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The quality control of testing and inspection laboratories operated in Korea, the United States, and Canada was compared. The basic framework of on-site evaluation operated by each country was similar in terms of evaluation procedure, document evaluation, issuance of verification certificate, and follow-up management. For conducting on-site evaluation and granting the certificate, the preparation materials and evaluation processes are subdivided in Korea, while the dates of granting the certificate are restricted to four times a year in the United States. After receiving accreditation as a testing/inspection laboratories for the first time in Canada, follow-up management is divided into re-evaluation, verification evaluation, and monitoring evaluation.

With reference to the quality standard, ISO/IEC 17025, we conducted on-site assessments of and comparisons between test and inspection institutions in Korea and the UK. The diversity of evaluation methods used ‘in the field’ within the UK is greater than the range in Korea. Nevertheless, when assessing on-site processes in both countries, it is clear that many aspects of the quality assessment, including the roles of the evaluation committee members, the preparation of documents for evaluation, the opening meeting, the evaluation process in the field, and the closing meeting, occur in a similar order in the UK as in Korea. However, one important difference between the on-site evaluations in Korea and the UK was noted; particularly, in the UK, the level of excellence achieved by the evaluated institution is highlighted during the closing meeting.

In this study, we examined the quality of Tenebrio molitor L. that ingested yuzu supplemented feed at four feed compositions: C120 (120 g Chinese cabbage), C80+Y40 (80 g Chinese cabbage+40 g yuzu peel), C40+Y80 (40 g Chinese cabbage+80 g yuzu peel) and Y120 (120 g yuzu peel). Tenebrio molitor L. was fed for 90 d at a rate according to age, after which the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents of the samples were determined to be 0.49-0.50%, 52.58-53.90%, 30.76-32.34%, and 3.32-3.45%, respectively. Color values, namely yellowness (b) and redness (a), were observed to decrease with increasing yuzu ingestion, and the C80+Y40 sample exhibited the highest lightness (L=36.28). The K and Mg contents were observed to increase with increasing yuzu content, and Pb and As were not detected in any Tenebrio molitor L. sample that ingested the yuzu supplemented feed. The free amino acid (serine and alanine) contents also increased with increasing yuzu content, while the histidine and arginine contents were observed to decrease with increasing yuzu ingestion. Naringin and hesperidin were detected at 1.77 mg% and 1.63 mg% in sample Y120, respectively, while trace amounts were detected in samples C80+Y40 and C40+Y80, but none were detected in the control. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased with increasing level of yuzu ingestion, and were highest in sample Y120 (123.11 mg% and 5.69 mg%, respectively).

Trust is important for maintaining customer relationships in online retailing, as customers have only a virtual connection with sellers. This is especially true in online markets of emerging economies, given their lack of trust-enhancing infrastructure and well-functioning regulatory institutions. We investigate the effect of trust and a set of other relationship and transactional characteristics—mode of customer acquisition, length of relationship, service communication, product return activity, and type of products purchased—on retention in the context of emerging online markets. We obtain data from an online retailer in India that include both survey and transaction information. Using a latent attrition model, we find that trust positively affects customer retention behavior. We also find that relationship length, service communication, product return experience, and the type of products purchased affect retention. Furthermore, we conduct split-sample analysis and suggest some managerial actions on spending efforts to enhance retention.

While mobile promotions have become increasingly popular in recent years, limited research has examined the effects of mobile promotions over time. This research investigates the effects of two popular types of promotional offers, price discount and non-price free sample coupons, on purchase behavior. To this end, we present a dynamic model of customer purchase behavior that incorporates time-varying effects of mobile coupons, enabling us to investigate both the short-term and longer-term effects of mobile promotions. Using transaction and mobile promotion data, we find that both price discount and free sample coupons increase customers' purchase likelihood and expenditures during the coupon redemption period. We also find that free sample coupons have an enduring effect that increases the purchase propensity beyond the promotion period, thereby contributing to incremental purchases over a longer period of time. We demonstrate how our approach can help marketers improve mobile couponing decisions by considering the dynamic effects of mobile promotions that manifest over time.

