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1. The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

Author

Alia, DB, Tandili, A, Paiva, L, Wime, AD, Chantada, GL, Fandino, AC, Sgroi, M, Papyan, R, Tamamyan, G, Camuglia, JE, Gole, GA, Clark, A, Lam, GC, Elder, JE, McKenzie, JD, Staffieri, SE, Jones, MM, Manudhane, R, Sia, D, Ritter-Sovinz, P, Schwab, C, Balayeva, R, Khan, Z, Nuruddin, M, Roy, SR, Rashid, R, Sultana, S, Shakoor, SA, Naumenko, L, Zhilyaeva, K, Bartoszek, P, Brichard, BG, De Potter, P, Bio, AIA, Salas, B, Coleoni Suarez, ME, Mbumba, FB, Bonanomi, MTBC, Donato Macedo, CR, Grigorovski, NDAK, Mattosinho, CCDS, Teixeira, LF, Oscar, AH, Veleva-Krasteva, NV, Bouda, GC, Kabore, RL, Philbert, R, Evina, TGA, Nkumbe, HE, Kamsang, P, Muyen, OM, Dimaras, H, Mallipatna, A, Hamel, P, Superstein, R, Paton, KE, Strahlendorf, C, Palet, JEKK, Tyau-Tyau, H, Cavieres, I, Lopez, JP, Oporto, J, Ossandon, D, Chen, W, Xiang, D, Du, Y, Li, K, Ji, X, Tang, J, Li, C, Xu, B, Qian, J, Xue, K, Sun, X, Wang, Y-Z, Zhang, Y, Wu, S-Q, Xiao, Y, Yang, H, Ye, H, Polania, RA, Berete, RC, Couitchere, L, Peric, S, Alemany-Rubio, E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, L, Autrata, R, Kepak, T, Pochop, P, Svojgr, K, Gregersen, PA, Urbak, SF, Montero, MM, Budiongo, A, Yanga, JM, Amani, TBK, Lukamba, RM, Numbi, MN, Calle Jara, DA, Villacis Chafla, EG, Sanchez, GL, Abouelnaga, S, Afifi, MA, Elhaddad, AM, Ali, AM, Elzembely, M, Said, AMA, Ziko, OAO, Fuentes-Alabi, SL, Goenz, MA, Eerme, K, Klett, A, Hordofa, DF, Mengesha, AA, Sherief, ST, Kivela, TT, Nummi, K, Cassoux, N, Desjardins, L, Obono-Obiang, G, Kardava, T, Khotenashvili, Z, Bechrakis, NE, Biewald, EM, Schlueter, S, Ketteler, P, Amankwaa-Frempong, D, Essuman, VA, Paintsil, V, Renner, LA, Alejos, A, Giron, A, Carreras, YA, Fu, LD, Maldonado, C, Wong, ES, Yam, JC, Csoka, M, Maka, E, Aggarwal, P, Gupta, V, Bhaduri, A, Bhattacharyya, A, Das, A, Chawla, B, Das, P, Das, S, Gupta, H, Gupta, S, Verma, N, Kaliki, S, Khetan, V, Maitra, P, Mahajan, A, Menon, V, Mishra, DKC, Palanivelu, MS, Ramanjulu, R, Mudaliar, SS, Nair, AG, Natarajan, S, Seth, R, Singh, U, Bhat, S, Dudeja, G, Tripathy, D, Akib, IMNR, Pagarra, H, Amiruddin, PO, Kuntorini, MW, Armytasari, I, Supriyadi, E, Sutyawan, IWE, Yuliawati, P, Lutfi, D, Soebagjo, HD, Rahman, A, Sitorus, RS, Victor, AA, Tehuteru, ES, Widiarti, W, Nency, YM, Faranoush, M, Mehrvar, A, Tashvighi, M, Sedaghat, A, Ghassemi, F, Khodabande, A, Abdulqader, RA, Al-Shaheen, AASM, Al Ani, MH, Haydar, H, Al-Badri, SAF, Al-Jadiry, MF, Sabhan, AH, Al-Jumaily, U, Al-Mafrachi, AARM, Al-Shammary, EH, Al-Janabi, ANH, Qadir, AO, Capra, M, Blum, S, Gomel, N, Fabian, ID, Goldberg, H, Kapelushnik, N, Madgar, S, Vishnevskia-Dai, V, Frenkel, S, Pe'er, J, Gorfine, M, Refaeli, D, Steinberg, DM, Lavy, Y, Toledano, H, Caspi, S, De Francesco, S, Hadjistilianou, T, Ida, R, Valente, P, Midena, E, Parrozzani, R, Cowan-Lyn, KE, Vaughan, LO, Suzuki, S, Mohammad, MT, Yousef, YA, Manzhuova, L, Atsiaya, R, Matende, IO, Begimkulova, AS, Makimbetov, EK, Keomisy, J, Sayalith, P, Valeina, S, Viksnins, M, Al-Haddad, CE, Saab, RH, Alsawidi, KM, Elbahi, AM, Krivaitiene, D, Tateshi, B, Randrianarisoa, HL, Raobela, L, Msukwa, G, Nyirenda, C, Hamzah, N, Teh, KH, Sylla, F, Traore, F, Cheikh, SS, Zein, E, Perez, GG, Sanchez Orozco, AJ, Ortega-Hernandez, M, Ramirez-Ortiz, MA, Chuluunbat, T, Abdallah, E, Benmiloud, S, El Kettani, A, Hessissen, L, Almeida, AA, Limbu, B, Rajkarnikar, P, Saiju, R, Moll, AC, Wijsard, MVH, Cockcroft, RL, Ng, Y, Dodgshun, AJ, Calderon-Sotelo, P, Abdullahi, SU, Hassan, S, Umar, AB, Abdulrahaman, AA, Wali, AH, Ademola-Popoola, DS, Adio, A, Aghaji, AE, Ezegwui, IR, Akinsete, A, Musa, KO, Fasina, O, Ibanga, A, Nkanga, ED, Mustapha, T, Ribadu, D, Hummelen, M, Ahmad, A, Mushtaq, A, Qayyum, S, Chaudhry, S, Fadoo, Z, Jeeva, I, Masud, S, Hamid, SA, Zia, N, Siddiqui, SN, Janjua, T, Yaqub, MA, Khaqan, HA, Quintero D, K, Yee, R, Jairaj, V, Cano, MR, Fernandez, DDPG, Diaz Coronado, RY, Zapata Lopez, AM, Garcia, JL, Ponce, J, Garcia Pacheco, HN, Pascual Morales, CR, Vasquez Anchaya, JK, Tarrillo