchoring protein (NRAP), is involved in the assembly of myofibrils and the transmission of force within the heart. In our study of the NRAP gene across various livestock species, including three camel species, we identified a camel‐specific exon region in the NRAP transcripts. This additional exon (exon 4) contains an open reading frame predicted in camels. To investigate its function, we generated knock‐in mice expressing camel NRAP exon 4. These ‘camelized mice’ exhibited normal phenotypic characteristics compared with wild‐type mice but showed elevated body temperatures under cold stress. Transcriptome analyses of the hearts from camelized mice under cold stress revealed differentially expressed inflammatory cytokine genes, known to influence cardiac function by modulating the contractility of cardiac muscle cells. We propose further investigations utilizing these camelized mice to explore these findings in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copy number variants (CNVs) are structural variants within the eukaryotic genome that vary among individuals of a species. These variants have been associated with different phenotypic traits, making them a valuable consideration as markers for designing breeding programmes. In this study, whole genome sequence data of 60 dromedary camel samples originating from the Arabian Peninsula were analyzed to construct a comprehensive dromedary CNV map. Utilizing four CNV callers employing read-depth, split-read and paired-end mapping approaches, a total of 37,519 CNV events (17,847 deletions and 19,672 duplications) were called on the dromedary autosomes. These CNV events were merged into 2,557 regions, categorized as 1,322 losses, 122 gains, and 1,113 "mixed regions" comprising both types. The cumulative size of the CNV regions amounted to 22.5 Mb, covering roughly 1.16% of the dromedary autosomes. Approximately 32% of the defined CNV regions (comprising 60% losses, 18% gains, and 0.27% mixed regions) were found in ≥ 90% of the dromedary samples, classifying them as prevalent regions. Genes with biological functions related to the different adaptive physiologies of dromedary camels, such as fertility, heat stress, musculoskeletal development, and fat metabolism, were overlapping with or in close proximity to ~ 68% of the defined CNV regions, demonstrating their potential role in dromedaries' physiology. This study presents the first comprehensive CNV map of dromedary camels and builds on the present knowledge in understanding the genetic structure of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary practice, involving the complete removal of the eye and comprehensive extraction of orbital contents, respectively. These procedures are indicated for pain relief, excision, and management of neoplasia metastases, and addressing severe medically untreatable conditions. Aim: This study aimed to develop an orbital enucleation surgical approach. The study evaluated the applicability of the new approach and investigated the impact of the surgical procedure. Methods: Anatomical dissection of three cadaveric heads and surgical orbital enucleation in four cadaveric heads were performed. Anatomical data was collected, and feasibility, safety and applicability of the procedure were assessed. Results: Anatomical dissection showed a distinctive large orbital fossa, providing a suitable surgical window to access orbital structures. The procedure was found to be feasible, facilitating the complete removal of the orbital content. Notably, the preservation of intact eyelids was prioritized to enhance cosmetic appearance. Conclusion: The presented orbital enucleation technique proved to be feasible, safe, reproducible, and required basic surgical skills to perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The ‘first night effect’ (FNE) is a well‐known phenomenon in polysomnographic (PSG) sleep studies, resulting in significant variations in the macrostructure of wakefulness and sleep states, particularly between the initial and subsequent sleep recording sessions. The FNE phenomenon during sleep has been studied in various species, revealing complex variations between several sessions of sleep recording. The present study used a non‐invasive PSG method to examine differences between various vigilance states in four adult female dromedary camels during 4 consecutive nights and days of sleep recording. The results indicate the presence of a FNE in the architecture of the dromedary camel's vigilance states. On the first night, the proportions of wakefulness and light non‐rapid eye movment (NREM) sleep (drowsiness) were higher, at a mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]) of 40.92% (0.88%) and 14.93% (0.37%), respectively; while the proportion of rumination (mean [SEM] 29.55% [0.92%]) was lower compared to consecutive nights. No FNE was found on deep NREM sleep, while night‐time REM sleep had a shorter proportion during the first night compared to subsequent consecutive nights. A significantly lower REM/total sleep time (TST) ratio was observed on the first night. Daytime comparisons did not show any significant differences for the different vigilance states. The increase in wakefulness and light NREM sleep and the reduction in REM sleep and REM/TST sleep on the first night indicate a decline in sleep quality in the dromedary camel due to the FNE. Thus, we recommend excluding from a PSG sleep study at least the first session/night of the recordings to ensure accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers experiences and interactions of Emirati women with camels, the latter being of the most culturally significant animals in the Emirates, entangled in compelling sociocultural and national narratives. No English-language publication thus far has prioritized female experiences in interacting with camels in the UAE, albeit tending to those animals is not an exclusively male domain. Emirati women’s presence around camels is explored in the context of riding, trekking, racing, inheriting and owning them. Tracking shifts in female experiences around camel-related culture is an essential component of the research. Camels can be perceived as agents of social change–their evolving sociocultural presence is indicative of broader transformations in the UAE. Female narratives centred around those animals describe old and entirely new contexts of their cultural existence. Camels appear, among others, as central figures of heritage revival processes in the UAE and as ‘tools’ of self-discovery. Additionally, phenomenological perspectives engaged in this research, allow for values of cultural nostalgia, emotions, sentiments, embodiment, and sensuous presence in the world to be revealed in the Emirati women’s stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Africa, camel herding is often viewed as a subsistence or ancient activity restricted to marginal drylands and arid or desert zones. However, camel products are increasingly sold in many cities, and camels are more and more used for tourist purposes. We can also see various public or private interventions in the arid zones aiming to develop processing units for milk or meat based on a business model. This present research aimed to evaluate the multiple economic and non-economic contributions of camel activities in North African drylands through analysis at the household and territorial levels using a multifunctional approach. Based on a study in five provinces of East and South Morocco, this article proposes a framework based on rural livelihoods and ecosystemic services for assessing the contribution of camel rearing to the rural economy and territorial development. It highlighted the multiple economic and non-economic functions of this activity, including domestic, trade, and services, as well as cultural attachment and local knowledge. We conclude by discussing current changes in camel herding, between supporting specialization for value chain participation and maintaining the overall sustainability of the camel systems in dryland areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Granulomas can appear in a variety of pathological situations. So, recognizing the granulomatous pattern is essential. because it is confined to a limited number of disorders, some of which are life-threatening. There is little pathological data on the cells that contribute to the formation of granulomas in camels. This study identified cells associated with granulomatous disorder based on histological findings. The intestinal tissues were brought to the Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, with intestinal lesions for histological