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A novel ceramsite (MMSC) material was synthesised for phosphate removal from Municipal Solid Waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) and Molybdenum tailings (MoT) as precursors with shell powders (SP) as an additive. The optimal process conditions and important parameters are the mass ratio of MSWIBA to MoT and the calcination temperature. The effects of the addition of SP on the composite (MMS) and the resultant ceramsite (MMSC) are characterised in terms of their apparent porosity and compressive strength. The optimal calcination temperature for the phosphorus adsorption capacity was established of MMSC. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of MMSC were as follows: MMS mass ratio, 4:6:0.9; preheating temperature, 700°C; preheating time, 30 min; calcining temperature, 1040°C; and calcining time, 25 min. MSSC is subjected to surface modification on treatment with Ca(OH)2. The surface-modified MMSC, denoted as Ca-OC, exhibits a four-fold higher phosphorus adsorption capacity compared with virgin ceramsite (MMSC). Its phosphorus adsorption isotherms are generated over a temperature of 25 to 45°C. The Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model fit the sorption process adequately, and demonstrate the chemical monolayer adsorption dominated process. The MMSC and the Ca-OC prepared under the optimal condition, had a compressive strength of 1.29 MPa, an apparent porosity of 42.2%, and a theoretical maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of 7.79 mg/g at 45°C. X-ray diffraction analysis and analysis the adsorbed phosphate show that the chemical reaction between Ca2+ and PO43-, which forms hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)), is the main mechanism of phosphate removal.

Silica-based aerogel composite was prepared adopting sol–gel technique combined with atmospheric drying method utilizing waste environmentally hazardous iron tailings. High-temperature alkali fusion was applied to extract the Si, Al and Fe in the tailings so as to maximize recovery of valuable elements. The SiO2-Al2O3 (SA) and SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 (SAF) aerogel composites were subjected to assess its adsorption capacity for macromolecules, utilizing methylene blue (MB) as the adsorbate. The specific surface areas of the SA and SAF aerogel were estimated to be 922.03 m2/g and 683.84 m2/g. The equilibrium adsorption capacity for MB was estimated to be 318.47 mg/g and 334.44 mg/g, respectively. Although the specific surface area of SAF was lower than SA, it offered higher MB adsorption capacity which could be attributed to the presence of iron oxide. The results promised utilization of iron tailing generated aerogel composite as a potential adsorbent for separation of high molecular weight compounds.

The work attempts to investigate the dielectric properties and microwave drying characteristics of Yunnan lignite, so as to upgrade it. The effect of drying temperature, moisture content and microw...

Benzene, toluene, and m-xylenes are among the pollutants in the environment that may harm human health. These fugitive volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from refineries and petrochemical in...

Dielectric properties and heating characteristics of stibnite concentrate and pure antimony compounds were assessed. Stibnite concentrate and Sb2S3 have high dielectric properties and heating efficiency while Sb2O4 and Sb2O3 are relatively low. Sb2O5 is high from 25 to 300 °C and sharply decreases due to decomposition. Microwave heating process in air has four stages and the roasting process appears at the third stage with corresponding phase changes as Sb2S3 → Sb2O3 → Sb2O5 → Sb2O4. XRD and SEM-EDS results show that Sb2S3 is thoroughly oxidized to Sb2O3 before 400 °C and Sb2O3 is further oxidized into Sb2O4 above 500 °C. Sb2O4 reacts with Fe2O3 above 800 °C to form FeSbO4. Microwave heating mechanism shows FeS2 is the main absorber from 25 to 300 °C, and Sb2S3 was the main absorber above 331.6 °C, indicating theoretical basis for microwave selective roasting stibnite concentrate to produce antimony oxide powder.

Recovery of valuable metals is hindered by sulfur in cyanide tailings. In this work, a process for the clean recovery of multiple valuable metals through chlorination roasting was proposed. HSC sof...