Leiva, FF, Alcasabas, APA, Mercado, GJ, Cieslik, K, Hautz, W, Rogowska, A, Castela, G, Silva, S, Jo, DH, Kim, JH, Comsa, C, Dragomir, MD, Neroev, V, Saakyan, S, Polyakov, V, Ushakova, TL, Yarovaya, VA, Yarovoy, AA, Theophile, T, Al Mesfer, S, Maktabi, A, Al-Dahmash, SA, Alkatan, HM, Moreira, C, Roth, PAN, Ilic, VR, Nikitovic, M, Latinovic, S, Quah, B, Tan, D, Hederova, S, Husakova, K, Groznik, AL, Pompe, MT, Davidson, A, Du Bruyn, M, Du Plessis, J, Stones, DK, Geel, JA, Myezo, KH, Kruger, M, Mayet, I, Naidu, G, Naidu, N, Mustak, H, Reynders, D, Wetter, J, Alarcon Portabella, S, Martin-Begue, N, Wolley Dod, C, Balaguer, J, Barranco, H, Catala-Mora, J, Correa Llano, MG, Fernandez-Teijeiro, A, Garcia Aldana, D, Peralta Calvo, J, San Roman Pacheco, S, Gunasekera, DS, Elhassan, MMA, Mohamedani, AA, All-Eriksson, C, Bartuma, K, Popovic, MB, Munier, FL, Liu, C-H, Chiwanga, FS, Kyara, A, Mndeme, FG, Msina, MS, Scanlan, TA, Atchaneeyasakul, L-O, Buaboonnam, J, Dangboon, W, Singha, P, Hongeng, S, Kulvichit, K, Rojanaporn, D, Surukrattanaskul, S, Wangtiraumnuay, N, Wiwatwongwana, A, Wiwatwongwana, D, Wongwai, P, Sharma, MK, Guedenon, KM, Bouguila, H, Atalay, HT, Hasanreisoglu, M, Ataseven, E, Kantar, M, Gunduz, AK, Kebudi, R, Kiratli, H, Koc, I, Tuncer, S, Unal, E, Kalinaki, A, Matua, M, Waddell, K, Musika, AA, Ssali, G, Al Harby, L, Reddy, MA, Astbury, NJ, Bascaran, C, Bowman, R, Burton, MJ, Foster, A, Zondervan, M, Sagoo, MS, Bobrova, N, Sorochynska, T, Lysytsia, L, Castillo, L, Afshar, AR, Berry, JL, Kim, JW, Randhawa, JK, Binkley, E, Boldt, HC, Larson, SA, Brennan, RC, Chandramohan, A, Stacey, AW, Corson, TW, Plager, DA, Davanzo, JM, Singh, AD, Demirci, H, Ericksen, C, Magrath, GN, Gold, AS, Murray, TG, Gonzalez, E, Shah, AS, Hansen, ED, Hartnett, ME, Harbour, JW, Hubbard, GB, Uner, OE, Laurenti, KD, Mets, MB, Leverant, AA, Ramasubramanian, A, Luna-Fineman, S, Miller, A, Skalet, AH, Mruthyunjaya, P, Hassan, M, Oliver, SC, Shields, CL, Yaghy, A, Stahl, ED, Wilson, MW, Villegas, VM, Islamov, Z, Usmanov, RH, Graells, J, Romero, L, Pham, CTM, Trang, DL, Al-Hussaini, HH, Thawaba, ADM, Muma, KIM, Nyaywa, M, Alia, DB, Tandili, A, Paiva, L, Wime, AD, Chantada, GL, Fandino, AC, Sgroi, M, Papyan, R, Tamamyan, G, Camuglia, JE, Gole, GA, Clark, A, Lam, GC, Elder, JE, McKenzie, JD, Staffieri, SE, Jones, MM, Manudhane, R, Sia, D, Ritter-Sovinz, P, Schwab, C, Balayeva, R, Khan, Z, Nuruddin, M, Roy, SR, Rashid, R, Sultana, S, Shakoor, SA, Naumenko, L, Zhilyaeva, K, Bartoszek, P, Brichard, BG, De Potter, P, Bio, AIA, Salas, B, Coleoni Suarez, ME, Mbumba, FB, Bonanomi, MTBC, Donato Macedo, CR, Grigorovski, NDAK, Mattosinho, CCDS, Teixeira, LF, Oscar, AH, Veleva-Krasteva, NV, Bouda, GC, Kabore, RL, Philbert, R, Evina, TGA, Nkumbe, HE, Kamsang, P, Muyen, OM, Dimaras, H, Mallipatna, A, Hamel, P, Superstein, R, Paton, KE, Strahlendorf, C, Palet, JEKK, Tyau-Tyau, H, Cavieres, I, Lopez, JP, Oporto, J, Ossandon, D, Chen, W, Xiang, D, Du, Y, Li, K, Ji, X, Tang, J, Li, C, Xu, B, Qian, J, Xue, K, Sun, X, Wang, Y-Z, Zhang, Y, Wu, S-Q, Xiao, Y, Yang, H, Ye, H, Polania, RA, Berete, RC, Couitchere, L, Peric, S, Alemany-Rubio, E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, L, Autrata, R, Kepak, T, Pochop, P, Svojgr, K, Gregersen, PA, Urbak, SF, Montero, MM, Budiongo, A, Yanga, JM, Amani, TBK, Lukamba, RM, Numbi, MN, Calle Jara, DA, Villacis Chafla, EG, Sanchez, GL, Abouelnaga, S, Afifi, MA, Elhaddad, AM, Ali, AM, Elzembely, M, Said, AMA, Ziko, OAO, Fuentes-Alabi, SL, Goenz, MA, Eerme, K, Klett, A, Hordofa, DF, Mengesha, AA, Sherief, ST, Kivela, TT, Nummi, K, Cassoux, N, Desjardins, L, Obono-Obiang, G, Kardava, T, Khotenashvili, Z, Bechrakis, NE, Biewald, EM, Schlueter, S, Ketteler, P, Amankwaa-Frempong, D, Essuman, VA, Paintsil, V, Renner, LA, Alejos, A, Giron, A, Carreras, YA, Fu, LD, Maldonado, C, Wong, ES, Yam, JC, Csoka, M, Maka, E, Aggarwal, P, Gupta, V, Bhaduri, A, Bhattacharyya, A, Das, A, Chawla, B, Das, P, Das, S, Gupta, H, Gupta, S, Verma, N, Kaliki, S, Khetan, V, Maitra, P, Mahajan, A, Menon, V, Mishra, DKC, Palanivelu, MS, Ramanjulu, R, Mudaliar, SS, Nair, AG, Natarajan, S, Seth, R, Singh, U, Bhat, S, Dudeja, G, Tripathy, D, Akib, IMNR, Pagarra, H, Amiruddin, PO, Kuntorini, MW, Armytasari, I, Supriyadi, E, Sutyawan, IWE, Yuliawati, P, Lutfi, D, Soebagjo, HD, Rahman, A, Sitorus, RS, Victor, AA, Tehuteru, ES, Widiarti, W, Nency, YM, Faranoush, M, Mehrvar, A, Tashvighi, M, Sedaghat, A, Ghassemi, F, Khodabande, A, Abdulqader, RA, Al-Shaheen, AASM, Al