evaluation. One case of epithelioid granuloma in the small intestine of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) was detected by histopathological examination. There is a central zone of necrosis. Necrotic material is amorphous, structureless, eosinophilic, and granular debris with lost cellular features. surrounded by epithelioid cells and connective tissue, which contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Epithelioid cells have a polygonal, faintly granular cytoplasm. Epithelioid cells have ill-defined cell borders and elongated or ovoid vesicular central nuclei [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gelatine is obtained from the hydrolysis of collagen in bones, skin, fins, fish scales and insect bodies of cattle, pigs, camels, poultry, fish and insects. Consequently, the diversity and availability of gelatine sources, along with gelatine authentication, are concerns for those consuming gelatine products from religious, health and economic perspectives. Therefore, rapid and reliable protein‐ or DNA‐based detection methods have been developed for gelatine authentication. This review discusses and evaluates biosensor methods, comparing them with various analytical methods in terms of their popularity and precision. Additionally, the development of biosensor methods has been explored to identify a reference for a rapid, accurate, portable and simple method for gelatine detection with a low detection limit and high specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric adenocarcinomas have been sporadically reported in camelids. This report describes a primary gastric adenocarcinoma and subsequent peritoneal carcinomatosis in a 20-year-old female Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Numerous metastases were present throughout the omentum, liver, abdominal lymph nodes, intestinal serosa, kidneys and lungs. The primary tumour macroscopically resembled an ulcerated crater and originated from the distal four-fifths of the C3 compartment, an anatomical region with naturally prominent gastric rugae and true glands. Moderate numbers of Helicobacter spp colonies were present within gastric pits and necrotic areas of C3. Ménetrier's disease has previously been implicated as a predisposing condition for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma in another camel, but no evidence of this premalignant disorder was found in this case. This camel also suffered from a chronic skin wound of the hump and severe degenerative joint disease of the xiphisternum, the latter of which was presumably associated with excessive pressure on the sternum. Gastric adenocarcinoma with subsequent peritoneal carcinomatosis in a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). The star in image c depicts the location of the primary tumour, which presented as an ulcerated crater in the distal C3 (image d). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a great threat to human and animal health. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of ticks that infest camels and investigate the presence of tick-borne pathogens in the blood of camels, associated ticks, and surrounding rodents as reservoirs. From 100 inspected camels, from different localities in the Giza governorate, 1000 ixodid ticks were collected; these ticks belonged to three genera: Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Rhipicephalus. The genus Hyalomma was represented by four species, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent species (55.4%), followed by Hyalomma excavatum (22%), Hyalomma impeltatum (11.6%) and Hyalomma rufipes (2.8%). The genus Amblyomma was represented by two species, Amblyomma gemma (2.8%) and Amblyomma marmoreum (2.7%), while the genus Rhipicephalus was represented by only one species, Rhipicephalus pulchellus (2.7%). Ticks, camel blood, and rodents (total number 100 brown rats) are screened for tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, Babesia sp., and Coxiella burnetii) using PCR. Camel blood was found to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (66.6%), Borrelia miyamotoi (55%), and Babesia sp. (11.6%). Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in all the collected ticks but was not detected in the blood of camels or rodents. Borrelia miyamotoi was detected in 12.5% of H. impeltatum, 55% of Camels, and 6% of the rodents, which may indicate a proposed risk of dispersal of B. miyamotoi, the agent of tick-borne relapsing fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a genomic analysis of the Awarik camel population in Saudi Arabia. The study identifies genetic adaptations that have allowed these camels to survive in challenging environments. The analysis reveals significant selection signatures on specific chromosomes, indicating the presence of genes with adaptive significance. These genes are involved in various biological processes such as immune regulation, metabolism, and reproductive performance. The findings have implications for selective breeding programs and conservation efforts to preserve the unique genetic resources of the Awarik camel population. Further research is needed to understand the shared and unique adaptations of different camel populations and their evolutionary history. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Hemoprotozoan diseases, especially trypanosomosis and theileriosis, adversely affect the productivity, growth, and performance of camels. Regular sampling and investigation of camels are challenging due to several factors. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge on camel parasite genotyping, cytokine production, and oxidative stress parameters during infection. Methods The present study investigated two critical blood protozoa infecting camels in Egypt, Trypanosoma evansi and Theileria annulata, using molecular methods, specifically 18S rRNA gene analysis. Following molecular confirmation, experimental infections were induced in Swiss albino mice to assess the expression of immune response genes and oxidative stress parameters. The study further explored the correlation between histopathological alterations and inflammatory reactions in the kidney, spleen, and liver of infected mice, alongside the immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Results Trypanosoma evansi and T. annulata isolated from naturally infected camels were molecularly identified and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OR116429 and OR103130, respectively. Infection with T. evansi and T. annulata caused significant adverse effects on the immune condition of infected mice, increasing the pathogenicity of the infection. This was evidenced by a significant increase in oxidative stress parameter levels in both naturally infected camels and experimentally infected mice compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the expression of immune response genes was significantly elevated in infected mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed a pronounced upregulation of caspase-3, PCNA, and TNF in the infected groups relative to the control group. These findings are the first to be reported in Egypt. Conclusions This study successfully identified and genotyped two economically important blood protozoa, T. evansi and T. annulata, from camels in Egypt. Additionally, the experimental animal model provided valuable insights into the immune response, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes induced by these parasites, demonstrating comparable results to naturally infected camels. These findings highlight the potential of this model to study parasite–host interactions and immune responses, contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of T. evansi and T. annulata infections. This model may be useful for future studies focused on disease control and therapeutic interventions. Graphical Abstract

