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1. The ins and outs of eukaryotic viruses: Knowledge base and ontology of a viral infection.

Author

Chantal Hulo, Patrick Masson, Edouard de Castro, Andrea H Auchincloss, Rebecca Foulger, Sylvain Poux, Jane Lomax, Lydie Bougueleret, Ioannis Xenarios, and Philippe Le Mercier

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Viruses are genetically diverse, infect a wide range of tissues and host cells and follow unique processes for replicating themselves. All these processes were investigated and indexed in ViralZone knowledge base. To facilitate standardizing data, a simple ontology of viral life-cycle terms was developed to provide a common vocabulary for annotating data sets. New terminology was developed to address unique viral replication cycle processes, and existing terminology was modified and adapted. The virus life-cycle is classically described by schematic pictures. Using this ontology, it can be represented by a combination of successive terms: "entry", "latency", "transcription", "replication" and "exit". Each of these parts is broken down into discrete steps. For example Zika virus "entry" is broken down in successive steps: "Attachment", "Apoptotic mimicry", "Viral endocytosis/ macropinocytosis", "Fusion with host endosomal membrane", "Viral factory". To demonstrate the utility of a standard ontology for virus biology, this work was completed by annotating virus data in the ViralZone, UniProtKB and Gene Ontology databases.

Published
2017
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2. An integrated ontology resource to explore and study host-virus relationships.

Author

Patrick Masson, Chantal Hulo, Edouard de Castro, Rebecca Foulger, Sylvain Poux, Alan Bridge, Jane Lomax, Lydie Bougueleret, Ioannis Xenarios, and Philippe Le Mercier

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Our growing knowledge of viruses reveals how these pathogens manage to evade innate host defenses. A global scheme emerges in which many viruses usurp key cellular defense mechanisms and often inhibit the same components of antiviral signaling. To accurately describe these processes, we have generated a comprehensive dictionary for eukaryotic host-virus interactions. This controlled vocabulary has been detailed in 57 ViralZone resource web pages which contain a global description of all molecular processes. In order to annotate viral gene products with this vocabulary, an ontology has been built in a hierarchy of UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) keyword terms and corresponding Gene Ontology (GO) terms have been developed in parallel. The results are 65 UniProtKB keywords related to 57 GO terms, which have been used in 14,390 manual annotations; 908,723 automatic annotations and propagated to an estimation of 922,941 GO annotations. ViralZone pages, UniProtKB keywords and GO terms provide complementary tools to users, and the three resources have been linked to each other through host-virus vocabulary.

Published
2014
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3. Annotation of biologically relevant ligands in UniProtKB using ChEBI.

Author

Elisabeth Coudert, Sebastien Gehant, Edouard De Castro, Monica Pozzato, Delphine Baratin, Teresa Batista Neto, Christian J. A. Sigrist, Nicole Redaschi, Alan J. Bridge, Lucila Aimo, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Kristian B. Axelsen, Parit Bansal, Marie-Claude Blatter, Jerven T. Bolleman, Emmanuel Boutet, Lionel Breuza, Blanca Cabrera Gil, Cristina Casals-Casas, Kamal Chikh Echioukh, Béatrice A. Cuche, Anne Estreicher, Maria Livia Famiglietti, Marc Feuermann, Elisabeth Gasteiger, Pascale Gaudet, Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen, Arnaud Gos, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Nevila Hyka-Nouspikel, Florence Jungo, Arnaud Kerhornou, Philippe Le Mercier, Damien Lieberherr, Patrick Masson, Anne Morgat, Venkatesh Muthukrishnan, Salvo Paesano, Ivo Pedruzzi, Sandrine Pilbout, Lucille Pourcel, Sylvain Poux, Manuela Pruess, Catherine Rivoire, Karin Sonesson, Shyamala Sundaram, Alex Bateman, Maria Jesus Martin, Sandra E. Orchard, Michele Magrane, Shadab Ahmad, Emanuele Alpi, Emily H. Bowler-Barnett, Ramona Britto, Hema Bye-A-Jee, Austra Cukura, Paul Denny 0002, Tunca Dogan, Thankgod Ebenezer, Jun Fan, Penelope Garmiri, Leonardo Jose da Costa Gonzales, Emma Hatton-Ellis, Abdulrahman Hussein, Alexandr Ignatchenko, Giuseppe Insana, Rizwan Ishtiaq, Vishal Joshi, Dushyanth Jyothi, Swaathi Kandasamy, Antonia Lock, Aurelien Luciani, Marija Lugaric, Jie Luo, Yvonne Lussi, Alistair MacDougall, Fábio Madeira, Mahdi Mahmoudy, Alok Mishra 0004, Katie Moulang, Andrew Nightingale, Sangya Pundir, Guoying Qi, Shriya Raj, Pedro Raposo, Daniel Rice, Rabie Saidi, Rafael Santos, Elena Speretta, James D. Stephenson, Prabhat Totoo, Edward Turner, Nidhi Tyagi, Preethi Vasudev, Kate Warner, Xavier Watkins, Rossana Zaru, Hermann Zellner, Cathy H. Wu, Cecilia N. Arighi, Leslie Arminski, Chuming Chen, Yongxing Chen, Hongzhan Huang, Kati Laiho, Peter B. McGarvey, Darren A. Natale, Karen Ross, C. R. Vinayaka, Qinghua Wang 0003, and Yuqi Wang