Ani, MH, Haydar, H, Al-Badri, SAF, Al-Jadiry, MF, Sabhan, AH, Al-Jumaily, U, Al-Mafrachi, AARM, Al-Shammary, EH, Al-Janabi, ANH, Qadir, AO, Capra, M, Blum, S, Gomel, N, Fabian, ID, Goldberg, H, Kapelushnik, N, Madgar, S, Vishnevskia-Dai, V, Frenkel, S, Pe'er, J, Gorfine, M, Refaeli, D, Steinberg, DM, Lavy, Y, Toledano, H, Caspi, S, De Francesco, S, Hadjistilianou, T, Ida, R, Valente, P, Midena, E, Parrozzani, R, Cowan-Lyn, KE, Vaughan, LO, Suzuki, S, Mohammad, MT, Yousef, YA, Manzhuova, L, Atsiaya, R, Matende, IO, Begimkulova, AS, Makimbetov, EK, Keomisy, J, Sayalith, P, Valeina, S, Viksnins, M, Al-Haddad, CE, Saab, RH, Alsawidi, KM, Elbahi, AM, Krivaitiene, D, Tateshi, B, Randrianarisoa, HL, Raobela, L, Msukwa, G, Nyirenda, C, Hamzah, N, Teh, KH, Sylla, F, Traore, F, Cheikh, SS, Zein, E, Perez, GG, Sanchez Orozco, AJ, Ortega-Hernandez, M, Ramirez-Ortiz, MA, Chuluunbat, T, Abdallah, E, Benmiloud, S, El Kettani, A, Hessissen, L, Almeida, AA, Limbu, B, Rajkarnikar, P, Saiju, R, Moll, AC, Wijsard, MVH, Cockcroft, RL, Ng, Y, Dodgshun, AJ, Calderon-Sotelo, P, Abdullahi, SU, Hassan, S, Umar, AB, Abdulrahaman, AA, Wali, AH, Ademola-Popoola, DS, Adio, A, Aghaji, AE, Ezegwui, IR, Akinsete, A, Musa, KO, Fasina, O, Ibanga, A, Nkanga, ED, Mustapha, T, Ribadu, D, Hummelen, M, Ahmad, A, Mushtaq, A, Qayyum, S, Chaudhry, S, Fadoo, Z, Jeeva, I, Masud, S, Hamid, SA, Zia, N, Siddiqui, SN, Janjua, T, Yaqub, MA, Khaqan, HA, Quintero D, K, Yee, R, Jairaj, V, Cano, MR, Fernandez, DDPG, Diaz Coronado, RY, Zapata Lopez, AM, Garcia, JL, Ponce, J, Garcia Pacheco, HN, Pascual Morales, CR, Vasquez Anchaya, JK, Tarrillo Leiva, FF, Alcasabas, APA, Mercado, GJ, Cieslik, K, Hautz, W, Rogowska, A, Castela, G, Silva, S, Jo, DH, Kim, JH, Comsa, C, Dragomir, MD, Neroev, V, Saakyan, S, Polyakov, V, Ushakova, TL, Yarovaya, VA, Yarovoy, AA, Theophile, T, Al Mesfer, S, Maktabi, A, Al-Dahmash, SA, Alkatan, HM, Moreira, C, Roth, PAN, Ilic, VR, Nikitovic, M, Latinovic, S, Quah, B, Tan, D, Hederova, S, Husakova, K, Groznik, AL, Pompe, MT, Davidson, A, Du Bruyn, M, Du Plessis, J, Stones, DK, Geel, JA, Myezo, KH, Kruger, M, Mayet, I, Naidu, G, Naidu, N, Mustak, H, Reynders, D, Wetter, J, Alarcon Portabella, S, Martin-Begue, N, Wolley Dod, C, Balaguer, J, Barranco, H, Catala-Mora, J, Correa Llano, MG, Fernandez-Teijeiro, A, Garcia Aldana, D, Peralta Calvo, J, San Roman Pacheco, S, Gunasekera, DS, Elhassan, MMA, Mohamedani, AA, All-Eriksson, C, Bartuma, K, Popovic, MB, Munier, FL, Liu, C-H, Chiwanga, FS, Kyara, A, Mndeme, FG, Msina, MS, Scanlan, TA, Atchaneeyasakul, L-O, Buaboonnam, J, Dangboon, W, Singha, P, Hongeng, S, Kulvichit, K, Rojanaporn, D, Surukrattanaskul, S, Wangtiraumnuay, N, Wiwatwongwana, A, Wiwatwongwana, D, Wongwai, P, Sharma, MK, Guedenon, KM, Bouguila, H, Atalay, HT, Hasanreisoglu, M, Ataseven, E, Kantar, M, Gunduz, AK, Kebudi, R, Kiratli, H, Koc, I, Tuncer, S, Unal, E, Kalinaki, A, Matua, M, Waddell, K, Musika, AA, Ssali, G, Al Harby, L, Reddy, MA, Astbury, NJ, Bascaran, C, Bowman, R, Burton, MJ, Foster, A, Zondervan, M, Sagoo, MS, Bobrova, N, Sorochynska, T, Lysytsia, L, Castillo, L, Afshar, AR, Berry, JL, Kim, JW, Randhawa, JK, Binkley, E, Boldt, HC, Larson, SA, Brennan, RC, Chandramohan, A, Stacey, AW, Corson, TW, Plager, DA, Davanzo, JM, Singh, AD, Demirci, H, Ericksen, C, Magrath, GN, Gold, AS, Murray, TG, Gonzalez, E, Shah, AS, Hansen, ED, Hartnett, ME, Harbour, JW, Hubbard, GB, Uner, OE, Laurenti, KD, Mets, MB, Leverant, AA, Ramasubramanian, A, Luna-Fineman, S, Miller, A, Skalet, AH, Mruthyunjaya, P, Hassan, M, Oliver, SC, Shields, CL, Yaghy, A, Stahl, ED, Wilson, MW, Villegas, VM, Islamov, Z, Usmanov, RH, Graells, J, Romero, L, Pham, CTM, Trang, DL, Al-Hussaini, HH, Thawaba, ADM, Muma, KIM, and Nyaywa, M