Background: Sudden death is defined as an unexpected death occurring with no observed antecedent clinical signs. Aim: The current study was performed to notice the tangible causes of sudden death among 51 out of 340 she-camels on a private farm in the eastern region of El Khafgi, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted to investigate sudden death of camels through microscopic examination of fecal matter to identify the gastrointestinal parasites, analysis of whole blood thin films to diagnose blood parasites, blood culturing to recognize bacterial infection as Pasteurella multicida, and macroscopic postmortem examination to identify the gastrointestinal adult worm. The quantity and composition of feed were also analyzed. Afterward, a commercial multiscreen Ag-ELISA kit technique determined the toxins of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Results: The results revealed that the incidence rate of sudden death was 15%. The sudden death occurred due to C. perfringens enterotoxins detected in the rumen, intestinal content, and intestinal wall. The enterotoxins and Alpha toxins were noticed, but the other toxin types, including Beta and Epsilon, could not be detected. All C. perfringens toxins were discovered to be negative in fecal matter. A significant association was reported between sudden death, she-camels age, and feeding habits as risk factors (P = 0.020 and 0.028, respectively). Risk factor assessment by relative risk (RR) revealed that the odds of RR of sudden death occurring among she-camelss aged over two years were higher than those less than two years (2.24 CI 95%, 1.093-4.591). Furthermore, the odds RR of sudden death occurring due to exposure of she-camels to a concentrated ratio of 18% were higher twice than those not exposed (2.346 CI 95%, 1.039-5.296). Conclusion: C. perfringens enterotoxaemia should be listed as a cause of sudden death in camels and the alteration in diet with 18% concentration feed changes the intestinal environment, which leads to C. perfringens proliferating and yielding potent toxins. More observations and interferences like regular immunization are recommended to reduce the disease and increase the awareness of the farmers of the importance of risk factors. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(8.000): 1942-1951]

Background: Abdominal fat necrosis is mostly an incidental finding during rectal examination manifested by the presence of hard necrotic masses of different sizes. Differential diagnosis includes gastrointestinal neoplasia, abdominal abscessation and mummified fetuses. This report describes the clinical, hematological, biochemical, sonographic, and pathologic findings in a female Arabian camel (Camelus dromedaries) with abdominal fat necrosis. Case Description: A 7-year-old female dromedary camel was presented for examination because of weakness and progressive weight loss since months ago. Anthelmintics, analgesics, broad-spectrum antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories and stomachics were administered, but did not result in significant improvement. Preliminary examination of the case revealed emaciation with a body condition score of 2.5 (scale 1 to 5). The cardiopulmonary, digestive, and urinary systems were evaluated transcutaneously by sonography in the recumbent position. Multiple echogenic masses - located within the intestinal loops were observed alongside few hypoechogenic masses. A hyperechogenic peritoneal effusion and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were also detected. Decreased hematocrit value, normocytic normochromic anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hhyperglobulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia were detected. A free-hand, ultrasound-guided biopsy was examined histopathologically and revealed multiple abdominal fat necrosis, severe fibrosis and pancreatitis. Conclusion: It is concluded that, transabdominal ultrasonography in camels was valuable for suspicious of abdominal mesenteric masses and helpful in sampling of a representative biopsy specimen However, histological examination of the biopsy remains the final diagnostic method. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(7.000): 1726-1732]

In the realm of animal breeding for sustainability, domestic camels have traditionally been valued for their milk and meat production. However, key aspects such as zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior have often been overlooked in terms of their genetic foundations. Recognizing this gap, the present study perfomed genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic markers associated with zoometrics-, biomechanics-, and behavior-related traits in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). 16 and 108 genetic markers were significantly associated (q < 0.05) at genome and chromosome-wide levels of significance, respectively, with zoometrics- (width, length, and perimeter/girth), biomechanics- (acceleration, displacement, spatial position, and velocity), and behavior-related traits (general cognition, intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)) in dromedaries. In most association loci, the nearest protein-coding genes are linkedto neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders. This suggests that genetic variations related to neural development and sensory perception play crucial roles in shaping a dromedary camel's physical characteristics and behavior. In summary, this research advances our understanding of the genomic basis of essential traits in dromedary camels. Identifying specific genetic markers associated with zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior provides valuable insights into camel domestication. Moreover, the links between these traits and genes related to neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders highlight the broader implications of domestication and modern selection on the health and welfare of dromedary camels. This knowledge could guide future breeding strategies, fostering a more holistic approach to camel husbandry and ensuring the sustainability of these animals in diverse agricultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Lomerizine (LMZ) is an antimigraine drug that works as a calcium channel blocker and has selective effects on the central nervous system. It is metabolized into trimetazidine (TMZ), which is a prohibited substance owing to its performance‐enhancing effects in both human and animal sports. Effective doping control measures are imperative to distinguish the source of TMZ in samples to ensure integrity and fairness of the sport, therefore a comprehensive analysis of LMZ metabolites is essential to identify potential biomarkers in camel urine for effective doping control. Methods: Camel urine samples were collected from four healthy animals following a single oral administration of LMZ at a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight. In vitro studies were conducted using homogenized camel liver samples. Lomerizine and its metabolites were extracted using solid‐phase extraction and analyzed with a Thermo Fisher Orbitrap Exploris liquid chromatography mass spectrometry system. The acquired data was processed with the Compound Discoverer software. Results: The study conducted a comprehensive analysis of LMZ metabolites in camels and identified 10 phase I and one phase II metabolites. The primary pathway for the formation of phase I metabolites was de‐alkylation, while phase II metabolite was formed through alkylation of the parent drug. The study provided valuable insights into the unique metabolic pathways of LMZ in camels under specific experimental conditions. Conclusion: The developed method enables the detection and characterization of LMZ and its metabolites in camels. The identified metabolites has the potential to act as marker metabolites for the distinctive detection of LMZ in camel urine to ensure efficient analytical strategies for routine doping control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the alteration in kisspeptin and reproductive hormones during different superovulation protocols (SOP) in dromedary camel. The kisspeptin and reproductive hormonal profile, ovarian response, and the quality and quantity of embryos in dromedary camel donors were evaluated. A total of thirty donor camels were divided into two groups: the 5dSOP group, which received diluent containing 400 mg pFSH dissolved in 20 ml and administered two times daily for 5 days at decreasing doses (2.5, 2, 1.5, and 1 ml); and the 3dSOP group, which received diluent containing 400 mg pFSH dissolved in 12 ml and administered two times daily for 3 days at decreasing doses (3 ml, 2 ml, and 1 ml). Ultrasonography was used to monitor the ovarian environment, recording daily follicle count and dimensions and the time taken for follicles to mature. On the sixth day after mating, a corpus luteum (CL) count was conducted. On the 8th day after mating, records of the quantity and quality of embryos collected were kept. Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected at the commencement of the superovulation protocol and at 8:00 a.m. for the following 48 h to measure the concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), kisspeptin (KP), and progesterone (P4). The findings indicated that the 3dSOP yielded superior results compared to the 5dSOP in terms of follicle quantity and size, as well as the quantity of CL and embryos. This improvement was attributed to significantly higher concentrations of reproductive hormones, including FSH, LH, E2, kisspeptin, and P4 (P ≤ 0.05), in the 3dSOP than in the 5dSOP. In conclusion, reducing the duration of superovulation protocols contributed to the proliferation of follicles with improved dimensions and counts, ultimately resulting in a greater quantity of embryos of superior quality. The levels of FSH, LH, E2, KP, and P4 were affected significantly by SOP and time of evaluation. • This is the first experiment to study the alteration in kisspeptin, FSH, LH, E2, and P4 during superovulation protocols in camel. • This study recommended reducing the doses of pFSH to three days instead of five days. • There were significantly higher concentrations of FSH, LH, E2, kisspeptin, and P4 in the 3dSOP than in the 5dSOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although blood urine is frequently observed in dromedary camels, little attention is gained and only it was reported as case reports. Aim: This study was carried out to examine dromedary camels suffering from red urine syndrome from the points of clinical, etiological, hematobiochemical, ultrasonographic, and pathological characteristics. Methods: Thirty-one camels with red urine and fifteen controls were enrolled. With a duration ranging from five days to nine months, clinical manifestations included weakness, red discoloration of the urine, dribbling of urine, straining during urination, and abdominal pain. Blood was sampled in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and plain tubes. Results: The urine red color intensity was marked in 23 camels. In five camels discolored red urine was moderate while red urine was voided intermittently in the remaining three camels. The wide stance of the hind legs and pain reactions during urination were recorded in 18 camels. In all 31 camels, urine samples were centrifuged and sedimentation of red deposits was found. Nephrolithiasis was detected in three animals. One female camel had bilateral hydronephrosis. Hyperechoic urine was imaged within the renal pelvis in seven camels. In addition, hypoechoic fluid was imaged within the peritoneal cavity in 8 animals. A ruptured and collapsed urinary bladder was found in two male camels. In addition, bilateral pyelonephritis was found in another male camel. Abscessation of the left and right kidneys confirmed by ultrasound-guided aspiration was confirmed in 3 and 2 females, respectively. Peri-renal abscessation of the right kidney was detected in a female camel. A large, misshaped hypoechoic mass involving the right kidney was found in 1 female. A large mass king neoplasia was also imaged in a female camel distal to and compressing the left kidney, which proved histologically to be a leiomyoma. Moderate to severe thickening and corrugation of the urinary bladder mucosa were detected in 18 of the diseased camels. Conclusion: This study's syndrome of red urine in camels resulted mainly from hematuria. The existing etiologies were nephrolithiasis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, peri-renal and renal abscessation, and renal neoplasia. Ultrasonography was superior in assessing the renal parenchyma and urinary bladder for the verification of the existing nephrolithiasis, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, peri-renal and renal abscessation, cystitis, and ruptured or perforated bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic reticulopericarditis (TRP) is rarely reported in camels. This report provides TRP in camels. Case Description: She-camel (3 years old) with a history of anorexia, and stinky smell-bloody diarrhea for more than 3 weeks associated with pain, ventral thoracoabdominal edema, positive for metal detection examination that raised the suspicion of TRP. The result of the plasma cardiac troponin I level was 0.253 ng/ml. Electrocardiography on admission using a standard base-apex ECG revealed an irregular rhythm of heart rate and abnormal complex morphology in QRS duration and segments (ST and TP). Elevation of the S-T segment with a slight depression in the P-R segment matched with pericarditis. Conclusion: This report suggests a rare case of TRP and demonstrated for the first time cTnI and ECG patterns of camel with TRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to explore the association between the immunolocalization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and S100 proteins within the efferent ductules (ED) from one side, and the sexual maturity and seasonality from the other side. For each season, tissue specimens were obtained from 7 adult and 7 juvenile, clinically healthy male dromedaries. Specimens were investigated by the standard immunohistochemical procedures. The immunohistochemical findings displayed that the pattern of expression was similar for both proteins, either in adults or in juveniles. Expression was significantly higher in adults during season of sexual activity (winter), fairly reduced during periods of transition from activity to inactivity (spring) or from inactivity to activity (autumn) and reaches its lowest magnitude during season of sexual inactivity (summer). On the other hand, a moderate immunoreactivity of both proteins in ED from juvenile male camels was nearly uniform throughout the year. The immunoreactivity for both α-SMA (smooth muscle cells in ductular and vascular walls) and S100 (ductular ciliated cells), was evident during periods of sexual activity. It can be concluded that the immunoreactivity is androgen- dependent and positively correlated with both of sexual activity and maturity, suggesting a crucial role of both α-SMA and S100 proteins in the regulation of the diverse functions of the ED in male dromedaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common zoonotic parasites worldwide, with infections in humans as well as in all mammals, including dromedaries, that affect reproductive health, leading to malformations and abortions. In the current study, we estimated, for the first time in Tunisia, the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies and its associated risk factors in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. A total of 248 sera samples were collected from dromedaries living in Médenine and Tataouine governorates, South Tunisia. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was estimated to be 29.8 ± 2.9% (74/248) with a significantly higher seroprevalence rate in dromedaries from Médenine (52.5 ± 7.9%; 21/40) compared to Tataouine (25.5 ± 3%; 53/208); it was also higher in dromedaries kept in intensive farming systems (55 ± 11.1%; 11/20) compared to extensive systems (27.6 ± 3%; 63/228), in non-pregnant females (39 ± 4%; 57/146) compared to pregnant ones (16.7 ± 3.7%; 17/102), and in those in contact with cats (66.7 ± 8.6%; 20/30) compared to those with no contact with cats (24.8 ± 2.9%; 54/218). The present study should be followed by others to explore the role of dromedaries in the epidemiological cycle of T. gondii in Southern Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dromedary camels can survive and reproduce in desert areas. The unique anatomical structure of the kidney enables the camel to prevent water loss. The present study aimed to investigate the ultrastructure of the peroxisomes in the normal kidney of the adult dromedary camel. Tissue samples were taken from the cortex and outer medulla of the kidney of eight camels. The samples were then processed for histological and ultrastructural investigations. The epithelial cells of the proximal tubules displayed peroxisomes with varying sizes and shapes. The peroxisomes were observed in either dispersed or clustered arrangement. Each peroxisome exhibited a homogenous matrix enveloped by a single membrane. Several peroxisomes exhibited one or more dark marginal plates that were always strongly associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The intensity of the peroxisomal matrix differed significantly, either within the same cell or across different cells. The intensity was light or dark, with a few peroxisomes presenting a similar intensity to that of the mitochondria. Some peroxisomes contained nucleoids within their matrix. The peroxisomes in the first and second sections of proximal convoluted tubules were scattered and primarily located in the region between the microvilli and the underlying mitochondria. The peroxisomes in the third region were abundant and frequently aggregated in clusters throughout the cytoplasm. In the fourth region, the number of peroxisomes was low. The proximal