Published
2023
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4. The Gene Ontology resource: enriching a GOld mine.

Author

Seth Carbon, Eric Douglass, Benjamin M. Good, Deepak R. Unni, Nomi L. Harris, Christopher J. Mungall, Siddartha Basu, Rex L. Chisholm, Robert J. Dodson, Eric Hartline, Petra Fey, Paul D. Thomas, Laurent-Philippe Albou, Dustin Ebert, Michael J. Kesling, Huaiyu Mi, Anushya Muruganujan, Xiaosong Huang, Tremayne Mushayahama, Sandra A. LaBonte, Deborah A. Siegele, Giulia Antonazzo, Helen Attrill, Nick H. Brown, Phani V. Garapati, Steven J. Marygold, Vitor Trovisco, Gilberto dos Santos, Kathleen Falls, Christopher J. Tabone, Pinglei Zhou, Joshua L. Goodman, Victor B. Strelets, Jim Thurmond, Penelope Garmiri, Rizwan Ishtiaq, Milagros Rodríguez-López, Marcio Luis Acencio, Martin Kuiper, Astrid Lægreid, Colin Logie, Ruth C. Lovering, Barbara Kramarz, Shirin C. C. Saverimuttu, Sandra M. Pinheiro, Heather Gunn, Renzhi Su, Katherine E. Thurlow, Marcus C. Chibucos, Michelle G. Giglio, Suvarna Nadendla, James B. Munro, Rebecca C. Jackson, Margaret J. Duesbury, Noemi del-Toro, Birgit H. M. Meldal, Kalpana Paneerselvam, Livia Perfetto, Pablo Porras, Sandra E. Orchard, Anjali Shrivastava, Hsin-Yu Chang, Robert D. Finn, Alex L. Mitchell, Neil D. Rawlings, Lorna J. Richardson, Amaia Sangrador-Vegas, Judith A. Blake, Karen R. Christie, Mary E. Dolan, Harold J. Drabkin, David P. Hill, Li Ni, Dmitry M. Sitnikov, Midori A. Harris, Stephen G. Oliver, Kim Rutherford, Valerie Wood, Jaqueline Hayles, Jürg Bähler, Elizabeth R. Bolton, Jeffrey DePons, Melinda R. Dwinell, G. Thomas Hayman, Mary L. Kaldunski, Anne E. Kwitek, Stanley J. F. Laulederkind, Cody Plasterer, Marek Tutaj, Mahima Vedi, Shur-Jen Wang, Peter D'Eustachio, Lisa Matthews, James P. Balhoff, Suzi A. Aleksander, Michael J. Alexander, J. Michael Cherry, Stacia R. Engel, Felix Gondwe, Kalpana Karra, Stuart R. Miyasato, Robert S. Nash, Matt Simison, Marek S. Skrzypek, Shuai Weng, Edith D. Wong, Marc Feuermann, Pascale Gaudet, Anne Morgat, Erica Bakker, Tanya Z. Berardini, Leonore Reiser, Shabari Subramaniam, Eva Huala, Cecilia N. Arighi, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Kristian B. Axelsen, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Alex Bateman, Marie-Claude Blatter, Emmanuel Boutet, Emily Bowler, Lionel Breuza, Alan J. Bridge, Ramona Britto, Hema Bye-A-Jee, Cristina Casals-Casas, Elisabeth Coudert, Paul Denny 0002, Anne Estreicher, Maria Livia Famiglietti, George E. Georghiou, Arnaud Gos, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Emma Hatton-Ellis, Chantal Hulo, Alexandr Ignatchenko, Florence Jungo, Kati Laiho, Philippe Le Mercier, Damien Lieberherr, Antonia Lock, Yvonne Lussi, Alistair MacDougall, Michele Magrane, Maria Jesus Martin, Patrick Masson, Darren A. Natale, Nevila Hyka-Nouspikel, Ivo Pedruzzi, Lucille Pourcel, Sylvain Poux, Sangya Pundir, Catherine Rivoire, Elena Speretta, Shyamala Sundaram, Nidhi Tyagi, Kate Warner, Rossana Zaru, Cathy H. Wu, Alexander D. Diehl, Juancarlos Chan, Christian A. Grove, Raymond Y. N. Lee, Hans-Michael Müller, Daniela Raciti, Kimberly Van Auken, Paul W. Sternberg, Matthew Berriman, Michael Paulini, Kevin L. Howe, Sibyl Gao, Adam Wright, Lincoln Stein, Douglas G. Howe, Sabrina Toro, Monte Westerfield, Pankaj Jaiswal, Laurel Cooper, and Justin Elser