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS: We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS: The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0-36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8-100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5-93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3-82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76-50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to

Published
2022

2. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

Author

Fabian, ID, Abdallah, E, Abdullahi, SU, Abdulqader, RA, Boubacar, SA, Ademola-Popoola, DS, Adio, A, Afshar, AR, Aggarwal, P, Aghaji, AE, Ahmad, A, Akib, MNR, Al Harby, L, Al Ani, MH, Alakbarova, A, Portabella, SA, Al-Badri, SAF, Alcasabas, APA, Al-Dahmash, SA, Alejos, A, Alemany-Rubio, E, Bio, AIA, Carreras, YA, Al-Haddad, C, Al-Hussaini, HHY, Ali, AM, Alia, DB, Al-Jadiry, MF, Al-Jumaly, U, Alkatan, HM, All-Eriksson, C, Al-Mafrachi, AARM, Almeida, AA, Alsawidi, KM, Al-Shaheen, AASM, Al-Shammary, EH, Amiruddin, PO, Antonino, R, Astbury, NJ, Atalay, HT, Atchaneeyasakul, L-O, Atsiaya, R, Attaseth, T, Aung, TH, Ayala, S, Baizakova, B, Balaguer, J, Balayeva, R, Balwierz, W, Barranco, H, Bascaran, C, Popovic, MB, Benavides, R, Benmiloud, S, Guebessi, NB, Berete, RC, Berry, JL, Bhaduri, A, Bhat, S, Biddulph, SJ, Biewald, EM, Bobrova, N, Boehme, M, Boldt, HC, Bonanomi, MTBC, Bornfeld, N, Bouda, GC, Bouguila, H, Boumedane, A, Brennan, RC, Brichard, BG, Buaboonnam, J, Calderon-Sotelo, P, Calle Jara, DA, Camuglia, JE, Cano, MR, Capra, M, Cassoux, N, Castela, G, Castillo, L, Catala-Mora, J, Chantada, GL, Chaudhry, S, Chaugule, SS, Chauhan, A, Chawla, B, Chernodrinska, VS, Chiwanga, FS, Chuluunbat, T, Cieslik, K, Cockcroft, RL, Comsa, C, Correa, ZM, Correa Llano, MG, Corson, TW, Cowan-Lyn, KE, Csoka, M, Cui, X, Da Gama, I, Dangboon, W, Das, A, Das, S, Davanzo, JM, Davidson, A, De Potter, P, Delgado, KQ, Demirci, H, Desjardins, L, Diaz Coronado, RY, Dimaras, H, Dodgshun, AJ, Donaldson, C, Donato Macedo, CR, Dragomir, MD, Du, Y, Du Bruyn, M, Edison, KS, Sutyawan, IWE, El Kettani, A, Elbahi, AM, Elder, JE, Elgalaly, D, Elhaddad, AM, Elhassan, MMA, Elzembely, MM, Essuman, VA, Evina, TGA, Fadoo, Z, Fandino, AC, Faranoush, M, Fasina, O, Fernandez, DDPG, Fernandez-Teijeiro, A, Foster, A, Frenkel, S, Fu, LD, Fuentes-Alabi, SL, Gallie, BL, Gandiwa, M, Garcia, JL, Garcia Aldana, D, Gassant, PY, Geel, JA, Ghassemi, F, Giron, A, Gizachew, Z, Goenz, MA, Gold, AS, Goldberg-Lavid, M, Gole, GA, Gomel, N, Gonzalez, E, Gonzalez Perez, G, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, L, Garcia Pacheco, HN, Graells, J, Green, L, Gregersen, PA, Grigorovski, NDAK, Guedenon, KM, Gunasekera, DS, Gunduz, AK, Gupta, H, Gupta, S, Hadjistilianou, T, Hamel, P, Hamid, SA, Hamzah, N, Hansen, ED, Harbour, JW, Hartnett, ME, Hasanreisoglu, M, Hassan, S, Hederova, S, Hernandez, J, Carcamo Hernandez, LM, Hessissen, L, Hordofa, DF, Huang, LC, Hubbard, GB, Hummlen, M, Husakova, K, Al-Janabi, ANH, Ida, R, Ilic, VR, Jairaj, V, Jeeva, I, Jenkinson, H, Ji, X, Jo, DH, Johnson, KP, Johnson, WJ, Jones, MM, Kabesha, TBA, Kabore, RL, Kaliki, S, Kalinaki, A, Kantar, M, Kao, L-Y, Kardava, T, Kebudi, R, Kepak, T, Keren-Froim, N, Khan, ZJ, Khaqan, HA, Khauv, P, Kheir, WJ, Khetan, V, Khodabande, A, Khotenashvili, Z, Kim, JW, Kim, JH, Kiratli, H, Kivela, TT, Klett, A, Palet, JEKK, Krivaitiene, D, Kruger, M, Kulvichit, K, Kuntorini, MW, Kyara, A, Lachmann, ES, Lam, CPS, Lam, GC, Larson, SA, Latinovic, S, Laurenti, KD, Le, BHA, Lecuona, K, Leverant, AA, Li, C, Limbu, B, Quah, BL, Lopez, JP, Lukamba, RM, Lumbroso, L, Luna-Fineman, S, Lutfi, D, Lysytsia, L, Magrath, GN, Mahajan, A, Majeed, AR, Maka, E, Makan, M, Makimbetov, EK, Manda, C, Martin Begue, N, Mason, L, Mason, JO, Matende, IO, Materin, M, Mattosinho, CCDS, Matua, M, Mayet, I, Mbumba, FB, McKenzie, JD, Medina-Sanson, A, Mehrvar, A, Mengesha, AA, Menon, V, Mercado, GJVD, Mets, MB, Midena, E, Mishra, DKC, Mndeme, FG, Mohamedani, AA, Mohammad, MT, Moll, AC, Montero, MM, Morales, RA, Moreira, C, Mruthyunjaya, P, Msina, MS, Msukwa, G, Mudaliar, SS, Muma, K, Munier, FL, Murgoi, G, Murray, TG, Musa, KO, Mushtaq, A, Mustak, H, Muyen, OM, Naidu, G, Nair, AG, Naumenko, L, Roth, PAN, Nency, YM, Neroev, V, Ngo, H, Nieves, RM, Nikitovic, M, Nkanga, ED, Nkumbe, H, Nuruddin, M, Nyaywa, M, Obono-Obiang, G, Oguego, NC, Olechowski, A, Oliver, SCN, Osei-Bonsu, P, Ossandon, D, Paez-Escamilla, MA, Pagarra, H, Painter, SL, Paintsil, V, Paiva, L, Pal, BP, Palanivelu, MS, Papyan, R, Parrozzani, R, Parulekar, M, Morales, CRP, Paton, KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska, K, Pe'er, J, Pena, A, Peric, S, Pham, CTM, Philbert, R, Plager, DA, Pochop, P, Polania, RA, Polyakov, VG, Pompe, MT, Pons, JJ, Prat, D, Prom, V, Purwanto, I, Qadir, AO, Qayyum, S, Qian, J, Rahman, A, Rahman, S, Rahmat, J, Rajkarnikar, P, Ramanjulu, R, Ramasubramanian, A, Ramirez-Ortiz, MA, Raobela, L, Rashid, R, Reddy, MA, Reich, E, Renner, LA, Reynders, D, Ribadu, D, Riheia, MM, Ritter-Sovinz, P, Rojanaporn, D, Romero, L, Roy, SR, Saab, RH, Saakyan, S, Sabhan, AH, Sagoo, MS, Said, AMA, Saiju, R, Salas, B, San Roman Pacheco, S, Sanchez, GL, Sayalith, P, Scanlan, TA, Schefler, AC, Schoeman, J, Sedaghat, A, Seregard, S, Seth, R, Shah, AS, Shakoor, SA, Sharma, MK, Sherief, ST, Shetye, NG, Shields, CL, Siddiqui, SN, Cheikh, SS, Silva, S, Singh, AD, Singh, N, Singh, U, Singha, P, Sitorus, RS, Skalet, AH, Soebagjo, HD, Sorochynska, T, Ssali, G, Stacey, AW, Staffieri, SE, Stahl, ED, Stathopoulos, C, Kranjc, BS, Stones, DK, Strahlendorf, C, Suarez, MEC, Sultana, S, Sun, X, Sundy, M, Superstein, R, Supriyadi, E, Surukrattanaskul, S, Suzuki, S, Svojgr, K, Sylla, F, Tamamyan, G, Tan, D, Tandili, A, Tarrillo Leiva, FF, Tashvighi, M, Tateshi, B, Tehuteru, ES, Teixeira, LF, Teh, KH, Theophile, T, Toledano, H, Trang, DL, Traore, F, Trichaiyaporn, S, Tuncer, S, Tyau-Tyau, H, Umar, AB, Unal, E, Uner, OE, Urbak, SF, Ushakova, TL, Usmanov, RH, Valeina, S, Wijsard, MVH, Varadisai, A, Vasquez, L, Vaughan, LO, Veleva-Krasteva, NV, Verma, N, Victor, AA, Viksnins, M, Villacos Chafla, EG, Vishnevskia-Dai, V, Vora, T, Wachtel, AE, Wackernagel, W, Waddell, K, Wade, PD, Wali, AH, Wang, Y-Z, Weiss, A, Wilson, MW, Wime, ADC, Wiwatwongwana, A, Wiwatwongwana, D, Dod, CW, Wongwai, P, Xiang, D, Xiao, Y, Yam, JC, Yang, H, Yanga, JM, Yaqub, MA, Yarovaya, VA, Yarovoy, AA, Ye, H, Yousef, YA, Yuliawati, P, Zapata