straight tubule had a limited quantity of peroxisomes. In conclusion, peroxisomes in the proximal tubule in kidney of normal dromedary camel were similar in shape and size to other mammals; however, heterogeneity exists as a result of differences in species‐specific peroxisomal proteins. Peroxisomes are suggested to be a major source of metabolic energy and act as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavengers, resulting in the release of water and oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly, is maternally inherited, and is relatively small and compact in most animal species, making it a popular marker in molecular studies. In genomics, the study of mitochondrial DNA is important for understanding the origins, history, and adaptation of domesticated species. This review examines the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA in Arabian camels to explore maternal inheritance, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history. It highlights significant genetic differences and adaptive traits in the mitogenome of Arabian camels. The D-loop region contains extensive polymorphisms and haplotypes, which provide insights into camel domestication and breeding processes. Comparative analyses with other camelid species reveal unique genetic signatures in the Arabian camel. Finally, this review integrates recent advancements in mitochondrial genomics, demonstrating potential applications in conservation and breeding programs to enhance the understanding and preservation of Camelidae genetics. The Camelidae family, ranging from southwest Asia to north Africa, South America, and Australia, includes key domesticated species adapted to diverse environments. Among these, the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) is vital to the cultural and economic landscape of the Arabian Peninsula. This review explores the mitochondrial DNA of the dromedary camel, focusing on the D-loop region to understand its genetic diversity, maternal inheritance, and evolutionary history. We aim to investigate the unique characteristics of Arabian camel mtDNA, analyze the D-loop for genetic diversity and maternal lineage patterns, and explore the implications of mitochondrial genomic studies for camel domestication and adaptation. Key findings on mtDNA structure and variation highlight significant genetic differences and adaptive traits. The D-loop, essential for mtDNA replication and transcription, reveals extensive polymorphisms and haplotypes, providing insights into dromedary camel domestication and breeding history. Comparative analyses with other camelid species reveal unique genetic signatures in the Arabian camel, reflecting its evolutionary and adaptive pathways. Finally, this review integrates recent advancements in mitochondrial genomics, demonstrating camel genetic diversity and potential applications in conservation and breeding programs. Through comprehensive mitochondrial genome analysis, we aim to enhance the understanding of Camelidae genetics and contribute to the preservation and improvement of these vital animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the seasonal histological structure changes and immunoreactivity of Aquaporin 5 (AQP-5) in the ductus deferens and prostate under the light microscope. Materials and Methods: For the present study, twelve mature male camels were employed. Following the animals breeding and non-breeding seasons of slaughter under official licensing and veterinary supervision, samples were obtained from various regions of the ductus deferens and prostate gland and processed using general histology and immunohistochemical methods. Results: The secretory end pieces of the vas deferens ampulla and prostate gland of the Saudi Arabian dromedary camel were well developed during reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The spermatozoa were noticed in the lumen of the ductus deferens during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The response of AQP-5 in the ductus deferens was particularly significant throughout the not-rutting season. Moreover, during the non-breeding season, the prostate gland showed a strong to moderate response. In the breeding season, the ampulla of the ductus deferens showed an insignificant reaction. Additionally, the body and disseminated portion of the prostate gland showed a mild to moderate response. Conclusion: The results suggested that Saudi Arabian dromedary camels might produce sperm during rutting and non-rutting seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-sample datasets containing hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes for hundreds of catchments in a country, many of them known as "CAMELS" (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies), have revolutionized hydrological modelling and have enabled comparative analyses. The Caravan dataset is a compilation of several (CAMELS and other) large-sample datasets with uniform attribute names and data structures. This simplifies large-sample hydrology across regions, continents, or the globe. However, the use of the Caravan dataset instead of the original CAMELS or other large-sample datasets may affect model results and the conclusions derived thereof. For the Caravan dataset, the meteorological forcing data are based on ERA5-Land reanalysis data. Here, we describe the differences between the original precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration (Epot) data for 1252 catchments in the CAMELS-US, CAMELS-BR, and CAMELS-GB datasets and the forcing data for these catchments in the Caravan dataset. The Epot in the Caravan dataset is unrealistically high for many catchments, but there are, unsurprisingly, also considerable differences in the precipitation data. We show that the use of the forcing data from the Caravan dataset impairs hydrological model calibration for the vast majority of catchments; i.e. there is a drop in the calibration performance when using the forcing data from the Caravan dataset compared to the original CAMELS datasets. This drop is mainly due to the differences in the precipitation data. Therefore, we suggest extending the Caravan dataset with the forcing data included in the original CAMELS datasets wherever possible so that users can choose which forcing data they want to use or at least indicating clearly that the forcing data in Caravan come with a data quality loss and that using the original datasets is recommended. Moreover, we suggest not using the Epot data (and derived catchment attributes, such as the aridity index) from the Caravan dataset and instead recommend that these should be replaced with (or based on) alternative Epot estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Nanobodies are the products of an intriguing invention in the evolution of immunoglobulins. This invention can be traced back approximately 45 million years to the common ancestor of extant dromedaries, camels, llamas, and alpacas. Next to conventional heterotetrameric H2L2 antibodies, these camelids produce homodimeric nanobody‐based heavy chain antibodies, composed of shortened heavy chains that a lack the CH1 domain. Nanobodies against human target antigens are derived from immunized animals and/or synthetic nanobody libraries. As a robust, highly soluble, single immunoglobulin domain, a nanobody can easily be fused to another protein, for example to another nanobody and/or the hinge and constant domains of other immunoglobulins. Nanobody‐derived heavy chain antibodies hold promise as a new form of immunotherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary field. Enucleation in camels is like other large animals, typically performed under the influence of heavy sedation and loco-regional analgesia. The aim of the current study was to introduce a new surgical approach to enucleate the eye of camels through supraorbital fossa approach. for that purpose, the technique was applied to seven camels referred to the King-fisal teaching veterinary hospital for unilateral enucleation. Assessment of applicability, safety and feasibility of this technique was done. All procedures were performed in the kush (sitting) position under the influence of heavy sedation with Xylazine HCl in combination with retrobulbar nerve block. A "C" shaped skin incision was made in the skin and fascia of the supraorbital fossa to enter the orbital cavity, after which the periorbital fat was gripped, dissected and removed. Bleeding controlled by electrocautery and visible large blood vessels were ligated. After ligation the optic nerve and ophthalmic blood vessels, the eyeball was dissected sharply and freed from the orbital