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Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the five most significant and popular cut flowers globally. It is reportedly infected by several viruses in different families. Here we report the first full-length sequence of a carnation cryptic virus 3 (CCV3-IR1 isolate) from carnation in Iran using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Carnation cryptic virus 3 (CCV3) is a proposed member of the genus Deltapartitivirus in the family Partitiviridae. CCV3-IR1 has two segmented genome consisting of dsRNA1 (1583 bp) and dsRNA2 (1574 bp) which respectively encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and a putative capsid protein (CP). 5′-Untranslated regions (UTRs) of the two segments have a high degree of sequence identity, starting with a conserved motif (5′-AGAATTT-3′). The RdRp-encoded amino acid sequence of the Iranian isolate has six of the eight conserved polypeptide patterns that are thought to be indicators of dsRNA virus RdRps. The Iranian CCV3 RdRp shares the highest amino acid sequence identity with the RdRp of a previously reported CCV3 from D. caryophyllus (DC) in South Korea (100%), while the CCV3 CP shows 99.51% sequence identity to the CP of DC. Negative selection (dN/dS < 1) was detected suggesting good adaptation in the RdRp gene and stability in population. Additionally, nucleotide diversity (π) and haplotype diversity (Hd) for RdRp and CP genes of all CCV3 isolates revealed a low degree of genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp and CP amino acid sequences of CCV3-IR1 was clustered it in Deltapartitivirus along with other CCV3 isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carnation Dianthus fruticosus L. ssp. fruticosus (Caryophyllaceae) is a range-restricted perennial, endemic plant that grows on cliffs, rocks, ravines, terraces, and boulders on Serifos Island in the Cyclades in the Aegean archipelago (Greece), possessing an impressive, aesthetic blossoming during the dry season. This indigenous carnation of Serifos has attracted the interest of naturalists and scientists. Specimens of this subspecific taxon from the island of Serifos (Greece) were collected during botanical explorations in preindustrial times by the French naturalist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1702) and in the late eighteenth century by the English Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford John Sibthorp (1787). Those specimens, documented in relevant publications and labelled with different names (i.e., Caryophyllus Graecus arboreus and Caryophyllus arboreus Seriphius in the early eighteenth century and Dianthus fruticosus in the early nineteenth century), are related to aspects of vegetation history, linking the past to the present and (most probably) to the future. Today, a thorough understanding of the in situ development and functionality of this endemic carnation is still required, as is a framework of its sustainability and management in small-scale insular habitats. The timeless perception of the emblematic wild carnation Dianthus fruticosus ssp. fruticosus, which is still growing on inland and coastal sites of Serifos and neighboring islands in the Cyclades (Greece), is also a reminder that a native plant is often a repository to which local communities may look when crafting their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation entitled "Effect of biocides on vase life of carnation cut flower (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. Dona under ambient conditions" was carried out in the Floriculture lab, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, S. K. L. T. S. Horticultural UniversityTelangana, India. Experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with 10 treatments with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of 3 preservative chemicals viz., Aluminium sulphate @ 50, 100 and 150 ppm, Calcium hypochlorite @ 30, 50 and 70 ppm and 8-Hydroxy quinoline sulphate @ 200, 300 and 400 ppm and control (deionised water) along with 4% of sucrose in all treatments was also maintained. The results of the experiment revealed that the best treatment was T9 (8-HQS at 400 ppm + sucrose @ 4%) recorded significantly maximum WU (Water uptake), TLW (Transpirational loss of water), WB (Water balance), FWC (Fresh weight change), minimum ODVS (Optical density of vase solution) as compared to other treatments. From the above results, it has been concluded that the use of vase solution containing 8-HQS @ 400 ppm + sucrose 4% was found better for increasing the vase life of carnation cv. Dona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the process of high-yield cultivation of greenhouse cut flower, high labour consuming and lacking of operational standardization stand out as significant issues. As an important agronomic technique for seedlings rooting, cuttage is a key link in the planting process and an important measure to increase agricultural income, accounting for 70% of the total labor cost. A carnation cuttage robot system was designed to integrate with the grasping-cuttage multifunction for the carnations' automatic cuttage. Taking carnation cuttings as the research object, according to the agronomic requirements under high-yield cultivation models and the materials characteristics of carnation cuttings, an auxiliary cuttage end-effector operation mode and a grasping-cuttage coordinated motion planning model are proposed. It realized high-efficient cuttage operation by the combination of cuttings gripping and auxiliary cuttage. A multi-objective identification and localization model was constructed based on the YOLOv5s deep learning network and the hand-eye coordinate system mapping relationship to meet the needs of target detection. Additionally, a kinematic model was built for the cuttage robot, and an improved MD-H (modified denavit-hartenberg) rule based inverse kinematics modeling method and time optimal trajectory planning algorithm are proposed. A multi-objective cuttage points traversal simulation method was proposed to verify that the inverse kinematics modeling method based on improved MD-H rule can effectively reduce the joint mutation rate and solution time of inverse kinematics. In the framework of Ubuntu 18.04 and ROS-melodic, Moveit-gazebo is used to carry out the joint simulation of time optimal trajectory planning, and the validity and efficiency of time optimal trajectory planning algorithm are verified. Finally, the key technologies of the cuttage robot were integrated to develop the standardized and automated cuttage workflow. We constructed a comprehensive test bench for the cuttage robot to evaluate the localization error and machine performance. The localization average error in X and Y directions during the grasping operation were 2.33 mm and 2.38 mm, the cuttage operation had an average localization error in X, Y and Z directions were 2.21 mm, 2.25 mm and 2.05 mm, respectively. On average, it took 14.787 s in total to operation per plant. The time of recognizing and grasping, cuttage were 6.803 s and 5.104 s, accounting for 46.01% and 34.52% of the total working time respectively. During the test of the performance of cuttage robot, the average qualified rate of cuttage depth and the vertical degree of cuttage were 88% and 92% respectively. The average rate of missing cuttage and root damage were 5% and 2% respectively. The cuttage robot met the basic requirements of standardized cuttage operations. Thus, the study fills gaps in the literature on mechanized cuttage of carnation in China and provides a theoretical basis for standardized seedlings cuttage. The main factors limiting the cuttage efficiency of the robot include: 1) The greater the difference in