In this study, rare earth/schorl composites were prepared using co-precipitation technique with Xinjiang schorl and cerium nitrate as raw materials. The phase transitions and the lattice parameters were investigated simultaneously during the heat treatment process utilizing a high temperature X-ray diffraction. The microstructures of the composites treated at 800, 850, 900 and 950 °C were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscope. The results clearly indicate that the cerium ions exchanged the interfacial structure of schorl particles, which led to the reduction in phase transition temperature. The interfacial migration and mass transfer were promoted during the phase transformation, rendering a better transformation of mullite crystals from schorl.

Microwave technology is being increasingly explored in metallurgical processes. The dielectric properties characterize the action mechanism between electromagnetic energy and minerals. Here, a cavity perturbation method was used to survey the dielectric properties of zinc sulfide concentrate with sodium peroxide additive from 20°C to 600°C at 2.45 GHz. The effects of sodium peroxide additives and temperature on the dielectric properties were investigated. Theoretical analyses showed that the zinc sulfide concentration could be heated quickly when the concentration of sodium peroxide was greater than or equal to 6 wt.%. The heating mechanism is mainly Joule heat loss caused by ionic conduction of sodium peroxide. The heating rate comes from energy conversion and heat conduction at temperatures higher than 400°C. Microwave heating experiments and phase formation verified the correctness of the theoretical analyses. The results provide a better understanding of the microwave roasting mechanism of zinc sulfide concentrate, but also support the use of sodium peroxide as a means to promote thermochemical treatments by microwave irradiation.

Microwave heating through materials' dielectric loss endows energy saving and consumption reduction and production clean characteristics. Pilot-scale study was initiated to evaluate the enhanced effect of microwave heating on carbothermal reduction process of pyrolusite. Results indicated that carbothermal reduction process for low-grade pyrolusite was divided into three stages identified by temperatures: 400 °C. Meanwhile, ƞMn value of 95.38% can achieve at 650 °C for 60 min with 15% coal addition, with low Fe2+ content, indicating efficient pyrolusite reduction by microwave heating. Moreover, MnO2 peaks disappeared and MnO peaks were detected and product surface became loose and porous with numerous cracks and holes, meanwhile grain shape became more regular with a smaller particle size after further microwave treatment. The study highlights that the non-conventional technology by microwave heating to reduce low-grade pyrolusite is very promising and could be considered for full scale applications.

In spite of industries making huge investments, for a viable energy saving, still the methods for conservation of energy are lagging and the industries are still in search for alternatives. The maj...

The process optimization of microwave assisted leaching of manganese from electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) was conducted. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to determine the number of experiments as well as to assess the effect of the main leaching parameters, including the reaction temperature, reaction time, concentration of sulfuric acid and dosage of citric acid. A quadratic model was found to best fit the experimental data and was utilized to optimize the process parameters to maximize the percentage manganese recovery. 3-D response surface plots and contour plots were generated utilizing mathematical models to understand the effect of variables as well as to identify the optimal conditions. The optimum conditions of microwave assisted leaching were: temperature of 76°C, time of 55 min, H2SO4 concentration of 0.76 mol·L-1, dosage of citric acid of 3.51 mg/g. Under these conditions, the percentage manganese recovery higher than 90% could be achieved.

Eupatorium adenophorum, a kind of pernicious weed, is used to produce a photocatalyst-adsorbent composite, consisting of ZnO Fe3O4 particles on the surface of activated carbon, and bio-gas via catalytic pyrolysis. The photocatalyst-adsorbent composite was characterized by several characterization methods. The results show that the photocatalyst-adsorbent composite possesses adsorptive, photocatalytic degradative and magnetic properties. Methylene blue, a kind of dye, is used to evaluate the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation performance of photocatalyst-adsorbent composite. The maximum amount of methylene blue adsorption in photocatalyst-adsorbent composite was as high as 330.03 mg/g based on the adsorption experiment in dark conditions. The photocatalyst-adsorbent composite had good degradation performance with methylene blue, which was found to be 20.78% more efficient than the ZnO catalyst and 205% more efficient than the adsorption under ultra violet light irradiation. Photocatalyst-adsorbent composite could be conveniently separated from the aqueous solution by using an external magnetic field. The bio-gas was collected from the pyrolysis process, which mainly consisted of H2 and CO. The production cost of the photocatalyst-adsorbent composite is US$ 1,361/t based on the preliminary economic analysis.