bony attachment. Finally, the orbital fascia and skin were sutured with simple interrupted pattern separately. The approach proved successful in all camels, with the enucleation procedure being both feasible and easily performed. The mean surgical time was approximately 46.6±12.4 minutes. The minimal occurrence of short and long-term complications was encouraging, and the cosmetic outcomes were notably improved. The supraorbital approach is a safe and effective technique for camel ophthalmic surgery, showing advantages in exposure and minimal complications. Further research is needed for validation and broader clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing worldwide market for natural‐ingredient‐based cosmetic toiletries is fuelled by the awareness of the dangers of synthetic cosmetics and benefits of natural‐based cosmetics on the skincare and management of skin disorders. Besides naturally formulated cosmetics being biodegradable, they also contain ingredients which are chemically beneficial to human skin. Milk‐based cosmetics are very promising since milk is rich in essential components such as lactoferrins, vitamins, and lactic acids, which have shown therapeutic properties against disorders such as skin cancer, acne scars, and dandruff. One of the milk that is very promising in the cosmetics industry is the camel milk. Currently, there is limited information in literature regarding the use of camel milk in cosmetics and their benefits. Camel milk stands out from bovine milk following its unique therapeutic properties and chemical composition, making it a potential ingredient for skincare and haircare products such as bath soaps and shampoos. The aim of this paper is to review the available literature on camel milk composition and evaluate the contribution of camel milk constituents to cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large samples of hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes are critical for improving the understanding of complex hydrological processes, hydrological model development and performance benchmarking. CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and Meteorological time series for Large Samples) datasets have been developed in several countries and regions around the world, providing valuable data sources and testbeds for hydrological analysis and new frontiers in data-driven hydrological modelling. Regarding the lack of samples from low-land, groundwater-dominated, small-sized catchments, we develop an extensive repository of a CAMELS-style dataset for Denmark (CAMELS-DK). This CAMELS addition is the first containing both, gauged and ungauged catchments as well as detailed groundwater information. The dataset provides dynamic and static variables for 3330 catchments from various hydrogeological datasets, meteorological observations, and a well-established national-scale hydrological model. The dataset is enhanced with streamflow observations in 304 of those catchments. The spatially dense and full spatial coverage, supplying data for 3330 catchments, instead of only gauged catchments, together with the addition of simulation data from a distributed, process-based model enhance the applicability of such CAMELS data. This is especially relevant for the development of data-driven and hybrid physical informed modelling frameworks. We also provide quantities related to human impact on the hydrological system in Denmark, such as groundwater abstraction and irrigation. The CAMELS-DK dataset is freely available at https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/AZXSYP (Koch et al., 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It was proposed that camels are more effective than other livestock species in selecting plants for their nutritional value. They may self-regulate their voluntary feed intake to satisfy their nutritional needs. This study was designed to investigate camels' feeding selectivity and ability to cover nutritional requirements when grazing alfalfa (high in protein) and/ or barley (high in energy) in a desert climate. Methods: Eighteen lactating camels were equally divided into three feeding treatments. They grazed daily on alfalfa, barley, or a mixed pasture of both, for two periods of one month each. The concentrate supplement was individually administered at 40 g/kg BW0.75, divided into two equal parts, in the morning and in afternoon. Total energy expenditure (EE) was estimated by heart rate (HR) monitors for 48 h after being calibrated by oxygen consumption using an upgraded face mask open-circuit respiratory system. Results: During the first period, camels had a greater forage intake and digestibility when they grazed barley rather than alfalfa, while those grazing mixed pasture performed intermediately. In the second period, camels had a similar forage intake and digestibility among treatments due to a decline in barley intake and digestibility compared to the first period, which was expected since the preferred plant part gradually shifted from barley grains to predominantly straw as a function of time. Similar HR and EE were found across periods and treatments. As a result of greater gross and digestible energy intake in period 1, a better energy balance in period 1 was observed compared to period 2. Camels better utilize barley than alfalfa. Grazing on barley had a higher energy balance than grazing alfalfa alone or in combination with barley. However, camels grazing barley produced lower milk yield and energy than those grazing alfalfa alone or in combination with barley, with no interaction detected between period and treatment. Conclusions: Lactating camels are able to self-regulate their voluntary intake to cover their energy requirements when they are grazing barley and/or alfalfa supplemented with a concentrate supplement at 40 g/kg BW0.75. Grazing barley is better utilized by camels than alfalfa. The chemical and physical properties of plant species play an important role in the selectivity of foraging camels. It also impacts their intake and digestibility, which is negatively associated with the proportion of cell wall content consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic properties of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from sustainable foods including camel milk are the potential research domains. For this purpose, camel milk samples (n = 20), from four different herds of Camelus dromedarius, were processed for the identification of LAB strains based on biochemical profiles followed by amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The probiotic characteristics, i.e., acids and bile salts tolerance, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, hemolytic and antimicrobial activities, auto-aggregation assay, and adhesion to HT-29 epithelial cells were determined. Thirteen out of 20 milk samples were initially found positive for the growth of probiotics or LAB which were further confirmed as Lacticaseibacillus casei (5) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (3). The probiotics/LAB strains showed maximum survival (%) = 92.06 ± 1.82 and 81.35 ± 3.64 against acids and bile salts, respectively. The LAB strains were found sensitive to amoxicillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, linezolid, ofloxacin, tetracycline, tobramycin, and vancomycin. None of the LAB strains showed hemolytic activity. L. casei-04 strain showed a maximum zone of inhibition (15.33 ± 0.58) against multidrug-resistant E. coli AZ1 strain whereas, L. casei-05 showed a maximum zone of inhibition (16.33 ± 1.15) against methicillinresistant S. aureus Saba-1 strain. L. casei-03 showed maximum percentage autoaggregation (28.65 ± 1.96) at 4 h while L. casei-01 showed (41.10 ± 3.03) at 24 h of incubation. Maximum adhesion was shown by P. pentosaceus-01 (11.14%) followed by L. casei-02 (9.73%). Altogether, the current findings suggested that camel milk has significant potential of providing probiotics/LAB strains into human food chain and enabling camel milk as potential sustainable food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sudden death is defined as an unexpected death occurring with no observed antecedent clinical signs. Aim: The current study was performed to notice the tangible causes of sudden death among 51 out of 340 she-camels on a private farm in the eastern region of El Khafgi, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted to investigate the sudden death of camels through microscopic examination of fecal matter to identify the gastrointestinal parasites, analysis of whole blood thin films to diagnose blood parasites, blood culturing to recognize bacterial