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Institute of Animal Health and Production/Federal Rural University of Amazon. Grant Number: ISPA 20/2018 Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Freelance Veterinary Medicine. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Federal University of Par?. Institute of Natural Sciences. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Federal University of Par?. Institute of Natural Sciences. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Department of Surgery. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. University of S?o Paulo. Institute of Biomedical Sciences. Department of Microbiology. S?o Paulo, SP, Brazil. Federal Rural University of Amazonia. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Institute of Animal Health and Production. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Central nervous system (CNS) trauma is often related to tissue loss, leading to partial or complete disruption of spinal cord function due to neuronal death. Although generally irreversible, traditional therapeutic efforts, such as physical therapy exercises, are generally recommended, but with a poor or reduced improvement of the microenvironment, which in turn stimulates neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we use stem cells to see if they can promote not only physical but also the functional regeneration of neuronal tissue in dogs with CNS traumas. Two dogs, one with chronic spinal cord injury and one with subacute spinal cord injury, underwent infusion of autologous MSCs in association with physiotherapy. The two treatments in combination were able to partially or completely recover the dog's walking movement again. The treatment of MSCs in association with physical therapy improved the microenvironment, which could be evidence of a paradigm shift that the CNS is not capable of functional regeneration after aggressive traumas.

In veterinary medicine, the cell therapy is still unexplored and there are many unanswered questions that researchers tend to extrapolate to humans in an attempt to treat certain injuries. Investigating this subject in nonhuman primates turns out to be an unparalleled opportunity to better understand the dynamics of stem cells against some diseases. Thus, we aimed to compare the efficiency of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue of Chlorocebus aethiops in induced bone injury. Ten animals were used, male adults subjected, to bone injury the iliac crests. The MSCs were isolated by and cultured. In an autologous manner, the BMMCs were infused in the right iliac crest, and MSCs from adipose tissue in the left iliac crest. After 4.8 months, the right iliac crests fully reconstructed, while left iliac crest continued to have obvious bone defects for up to 5.8 months after cell infusion. The best option for treatment of injuries with bone tissue loss in old world primates is to use autologous MSCs from adipose tissue, suggesting we can extrapolate the results to humans, since there is phylogenetic proximity between species. RESUMO Na medicina veterinária, a terapia celular ainda é inexplorada e há muitas perguntas não respondidas, o que leva os pesquisadores a uma tendência a estender a terapia para os seres humanos, na tentativa de tratar certas lesões. Investigar esse assunto em primatas não humanos revela-se uma oportunidade sem precedentes para compreender melhor a dinâmica das células-tronco contra algumas doenças. Assim, objetivou-se comparar a eficiência das células mononucleares de medula óssea (BMMCs) e das células-tronco mesenquimais (MSCs) do tecido adiposo de Chlorocebus aetiops na lesão óssea induzida. Foram utilizados 10 animais, adultos do sexo masculino, submetidos à lesão óssea nas cristas ilíacas. As MSCs foram isoladas e cultivadas; de forma autóloga, as BMMCs foram infundidas na crista ilíaca direita e as MSCs de tecido adiposo na crista ilíaca esquerda. Após 4,8 meses, a crista ilíaca direita foi totalmente reconstruída, enquanto a crista ilíaca esquerda continuou apresentando defeito ósseo evidente por até 5,8 meses após a infusão. A melhor opção para o tratamento de lesões com perda de tecido ósseo em primatas do Velho Mundo é a utilização de MSCs autólogas de tecido adiposo, sugerindo que se podem estender os resultados para seres humanos, uma vez que há proximidade filogenética entre as espécies.