Lopez, AM, Zein, E, Zhang, C, Zhang, Y, Zhao, J, Zheng, X, Zhilyaeva, K, Zia, N, Ziko, OAO, Zondervan, M, Bowman, R, Fabian, ID, Abdallah, E, Abdullahi, SU, Abdulqader, RA, Boubacar, SA, Ademola-Popoola, DS, Adio, A, Afshar, AR, Aggarwal, P, Aghaji, AE, Ahmad, A, Akib, MNR, Al Harby, L, Al Ani, MH, Alakbarova, A, Portabella, SA, Al-Badri, SAF, Alcasabas, APA, Al-Dahmash, SA, Alejos, A, Alemany-Rubio, E, Bio, AIA, Carreras, YA, Al-Haddad, C, Al-Hussaini, HHY, Ali, AM, Alia, DB, Al-Jadiry, MF, Al-Jumaly, U, Alkatan, HM, All-Eriksson, C, Al-Mafrachi, AARM, Almeida, AA, Alsawidi, KM, Al-Shaheen, AASM, Al-Shammary, EH, Amiruddin, PO, Antonino, R, Astbury, NJ, Atalay, HT, Atchaneeyasakul, L-O, Atsiaya, R, Attaseth, T, Aung, TH, Ayala, S, Baizakova, B, Balaguer, J, Balayeva, R, Balwierz, W, Barranco, H, Bascaran, C, Popovic, MB, Benavides, R, Benmiloud, S, Guebessi, NB, Berete, RC, Berry, JL, Bhaduri, A, Bhat, S, Biddulph, SJ, Biewald, EM, Bobrova, N, Boehme, M, Boldt, HC, Bonanomi, MTBC, Bornfeld, N, Bouda, GC, Bouguila, H, Boumedane, A, Brennan, RC, Brichard, BG, Buaboonnam, J, Calderon-Sotelo, P, Calle Jara, DA, Camuglia, JE, Cano, MR, Capra, M, Cassoux, N, Castela, G, Castillo, L, Catala-Mora, J, Chantada, GL, Chaudhry, S, Chaugule, SS, Chauhan, A, Chawla, B, Chernodrinska, VS, Chiwanga, FS, Chuluunbat, T, Cieslik, K, Cockcroft, RL, Comsa, C, Correa, ZM, Correa Llano, MG, Corson, TW, Cowan-Lyn, KE, Csoka, M, Cui, X, Da Gama, I, Dangboon, W, Das, A, Das, S, Davanzo, JM, Davidson, A, De Potter, P, Delgado, KQ, Demirci, H, Desjardins, L, Diaz Coronado, RY, Dimaras, H, Dodgshun, AJ, Donaldson, C, Donato Macedo, CR, Dragomir, MD, Du, Y, Du Bruyn, M, Edison, KS, Sutyawan, IWE, El Kettani, A, Elbahi, AM, Elder, JE, Elgalaly, D, Elhaddad, AM, Elhassan, MMA, Elzembely, MM, Essuman, VA, Evina, TGA, Fadoo, Z, Fandino, AC, Faranoush, M, Fasina, O, Fernandez, DDPG, Fernandez-Teijeiro, A, Foster, A, Frenkel, S, Fu, LD, Fuentes-Alabi, SL, Gallie, BL, Gandiwa, M, Garcia, JL, Garcia Aldana, D, Gassant, PY, Geel, JA, Ghassemi, F, Giron, A, Gizachew, Z, Goenz, MA, Gold, AS, Goldberg-Lavid, M, Gole, GA, Gomel, N, Gonzalez, E, Gonzalez Perez, G, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, L, Garcia Pacheco, HN, Graells, J, Green, L, Gregersen, PA, Grigorovski, NDAK, Guedenon, KM, Gunasekera, DS, Gunduz, AK, Gupta, H, Gupta, S, Hadjistilianou, T, Hamel, P, Hamid, SA, Hamzah, N, Hansen, ED, Harbour, JW, Hartnett, ME, Hasanreisoglu, M, Hassan, S, Hederova, S, Hernandez, J, Carcamo Hernandez, LM, Hessissen, L, Hordofa, DF, Huang, LC, Hubbard, GB, Hummlen, M, Husakova, K, Al-Janabi, ANH, Ida, R, Ilic, VR, Jairaj, V, Jeeva, I, Jenkinson, H, Ji, X, Jo, DH, Johnson, KP, Johnson, WJ, Jones, MM, Kabesha, TBA, Kabore, RL, Kaliki, S, Kalinaki, A, Kantar, M, Kao, L-Y, Kardava, T, Kebudi, R, Kepak, T, Keren-Froim, N, Khan, ZJ, Khaqan, HA, Khauv, P, Kheir, WJ, Khetan, V, Khodabande, A, Khotenashvili, Z, Kim, JW, Kim, JH, Kiratli, H, Kivela, TT, Klett, A, Palet, JEKK, Krivaitiene, D, Kruger, M, Kulvichit, K, Kuntorini, MW, Kyara, A, Lachmann, ES, Lam, CPS, Lam, GC, Larson, SA, Latinovic, S, Laurenti, KD, Le, BHA, Lecuona, K, Leverant, AA, Li, C, Limbu, B, Quah, BL, Lopez, JP, Lukamba, RM, Lumbroso, L, Luna-Fineman, S, Lutfi, D, Lysytsia, L, Magrath, GN, Mahajan, A, Majeed, AR, Maka, E, Makan, M, Makimbetov, EK, Manda, C, Martin Begue, N, Mason, L, Mason, JO, Matende, IO, Materin, M, Mattosinho, CCDS, Matua, M, Mayet, I, Mbumba, FB, McKenzie, JD, Medina-Sanson, A, Mehrvar, A, Mengesha, AA, Menon, V, Mercado, GJVD, Mets, MB, Midena, E, Mishra, DKC, Mndeme, FG, Mohamedani, AA, Mohammad, MT, Moll, AC, Montero, MM, Morales, RA, Moreira, C, Mruthyunjaya, P, Msina, MS, Msukwa, G, Mudaliar, SS, Muma, K, Munier, FL, Murgoi, G, Murray, TG, Musa, KO, Mushtaq, A, Mustak, H, Muyen, OM, Naidu, G, Nair, AG, Naumenko, L, Roth, PAN, Nency, YM, Neroev, V, Ngo, H, Nieves, RM, Nikitovic, M, Nkanga, ED, Nkumbe, H, Nuruddin, M, Nyaywa, M, Obono-Obiang, G, Oguego, NC, Olechowski, A, Oliver, SCN, Osei-Bonsu, P, Ossandon, D, Paez-Escamilla, MA, Pagarra, H, Painter, SL, Paintsil, V, Paiva, L, Pal, BP, Palanivelu, MS, Papyan, R, Parrozzani, R, Parulekar, M, Morales, CRP, Paton, KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska, K, Pe'er, J, Pena, A, Peric, S, Pham, CTM, Philbert, R, Plager, DA, Pochop, P, Polania, RA, Polyakov, VG, Pompe, MT, Pons, JJ, Prat, D, Prom, V, Purwanto, I, Qadir, AO, Qayyum, S, Qian, J, Rahman, A, Rahman, S, Rahmat, J, Rajkarnikar, P, Ramanjulu, R, Ramasubramanian, A, Ramirez-Ortiz, MA, Raobela, L, Rashid, R, Reddy, MA, Reich, E, Renner, LA, Reynders, D, Ribadu, D, Riheia, MM, Ritter-Sovinz, P, Rojanaporn, D, Romero, L, Roy, SR, Saab, RH, Saakyan, S, Sabhan, AH, Sagoo, MS, Said, AMA, Saiju, R, Salas, B, San Roman Pacheco, S, Sanchez, GL, Sayalith, P, Scanlan, TA, Schefler, AC, Schoeman, J, Sedaghat, A, Seregard, S, Seth, R, Shah, AS, Shakoor, SA, Sharma, MK, Sherief, ST, Shetye, NG, Shields, CL, Siddiqui, SN, Cheikh, SS, Silva, S, Singh, AD, Singh, N, Singh, U, Singha, P, Sitorus, RS, Skalet, AH, Soebagjo, HD, Sorochynska, T, Ssali, G, Stacey, AW, Staffieri, SE, Stahl, ED, Stathopoulos, C, Kranjc, BS, Stones, DK, Strahlendorf, C, Suarez, MEC, Sultana, S, Sun, X, Sundy, M, Superstein, R, Supriyadi, E, Surukrattanaskul, S, Suzuki, S, Svojgr, K, Sylla, F, Tamamyan, G, Tan, D, Tandili, A, Tarrillo Leiva, FF, Tashvighi, M, Tateshi, B, Tehuteru, ES, Teixeira, LF, Teh, KH, Theophile, T, Toledano, H, Trang, DL, Traore, F, Trichaiyaporn, S, Tuncer, S, Tyau-Tyau, H, Umar, AB, Unal, E, Uner, OE, Urbak, SF, Ushakova, TL, Usmanov, RH, Valeina, S, Wijsard, MVH, Varadisai, A, Vasquez, L, Vaughan, LO, Veleva-Krasteva, NV, Verma, N, Victor, AA, Viksnins, M, Villacos Chafla, EG, Vishnevskia-Dai, V, Vora, T, Wachtel, AE, Wackernagel, W, Waddell, K, Wade, PD, Wali, AH, Wang, Y-Z, Weiss, A, Wilson, MW, Wime, ADC, Wiwatwongwana, A, Wiwatwongwana, D, Dod, CW, Wongwai, P, Xiang, D, Xiao, Y, Yam, JC, Yang, H, Yanga, JM, Yaqub, MA, Yarovaya, VA, Yarovoy, AA, Ye, H, Yousef, YA, Yuliawati, P, Zapata Lopez, AM, Zein, E, Zhang, C, Zhang, Y, Zhao, J, Zheng, X, Zhilyaeva, K, Zia, N, Ziko, OAO, Zondervan, M, and Bowman, R