the shape of the cuttings on the conveyor belt, the longer the detection operation time will be, thus restricting the efficiency of the grasping operation; 2) In order to ensure the safety and accuracy of the robot, it needs to complete two complex actions of grasping and cuttage, so it takes more time to complete the calculation, which affects the overall efficiency of cuttage. The irregular shape of carnation cuttings, the unstable posture and the occlusion of stems and leaves are the main reasons that affected the success rate of visual detection and led to missing cuttage. Future research should be carried out on the attitude estimation algorithm for disordered cuttings to achieve the disordered grasping of multi-objective and multi-pose cuttings. The researches on other crops are needed to further improve the performance and applicability of the robot. Therefore, it can provide more comprehensive theoretical support for the high-efficient and standardized operation of cuttage robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Carnation is a plant that holds high value in terms of its edibility, medicinal properties, and ornamental appeal. Creating no sense he aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antitumor properties of extracts derived from various parts of the carnation plant. Metabolomics technology was employed to identify the primary chemical constituents. Methods: Initially, we measured the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in carnation roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, followed by assessing the antioxidant and anti-tumor capabilities of each component using diverse experimental methods. Subsequently, UPLC-MS/MS was employed to identify metabolites in different parts of carnation and investigate their roles in antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. Results: Mention numerical value- for better underatnding- Results of the study indicated that the methanol extract obtained from carnation flowers and roots exhibited superior antioxidant capacity compared to that from the stems and leaves. This disparity may be attributed to the abundance of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants present in the flowers, including methyl ferulate and luteolin-4'-O-glucoside. Furthermore, the significant presence of the anthraquinone compound rhein-8-O-glucoside in carnation roots may contribute to their enhanced antioxidant properties. Ten distinct compounds were isolated and recognized in carnation flowers, with Isoorientin 2"-O-rhamnoside and Kurarinone demonstrating notable antioxidant activity and binding affinity to SOD1 and SOD3, as validated through antioxidant screening and molecular docking. Conclusion: Overall, the findings from this study have expanded our knowledge of the phytochemical composition across different anatomical regions of the carnation plant, providing valuable insights for its holistic utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematodes play a key role in ecological environments. Biotic indices based on soil nematode community are effectively used for assessing soil health status. This work represents the opportunity to investigate three different management practices continuously maintained for 40 or more decades on soils with the same geological origin. This unique feature allows us to reduce variables and link biotic with abiotic factors. Therefore, the nematode communities of three neighboring volcanic soils under different managements were examined. The maximum values in soil biodiversity were found in the forest environment in which all the trophic groups were detected and well balanced. Instead, in permanent grassing and carnation crop greenhouse (CG), biodiversity indices progressively decreased with the intensification of agricultural practices. Furthermore, CG showed a stronger dominance of a specific plant-parasitic nematode identified as Heterodera daverti. Nematode indicators demonstrated that changes in the nematode community gradually varied from anthropic to natural environments whereas soil properties were feebly correlated to nematode community indicators. In conclusion, we demonstrated that biodiversity and ecological indices applied to the soil nematode community are effective at detecting alterations due to anthropogenic impact. Nematodes seem to be susceptible to perceiving the soil dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms that build up in the vase solution or in the vessels themselves can clog xylem vessels, which is one of the main reasons why cut flowers lose quality. The length of time cut flower carnations last in a vase is determined by the genotype and other chemicals. The current study was carried out at Bingol University. In order to reduce bacterial decay and extend the vase life of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. 'Baltico') flowers, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of salicylic acid (SA) at (150 mg L-1 and 250 mg L-1), thymol at (150 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1), and 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) at (150 mg L-1 and 250 mg L-1). Vase life (days), which was determined as the number of days before the flowers began to wilt, loss of flower fresh weight percentage (RFW), daily solution uptake (DSU), bacterial counts in vase solution, pigment color (L, a, b) and several chemical component tests were all evaluated at the end of the experiment. In the study, statistically significant differences were observed in all treatments applied on the vase life of cut carnation flowers compared to the control. 8-HQC at concentration of 250 mg L-1 (12.92 days) and Salicylic acid at concentration of 250 mg L-1 (12.85 days) were most effective on the vase life of cut carnation flowers compared to the control (10.83 days) (distilled water). Simultaneously, it emerged that 8-HQC at 250 mg L-1 was beneficial for the post-harvest stress mechanisms of cut carnation flowers. 8-HQC at 250 mg L-1 increased DSU, decreased RFW loss, and decreased bacterial counts to prolong vase life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The susceptibility of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) poses a significant challenge to agricultural production, particularly in Colombia, a country that is a global leader in carnation exportation. This study focused on the physiological and biochemical responses of a highly susceptible carnation cultivar ‘Solex’, to the presence of Fod to better understand the underlying mechanisms of susceptibility and to enhance early disease detection strategies in carnation crops. At the biochemical level, we analyzed the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in roots and stems; and we assessed physiological parameters such as foliar photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal resistance, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and leaf temperature. Our research unveiled a marked decrease in metabolite production in the roots of carnation plants inoculated with Fod that was particularly evident at 4 post-inoculation days. Furthermore, we observed an early increase in leaf temperature from 1 post-inoculation day onwards, without changes in stomatal closure dynamics over time. Additionally, we recorded a significative decline in Fv/Fm, photosynthetic pigment content and dry biomass production in Fod-inoculated plants during the symptomatic phase of vascular wilting that contrasted starkly with pathogen-free controls. These findings underscored the intrinsic susceptibility of carnation plants to Fod infection, with significant implications for enhancing plant resistance and developing effective vascular wilting management strategies in crops of this flower.