Equine represents an attractive animal model for musculoskeletal tissue diseases, exhibiting much similarity to the injuries that occur in humans. Cell therapy and tissue bioengineering have been widely used as a therapeutic alternative by regenerative medicine in musculoskeletal diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to produce an acellular biomaterial of equine skeletal muscle and to evaluate its effectiveness in supporting the in vitro culture of equine induced pluripotency stem cells (iPSCs). Biceps femoris samples were frozen at −20°C for 4 days and incubated in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 5 mM EDTA + 50 mM Tris and 1% Triton X-100; the effectiveness of the decellularization was evaluated by the absence of remnant nuclei (histological and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI] analysis), preservation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry) and organization of ECM ultrastructure (scanning electron microscopy). Decellularized samples were recellularized with iPSCs at the concentration of 50,000 cells/cm2 and cultured in vitro for 9 days, and the presence of the cells in the biomaterial was evaluated by histological analysis and presence of nuclei. Decellularized biomaterial showed absence of remnant nuclei and muscle fibers, as well as the preservation of ECM architecture, vascular network and proteins, laminin, fibronectin, elastin, collagen III and IV. After cellularization, iPSC nuclei were present at 9 days after incubation, indicating the decellularized biomaterial-supported iPSC survival. It is concluded that the ECM biomaterial produced from the decellularized equine skeletal muscle has potential for iPSC adhesion, representing a promising biomaterial for regenerative medicine in the therapy of musculoskeletal diseases.

Matrizes extracelulares descelularizadas (dMEC) têm sido utilizadas com sucesso como biomateriais biológicos para regeneração tecidual, já que apresentam vantagens como semelhança estrutural com os tecidos naturais, biocompatibilidade , biodegradabilidade, capacidade de sinalização e homeostase tecidual. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de quatro protocolos para descelularização de músculo esquelético murino, objetivando a produção de matrizes extracelulares (MEC) acelulares para potenciais aplicações na engenharia de tecidos. Músculos tibiais foram coletados e congelados a -20°C ou armazenados a temperatura ambiente, seguido por descelularização em soluções contendo reagentes químicos EDTA + Tris, SDS e Triton X-100, os quais foram aplicados em diferentes sequências e analisados de acordo com modificações macroscópicas causadas nos tecidos, remoção de conteúdo celular e genético das matrizes e na capacidade de preservar a composição protéica e estrutura tridimensional da MEC. Observou-se a otimização da remoção de conteúdo celular, além da preservação da ultraestrutura e composição da MEC nos protocolos com congelação prévia a -20°C e descelularização inicial com a solução SDS, quando comparado àqueles que iniciaram com EDTA + Tris. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a biocompatibilidade da dMEC de músculo murino e placenta canina em modelo murino de injúria muscular. As dMEC foram produzidas a partir da placenta canina (1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA + 0,05% Tripsina, 1% Triton X-100) e do músculo esquelético tibial de ratos Wistar (Congelação a -20°C, 1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA + 50mM Tris, 1% Triton X-100). A lesão muscular foi realizada a partir de uma incisão de 1cm e divulsão na região média do músculo tibial; então, as dMEC foram implantadas. Um grupo cirúrgico, sem o implante, foi usado como um controle. Os animais foram eutanasiados depois de 3, 15 e 45 dias. Análise histológica e imunohistoquímica foram realizadas para avaliar a morfologia tecidual e a presença de infiltrado inflamatório e células em proliferação (CD163 e PCNA). No 3° dia após a implantação, uma intensa reação inflamatória (CD163+) e proliferação celular (PCNA+) foram observadas, adjacentes ao biomaterial, em ambas as matrizes. No 15° dia, o biomaterial de MEC placentária ainda preservou o infiltrado celular (CD163+ e PCNA+) e iniciou o processo de absorção do biomaterial, enquanto que a dMEC do músculo já estava completamente absorvida. Finalmente, depois dos 45 dias, ambos os biomateriais foram absorvidos e o músculo estava completamente cicatrizado, sem fibrose. Conclui-se que congelar as amostras a -20°C anteriormente ao processamento e submeter à incubação inicial em solução de 1% SDS (Protocolo 2B) favoreceu a descelularização de músculo esquelético murino. Além disso, dMEC xenogênicas e alogênicas foram reabsorvidas e apresentaram processos de integração distintos em modelo não-crítico de lesão muscular esquelética, sugerindo que eventuais alterações sistêmicas, observadas a longo prazo, sejam avaliadas, bem como, a validação da utilização destas matrizes em modelos de perda muscular volumétrica. Decelularized extracellular matrices (dECM) have been successfully used as biological biomaterials for tissue engineering, since they present advantages such as structural similarity with natural tissues, biocompatibility, biodegradability, signaling capacity and tissue homeostasis. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four protocols for the decellularization of murine skeletal muscle for the production of acellular extracellular matrices (ECM) for potential applications in tissue engineering. Tibial muscle was frozen at -20°C or stored at room temperature, followed by decellularization in solutions containing EDTA + Tris, SDS and Triton X- 100 chemical reagents, which were applied in different sequences and analyzed according to macroscopic modifications , removal of cellular and genetic content and the ability to preserve the ECM composition and three-dimensional structure. Thus, the optimization of cellular removal was observed, as well as the preservation of the ECM ultrastructure and composition in the protocols with freezing at -20°C and initial decellularization with the SDS solution, when compared to those starting with EDTA + Tris. The second aim of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of the dECM of murine muscle and canine placenta in murine model of muscle injury. Decellularized ECM were produced from the canine placenta (1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA + 0.05% Trypsin, 1% Triton X-100) and the tibial muscle of Wistar rats (freezing at - 20°C, 1% SDS , 5 mM EDTA + 50 mM Tris, 1% Triton X-100). The muscle injury was performed followed a 1 cm incision and divulsion in the middle region of the tibial muscle, where the dECM were implanted. A surgical group, without the implant, was used as a control. The animals were euthanized after 3, 15 and 45 days. Histological and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to evaluate the tissue morphology and the presence of inflammatory infiltrate and cells in proliferation (CD163 and PCNA). On the 3rd day after implantation, an intense inflammatory reaction (CD163+) and cell proliferation (PCNA+) were observed, adjacent to the biomaterial, in both matrices. On 15th day, the placenta biomaterial still preserved the cellular infiltrate (CD163+ and PCNA+) and started the biomaterial absorption process, while the muscle biomaterial was already fully absorbed. Finally, after 45th day, both biomaterials were absorbed and the muscle was completely healed, without fibrosis. It was concluded that freezing samples at -20°C prior to processing and subjecting to the initial incubation in 1% SDS solution (Protocol 2B) favored the decellularization of murine skeletal muscle. In addition, xenogeneic and allogeneic dECM were resorbed and presented a distinct integration process in a non-critical model of skeletal muscle, suggesting that potential systemic changes, observed in the long term evaluation, as well as the validation of the use of these matrices in volumetric muscle loss models must be tested.