infection as Pasteurella multicida, and macroscopic postmortem examination to identify the gastrointestinal adult worm. The quantity and composition of feed were also analyzed. Afterward, a commercial multiscreen Ag-ELISA kit technique determined the toxins of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Results: The results revealed that the incidence rate of sudden death was 15%. The sudden death occurred due to C. perfringens enterotoxins detected in the rumen, intestinal content, and intestinal wall. The enterotoxins and Alpha toxins were noticed, but the other toxin types, including Beta and Epsilon, could not be detected. All C. perfringens toxins were discovered to be negative in fecal matter. A significant association was reported between sudden death, she-camels age, and feeding habits as risk factors (p = 0.020 and 0.028, respectively). Risk factor assessment by relative risk (RR) revealed that the odds of RR of sudden death occurring among she-camels aged over two years were higher than those less than two years (2.24 CI 95%, 1.093–4.591). Furthermore, the odds RR of sudden death occurring due to exposure of she-camels to a concentrated ration of 18% were higher twice than those not exposed (2.346 CI 95%, 1.039–5.296). Conclusion: Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia should be listed as a cause of sudden death in camels and the alteration in diet with 18% concentration feed changes the intestinal environment, which leads to C. perfringens proliferating and yielding potent toxins. More observations and interferences like regular immunization are recommended to reduce the disease and increase the awareness of the farmers of the importance of risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonetheless the key roles of growth hormone (GH) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes in livestock growth traits (including body measurements), few studies deployed them in camels, unlike other livestock species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat). So, this study was performed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of GH and IGF-1 markers, in Maghrabi camels by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing tools, with assessing the impacted live body measurements traits. In this study, 65 blood samples were collected from Maghrabi camel, and different body measurements were valued. Different genotypes of GH and IGF-1 genes were determined, via SSCP-PCR and sequencing tools. The results pointed out one genotype for the IGF-I gene, and three genotypes for the GH gene, with 23.21, 42.85, and 33.95 frequencies, of AA, AB, and BB genotypes, respectively. The sequence analysis showed specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), for both A and B alleles. Those SNPs triggered alteration in some of the amino acids. Moreover, individuals of the BB genotype recorded the highest value in body weight, Neck length, Height at lumbar area, Anterior limb length, Neck circumference, and increased Body length associated with the AA genotype. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences, between the three genotypes, for the other body measurements. This study found that Maghrabi camels possess three genotypes of the GH gene and one genotype of the IGFI gene, and the BB genotype of the GH gene was associated with high performance of growth traits. Therefore, it is useful to use camel individuals, with the BB genotype of the GH gene, in camelid breeding programs, to improve live body measurement traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a product of qualitative, ethnographic fieldwork which looked at interactions between Emirati people and camels. Both in traditional Bedu contexts and among contemporary breeders/riders/racers in the Arabian Gulf, camels have been useful to people as an economic resource or symbolic tool, but they have also been agents creating paths for human cultural activity. They are the lens through which people observe their society, yet they are also perceived as beings with lifeworlds of their own. In a humanizing effort they can represent what is inherently cultural, but they can also be seen as separate beings that inform people's worldviews. Recognizing animals' agency, observing the obliteration of subject–object boundaries in animal-centric cultures requires fundamental ontological revisions. This paper aims to propose a paradigm useful for multispecies ethnography studies, rooted in exploring entanglements between anthropological phenomenology and object-oriented ontology. Appreciating the central roles of experience, embodiment, and senses in human connections with animals make phenomenology a potent analytical framework for such studies. Ontologically speaking, the essence of interactions between camels and their Emirati aficionados can represent the nature of people's being-in-the-world, shaping their mental universe and cognitive processes. The main contributions of the research include using empirical evidence to address some of the recurring criticisms of object-oriented ontology and positioning these analyses within the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council countries) context, which has rarely been done before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bartonellosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Bartonella, is a zoonotic disease with several mammalian reservoir hosts. In Somalia, a country heavily reliant on livestock, zoonotic diseases pose significant public health and economic challenges. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed aiming to verify the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in Somalia. This study investigated the occurrence and molecular characterization of Bartonella in dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus, 1758), cattle, sheep, and goats from Somalia. Materials and Methods: 530 blood samples were collected from various animals (155 dromedary, 199 goat, 131 cattle, and 45 sheep) in Benadir and Lower Shabelle regions. DNA was extracted for molecular analysis, and a qPCR assay targeting the NADH dehydrogenase gamma subunit (nuoG) gene was used for Bartonella screening. Positive samples were also subjected to PCR assays targeting seven molecular markers including: nuoG, citrate synthase gene (gltA), RNA polymerase beta‐subunit gene (rpoB), riboflavin synthase gene (ribC), 60 kDa heat‐shock protein gene (groEL), cell division protein gene (ftsZ), and pap31 and qPCR targeting the 16‐23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) followed by Sanger sequencing, BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Out of 530 tested animals, 5.1% were positive for Bartonella spp. by the nuoG qPCR assay. Goats showed the highest Bartonella occurrence (17/199, 8.5%), followed by sheep (6/44, 6.8%), cattle (4/131, 3.1%), and dromedary (1/155, 1.9%). Goats, sheep, and cattle had higher odds of infection compared to dromedary. Among nuoG qPCR‐positive samples, 11.1%, 14.8%, 11.1%, and 25.9% were positive in PCR assays based on nuoG, gltA, and pap31 genes, and in the qPCR based on the ITS region, respectively. On the other hand, nuoG qPCR‐positive samples were negative in the PCR assays targeting the ribC, rpoB, ftsZ, and groEL genes. While Bartonella bovis sequences were detected in cattle (nuoG and ITS) and goats (gltA), Bartonella henselae ITS sequences were detected in dromedary, goat, and sheep. Phylogenetic analysis placed gltA Bartonella sequence from a goat in the same clade of B. bovis. Conclusion: The present study showed, for the first time, molecular evidence of Bartonella spp. in dromedary and ruminants from Somalia and B. henselae in sheep and goats globally. These findings contribute valuable insights into Bartonella spp. occurrence in Somali livestock, highlighting the need for comprehensive surveillance and control measures under the One Health approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Q fever is a globally distributed, neglected zoonotic disease of conservation and public health importance, caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Coxiella burnetii normally causes subclinical infections in livestock, but may also cause reproductive pathology and spontaneous abortions in artiodactyl species. One such artiodactyl, the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), is an increasingly important livestock species in semi‐arid landscapes. Ticks are naturally infected with C. burnetii worldwide and are frequently found on camels in Kenya. In this study, we assessed the relationship between dromedary camels' C. burnetii serostatus and whether the camels were carrying C. burnetii PCR‐positive ticks in Kenya. We hypothesized that there would be a positive association between camel seropositivity and carrying C. burnetii PCR‐positive ticks. Methods and Results: Blood was collected from camels (N = 233) from three herds, and serum was analysed using commercial ELISA antibody test kits. Ticks were collected (N = 4354), divided into pools of the same species from the same camel (N = 397) and tested for C. burnetii and Coxiella‐like endosymbionts. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize seroprevalence by camel demographic and clinical variables. Univariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess relationships between serostatus (outcome) and tick PCR status, camel demographic variables, and camel clinical variables (predictors). Camel C. burnetii seroprevalence was 52%. Across tick pools, the prevalence of C. burnetii was 15% and Coxiella‐like endosymbionts was 27%. Camel seropositivity was significantly associated with the presence of a C. burnetii PCR‐positive tick pool (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.4–5.1; p = 0.0045), increasing age class, and increasing total solids. Conclusions: The role of ticks and camels in the epidemiology of Q fever warrants further research to better understand this zoonotic disease that has potential to cause illness and reproductive losses in humans, livestock, and wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive efficiency of dromedary camels is hindered by challenges such as early embryonic mortality, which may be attributed to a lack of synchronization between conceptus signalling and uterine receptivity. Understanding the intricate biological processes involved in feto‐maternal interactions during implantation is crucial to address these limitations. Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein involved in cell signalling and adhesion, playing a crucial role in embryonic implantation. Previous studies have shown the presence of OPN in the uterine endometrium of various mammalian species including dromedary camels. However, the expression pattern of OPN in dromedary conceptuses remains unexplored. Thus, the current study aimed, for the first time, to investigate the temporospatial expression of OPN in dromedary conceptuses during the peri‐implantation period at Days 8, 10, and 12 of pregnancy. Twelve conceptuses were recovered non‐surgically from pregnant females on Days 8, 10, 12 of pregnancy. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qrt‐PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence (IF) were employed for analysis of the expression of OPN mRNA and protein. The results revealed significant increases in both OPN mRNA and protein expression started on Day 10 and peaked at Day 12 of pregnancy. Immuno‐localization confirmed the presence of OPN protein in the trophectoderm and endoderm of dromedary conceptuses. In conclusion, the expression and localization of OPN during the peri‐implantation period in dromedary conceptuses imply its involvement as a crucial reproductive factor and its upregulation during this period, with a pronounced increase close to attachment time (Day 12 of pregnancy) further supports its role in embryo adhesion, implantation, and placentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated anaerobic biodigestion (AD) of livestock manure, including camel dung (CD) and sheep manure (SM) mixed with tomato and rumen at different mixed ratios under mesophilic (24-34 ℃) conditions. The study yielded successful results, as the process was able to produce sustainable bioenergy. Predicted biogas data was acquired through fundamental mathematical calculations using SPSS statistical analysis by nonlinear regression. Three kinetic models, namely the modified Gompertz, Logistic, and Transference models, were used for simulating the daily biogas produced from the examinations, and model parameters were determined simultaneously. The three models performed well in AD simulations, with high correlation coefficient values (R-squared) and low root mean square error (RMSE), showing a significant link between experimental data and model parameters. However, modified Gompertz demonstrated an improved fit in the simulation of the measurements, as it could accurately represent the curves in the plots, with the highest R-squared of 0.987 compared to Logistics 0.981 and Transference models 0.933, and the lowest RMSE was 0.356 compared to 0.432, and 0.812, respectively. This work suggested that a modified Gompertz model is suitable for estimating the biogas yield potential. The findings also show that rumen, tomato, and control biodigesters operating in mesophilic environments are dependable choices for producing biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In mammals, the cerebral cortex depends on a robust blood supply for optimal function. The rostral and caudal cerebral arteries are critical for supplying the cerebrum. This study presents the first detailed anatomical description of the rostral and caudal cerebral arteries of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius), including their origins, routes, and complex branching patterns. Methods: A sample of 55 heads from male dromedary camels aged 2-6 years was analyzed using advanced casting techniques with various casting materials to provide precise visualization of these arterial structures. Results: The rostral cerebral arteries originate dorsally from the rostral epidural rete mirabile (RERM), while the caudal cerebral arteries arise from the caudal communicating artery, which is another branch of the RERM. Both sets of arteries give rise to multiple cortical branches responsible for supplying the medial aspects of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, as well as the medial and caudal regions of the occipital lobes. Conclusion: This study significantly expands our understanding of the cerebrovascular anatomy of dromedary camels. Our findings have potential implications for veterinary medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in camels and may offer insights into broader comparative neuroscience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review explores the safety of camel meat and the diseases that camels can transmit to humans in the Middle East conducted over the past ten years, emphasizing the need for a One Health approach. An examination of recent studies indicated significant issues with pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria and contamination with heavy metals and pesticides. The review also highlighted the ongoing risk of diseases like Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and other zoonoses. Findings from this review call for more robust food safety measures and increased cooperation among veterinary and public health authorities to ensure the safety of camel meat and protect public health. The purpose of this review was to investigatethe microbial and chemical safety of camel meat and the zoonotic diseases associated with camels in the Middle East over the past decade, emphasizing the crucial role of a One Health approach. By systematically analyzing recent studies (in the past decade, from 2014), we assessed pathogen prevalence, contamination with heavy metals and pesticide residues, and the impact of zoonotic diseases like Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The findings revealed significant variability in pathogen prevalence, with the frequent detection of traditional foodborne pathogens (e.g., Salmonella and E. coli O157), as well as antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, underscoring the need for stringent antibiotic use policies and robust food safety measures. Additionally, the review highlighted substantial contamination of camel meat with heavy metals and pesticide residues, posing significant public health concerns that necessitate stringent regulatory measures and regular monitoring. The persistent occurrence of zoonotic diseases, particularly MERS-CoV, along with other threats like trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, and Clostridium perfringens, emphasizes the importance of strengthening ongoing surveillance. Enhancing investment in diagnostic infrastructures, training programs, and planning capabilities is crucial to address these issues at the camel–human interface in the Middle East. Adopting a One Health perspective is vital to ensuring the safety and quality of camel meat and managing zoonotic risks effectively to ultimately safeguard public health and promote sustainable livestock practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]