Genome editing is becoming a very useful tool in plant breeding. In this study, a novel electroporation method was performed for genome editing using plant tissue samples. The objective was to create a fower color mutant using the pink-fowered carnation ‘Kane Ainou 1-go’. For this purpose, a ribonucleoprotein consisting of guide RNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) was introduced into the stem tissue to induce mutations in the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene, which is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. As the ANS of ‘Kane Ainou 1-go’ has not been previously isolated, we initially isolated the ANS gene from ‘Kane Ainou 1-go’ for characterization. Southern hybridization analysis confrmed that the ANS gene was present in the genome as a two-allele gene with a pair of homologous sequences (ANS-1 and 2); these sequences were used as the target for genome editing. Genome editing was performed by introducing #2_single-guide RNA into the stem tissue using the ribonucleoprotein. This molecule was used because it exhibited the highest efciency in an analysis of cleavage activity against the target sequence in vitro. Cleaved amplifed polymorphic sequence analysis of genomic DNA extracted from 85 regenerated individuals after genome editing was performed. The results indicated that mutations in the ANS gene may have been introduced into two lines. Cloning of the ANS gene in these two lines confrmed the introduction of a single nucleotide substitution mutation for ANS-1 in both lines, and a single amino acid substitution in one line. We discussed the possibility of color change by the amino acid substitution, and also the future applications of this technology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a typical ethylene-sensitive cut flower. Variations in carnation vase life and sensitivity to ethylene have been reported, but no detailed analysis has been performed to date. In order to investigate the ethylene sensitivity of different cut carnation varieties and study the effect of ethylene on postharvest physiological changes of different carnation varieties, 14 varieties were used to explore ethylene sensitivity, and six varieties were used to analyze the release pattern of endogenous ethylene and the expression pattern of related genes. The results showed that among the 14 carnation varieties, 'Master' had the strongest ethylene sensitivity and 'Snow White' had the weakest ethylene sensitivity. Ethylene release changes of 'Master' are the terminal ascending type, and 'Cloud Shium', 'Little Pink', 'Seashell', 'Freedom' and 'Snow White' are the similar ethylene leap type. Ethylene biosynthesis genes DcACS1 and DcACO1 of 'Master' were up-regulated the most, and DcACO1 of 'Snow White' was the least up-regulated. The transient silencing and overexpression of DcACS1 and DcACO1 were performed and it was found that transient silencing can significantly delay aging, and overexpression significantly accelerates aging. This study laid the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of ethylene regulation of postharvest senescence of cut flowers of carnation, and also indicated the direction for further breeding and artificial screening of new storage tolerant carnation species by gene editing technology.

The carnation Dianthus fruticosus L. ssp. fruticosus (Caryophyllaceae) is a range-restricted perennial, endemic plant that grows on cliffs, rocks, ravines, terraces, and boulders on Serifos Island in the Cyclades in the Aegean archipelago (Greece), possessing an impressive, aesthetic blossoming during the dry season. This indigenous carnation of Serifos has attracted the interest of naturalists and scientists. Specimens of this subspecific taxon from the island of Serifos (Greece) were collected during botanical explorations in preindustrial times by the French naturalist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1702) and in the late eighteenth century by the English Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford John Sibthorp (1787). Those specimens, documented in relevant publications and labelled with different names (i.e., Caryophyllus Graecus arboreus and Caryophyllus arboreus Seriphius in the early eighteenth century and Dianthus fruticosus in the early nineteenth century), are related to aspects of vegetation history, linking the past to the present and (most probably) to the future. Today, a thorough understanding of the in situ development and functionality of this endemic carnation is still required, as is a framework of its sustainability and management in small-scale insular habitats. The timeless perception of the emblematic wild carnation Dianthus fruticosus ssp. fruticosus, which is still growing on inland and coastal sites of Serifos and neighboring islands in the Cyclades (Greece), is also a reminder that a native plant is often a repository to which local communities may look when crafting their identity.