This research examines consumer search behavior across multiple ordered advertisers in sponsored search markets. To consider the sequential nature of consumer search, we model search behavior as a set of interdependent ordered decisions: namely, the entry, click, and stop decisions. Using individual-level data obtained from a search engine, we identify the key determinants of consumer search behavior in the sponsored section of search results. Our results reveal that there is significant variation in the effects of advertisers' latent brand equity and website quality on the search decisions. Thereby, search behavior heavily depends on the ordered composition of advertisers in sponsored listing. We highlight the ability of our model to quantify the order effect of advertisers on the number of clicks on sponsored ads, which can assist the search engine and advertisers in predicting the click counts and assessing the value of ad positions.

Low transportation costs online allow shoppers to visit multiple e-commerce sites for a purchase decision. This research investigates online shoppers’ visit and purchase behaviors across competing websites. To consider that shoppers’ longitudinal cross-site visit data may consist of several unobserved shopping episodes, we propose a modeling approach to probabilistically clustering and relating online visits to latent shopping episodes, based on the temporal patterns of the visit events. The inferences are then used to examine shoppers’ visit-to-purchase behavior across websites. Using Internet clickstream data on individual-level browsing and transaction records at major air travel sites, we find that online shoppers’ cross-site visit patterns tend to be clustered and the purchase propensity is significantly higher at later visits within a visit cluster, compared to earlier visits. As our results suggest the possibility that visit clusters can serve as a reasonable proxy for shopping episodes, we look further into shoppers’ website choice and purchase behaviors within a cluster. We discuss how the cluster-based analysis can help managers tailor online marketing and advertising strategies based on shoppers’ cross-site visit and purchase patterns.

The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of the moderating effect of interfirm benevolence on the relationship between interfirm governance and interfirm performance. 192 purchasing managers from manufacturing companies participated in a survey. Through these, the moderating role of benevolence in the relationships between a buyer’s unilateral governance and supplier performance is identified. A buyer’s perception of a supplier’s benevolence is observed to weaken the effect of the buyer’s unilateral governance on supplier performance. Thus, this study demonstrates that firms do not always rely on unilateral governance when they can nurture interfirm benevolence in the relationship between exchange partners.

Staff, SENVEXAbstract - Flexural tests of full-scale concrete-filled U-shape hybrid composite beams were conducted. Ordinary (SS400) and high-strength (SM570) steel plates were used in the web and in the bottom flange of U-shape steel section respectively. The primary objectives were to develop the hybrid section configuration with maximized flexural capacity and to investigate its flexural strength and deformation capacity. All the hybrid test specimens in this study exhibited the plastic moment capacity a nd resonable deformability. It is shown that the plastic stress distribution can be assumed in calculating the flexural strength o f the proposed hybrid composite beams if the plastic neural axis is located within 15% of the total beam depth from the top of the composite slab. The procedure for computing the effective flexural stiffness of hybrid composite beams is also recommended based on test results. Keywords - Hybrid composite beams, U-shape steel section, High-strength steel, Strain compatibility method, Plastic stress distribution method, Plastic neutral axisNote.-Discussion open until October 31, 2016. This manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and possible publication on March 17, 2015; revised January 11, 2016; approved on March 29, 2016.Copyright ⓒ 2016 by Korean Society of Steel Construction

Ammonia is deemed one of the most important pollutants in the freshwater environment because of its highly toxic nature and ubiquity in surface water. This study thus aims to derive the criteria for ammonia in freshwater to protect aquatic life because there are no water quality criteria for ammonia in Korea. Short-term lethal tests were conducted to perform the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. This method is widely used in ecological risk assessment to determine the chemical concentrations to protect aquatic species. Based on the species sensitivity distribution method using Korean indigenous aquatic biota, the hazardous concentration for 5% of biological species (HC5) value calculated in this study was 44mg/L as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The value of the assessment factor was set at 2. Consequently, the criteria for ammonia were derived as 22mg/L at pH7 and 20°C. When the derived value was applied to the monitoring data nationwide, 0.51%, 0.09%, 0.18%, 0.20%, and 0.35% of the monitoring sites in Han River, Nakdong River, Geum River, Youngsan River, and lakes throughout the nation, respectively, exceeded this criteria. The Ministry of Environment in Korea has been considering introducing water quality standard of ammonia for protecting aquatic life. Therefore, our results can provide the basis for introducing the ammonia standard in Korea.