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. OBJECTIVES: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. RESULTS: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis

Published
2020

4. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Author

Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Afshar AR, Aggarwal P, Aghaji AE, Ahmad A, Akib MNR, Al Harby L, Al Ani MH, Alakbarova A, Portabella SA, Al-Badri SAF, Alcasabas APA, Al-Dahmash SA, Alejos A, Alemany-Rubio E, Alfa Bio AI, Alfonso Carreras Y, Al-Haddad C, Al-Hussaini HHY, Ali AM, Alia DB, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Jumaily U, Alkatan HM, All-Eriksson C, Al-Mafrachi AARM, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Al-Shaheen AASM, Al-Shammary EH, Amiruddin PO, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atalay HT, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Atsiaya R, Attaseth T, Aung TH, Ayala S, Baizakova B, Balaguer J, Balayeva R, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Bascaran C, Beck Popovic M, Benavides R, Benmiloud S, Bennani Guebessi N, Berete RC, Berry JL, Bhaduri A, Bhat S, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Boldt HC, Bonanomi MTBC, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brennan RC, Brichard BG, Buaboonnam J, Calderón-Sotelo P, Calle Jara DA, Camuglia JE, Cano MR, Capra M, Cassoux N, Castela G, Castillo L, Català-Mora J, Chantada GL, Chaudhry S, Chaugule SS, Chauhan A, Chawla B, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Chuluunbat T, Cieslik K, Cockcroft RL, Comsa C, Correa ZM, Correa Llano MG, Corson TW, Cowan-Lyn KE, Csóka M, Cui X, Da Gama IV, Dangboon W, Das A, Das S, Davanzo JM, Davidson A, De Potter P, Delgado KQ, Demirci H, Desjardins L, Diaz Coronado RY, Dimaras H, Dodgshun AJ, Donaldson C, Donato Macedo CR, Dragomir MD, Du Y, Du Bruyn M, Edison KS, Eka Sutyawan IW, El Kettani A, Elbahi AM, Elder JE, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Elhassan MMA, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fadoo Z, Fandiño AC, Faranoush M, Fasina O, Fernández DDPG, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Foster A, Frenkel S, Fu LD, Fuentes-Alabi SL, Gallie BL, Gandiwa M, Garcia JL, García Aldana D, Gassant PY, Geel JA, Ghassemi F, Girón AV, Gizachew Z, Goenz MA, Gold AS, Goldberg-Lavid M, Gole GA, Gomel N, Gonzalez E, Gonzalez Perez G, González-Rodríguez L, Garcia Pacheco HN, Graells J, Green L, Gregersen PA, Grigorovski NDAK, Guedenon KM, Gunasekera DS, Gündüz AK, Gupta H, Gupta S, Hadjistilianou T, Hamel P, Hamid SA, Hamzah N, Hansen ED, Harbour JW, Hartnett ME, Hasanreisoglu M, Hassan S, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hernandez J, Hernandez LMC, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Huang LC, Hubbard GB, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Hussein Al-Janabi AN, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jairaj V, Jeeva I, Jenkinson H, Ji X, Jo DH, Johnson KP, Johnson WJ, Jones MM, Kabesha TBA, Kabore RL, Kaliki S, Kalinaki A, Kantar M, Kao LY, Kardava T, Kebudi R, Kepak T, Keren-Froim N, Khan ZJ, Khaqan HA, Khauv P, Kheir WJ, Khetan V, Khodabande A, Khotenashvili Z, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kiratli H, Kivelä TT, Klett A, Komba Palet JEK, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kulvichit K, Kuntorini MW, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Lam CPS, Lam GC, Larson SA, Latinovic S, Laurenti KD, Le BHA, Lecuona K, Leverant AA, Li C, Limbu B, Long QB, López JP, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Luna-Fineman S, Lutfi D, Lysytsia L, Magrath GN, Mahajan A, Majeed AR, Maka E, Makan M, Makimbetov EK, Manda C, Martín Begue N, Mason L, Mason JO 3rd, Matende IO, Materin M, Mattosinho CCDS, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, McKenzie JD, Medina-Sanson A, Mehrvar A, Mengesha AA, Menon V, Mercado GJVD, Mets MB, Midena E, Mishra DKC, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Mohammad MT, Moll AC, Montero MM, Morales RA, Moreira C, Mruthyunjaya P, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Mudaliar SS, Muma KI, Munier FL, Murgoi G, Murray TG, Musa KO, Mushtaq A, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Nair AG, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Nency YM, Neroev V, Ngo H, Nieves RM, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nuruddin M, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oliver SCN, Osei-Bonsu P, Ossandon D, Paez-Escamilla MA, Pagarra H, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Pal BP, Palanivelu MS, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pascual Morales CR, Paton KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Pe'er J, Peña A, Peric S, Pham CTM, Philbert R, Plager DA, Pochop P, Polania RA, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Prat D, Prom V, Purwanto I, Qadir AO, Qayyum S, Qian J, Rahman A, Rahman S, Rahmat J, Rajkarnikar P, Ramanjulu R, Ramasubramanian A, Ramirez-Ortiz MA, Raobela L, Rashid R, Reddy MA, Reich E, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Rojanaporn D, Romero L, Roy SR, Saab RH, Saakyan S, Sabhan AH, Sagoo MS, Said AMA, Saiju R, Salas B, San Román Pacheco S, Sánchez GL, Sayalith P, Scanlan TA, Schefler AC, Schoeman J, Sedaghat A, Seregard S, Seth R, Shah AS, Shakoor SA, Sharma MK, Sherief ST, Shetye NG, Shields CL, Siddiqui SN, Sidi Cheikh S, Silva S, Singh AD, Singh N, Singh U, Singha P, Sitorus RS, Skalet AH, Soebagjo HD, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stacey AW, Staffieri SE, Stahl ED, Stathopoulos C, Stirn Kranjc B, Stones DK, Strahlendorf C, Suarez MEC, Sultana S, Sun X, Sundy M, Superstein R, Supriyadi E, Surukrattanaskul S, Suzuki S, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tan D, Tandili A, Tarrillo Leiva FF, Tashvighi M, Tateshi B, Tehuteru ES, Teixeira LF, Teh KH, Theophile T, Toledano H, Trang DL, Traoré F, Trichaiyaporn S, Tuncer S, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Unal E, Uner OE, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Usmanov RH, Valeina S, van Hoefen Wijsard M, Varadisai A, Vasquez L, Vaughan LO, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Verma N, Victor AA, Viksnins M, Villacís Chafla EG, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Vora T, Wachtel AE, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali AH, Wang YZ, Weiss A, Wilson MW, Wime ADC, Wiwatwongwana A, Wiwatwongwana D, Wolley Dod C, Wongwai P, Xiang D, Xiao Y, Yam JC, Yang H, Yanga JM, Yaqub MA, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Ye H, Yousef YA, Yuliawati P, Zapata López AM, Zein E, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zheng X, Zhilyaeva K, Zia N, Ziko OAO, Zondervan M, and Bowman R

Subjects
Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Retinoblastoma economics, Retinoblastoma epidemiology
Abstract

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale., Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis., Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017., Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis., Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68])., Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.

Published
2020
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6. Genetic parameters of biokinematic variables of the trot in Spanish Purebred horses under experimental treadmill conditions.

Author

Valera M, Galisteo AM, Molina A, Miró F, Gómez MD, Cano MR, and Agüera E

Subjects
Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena genetics, Exercise Test veterinary, Genetic Variation, Horses genetics, Male, Pedigree, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Gait genetics, Horses physiology
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of biokinematic variables in Spanish Purebred (SPB) horses in order to select those of sufficient interest to be measured in the pre-selection of the animals for possible inclusion in the breeding programme. Kinematic analysis of 130 SPB horses 4.6+/-1.5 years old were recorded at the trot (4m/s) on a treadmill. Genetic parameters were estimated using VCE software and a bivariate mixed animal model including age and stud as fixed effects and animal additive genetic effect and residual error as random effects. In general, heritabilities were high (0.33-0.88). The angular variables presented the lowest heritabilities, whereas the maximum height of the fore-hoof and the duration of swing phase in the hindlimb gave the highest scores. Genetic correlations were also very high, so it was possible to reduce the number of breeding programme characteristics to stride duration, hindlimb swing phase duration, range of stifle and elbow angles, minimal angle of carpus, and minimal retraction-protraction angle of the hindlimb.

Published
2008
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8. Kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses: a comparative study.

Author

Cano MR, Vivo J, Miró F, Morales JL, and Galisteo AM

Subjects
Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Forelimb physiology, Hindlimb physiology, Male, Gait physiology, Horses physiology
Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic trot characteristics of three different breeds of horse: Andalusian (AN, n = 15), Arabian (AR, n = 7) and Anglo-Arabian (AA, n = 5) using standard computer-assisted videography (25 Hz). Linear, temporal and angular parameters in fore- and hind limbs were analysed in six randomly selected strides per horse. Normalised angle-time diagrams along the complete stride were obtained for all joints angles in each breed and specific kinematic characteristics were detected graphically. AA horses displayed longer swing durations in both limbs ans a shorter angular range of motion (ARM) in scapula and pelvis inclination and in shoulder, hip and forelimb retraction-protraction angles. At lift off, stifle and tarsal joint angles were more flexed. In general, only small differences were observed in AR horse kinematics when compared with the other 2 breeds. AN horses presented negative overtracking length, which was positive in AR and AA. In AN horses the elbow and carpal joints were more flexed at the moment of maximal elevation, elbow and fore-fetlock joints also exhibited a larger ARM due to a smaller angle at maximal flexion. In the hind limbs, tarsal, hind fetlock and retraction-protraction angles presented a larger ARM in AN horses due to greater maximal flexion in the tarsal and hind fetlock joints. Fore- and hind fetlocks were also more flexed in horses from this breed. In conclusion, differences between kinematic variables at the trot were observed in the three breeds studied here, mainly in forelimb joints. The most outstanding feature was the greater forelimb flexion recorded in AN horses than in the other breeds which is consistent with the elevated movements in this breed. In AA horses, the ARM of proximal joints involved in retraction protraction in both fore- and hind limbs was smaller. All the differences observed highlighted the idiosyncratic nature of the trot in each breed; this may influence the functional capacity of each breed.

Published
2001
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9. Inter-breed differences in equine forelimb kinematics at the walk.