Carnation wilt disease is one of the most serious fungal diseases in the planting process of fresh cut flowers of carnations. It has been reported that this disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. Breeding and rational utilization of resistant varieties is still one of the most effective methods to control carnation Fusarium wilt. Using somaclonal variation and in vitro screening of toxins can cultivate disease-resistant breeding materials of carnations, accelerate the breeding process of disease resistant varieties, and provide new ideas for disease resistant breeding for carnations. To obtain breeding intermediate materials with resistance to wilt disease of carnations, in this study, tissue cultures derived from in vitro plantlets of spray carnation Purple Butterfly, which is susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, were successfully used for induction of callus tissue and establishment of a suspension culture system through suspension culture. Resistant cell lines were screened by adding crude extract of F. oxysporum toxin after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). The results showed that the optimal culture medium for inducing callus tissue was Murashig-Skoog medium+ 1.0 mg/L of dicamba, the screened optimal EMS combination was 0.4% and 4.0 hours of treatment. The appropriate selection pressure for screening carnation clones resistant to F. oxysporum was cultivation on 80.0% of crude toxin medium for 10 days. The optimal combination of hormones for induction of regenerated plants of carnations was 0.5 mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) + 0.1 mg/L of thidiazuron (TDZ) + 0.1 mg/L of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA). Disease resistance identification by artificial inoculation with F. oxysporum found that the disease index of the disease resistant clone of Purple Butterfly was 45, indicating it was at medium-resistance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Dynamic DNA methylation regulatory networks are involved in many biological processes. However, how DNA methylation patterns change during flower senescence and their relevance with gene expression and related molecular mechanism remain largely unknown.Here, we used whole genome bisulfite sequencing to reveal a significant increase of DNA methylation in the promoter region of genes during natural and ethylene‐induced flower senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), which was correlated with decreased expression of DNA demethylase gene DcROS1. Silencing of DcROS1 accelerated while overexpression of DcROS1 delayed carnation flower senescence.Moreover, among the hypermethylated differentially expressed genes during flower senescence, we identified two amino acid biosynthesis genes, DcCARA and DcDHAD, with increased DNA methylation and reduced expression in DcROS1 silenced petals, and decreased DNA methylation and increased expression in DcROS1 overexpression petals, accompanied by decreased or increased amino acids content. Silencing of DcCARA and DcDHAD accelerates carnation flower senescence. We further showed that adding corresponding amino acids could largely rescue the senescence phenotype of DcROS1, DcCARA and DcDHAD silenced plants.Our study not only demonstrates an essential role of DcROS1‐mediated remodeling of DNA methylation in flower senescence but also unravels a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism underlying DNA methylation and amino acid biosynthesis during flower senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnation is one of the most important ornamental plants worldwide; however, heat stress is a problem, which affects carnation cultivation. The harmful effects of heat stress include impaired vegetative development and reduced floral induction. In this study, to enhance carnation growth under conditions of heat stress, various concentrations of melatonin were added to in vitro culture media. The mechanism by which melatonin reduced heat stress damage was then studied by taking measurements of morphological parameters, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as differential gene expression, in carnation plants during in vitro culture. These data revealed that untreated carnation plants were more harmed by conditions of heat stress than plants treated with melatonin. Melatonin at concentrations of 5 and 10 mM increased chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and plant height to a greater extent than other concentrations. Melatonin may, thus, be used to alleviate damage to carnations caused by heat stress. The application of melatonin was also found to reduce oxidative damage and enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, the expression of heat-related genes was found to be upregulated; in melatonin-treated plants, an upregulation was recorded in the expression of GAPDH, DcPOD1, DcPOD2, DcPOD3, Gols1, MBF1c, HSF30, HSP101, HSP70, and sHSP (MT) genes. In short, we found that melatonin treatment increased heat tolerance in carnation plants. The data presented here may serve as a reference for those seeking to enhance the growth of plants in conditions of heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the survey in greenhouse‐cut flower carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) areas in Izmir, wilted carnation samples were collected from 92 greenhouses. A total of 95 Fusarium spp. isolates were obtained from carnation greenhouses, 80 had been identified as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and published earlier, while the remaining 15 were identified as Fusarium proliferatum (Fp) based on morphological and molecular analysis using TEF1‐α gene sequences in this study. The prevalence of wilting disease of carnation caused by Fp was estimated to be 16.3% of the total area. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by dipping the carnation roots (cv. Turbo) in a spore suspension of monoconidial isolates and transplanting them into pots. Pathogenicity studies confirmed the ability of all Fp to cause symptoms of wilting, leaves and stems shriving. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF‐1 α) region of the 15 Fp isolates obtained from carnation formed a large clade of isolates originating from carnation and a wide range of other hosts in different geographical locations worldwide. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing wilt disease of carnation based on molecular identification in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to analyze the cost and profitability of carnation production in Isparta province, Türkiye. The main material of the study was the data obtained by survey method from producers growing carnations in Isparta province. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with producers. 25 producers were interviewed according to the complete count method. Farms were examined by dividing them into two groups according to their size. According to the research results, total land assets, carnation production area and number of parcels per farms II it was found to be higher in the group. Carnation area accounted for 85.70% of all land assets. It was found that the farms under investigation grew the Standard and Spray carnation kinds. Production costs per decare were lower in Group I. Production costs per branch were lower in the farms in Group II due to higher productivity. Average gross and net profit per decare IIt was found to be higher in group farms. Profit margin per branch and the ratio of profit margin to sales price are similarly shown in the group II were higher in group farms. As a result, it can be said that large farms are more advantageous in terms of economic criteria. Therefore, it is important to support farmers in growing their carnation-producing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anadolu (1300-0225) is the property of Anadolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flowers that can be consumed safely are known as edible flowers. Currently, edible flowers are becoming a trend in the floricultural business, besides ornamental flowers. The problem with fresh edible flower agribusiness is that the quality quickly declines, so the market is limited. Transpiration and respiration are one of the causes of fresh flowers being easily damaged. The proper coating will reduce transpiration and respiration and even microbial damage. Carnations are one of the most popular flowers because of their exotic colors. This study aimed to increase the shelf life of carnations as fresh edible flowers with coating technology. The coating materials studied were carrageenan with a concentration of 0.5% and 0.1% and chitosan with a concentration of 0.1% and 0.05%. Quality parameters measured were water content, weight loss, and color. The hedonic test is carried out to determine the limits of consumer acceptance of the quality of edible flowers. The results showed that the best treatment was coating with 0.1% chitosan solution (Q1). This treatment maintained water content, weight loss, and color (L and °hue values) for up to 6 days of storage, with panelists receiving a score of 3 (hedonic 0-5). Increasing the shelf life by three days longer than the control will increase the market reach so that the edible flower agribusiness market can be expanded. The cost of coating with 0.1% chitosan solution applied using the spray method was 95.2 IDR per flower.