NOx is one of the regulated emissions from automobile. The cold start in diesel engine has problem to NOx exhaust that rapidly increases. It is necessary to prevent cold start in engine. Heating coils in the engine serve to sustain stable combustion circumstance. Switching modules control the heating coils to heat up in short times. High current flowing into heating coil is controlled by switching modules. Heat is also generated on switching modules in the process of controlling to release high current into the heating coil. Heat management is essential to prevent malfunction of switching modules by high temperature. However, switching modules are surrounded by a sealed plastic case that is difficult to cooling. In this research, we analyze the temperature distribution in the sealed case surrounding switching modules depending on the installation direction of case and the existence of porous membrane on the case wall. The results of surface temperature on the switching modules are calculated for convective heat transfer coefficient and expected working life time of device. As a result, the influence of heat convection coefficient by the installation with y-direction is 39% higher than other conditions.

Arsenic is a hazardous environmental pollutant widely distributed globally. Arsenic toxicity is well known and it is regulated by many countries in terms of managing water quality and protecting aquatic organisms. Unfortunately, water quality criterion (WQC) to protect aquatic organisms has not been introduced in Korea yet. Thus, it is of great importance and necessity to introduce WQC to protect aquatic organisms from arsenic, as WQC play a significant role in protecting aquatic ecosystems from pollutants. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to derive arsenic water quality criterion for aquatic life in Korea. Arsenic acute toxicity tests were performed with 10 Korean native aquatic species, which belong to 7 different taxonomic groups. Based on the results of acute toxicity test and additional toxicity data from literature, the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was used in ecological risk assessment. The arsenic concentration of 95% protection level for aquatic life was 0.229 mg L−1 in this study. An assessment factor 3 and a background concentration 0.0004 mg L−1 were applied to the concentration value in consideration of the uncertainty of the data and the amount of arsenic natural generation. Consequently, the WQC value derived for arsenic was found to be 0.077 mg L−1. These results will serve as reference values to establish water quality criterion for the protection of aquatic life in Korea.

Nutritive value analysis of feed is very important for the growth of livestock, and ensures the efficiency of feeds as well as economic status. However, general laboratory analyses require considerable time and high cost. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique used to analyze the nutritive values of seeds. It is very effective and less costly than the conventional method. The sample used in this study was a corn kernel and the partial least square regression method was used for evaluating nutrient composition, digestibility, and energy value based on the calibration equation. The evaluation methods employed were the coefficient of determination (R) and the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP). The results showed the moisture content (Rval=0.97, RMSEP=0.109), crude protein content (Rval=0.94, RMSEP=0.212), neutral detergent fiber content (Rval=0.96, RMSEP=0.763), acid detergent fiber content (Rval=0.96, RMSEP=0.142), gross energy (Rval=0.82, RMSEP= 23.249), in vitro dry matter digestibility (Rval=0.68, RMSEP=1.69), and metabolizable energy (approximately Rval >0.80). This study confirmed that the nutritive components of corn kernels can be predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. (

The objectives were to assess the use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a tool for estimating nutrient compositions of corn kernel, and to apply an NIRS-based indium gallium arsenide array detector to the system for collecting spectra and analyzing calibration equations using equipments designed for field application. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) was employed to develop calibration equations based on representative data sets. The kennard-stone algorithm was applied to induce a calibration set and a validation set. As a result, the method for structuring a calibration set significantly affected prediction accuracy. The prediction of chemical composition of corn kernel resulted in the following (kennard-stone algorithm: relative) moisture (R 2 =0.82, RMSEP=0.183), crude protein (R 2 =0.80, RMSEP=0.142), crude fat (R 2 =0.84, RMSEP= 0.098), crude fiber (R 2 =0.74, RMSEP=0.098), and crude ash (R 2 =0.81, RMSEP=0.048). Result of this experiment showed the potential of NIRS to predict the chemical composition of corn kernel.(

Customer base analysis is an essential tool to measure and develop relationships with customers. While various models have been proposed in a noncontractual setting, they focus primarily on analyzing transactional patterns associated with a single product category or a firm-level activity, such as the times at which purchases are made at a particular retailer. This research proposes a modeling framework for customer base analysis in a multi-category context. Specifically, we model the time between a customer's purchases at the firm and the product categories that comprise her shopping basket arising from multi-category choice decisions. The proposed model uses a latent space approach that parsimoniously captures the dynamics of multi-category shopping behavior due to the interplay between purchase timing and shopping basket composition. We also account for interdependence among multiple categories, temporal dependence across category choices, and latent customer attrition. Using category-level transaction data, we show that the proposed model offers excellent fit and performance in predicting customer purchase patterns across multiple categories. The forecasts and inferences afforded by our model can assist managers in tailoring marketing efforts across categories.