Manganese ore is an important mineral having a strategic role in the development of the national economy and society. In this study, the dielectric properties, heating curve, crystal structure, and reduction ratio of a low-grade pyrolusite were investigated. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, and loss tangent coefficient of low-grade pyrolusite at room temperature were evaluated using the resonant cavity perturbation method, yielding values of 5.854, 0.146, and 0.0249, respectively. Owing to the excellent microwave absorption properties of low-grade pyrolusite with 10% coal (22 g), it could be heated to a temperature of 800°C within 200 s. X-ray diffraction results confirmed that MnO2 was partially transformed into MnO at 450°C, while, at 650°C, no diffraction peak of MnO2 was observed. At a reduction temperature of 550°C, a reduction ratio of MnO2 to MnO of 96.65% could be achieved within a holding time of 50 min. This study demonstrates that the microwave carbothermal reduction of a low-grade pyrolusite is efficient, and thus could promote the clean production and sustainable development of the manganese industry.

Microwave heating is a developing noncontact heating method in dewatering technology. It has been proved to be effective to dewater high moisture content in mineral substance via the application of...

In order to separate zinc, manganese and copper from a mixed chloride solution containing nickel and cobalt, solvent extraction with Di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was investigated using an Impinging Stream–Rotating Packed Bed (IS–RPB) contactor in laboratory scale. The effects of operating parameters, such as equilibrium pH, ratio of aqueous to organic flow rates, rotation speed and concentration of D2EHPA amongst other variables were examined. A McCabe–Thiele diagram of the extraction stage predicted that at a flow rate ratio of 1:1, equilibrium pH of 3.5, D2EHPA concentration of 20% (v/v) and rotation speed of 900 rpm, 99.9% of zinc, manganese and copper would be removed within three stages. With regards to the scrubbing results, the co-extracted nickel and cobalt were scrubbed efficiently from the loaded organic solution using 0.8 M HCl, The loaded-organic phase can be reused for extraction process after stripping with 3 M HCl. IS–RPB extraction system have much higher mass transfer rates compared to conventional extractors such as mixer-settler and centrifugal extractor, etc. Finally, each of impure ions in raffinate was below 5 mg/L, completely meeting the requirements of subsequent process of nickel and cobalt separation.

Magnesium silicate (MS) is a widely used adsorbent, and much work has been done to control the surface morphology of MS to improve its adsorption capacity. In this work, hierarchical MS was prepared by combining hydrothermal process with freeze drying technique for potential application in adsorption. Firstly, the MS hydrogel was prepared by hydrothermal process, followed by replacement of water in hydrogel by tert-butyl alcohol. Finally, the MS was obtained by freeze drying. The prepared MS exhibited a rough and porous hierarchical structure having BET specific surface area and total pore volume of 530 m2/g and 0.90 cm3/g, respectively. MS was further used for methylene blue (MB) adsorption in aqueous solution and the adsorption data exhibited good correlation with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for MB was found to be 526 mg/g, far higher than the conventional adsorbents that popularly reported in literature. In conclusion, this work provides a novel route to prepare adsorbents with high adsorption performance.