Summary: Petal senescence is the final stage of flower development. Transcriptional regulation plays key roles in this process. However, whether and how post‐transcriptional regulation involved is still largely unknown. Here, we identified an ethylene‐induced NAC family transcription factor DcNAP in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). One allele, DcNAP‐dTdic1, has an insertion of a dTdic1 transposon in its second exon. The dTdic1 transposon disrupts the structure of DcNAP and causes alternative splicing, which transcribes multiple domain‐deleted variants (DcNAP2 and others). Conversely, the wild type allele DcNAP transcribes DcNAP1 encoding an intact NAC domain. Silencing DcNAP1 delays and overexpressing DcNAP1 accelerates petal senescence in carnation, while silencing and overexpressing DcNAP2 have the opposite effects, respectively. Further, DcNAP2 could interact with DcNAP1 and interfere the binding and activation activity of DcNAP1 to the promoters of its downstream target ethylene biosynthesis genes DcACS1 and DcACO1. Lastly, ethylene signalling core transcriptional factor DcEIL3‐1 can activate the expression of DcNAP1 and DcNAP2 in the same way by binding their promoters. In summary, we discovered a novel mechanism by which DcNAP regulates carnation petal senescence at the post‐transcriptional level. It may also provide a useful strategy to manipulate the NAC domains of NAC transcription factors for crop genetic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a typical ethylene-sensitive cut flower, but a few differences in ethylene sensitivity have been reported for different potted carnation species. In this study, we investigated the relationship between vase life, ethylene sensitivity, ethylene biosynthesis gene expression, and flower volatile substance content of 17 different potted carnation varieties. It was found that under the same post-harvest environmental conditions, the vase life of different varieties ranged from 6.2−14.2 d. Among the 17 varieties, 'Cherry' and 'Grace Bay' were highly sensitive to ethylene, and qRT-PCR analysis showed that their ethylene biosynthesis genes DcACS1 and DcACO1 expression increased the most, while 'Pink and Purple', 'Bondi Beach', and 'Grane Beach' showed the opposite pattern. In addition, the lower ethylene release was important in leading to longer vase life of potted carnations, and that ethylene release from shorter vase life varieties was 2.5−4.5 times greater than that of longer vase life varieties. Varieties that are more sensitive to ethylene are more likely to have a shorter vase life due to early disruption of water relations, which is mainly the result of reduced stem hydraulic conductivity and transpiration water loss. Analysis of volatile substances showed that ethylene had no significant effect on the release of volatile substances from potted carnations. Therefore, a better understanding of petal senescence in potted carnations will help us to improve measures to extend flower longevity according to the ethylene sensitivity of different varieties.

To investigate the effect of some pulsing and holding solutions on the quality of carnation cv. Turbo cut flowers, a laboratory experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Center and Cairo University, Egypt during 2020 and 2021 seasons. In this regard distilled water, silver thiosulfate (STS) at 0.4 ppm + sucrose 10% (PS1) and AgNO3 at 10.0 ppm + sucrose 10% (PS2) were employed as a pulsing solution for 15 min while distilled water, sucrose 4% (HS1), boric acid (BoA) at 200 ppm + sucrose 4% (HS2), 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) at 300 ppm + sucrose 4% (HS3), Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA) at 250 ppm + sucrose 4% (HS4), 8-HQS + AOA + sucrose 4% (HS5), BoA + 8-HQS + sucrose 4% (HS6), BoA + AOA + sucrose 4% (HS7), BoA + 8-HQS + AOA + sucrose 4% (HS8), rosemary extract at 25% + sucrose 2% (HS9) and thyme extract at 25% + sucrose 2% (HS10) were used as holding solutions. Regarding pulsing solutions, PS2 and PS1 exhibited a positive effect on all studied traits, while the mastery was to HS8 concerning the effect of holding solutions. Pulsing cut carnations in a solution containing PS2 followed by holding in HS8 resulted in the highest values in terms of vase life, water balance, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and total sugars, while the highest water uptake and loss and chlorophyll b were obtained by pulsing in PS1 followed by holding in HS8. It is recommended to pulse carnation cv. Turbo cut flowers in AgNO3 at 10.0 ppm + sucrose 10% solution for 15 min followed by holding in BoA + 8-HQS + AOA + sucrose 4% for getting the longest vase life, enhancing water uptake and maintaining water balance. Additionally, this preservative solution effectively reduces chlorophyll degradation and preserves the content of carbohydrates throughout the postharvest period.