An average current mode control scheme that consistently offers good dynamic performance for LLC series resonant DC-to-DC converters irrespective of the changes in the operational conditions is presented in this paper. The proposed control scheme employs current feedback from the resonant tank circuit through an integrator-type compensation amplifier to improve the dynamic performance and enhance the noise immunity and reliability of the feedback controller. Design guidelines are provided for both current feedback and voltage feedback compensation. The performance of the new control scheme is demonstrated through an experimental 150 W converter operating with 340 V to 390 V input voltage to provide a 24 V output voltage.

This work was conducted to assess the use of Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a technique to analyze nutritional constituents of Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) and corn quickly and accurately, and to apply an NIRS-based indium gallium arsenide array detector, rather than a NIRS-based scanning system, to collect spectra and induce and analyze calibration equations using equipment which is better suited to field application. As a technique to induce calibration equations, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used, and for better accuracy, various mathematical transformations were applied. A multivariate outlier detection method was applied to induce calibration equations, and, as a result, the way of structuring a calibration set significantly affected prediction accuracy. The prediction of nutritional constituents of distillers dried grains with solubles resulted in the following: moisture (R 2 =0.80), crude protein (R 2 =0.71), crude fat (R 2 =0.80), crude fiber (R 2 =0.32), and crude

Flexural tests on full-scale I-shaped beams, built up from high-strength steels (HSB800 and HSA800) with a nominal tensile strength of 800 MPa, were carried out to study the effect of flange slenderness on flexural strength and rotation capacity. The primary objective was to investigate the appropriateness of extrapolating current stability criteria (originally developed for ordinary steel) to high-strength steel. For comparison purposes, specimens with ordinary steel (SM490) were also tested and showed sufficient flexural strength and rotation capacity in accordance with the AISC specification. The performance of high-strength steel specimens was also very satisfactory from the strength, but not from the rotation capacity, perspective. The inferior rotation capacity of high-strength steel beams was shown to be directly attributable to the absence of a distinct yield plateau and the high yield ratio of the material. When a higher rotation capacity is required as in plastic design, the testing clearly showed that high-strength steel beams were vulnerable to brittle fracture when full-height transverse stiffeners were welded to the tension flange in the plastic hinge region. Residual stress measurements reconfirmed that the magnitude of the residual stress is almost independent of the yield stress of the base metal.

In this study, lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) strength of high-strength H-beams built up from 800MPa tensile-strength steel was experimentally and analytically evaluated according to current lateral stability provisions (KBC 2009, AISC-LRFD 2010). The motivation was to evaluate whether or not current LTB provisions, which were originally developed for ordinary steel with different stress-strain characteristics, are still applicable to high-strength steel. Two sets of compact-section specimens with relatively low (Set A) or high (Set B) warping stiffness were prepared and tested under uniform moment loading. Laterally unbraced lengths of the test specimens were controlled such that inelastic LTB could be induced. All specimens exhibited LTB strength exceeding the minimum limit required by current provisions by a sufficient margin. Moreover, some specimen in Set A reached a rotation capacity required for plastic design, although its laterally unbraced length belonged to the inelastic LTB range. All the test results indicated that extrapolation of current provisions to high-strength steel is conservative. In order to further analyze the test results, the relationship between inelastic moment and laterally unbraced length was also derived in explicit form for both ordinary- and high-strength steel based on the effective tangent modulus of inelastic section. The analytical relationship derived again showed that extrapolation of current laterally unbraced length limit leads to a conservative design in the case of high-strength steel and that the laterally unbraced length to control the inelastic LTB behavior of high-strength steel beam should be specified by including its unique post-yield strain-hardening characteristics.