The potential of utilizing shiitake mushroom as feed stock for the preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation method with $$\text {K}_{2}\text {CO}_{3}$$ was explored. The prepared materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, $$\text {N}_{2}$$ adsorption–desorption analysis, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra. The activation mechanisms were proposed with the aid of thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis indicated that the activated carbon was amorphous macroscopically. The influences of activation temperature, mass ratio of $$\text {K}_{2}\text {CO}_{3}$$ /shiitake mushroom, activation duration, heating rate and material mixed mode on the yield, porosity and surface morphology of the activated carbon were investigated in detail. The synthesized activated carbons was predominantly microporous having a specific surface area of 2330 m $$^{2}$$ /g, and the optimal process conditions were activation temperature of 800 $$^{\circ }$$ C, mass ratio of $$\text {K}_{2}\text {CO}_{3}$$ /shiitake mushroom of 1.5, activation duration of 180 min, heating rate of 5 $$^{\circ }$$ C/min and mixed mode of impregnation. Addition to high surface area, it also exhibited a high iodine number adsorption capacity of 1432 mg/g and methylene blue adsorption capacity of 872 mg/g, which are far higher than the adsorption capacities reported in the open literature. These results demonstrate that the synthesized activated carbon could be utilized for variety of industrial applications.

An attempt to characterize the interaction of rare earth elements with P507 in a microfluidic extraction system containing lactic acid as complexing agent is made using spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR and MS) analysis. The role of lactic acid in the extraction process is analyzed. The extraction mechanism confirmed that lactic acid does not involve in the extraction reaction. A comparative analysis of the composition of the extracts using FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR and MS methods, indicates that the extracted complexes of rare earth ions located in the center is formed by the cation exchange process between P O H and RE3+, and coordination process between P O and RE3+.

To extend the use of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes in water process engineering, the membrane’s wettability and anti-fouling properties should be further improved. In this context, hydroxyapatite/boron nitride (HAp/BN) nanocomposites have been prepared and intercalated into PES membranes using a non-solvent-induced phase separation process. High-quality 2D transparent boron nitride nanosheets (BN NSs) were prepared using an environmentally friendly and green-template assisted synthesis method in which 1D hexagonal hydroxyapatite nanosheets (HAp NRs) were uniformly distributed and hydrothermally immobilized at 180 °C. SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize the HAp/BN nanocomposites. PES membranes intercalated with various nanocomposite amounts (0–4 wt %) were also characterized by permeability, porosity, and contact angle measurements. Additional pathways for water molecule transport were promoted by the high surface area of the BN NSs, resulting in high permeability. Membrane wettability and antifouling properties were also improved by the inclusion of negative charge groups (OH− and PO43−) on HAp. Hybrid membranes containing 4 wt% HAp/BN showed the best overall performance with ∼97% increase in water flux, 90% rejection of bovine serum albumin (BSA), high water flux recovery ratio, low irreversible fouling, and high reversible fouling pattern. The intercalation of HAp/BN with the PES matrix therefore opens up a new direction to enhance the PES UF membranes’ hydrophilicity, water flux, and antifouling capacity.

Silica aerogel and Fe doped silica aerogel composite were synthesized by sol–gel method adopting ambient pressure drying method. The crystal structure, surface morphology, pore structure, surface functional groups and elemental composition of silica aerogel prepared with different concentrations of Fe3+ were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, FTIR, XPS and Zeta potential analysis. The specific surface area of the composite aerogel was found to decrease with the increase addition amount of FeCl3. The optimal composite aerogel adsorbent had a surface area of 240 m2/g with well-developed mesoporous network, which possessed a maximum malachite green(MG) adsorption capacity of 1592 mg/g, as compared to virgin silica aerogel of 1250 mg/g. Adsorption capacity for large molecules like MG is very low for the most popular adsorbent such as high surface area activated carbon, which is usually the first-choice adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Such high adsorption capacitiy of the silica aerogel composite is highly promising as it is on the classification of low-cost adsorbents, which can serve to be far better alternative for waste water treatment applications.

The adsorption capacity of chemically reduced graphene (CRG) in selective removal of diethanolamine (DEA) from a mixture of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) in aqueous solutions was evaluated and compar...