Gaseous factors affect post-harvest physiological processes in horticultural crops, including ornamental flowers. However, the molecular responses of cut flowers to the low-oxygen conditions associated with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) have not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that storage of cut carnation flowers in a sealed polypropylene bag decreased the oxygen concentration in the bag to 3–5% and slowed flower opening. The vase life of carnation flowers after storage for seven days under MAP conditions was comparable to that without storage and was improved by the application of a commercial-quality preservative. The adenylate energy charge (AEC) was maintained at high levels in petals from florets stored under MAP conditions. This was accompanied by the upregulation of four hypoxia-related genes, among which the HYPOXIA-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR and PHYTOGLOBIN genes (DcERF19 and DcPGB1) were newly identified. These results suggest that hypoxia-responsive genes contribute to the maintenance of the energy status in carnation flowers stored under MAP conditions, making this gas-controlling technique potentially effective for maintaining cut flower quality without cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnation-like ZnO was synthesized by the facile precipitation method (at room temperature and in 120 min) to decompose dyes in an aqueous medium. The carnation-like ZnO had a stratified porous structure with a size of about 2–3 μ m, its petals had a smooth surface with a thickness of 5–10 nm and a width of about 300–500 nm. Ag-ZnO composites were synthesized using glucose with the assistance of PVP. The morphology of Ag-ZnO composites was almost unchanged compared to ZnO. Where, the Ag nanoparticles in the size range of 5–15 nm were uniformly dispersed on the ZnO petals, improving the catalytic ability of the composites in tartrazine (TA) degradation. The influence of Ag content on catalytic structure and performance of composite was studied. The 5Ag-ZnO sample had the highest BET surface area and pore volume and the lowest gap energy (E g) among the as-synthesized samples. The 5Ag-ZnO sample proclaimed the degradation efficiency in 70 min of 97.8% and the k ap of 0.031 min−1. The influences of catalyst content, solution pH, and concentration of dye on the photodegradation efficiency of the composite were thoroughly studied. Besides, the photocatalytic activity of the composite was demonstrated by degrading various organic substances and reusability. In addition, it was compared to a metal-semiconductor catalyst of Au-ZnO and semiconductor-semiconductor catalysts of MoS2-ZnO, Cu2O-ZnO, and SiO2-ZnO. The catalytic mechanism under visible light was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina is the property of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effect of some pulsing and holding solutions on the quality of carnation cv. Turbo cut flowers, a laboratory experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Center and Cairo University, Egypt during 2020 and 2021 seasons. In this regard distilled water, silver thiosulfate (STS) at 0.4 ppm + sucrose 10% (PS1) and AgNO3 at 10.0 ppm + sucrose 10% (PS2) were employed as a pulsing solution for 15 min while distilled water, sucrose 4% (HS1), boric acid (BoA) at 200 ppm + sucrose 4% (HS2), 8hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) at 300 ppm + sucrose 4% (HS3), Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) at 250 ppm + sucrose 4% (HS4), 8HQS + AOA + sucrose 4% (HS5), BoA + 8HQS + sucrose 4% (HS6), BoA + AOA + sucrose 4% (HS7), BoA + 8HQS + AOA + sucrose 4% (HS8), rosemary extract at 25% + sucrose 2% (HS9) and thyme extract at 25% + sucrose 2% (HS10) were used as holding solutions. Regarding pulsing solutions, PS2 and PS1 exhibited a positive effect on all studied traits, while the mastery was to HS8 concerning the effect of holding solutions. Pulsing cut carnations in a solution containing PS2 followed by holding in HS8 resulted in the highest values in terms of vase life, water balance, chlorophyll a, carotenoids and total sugars, while the highest water uptake and loss and chlorophyll b were obtained by pulsing in PS1 followed by holding in HS8. It is recommended to pulse carnation cv. Turbo cut flowers in AgNO3 at 10.0 ppm + sucrose 10% solution for 15 min followed by holding in BoA + 8HQS + AOA + sucrose 4% for getting the longest vase life, enhancing water uptake and maintaining water balance. Additionally, this preservative solution effectively reduces chlorophyll degradation and preserves the content of carbohydrates throughout the postharvest period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnations are one of the most popular ornamental flowers in the world with varied flower colors that have long attracted breeders and consumers alike. The differences in carnation flower color are mainly the result of the accumulation of flavonoid compounds in the petals. Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid compound that produce richer colors. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes is mainly regulated by MYB and bHLH transcription factors. However, these TFs have not been comprehensively reported in popular carnation cultivars. Herein, 106 MYB and 125 bHLH genes were identified in the carnation genome. Gene structure and protein motif analyses show that members of the same subgroup have similar exon/intron and motif organization. Phylogenetic analysis combining the MYB and bHLH TFs from Arabidopsis thaliana separates the carnation DcaMYBs and DcabHLHs into 20 subgroups each. Gene expression (RNAseq) and phylogenetic analysis shows that DcaMYB13 in subgroup S4 and DcabHLH125 in subgroup IIIf have similar expression patterns to those of DFR, ANS, and GT/AT, which regulate anthocyanin accumulation, in the coloring of carnations, and in red-flowered and white-flowered carnations, DcaMYB13 and DcabHLH125 are likely the key genes responsible for the formation of red petals in carnations. These results lay a foundation for the study of MYB and bHLH TFs in carnations and provide valuable information for the functional verification of these genes in studies of tissue-specific regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Dianthus barbatus belongs to the Caryophyllaceae family and is one of the most important ornamental plants in the open air, which gives a special beauty to the environment in spring. This plant grows in a wide range of climatic conditions. Due to the fact that extensive research on salinity stress threshold and cultivar resistance in this plant has not been studied, so this study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity stress and cultivar type on some physiological, biochemical and nutrient concentration of Dianthus was done in greenhouse conditions. Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed in November 2019 in the research greenhouse of Khomeyn Municipality located in Markazi province, as a factorial, in a completely randomized design, with three replications. Experimental factors included salinity stress and cultivar. The first factor was cultivars at two levels (including Diana and Barbarin cultivars), the second factor was salinity at 10 levels (including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 mM NaCl). The seeds were prepared from a Dutch company and planted in pots containing soil, manure and sand (1:1:1). Salinity stress was applied from the four-leaf stage. At the end of the experiment at the stage of full flowering, the traits measured in this experiment included the concentration of nitrogen (N), P, K, calcium (Ca), magnesium, sodium, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoid content, proline, Electrolyte Leakage, Lipid peroxidation, relative leaf water content (RWC) and leaf enzyme activity (catalase and peroxidase). Results: The results of ANOVA showed that the main effects and interactions of salinity stress and cultivar were significant for catalase, peroxidase, potassium uptake and Electrolyte Leakage. As the concentration of sodium chloride increased, the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids, the concentration of calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and RWC decreased, and the amount of malondialdehyde, electrolyte Leakage, enzyme activity, proline and absorption of sodium and potassium increased. Among the two cultivars studied, Barbarin cultivar was more tolerant to salinity stress than Diana cultivar. The highest uptake of potassium (5.157%) in Barbarin cultivar under non-stress conditions, the lowest (14.79%) in Diana cultivar under severe stress conditions (90 mM). The highest sodium uptake (1.36%) was reported in severe stress conditions (90 mM) and the lowest uptake (0.2196%) in non-stress conditions. Sodium uptake in Barbarin cultivar (0.5082%) was lower than Diana cultivar (0.5474%) which indicated that this cultivar was more resistant to sodium uptake. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, with increasing sodium chloride concentration, physiological parameters such as chlorophyll and carotenoid content and relative leaf water content decrease and biochemical parameters such as malondialdehyde content, enzyme activity, sodium and potassium uptake, electrolyte leakage and Proline increased. The results of this study showed that the cultivars studied in this study were resistant to low salinity (10-40 mM) and somewhat sensitive to moderate and severe salinity (50-90 mM). Among the studied cultivars, Barbarin cultivar was more tolerant to moderate and severe soil salinity than Diana cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is highly suitable for ornamental plants cultivation in terms of climate and soil characteristics and is the gene source of many ornamental plants. In recent years, ornamental plant sector has shown great improvement in terms of production and exportation in Turkey. According to the recent data, Turkey has a total of 5.18 ha of ornamental plant production area and exports ornamentals to 52 countries in the world. Also, Turkey's ornamental plant export revenues is 99 million 300 thousand $ in 2018. Izmir provides an important contribution to the economy by supplying 31.7% of the total production area and 35.5% of the total production quantity of ornamental plants of Turkey. This study was carried out to evaluate fungal diseases and determine the profile of ornamentals which are commonly produced in Bayındır, Merkez, Menderes, Urla, Ödemiş, Karaburun and Torbalı districts of Izmir. In this context, a questionnaire study was conducted with 100 growers based on ornamental plant production areas in each district. When the results were evaluated, it was seen that carnation, rose and chrysanthemum cultivation came to the forefront as cut flower production. Seasonal ornamental plants were predominantly grown in Bayındır, shrub type ornamental plants were also grown in Torbali while coniferous and leafy tree groups in Ödemiş districts. Outdoor rose production is widespread in all three districts. Daffodils and hyacinth bulbs are produced in Karaburun district and daffodils and hyacinth flowers are grown as cut flowers.The most important problems were determined as Fusarium wilt of carnations, black spot of roses and white rust of chrysanthemums. The producers stated that they did not get satisfactory results from solarization and metam sodium applications against Fusarium wilt of carnation and there were no registered fungicides against black spot and white rust disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SUMMARY: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is a respiratory climacteric flower, comprising one of the most important cut flowers that is extremely sensitive to plant hormone ethylene. Ethylene signaling core transcription factor DcEIL3‐1 plays a key role in ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation. However, how the dose of DcEIL3‐1 is regulated in the carnation petal senescence process is still not clear. Here, we screened out two EBF (EIN3 Binding F‐box) genes, DcEBF1 and DcEBF2, which showed quick elevation by ethylene treatment according to the ethylene induced carnation petal senescence transcriptome. Silencing of DcEBF1 and DcEBF2 accelerated, whereas overexpression of DcEBF1 and DcEBF2 delayed, ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation by influencing DcEIL3‐1 downstream target genes but not DcEIL3‐1 itself. Furthermore, DcEBF1 and DcEBF2 interact with DcEIL3‐1 to degrade DcEIL3‐1 via an ubiquitination pathway in vitro and in vivo. Finally, DcEIL3‐1 binds to the promoter regions of DcEBF1 and DcEBF2 to activate their expression. In conclusion, the present study reveals the mutual regulation between DcEBF1/2 and DcEIL3‐1 during ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation, which not only expands our understanding about ethylene signal regulation network in the carnation petal senescence process, but also provides potential targets with respect to breeding a cultivar of long‐lived cut carnation. Significance Statement: Carnation is a typical ethylene sensitive cut flower worldwide and DcEIL3‐1 transcription factor plays important role in ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation. However, how ethylene regulates DcEIL3‐1 itself remains largely unknown. We found that there is a mutual regulation between DcEBF1/2 and DcEIL3‐1 at the transcriptional and post‐translational levels, which indicates that the negative feedback regulation loop plays a key role in regulating the petal senescence process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnation is one of the most important ornamental plants worldwide; however, heat stress is a problem, which affects carnation cultivation. The harmful effects of heat stress include impaired vegetative development and reduced floral induction. In this study, to enhance carnation growth under conditions of heat stress, various concentrations of melatonin were added to in vitro culture media. The mechanism by which melatonin reduced heat stress damage was then studied by taking measurements of morphological parameters, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as differential gene expression, in carnation plants during in vitro culture. These data revealed that untreated carnation plants were more harmed by conditions of heat stress than plants treated with melatonin. Melatonin at concentrations of 5 and 10 mM increased chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and plant height to a greater extent than other concentrations. Melatonin may, thus, be used to alleviate damage to carnations caused by heat stress. The application of melatonin was also found to reduce oxidative damage and enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, the expression of heat-related genes was found to be upregulated; in melatonin-treated plants, an upregulation was recorded in the expression of GAPDH, DcPOD1, DcPOD2, DcPOD3, Gols1, MBF1c, HSF30, HSP101, HSP70, and sHSP (MT) genes. In short, we found that melatonin treatment increased heat tolerance in carnation plants. The data presented here may serve as a reference for those seeking to enhance the growth of plants in conditions of heat stress.