The placenta is a temporal, dynamic and diverse organ with important immunological features that facilitate embryonic and fetal development and survival, notwithstanding the fact that several aspects of its formation and function closely resemble tumor progression. Placentation in mammals is commonly used to characterize the evolution of species, including insights into human evolution. Although most placentas are discarded after birth, they are a high-yield source for the isolation of stem/progenitor cells and are rich in extracellular matrix (ECM), representing an important resource for regenerative medicine purposes. Interactions among cells, ECM and bioactive molecules regulate tissue and organ generation and comprise the foundation of tissue engineering. In the present article, differences among several mammalian species regarding the placental types and classifications, phenotypes and potency of placenta-derived stem/progenitor cells, placental ECM components and current placental ECM applications were reviewed to highlight their potential clinical and biomedical relevance.

Biological biomaterials for tissue engineering purposes can be produced through tissue and/or organ decellularization. The remaining extracellular matrix (ECM) must be acellular and preserve its proteins and physical features. Placentas are organs of great interest because they are discarded after birth and present large amounts of ECM. Protocols for decellularization are tissue-specific and have not been established for canine placentas yet. This study aimed at analyzing a favorable method for decellularization of maternal and fetal portions of canine placentas. Canine placentas were subjected to ten preliminary tests to analyze the efficacy of parameters such as the type of detergents, freezing temperatures and perfusion. Two protocols were chosen for further analyses using histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and DNA quantification. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was the most effective detergent for cell removal. Freezing placentas before decellularization required longer periods of incubation in different detergents. Both perfusion and immersion methods were capable of removing cells. Placentas decellularized using Protocol I (1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM TRIS, and 0.5% antibiotic) preserved the ECM structure better, but Protocol I was less efficient to remove cells and DNA content from the ECM than Protocol II (1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 0.05% trypsin, and 0.5% antibiotic).