The extraction and separation of Pr/Nd from chloride solution containing a complexing agent lactic acid (HLac) is assessed in the intensified serpentine microreactor using 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (EHEHPA, P507) as the solvent phase. The investigations were carried out in micro channels having width of 0.3 mm to 1 mm different phase flow rates forming slug flow with the aqueous solution as the dispersed phase. Extraction and separation of Pr/Nd increased with increase in residence time, while decreased with increase in linear velocity and channel width. A better separation factor of 2.23 could be achieved in microfluidic extractor within 12 s of residence time, while only a separation factor of 2.19, could only be achieved for batch extractor, at a residence time 560 s. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) was found to increase with increasing linear velocity, decrease in the channel width and decrease with channel length. The kLa of liquid–liquid microfluidic system was several orders of magnitude higher than the conventional extractors (1.01 × 10−2 − 4.65 × 10−2 s−1), due to the decreased diffusion path and larger surface-to-volume ratio of microfluidic extractors.

In the present work, tungsten powders coated with copper by electroless plating method, and preparation of WCu20 composites by microwave sintering with copper-coated tungsten powder as raw material. The result shows that at the situation of a temperature of 60 °C, pH value of 12–13, with formaldehyde solution (53 ml/L) as reducing agent, iron potassium cyanide solution (0.3 g/L) as stabilizer, tartaric acid potassium sodium (15 g/L) and EDTA-2Na (19 g/L) mixture solution as compound complexing agent, the thickness of surface coating was relatively uniform, which is around 0.6–1.1 μm. The WCu20 composites were fabricated by microwave sintering with copper-coated tungsten powder as raw material shows uniform microstructure distribution, relatively high density. The hardness of the WCu20 composites increased with the temperature. While the temperature of sintering at 1100 °C for 1 h, the density could be up to 15.22 g/cm3, relative density was 97.13%, which shows better properties.

Rigorous design of commercial-scale packed beds accounting multicomponent adsorptions is mathematically complex, often resulting in adopting approximate simplified methods. Hence the present work a...

A bioadsorbent was synthesized by modifying corn bract with 2-aminothiazole for the selective recovery of gold. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the bioadsorbent with the aim of understanding the mechanism of adsorption. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics data were determined and modeled. The adsorption capacity of Au(III) was 1668 mg/g, much higher than the values reported in the literature due to the ion exchange and chelation between the amino/thiol groups and Au(III). Additionally, the effect of pH and other ions on the Au(III) adsorption capacity were assessed. The adsorption isotherm was found to be consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the kinetic was consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further regeneration and cyclic adsorption tests were performed to ensure the effectiveness of the bioadsorbent in commercial applications.

In this work, a chlorination roasting method for the extraction of precious metals (gold and silver) from the cyanide tailings (CT) was investigated. The decomposition mechanism of the CaCl2 used as chloride agent was presented during the chlorination roasting. The Au and Ag recovery as high as 91.6% and 54.7% under the optimum experiment conditions would be achieved. The optimal process conditions were identified to be a CaCl2 content 4%, chlorination temperature 1323 K and chlorination duration of 2 h. The microstructures of CT before and after roasting were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the volatilization process of the chloride of Au and Ag was assessed. The chlorination behaviors of all the phases in the CT in air atmosphere was analyzed using the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the phase transformation of the main phase during roasting were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The chlorination roasting process shows unique advantage for treating the secondary sources of CT, additionally being environmentally benign.

In the modern industrialized rare earths production, solvent extraction facilities possess many problems such as long extraction time, large occupation area, high processing cost and so on. The present work attempts to extract samarium (III) from hydrochloric acid solution in a rectangular cross-section Y-junction microchannel, using 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl (EHEHPA or P507). The effects of flow rate, channel length and width on the extraction efficiency, slug length and mass behavior of a liquid-liquid extraction system are assessed. The slug length decreased with increase in the flow rate, increased in channel length and channel width. The maximum extraction efficiency of 75.1% could be achieved at the longer channel length (pH = 1.5, channel width = 300 μm, flow rate = 10 μL/min). The volumetric mass transfer coefficients (kLa) of the microfluidic extractor was compared with the conventional extractor and found to be several orders of magnitude higher, authenticating the beneficial effects such as: Higher specific interfacial area and shorter diffusion length.