SUMMARY: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most famous and ethylene‐sensitive cut flowers worldwide, but how ethylene interacts with other plant hormones and factors to regulate petal senescence in carnation is largely unknown. Here we found that a gene encoding WRKY family transcription factor, DcWRKY33, was significantly upregulated upon ethylene treatment. Silencing and overexpression of DcWRKY33 could delay and accelerate the senescence of carnation petals, respectively. Abscisic acid (ABA) and H2O2 treatments could also accelerate the senescence of carnation petals by inducing the expression of DcWRKY33. Further, DcWRKY33 can bind directly to the promoters of ethylene biosynthesis genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1), ABA biosynthesis genes (DcNCED2 and DcNCED5), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation gene DcRBOHB to activate their expression. Lastly, relationships are existed between ethylene, ABA and ROS. This study elucidated that DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA and accumulation of ROS in carnation, supporting the development of new strategies to prolong the vase life of cut carnation. Significance Statement: Carnation is a well‐known ethylene‐sensitive cut flower. How ethylene interacts with other factors to influence petal senescence in carnation remains largely unknown. We found that DcWRKY33 can integrate ethylene biosynthesis, abscisic acid biosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species generation pathways to regulate petal senescence in carnation. The tripartite amplification loop plays an important role in regulating petal senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) participate in a variety of plant physiological processes including the regulation of transcription factors associated with thermotolerance. Here, a Hsf gene DcHsfA1d was identified from carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). The open reading frame (ORF) of DcHsfA1d was 1 368 bp and encoded a protein of 455 amino acids with a molecular mass of 51.039 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.94. Sequence domain prediction revealed that DcHsfA1d protein exhibited five typical functional features and motifs. The transcription of DcHsfA1d was significantly up-regulated under heat stress or ABA treatment. Yeast two-hybrid experiment indicated that DcHsfA1d and DcHsp70 physically interact with each other. Overexpression of DcHsfA1d in Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia enhanced seedling thermotolerance by increasing the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase while reducing relative electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, accumulation of O2 - and H2O2 and by initiating transcriptional regulation of thermal protective gene expression under heat stress. Furthermore, under salt stress, the root length and fresh mass of Arabidopsis ectopically expressing DcHsfA1d were significantly higher than those of wild type, which indicated that the salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis was improved to a certain extent. In summary, DcHsfA1d was demonstrated to play a positive regulatory role in heat stress response and it might be a candidate gene for salt tolerance using genetic modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formed on the axis of pure poetry, containing symbols and impressionist elements, Ahmet Hâşim poetics, which forms an aesthetic composition from the relation of arts such as painting, sculpture, and poetry, especially music, includes the form and content, which are considered among the characteristics of the poetry genre up to itself, such as the composition of the arts in poetry, poetic style, rhythm, rhyme and a special language. It exhibits a significant transtextuality with Orhan Veli’s poetics in the Garip style, which rejects all the features of Ahmet Hâşim’s poems, which were rewritten with poetic poems in the Garip style, are important in terms of forming the framework of the Garip poetics. Poems produced from hypo-texts by Garip poets, especially Orhan Veli Kanık, and which are mostly rewriting products in the form of parody in terms of derivative relations, are poetic poems because they contain opinions on what elements should be included in poetry and what should be excluded. The poetic poems in question are examples of rewriting, which was created with an understanding that rejects the old poetry, especially the poetics of Ahmet Hâşim, but incorporating these poems on the axis of transtextuality. Palimpsests and hypo-texts are included in the hyper-texts with referential methods such as citation and allusion as well as rewriting. Texts processed by methods such as rewriting, citation, allusion to a text require a certain amount of knowledge and reading experience in terms of ecoleenvisages of poetry. The hypotexts, which are rewritten and parodied, are in a way the mainstay of Garip poetics. From this aspect, Garip, which was established as a realistic and society-oriented poetic aesthetic, imagines that the society should have a certain aesthetic consciousness and taste, especially in their poetic poems. Based on the “Carnation” poems of Ahmet Hâşim and Orhan Veli, the aim of this study is to reveal the effect and importance of these relations in the poetics of Orhan Veli and Garip, based on the determination of the transtextual relations and the methods used to create these relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]