Author

Galisteo AM, Morales JL, Cano MR, Miró F, Agüera E, and Vivo J

Subjects
Animals, Breeding, Forelimb, Male, Gait physiology, Horses physiology
Abstract

Linear, temporal and angular biokinematic characteristics of the forelimb at the walk in different breeds were determined, highlighting inter-breed differences. Twenty-three healthy stallions were used: ten Andalusians (AN), seven Arabs (AR) and six Anglo-Arabs (AA). Height at the withers was significantly different between groups (P < 0.001). Six trials per horse were recorded using a levelled video camera (sampling frame rate 25 frames/s), digitized and analysed using a semi-automatic movement analysis system. No statistically significant differences in speeds were recorded between breeds (P > 0.05). The only temporal parameter which was similar in the three breeds was the moment at which the hoof reached the highest point in its trajectory. The variables presenting the most significant differences were the percentages of deceleration and propulsion within the stance phase. ANOVA for angular variables showed that the greatest difference was in the range of angular movement of the carpal joint, being higher in AN, due to a lower minimum value. In the fetlock joint, the greatest difference was observed in minimum values, which differed in all three breeds. Significant inter-breed differences were also observed for maximum limb retraction, being lowest in the AN group, followed by the AA and AR groups. This finding was reflected in the angular range of motion, despite smaller differences in the degree of limb protraction; very similar values were reported in all three breeds. As regards the elbow joint, no inter-breed differences were observed in terms of minimum values, whereas differences were recorded for maximum and angular range of motion, higher values being displayed by the AR and AN groups than by AA animals. In conclusion, inter-breed differences may be determined in equine forelimb biokinematics at the walk. This study distinguished between AN, AR and AA horses.

Published
2001
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10. Changes due to age in the kinematics of trotting Andalusian foals.

Author

Cano MR, Miro F, Monterde JG, Diz A, Martin J, and Galisteo AM

Subjects
Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Newborn physiology, Biomechanical Phenomena, Forelimb physiology, Gait physiology, Hindlimb physiology, Horses growth & development, Joints growth & development, Male, Video Recording, Horses physiology, Joints physiology, Locomotion physiology
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth on biokinematic characteristics at the trot in a group of 9 Andalusian foals from age 12 to 36 months in order to identify which stride variables change or remain invariable. Biokinematic analysis was performed by using a computer-assisted videography system (25 Hz frame rate). An increase in stride length as well as the fore- and hindlimb stride duration was found. A tendency to increase flexion of the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints was observed while the forelimb fetlock increased its maximal extension. In the hindlimb, most of the differences were exhibited by the hip and stifle joints, which showed a tendency to a lesser flexion with age. However, at landing the extension was bigger. The hindlimb fetlock extended more in older foals, whereas flexion decreased. Significant differences in the maximal extension and flexion instants in the forelimb joints were not detected (except in the elbow joint). The same was found in the angular range of motion (ARM) of the scapula inclination and the shoulder and forelimb fetlock joints. Differences in retraction-protraction angles in both the fore- and hindlimbs were very slight, and ARM values for these parameters were similar in all age groups. It can be concluded that Andalusian horses modified their locomotor pattern at the trot between age 12 and 36 months, particularly up to 24 months, by increasing stride length as well as shoulder, elbow and carpus flexion, while hip and stifle flexion decreased and hindlimb joints were more extended during the stance phase. One of the most striking features was that maximal retraction and protraction angles did not change in foals age 12-36 months in either fore- or hindlimbs. These results could be useful for the prediction of some kinematic parameters of mature horses from data obtained at younger ages.

Published
2001
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11. Influence of training on the biokinematics in trotting Andalusian horses.

Author

Cano MR, Miró F, Diz AM, Agüera E, and Galisteo AM

Subjects
Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Forelimb physiology, Gait, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Rhombencephalon physiology, Spain, Videotape Recording, Horses physiology, Physical Conditioning, Animal physiology
Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a 10-month training programme on the linear, temporal and angular characteristics of the fore and hind limbs at the trot in the Andalusian horse, using standard computer-aided videography. Sixteen male Andalusian horses were observed before and after training. Six strides were randomly selected for analysis in each horse and linear, temporal and angular parameters were calculated for fore and hind limbs. The training programme used here produced significant changes in kinematic parameters, such as shortening of stride length, and increase in swing duration and a decrease in hind limb stance percentage. No significant differences were recorded in the angular values for the forelimb joints. In trained horses, the more proximal joints of the hind limb, especially the hip and stifle, had a greater flexion while the fetlock showed a smaller extension angle. At the beginning of the swing phase, hip and stifle joints presented angles that were significantly more flexed. When the hind limbs came into contact with the ground, all the joints presented greater flexion after training.

Published
2000
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12. Comparative biokinematic study of young and adult Andalusian horses at the trot.

Author

Cano MR, Miró F, Vivo J, and Galisteo AM

Subjects
Aging physiology, Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Horses anatomy & histology, Male, Posture, Gait physiology, Horses physiology, Locomotion physiology
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine basic kinematic parameters (linear, temporal and angular) in young and adult Andalusian horses (P.R.E.) at the trot, using a normal computer-aided videography system. The trotting gaits of 16 horses were analysed: seven young horses (3.7 +/- 0.2 years old, height at withers 167.1 +/- 4.1 cm) and nine adult stallions (12.3 +/- 2.9 years old, height at withers 162.9 +/- 3.6 cm) were recorded at least 6 times at the trot using a 25-Hz video-camera filming from the side. Video images were processed with a real-time digital system (SMVD). Speeds averaged 3.84 and 3.75 m/s for young and adult horses, respectively. Differences between age groups for speed and linear and temporal parameters of the stride were not significant. However, variations in angular parameters were detected: adults showed a greater ARM than younger horses for most forelimb joints. In the hind limb, hip, stifle, and, to a lesser degree, the tarsal joint, a smaller degree of extension during the stance phase was observed in adult horses.

Published
1999
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13. The influence of speed and height at the withers on the kinematics of sound horses at the hand-led trot.

Author

Galisteo AM, Cano MR, Morales JL, Vivo J, and Miró F

Subjects
Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Locomotion physiology, Male, Spain, Statistics, Nonparametric, Video Recording, Gait physiology, Horses physiology
Abstract

The influence of speed and height at the withers on some biokinematic stride parameters (linear, temporal and angular) was measured in 15 Spanish Thoroughbreds (Andalusian Purebred) trotted hand-led along a track; analysis was made of the correlation between speed and height at the withers and of some biokinematic parameters of equine locomotion. Both height at the withers and speed were positively and significantly correlated to the linear parameters examined. Temporal parameters did not reveal a significant correlation with the height at the withers. The correlations with the angular parameters were variable, often being significant for both height at withers and speed, although in most cases the coefficient was relatively low, probably owing to the narrow ranges of speed and height at the withers and their low variability. It was concluded that horses at the hand-led trot tend to have low variability in speed during successive trials, although the speed at which they move does have a significant influence on both linear and temporal stride parameters, and also on several angular parameters, while height at the withers has a major effect on linear parameters but less on angular parameters, and does not affect the temporal parameters.

Published
1998
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14. Kinematics in horses at the trot before and after an induced forelimb supporting lameness.

Author

Galisteo AM, Cano MR, Morales JL, Miró F, Vivo J, and Agüera E

Subjects
Animals, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Lameness, Animal diagnosis, Lameness, Animal etiology, Movement physiology, Video Recording, Forelimb physiopathology, Gait physiology, Horses physiology, Lameness, Animal physiopathology, Locomotion physiology
Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the biokinematic alterations caused by an induced lameness in the right forelimb of Dutch Warmblood (DWB) horses using a system of computer-aided normal videography. Five mature DWB were recorded with a videocamera (frame rate 1/25) from a lateral view before and after an induced lameness. Before videotaping, passive markers were placed on the skin, over easily identifiable anatomical references to determine the joint angles in the forelimb (always on the flexor side). Lameness was induced using special horseshoes. The lameness was evident at the trot and mild at walk. The images were analysed using a real time digitalising system combined with a previously designed spreadsheet. Linear, temporal and angular parameters (maximum, minimum and angular range of motion) along the stride were calculated as well as the moments of highest extension (Pmax) and flexion (Pmin), expressed as a percentage of the whole stride. Results before and after the induced lameness were compared by a paired Student's t test at a significance level of P<0.05. No differences in speeds before and after the induced lameness were found. Stride length was significantly shorter in the lameness condition. Stride duration was slightly shorter in lameness. The diagonal stance phase increased, while the swing phase decreased. Angular parameters changed mainly in elbow, carpus, fetlock and retraction-protraction angles. This indicated that the angular range of motion in the elbow and carpal joints decreased, and the elbow Pmin occurred later in the stride. The results are useful in the development of video-based equine lameness diagnostics.