This article focuses on the development of phase transformation and morphology of low-grade pyrolusite during carbothermal reduction using microwave heating. The XRD, SEM and EDS results show that selective carbothermal reduction of MnxOy and FexOy in pyrolusite is easy to realize with microwave heating, which can reduce MnO2 to MnO, and Fe2O3 to Fe3O4, rather than FeO. It was also observed that the phases of Mn2O3, Mn3O4 and MnO appear at 300 °C, 450 °C and 500 °C, respectively. The MnO phase, formed by the accumulation of MnO sphere particle with a diameter of 266.75–420.05 nm, is loose and porous. At a temperature of 750 °C, the Mn2SiO4 layer of about 316 nm in thickness, tightly wrapping SiO2 particle is generated at the interface between MnO and SiO2 embedded with MnO. Above 650 °C, Fe2O3 in pyrolusite can be transformed into a very dense Fe3O4 phase.

The present research work demonstrates the potential of porous carbon (PC) fabricated through facile one-step method from calcium alginate biomass as a low cost and efficient scavenger for gas phase elemental mercury (Hg°) from natural gas. Performance of the prepared PC at different temperatures (500, 700 and 900 °C) using fixed-bed setup mimicking the plant conditions revealed that PC-900 demonstrated to be a promising adsorbent for removing Hg°. The excellent sorption performance of PC-900 could be attributed to its BET surface area and large pore volume which rendered easy sorption of Hg° into the porous network. The equilibrium adsorption results further confirmed that sorption capacity decreased from 1236 to 1089 μg/g with increase in temperature from 30 to 50 °C, indicating exothermic nature of adsorption. The sorption isotherms well fitted the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacity of 1236 μg/g at 30 °C. A comparison of the sorption capability of bio-derived PC-900 with sulfur impregnated carbon (SIC) at 50 °C affirmed that the uptake capacity of PC-900 (1089.6 μg/g) was much higher than SIC (887.2 μg/g). These results reveal the promising solutions offered by alginate pyrolyzed PC for scavenging Hg° from natural gas, by not only reducing the environmental problems associated with gaseous mercury emissions but also by making the process more economical.

A novel adsorbent was synthesized by functionalizing nanosilica with phosphinic acid groups for the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized absorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Meanwhile, the effects of initial pH, contact time and initial mercury ions concentration on the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The results showed that the removal rate reached 99.11% and the maximum adsorption capacity was up to 274.32 mg/g at pH 2 and the equilibrium time of adsorption was about 1 h. The absorbent presented good selectivity for mercury ions among Zn(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Ge(IIII). Moreover, the obtained adsorbent has good reusability and the absorbability decreased only from 98.76 to 94.75% after five cycles. Besides, the adsorption isotherms fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model and adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. The removal mechanism of mercury via phosphinic acid-functionalized silica nanoparticles was chelation interaction. All the experimental data indicated that the phosphinic acid-functionalized silica nanoparticles are very promising in removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions.

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) comprising of inorganic fillers dispersed in an organic matrix gather increased attention for separating gas mixtures due to potential for enhancement in separation selectivity, throughput, and material robustness. In the present study, ZIF-8 metal-organic framework (MOF) and ZIF-8/graphene oxide (GO) hybrid nanofillers were developed and incorporated into polysulfone (PSF) matrix. The fillers and the resulting MMMs were evaluated for their structural, morphological, and sorption characteristics, while the prepared membranes were tested for their permeation and selectivity properties for CO2, N2 and CH4. It is highlighted that, compared to the pristine PSF membrane, the PSF+(ZIF-8/GO) MMMs showed both enhanced CO2 permeability (up to an increase of 87%), and selectivity (up to an increase of 61% for the CO2/CH4 pair). In addition, the selectivity for the PSF+(ZIF-8/GO) MMM was increased by up to 7-fold compared to that of the PSF + ZIF-8 MMM. Based on the results reported, composite fillers combining the functionality of MOFs and GO have the potential to tune and boost the performance of polymeric membranes for CO2 separation from hydrocarbon gases, flue gas, and related gas mixtures.