In this study, the cyclic seismic performance of a concrete-filled U-shaped steel beam to H-shaped steel column connections was experimentally evaluated. The concrete-filled U-shaped steel beams were compositely attached to the concrete floor slab. The test was conducted in two stages. The first testing program was carried out on one-sided moment connections to find the most promising connecting scheme. The strengthening scheme, or welding steel plates to the beam bottom flange with minimized stress concentration, was shown to be the most satisfactory, and it was used in the second-stage test on two full-scale cruciform specimens. Considering the unique constructional nature of the proposed composite connections, the critical limit states such as weld fracture, local buckling, concrete crushing, and rebar buckling were carefully addressed in designing specimens. Test results showed that the connection details and design procedures proposed in this study can successfully control the critical limit states mentioned previously. The proposed connection detail successfully pushed the plastic hinging to the tip of the strengthened zone as intended in design, thus effectively protecting the more vulnerable beam-to-column welded joint. The specimens typically exhibited a maximum story drift capacity of more than 5.5% rad, exceeding the minimum limit of 4% rad required of special moment frames. Four of the five specimens tested in this study eventually failed because of a low-cycle fatigue fracture across the beam bottom flange at a high story drift greater than 5.0% rad.

Flexural tests on full-scale H-shaped beams, built up from high-strength steels (HSB800 and HSA800) with a nominal tensile strength of 800 MPa, was carried out to study the effect of flange slenderness of high-strength steel on flexural strength and rotation capacity. The primary objective was to investigate the appropriateness of extrapolating current stability criteria (originally developed for ordinary steel) to high-strength steel. The performance of high-strength steel specimens was very satisfactory from the strength, but not from the rotation capacity, perspective. The inferior rotation capacity of high-strength steel beams was shown to be directly attributable to the absence of a distinct yield plateau and the high yield ratio of the material. Residual stress measurements reconfirmed that the magnitude of the residual stress is almost independent of the yield stress of the base metal.

The purpose of this study was to identify clinical practice (clinical training education) and satisfaction depend on university hospital availability according to a survey with 850 healthcare-affiliated students. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS17.0 program. The result was shown statistically significant difference depends on gender, major departments and satisfaction of college life. In addition, there were significant differences in satisfaction of clinical training education in the environmental aspects of practice depending on whether affiliated hospital or not. There were no significant correlation found between degree of satisfaction of clinical training education and the need for affiliated hospital (r

Concrete filled U-shaped steel beams are used to increase the flexural strength and stiffness of the steel beams by using concrete fill. In this study, a seismic detail for the concrete filled U-shaped steel beam–RC column connection was developed. A special detail using diagonal re-bars and welded re-bar connections was used to strengthen the beam–column joints. To verify the seismic performance of the beam–column connection, two full-scale specimens were tested under cyclic loading. The test parameter was the size of the U-shaped steel beam. The depths of the composite beams were 610 mm (steel plate thickness = 6 mm) and 710 mm (steel plate thickness = 8 mm) including the slab depth of 160 mm. The test results showed that the specimens exhibited good strength, deformation, and energy dissipation capacities. The deformation capacity exceeded 4% inter-story drift ratio. The primary failure mode of the specimens was buckling and fracture of the steel plate in the beam.

This study conducted content analysis for the 266 public access programs. By doing so it aimed to suggest ideal directions for the pubic access. This study found that most programs were well meshed with variety, locality, and representation of minorities, which are goals of what public access programs are for. However, this study suggested that more diverse producers in terms of ages and occupations need to participate and also cable SOs should try to motivate viewers by covering various topics and areas in public access programs in the future. Lastly, the Korea Communications Commission also need to continuously offer more positive financial aids and public relations to support this program.

Summary We develop a model to understand and describe the inherent behaviours and interactions of members over time through the medium of user-generated content (UGC) in an on-line community. Because the behavioural event counts of generating and accessing UGC by on-line users serve as the two most important metrics to judge the success of on-line communities, we propose a bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model to model simultaneously the daily counts of the two main UGC-related activities. In particular, we consider interdependences of the repeatedly measured behavioural events within members, model the dependence of the current event counts on the past event counts and explore the probable non-linear effects of time at the individual level. Furthermore, we incorporate interactions between members by constructing a set of individual-specific time varying measures in an integrated modelling framework. In our empirical applications, we examine key behavioural determinants influencing member behaviours in the UGC site. As part of our substantive contribution, we highlight the model’s ability to make accurate predictions about the evolution of the on-line community.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the load characteristics of steel and concrete tubular members under jet fire, with the motivation to investigate the jet fire load characteristics in FPSO topsides. This paper is part of Phase II of the joint industry project on explosion and fire engineering of FPSOs (EFEF JIP) (Paik and Czujko, 2009; Paik, 2010). To obtain reliable load values, jet fire tests were carried out in parallel with a numerical study. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to set up an adiabatic wall boundary condition for the jet fire to model the heat transfer mechanism. A concrete tubular member was tested under the assumption that there is no conduction effect from jet fire. A steel tubular member was tested and considered to transfer heat through conduction, convection, and radiation. The temperature distribution, or heat load, was analyzed at specific locations on each type of member. ANSYS CFX, (2008) and KFX, 2007 codes were used to obtain similar fire action in the numerical and experimental methods. The results of this study will provide a useful database to determine design values related to jet fire.