Published
1997
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15. Posterior vitreoschisis. An echographic finding in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Author

Chu TG, Lopez PF, Cano MR, Freeman WR, Lean JS, Liggett PE, Thomas EL, and Green RL

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 complications, Diabetic Retinopathy diagnostic imaging, Eye Diseases complications, Eye Diseases diagnostic imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Ultrasonography, Vitreous Hemorrhage complications, Diabetic Retinopathy complications, Vitreous Body diagnostic imaging
Abstract

Purpose: To describe the echographic characteristics of splitting the outer posterior cortical vitreous in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and vitreous hemorrhage., Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the echographic findings in 270 patients who were evaluated at the Doheny Eye Institute between January 1983 to December 1989 for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and vitreous hemorrhage. None of the eyes had undergone pars plana vitrectomy before echographic examination., Results: Forty-five patients (17%) had echographic evidence of splitting of the outer posterior vitreous cortex, a finding the authors have termed posterior vitreoschisis. In all patients, differentiation of the posterior vitreoschisis from a true posterior hyaloid detachment was possible, either on the initial or on serial echographic examination, by the separate detachment of the inner wall of the vitreoschisis cavity and the true posterior hyaloid from the retinal surface. The vitreoschisis cavities often were found to contain unclotted blood. In some eyes, the inner wall of the vitreoschisis cavity was adherent to the apex of the most highly elevated area of traction retinal detachment, suggesting that posterior vitreoschisis may itself result in clinically significant vitreoretinal traction, independent of the presence or extent of true posterior hyaloid separation., Conclusions: The authors' finding suggest that spontaneous splitting of the outer posterior vitreous cortex may occur in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and vitreous hemorrhage, which may mimic a true posterior cortical vitreous detachment on echographic examination. Preoperative recognition of posterior vitreoschisis may be important in the surgical management of these patients.

Published
1996
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16. Massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage with central retinal apposition. A clinical and echographic study.

Author

Chu TG, Cano MR, Green RL, Liggett PE, and Lean JS

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Choroid Hemorrhage etiology, Choroid Hemorrhage surgery, Eye Injuries complications, Eye Injuries surgery, Eye Injuries, Penetrating complications, Eye Injuries, Penetrating surgery, Female, Humans, Intraoperative Complications diagnostic imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Retinal Detachment diagnostic imaging, Retinal Diseases etiology, Retinal Diseases surgery, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Ultrasonography, Choroid Hemorrhage diagnostic imaging, Retinal Diseases diagnostic imaging
Abstract

We reviewed the charts of 18 patients diagnosed with a massive suprachoroidal hemorrhage (MSCH) with central retinal apposition (kissing configuration). Four cases occurred intraoperatively (expulsive), eight after a surgical procedure (delayed), and six associated with blunt or perforating injury (traumatic). In this study, echography was used to monitor the course of MSCH; the mean time for clot lysis was 14 days, and the mean duration of central retinal apposition was 15 days. The expulsive MSCHs were all allowed to resolve spontaneously, with good initial visual outcome in three of the four eyes in which they occurred. In the delayed MSCH group, the majority of patients attained their prehemorrhage visual acuity, with or without early surgical intervention. In the traumatic MSCH group, retinal detachment was a constant complication in all patients. All six patients in the traumatic MSCH group had a poor visual outcome, despite early surgical intervention in five patients. The results of this study suggest that not all MSCHs need to be drained surgically and that, when surgical drainage is indicated, echography may be a useful adjunct in determining the optimal time of drainage.

Published
1991
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17. Papillopathies associated with unusual calcifications in the retrolaminar optic nerve.

Author

Sadun AA, Green RL, Nobe JR, and Cano MR

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Calcinosis diagnostic imaging, Female, Fluorescein Angiography, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Male, Optic Atrophy etiology, Optic Nerve Diseases diagnostic imaging, Retinal Diseases etiology, Retinal Vessels, Ultrasonography, Vision Tests, Calcinosis complications, Optic Nerve Diseases complications, Papilledema etiology, Retinal Hemorrhage etiology
Abstract

We examined three patients with optic disc edema and peripapillary hemorrhages. Each was found by standard echography to have calcified nodules within the retrobulbar portion of the optic nerves. These nodules were located approximately 2 mm posterior to the lamina cribrosa. Each patient had unilateral congestion of the optic nerve head with dilated, tortuous retinal veins that appeared much like a partial central retinal vein occlusion; one patient subsequently developed optic atrophy. The central location of the calcifications within the anterior aspect of the optic nerves suggests that each nodule may have been situated within the central retinal vein or artery. Calcifications within the retrolaminar space may be associated with some etiologies of unilateral congestion of the optic nerve head.

Published
1991

18. Echographic characteristics of ocular toxocariasis.

Author

Wan WL, Cano MR, Pince KJ, and Green RL

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Endophthalmitis parasitology, Female, Fundus Oculi, Granuloma parasitology, Humans, Male, Ultrasonography, Visual Acuity, Eye Infections, Parasitic diagnostic imaging, Toxocariasis diagnostic imaging
Abstract

Ocular toxocariasis most commonly presents as one of three distinct clinical syndromes: endophthalmitis, localized posterior granuloma, or peripheral granuloma. Using standardized echography, the authors studied 11 toxocariasis patients presenting with one of these syndromes. Common echographic findings were noted in ten of these patients, and included: (1) a solid, high-reflective peripheral mass, (2) a vitreous band or membranes extending between the posterior pole and the mass, and (3) a traction retinal detachment or fold from the posterior pole to the mass. These findings were present in patients presenting with leukocoria or endophthalmitis, as well as in patients in whom the peripheral nematode lesion could be visualized clinically. In combination with the history, clinical examination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), standardized echography may be useful in establishing the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis in cases of leukocoria in which nematode endophthalmitis is suspected.

Published
1991
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19. Echographic features of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.

Author

Forster DJ, Cano MR, Green RL, and Rao NA

Subjects
Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Adult, Aged, Eye Diseases diagnostic imaging, Female, Fluorescein Angiography, Follow-Up Studies, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Middle Aged, Retinal Detachment diagnostic imaging, Ultrasonography, Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome drug therapy, Visual Acuity, Vitreous Body diagnostic imaging, Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome diagnostic imaging
Abstract

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome represents a spectrum of bilateral panuveitis with associated central nervous system and dermatologic manifestations. The diagnosis is based on clinical and angiographic findings, but some of the characteristic features may be either absent or difficult to visualize in the presence of opaque media. With the use of standardized echography (standardized A-scan and contact B-scan echography), we examined nine patients with clear media and clinical evidence of VKH syndrome. Consistent echographic findings included (1) diffuse, low to medium reflective thickening of the choroid posteriorly; (2) serous retinal detachment, located inferiorly or in the posterior pole; (3) mild vitreous opacities with no posterior vitreous detachment; and (4) thickening of the sclera and/or episclera posteriorly. Resolution of these findings occurred with systemic corticosteroid therapy. Standardized echography should be considered an important diagnostic tool in VKH syndrome, especially when visualization of the fundus is poor or when clinical presentation is atypical.

Published
1990
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20. [Immunologic evaluation of patients with human immunodeficiency virus].

Author

Díaz Isaacs M, Vernaza A, Jurado de Gómez I, Lozano L, and Cano MR

Subjects
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, Adult, Antibody Formation, Complement System Proteins analysis, Female, Homosexuality, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Leukocyte Count, Lymphocytes classification, Lymphocytes immunology, Male, Panama, Sexual Behavior, Transfusion Reaction, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, HIV
Published
1988

21. Orbital myositis involving the oblique muscles. An echographic study.

Author

Wan WL, Cano MR, and Green RL

Subjects
Adult, Conjunctival Diseases etiology, Conjunctival Diseases pathology, Edema etiology, Edema pathology, Humans, Male, Myositis complications, Myositis drug therapy, Steroids therapeutic use, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Myositis diagnosis, Oculomotor Muscles, Ultrasonography
Abstract

Idiopathic orbital myositis is a common nonspecific orbital inflammatory syndrome that can involve one or more of the extraocular muscles. Oblique muscle involvement is infrequently reported, possibly because such involvement is difficult to identify clinically or by computed tomography (CT). The authors reviewed seven cases of orbital myositis involving the oblique muscles solely or in association with rectus muscle involvement. Standardized echography demonstrated homogeneous low-reflective enlargement, diagnostic of myositis, of the superior and inferior oblique muscles and tendons along their courses. The finding of massive inferior chemosis was associated with involvement of the inferior oblique muscle. Although the disease typically responds to therapy with systemic steroids, residual gaze restriction may occur. The oblique muscles may be frequently involved in idiopathic orbital myositis when evaluated by standardized orbital echography. In these cases, echography provides rapid, accurate, and reliable confirmation of the diagnosis of myositis, differentiates other orbital inflammatory diseases, and provides an objective measure of the therapeutic response.

Published
1988
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