(Tsi)chlorosilylenoid [Tsi = C(SiMe3)3] reacted with acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde to give 2,4-dioxasilolane and 2,5-dioxasilolane, respectively. The direct addition of an aldehyde to a silaoxirane intermediate is proposed as a plausible mechanism based on a theoretical study. These results show a new synthetic application of the chlorosilylenoid and a new route for the synthesis of silaheterocycles.

Applying the moving photo-carrier grating(MPG) technique and time-of-flight(TOF) measurements, we studied the transport properties of stabilized amorphous selenium typical of the material used in direct conversion X-ray imaging devices. For MPG measurement, we obtained electron and hole mobility and the recombination lifetime of films with arsenic(As) additions. We found an apparent increase in hole drift mobility and recombination lifetime, especially when 0.3 % As was added into film, whereas electron mobility decreased with the addition of As due to the defect density. For TOF measurement, a laser beam with pulse duration of 5 ns and wavelength of 350 nm was illuminated on the surface of with a thickness of 400 . The measured hole and electron transit times were about 8.73 and 229.17 , respectively.

Full-swing voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) are very sensitive to supply noises and require supply regulators with increased supply voltages, which may entail more power consumption. Further, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) with a conventional second-order passive-loop filter (PLF), PLL output frequency range is restricted by the compliance range of the charge pump output voltage (VCP) even though supply-regulated VCOs (SR-VCO) can provide a wider frequency range. In order to solve these problems, VCP be separated from the VCTRL using the low dropout regulator (LDO). This paper proposes a bandgap reference (BGR) of 0.61V output voltage for low dropout regulator of in supply-regulated active-loop filter VCOs (SR-ALF-VCO).

Structural crashworthiness with regard to crushing and fracture is a key element in the strength performance assessment of ship collisions in the Arctic. The aim of this study is to investigate the crashworthiness characteristics of steel-plated structures subject to low temperatures that are equivalent to the Arctic environment. The effect of low temperatures on the material properties is examined on the basis of tensile tests. Crushing tests are undertaken on steel-square tubes subject to a quasi-static crushing load at both room and low temperatures. The crushing behavior of the square tubes in this test is compared with ls-dyna computations. It is found that low temperatures have a significant effect on not only the material properties but also the crashworthiness of steel-plated structures in terms of mean crushing loads and brittle fracture. It is suggested that the collision-accidental limit state design of ships intended to operate in the Arctic region should be carried out by taking the effect of low temperatures into account.

The moving photocarrier grating (MPG) technique for the determination of the carrier mobilities and the recombination lifetime of -Se:As films has been studied. The electron and hole drift mobility and the recombination lifetime of -Se films with arsenic (As) additions have been obtained from measurement of the short circuit current density as a function of grating velocity and spatial period. The hole mobility decreases due to defect density of hole traps when x exceeds 0.003, whereas the hole mobility increases for the case of low As addition (x0.003). We have found an increase in hole drift mobility and recombination lifetime, especially when As with (x

Recently, provides information which is most necessary to the user the research against the web information recommendation system for the Internet shopping mall is actively being advanced. the back which it will drive in the object. In that Dynamic Web Recommendation Method Using SOM (Self-Organizing Feature Maps) has the advantages of speedy execution and simplicity but has the weak points such as the lack of explanation on models and fired weight values for each node of the output layer on the established model. The method proposed in this study solves the lack of explanation using the Bayesian reasoning method. It does not give fixed weight values for each node of the output layer. Instead, the distribution includes weight using Hybrid SOM. This study designs and implements Dynamic Web Recommendation Method Using Hybrid SOM. The result of the existing Web Information recommendation methods has proved that this study`s method is an excellent solution.