Published
2021
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5. UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2021.

Author

Alex Bateman, Maria Jesus Martin, Sandra E. Orchard, Michele Magrane, Rahat Agivetova, Shadab Ahmad, Emanuele Alpi, Emily H. Bowler-Barnett, Ramona Britto, Borisas Bursteinas, Hema Bye-A-Jee, Ray Coetzee, Austra Cukura, Alan W. Sousa da Silva, Paul Denny 0002, Tunca Dogan, Thankgod Ebenezer, Jun Fan, Leyla Jael García Castro, Penelope Garmiri, George E. Georghiou, Leonardo Gonzales, Emma Hatton-Ellis, Abdulrahman Hussein, Alexandr Ignatchenko, Giuseppe Insana, Rizwan Ishtiaq, Petteri Jokinen, Vishal Joshi, Dushyanth Jyothi, Antonia Lock, Rodrigo Lopez, Aurelien Luciani, Jie Luo, Yvonne Lussi, Alistair MacDougall, Fábio Madeira, Mahdi Mahmoudy, Manuela Menchi, Alok Mishra 0004, Katie Moulang, Andrew Nightingale, Carla Susana Oliveira, Sangya Pundir, Guoying Qi, Shriya Raj, Daniel Rice, Milagros Rodríguez-López, Rabie Saidi, Joseph Sampson, Tony Sawford, Elena Speretta, Edward Turner, Nidhi Tyagi, Preethi Vasudev, Vladimir Volynkin, Kate Warner, Xavier Watkins, Rossana Zaru, Hermann Zellner, Alan J. Bridge, Sylvain Poux, Nicole Redaschi, Lucila Aimo, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Kristian B. Axelsen, Parit Bansal, Delphine Baratin, Marie-Claude Blatter, Jerven T. Bolleman, Emmanuel Boutet, Lionel Breuza, Cristina Casals-Casas, Edouard De Castro, Kamal Chikh Echioukh, Elisabeth Coudert, Béatrice A. Cuche, Mikael Doche, Dolnide Dornevil, Anne Estreicher, Maria Livia Famiglietti, Marc Feuermann, Elisabeth Gasteiger, Sebastien Gehant, Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen, Arnaud Gos, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Ursula Hinz, Chantal Hulo, Nevila Hyka-Nouspikel, Florence Jungo, Guillaume Keller, Arnaud Kerhornou, Vicente Lara, Philippe Le Mercier, Damien Lieberherr, Thierry Lombardot, Xavier Martin, Patrick Masson, Anne Morgat, Teresa Batista Neto, Salvo Paesano, Ivo Pedruzzi, Sandrine Pilbout, Lucille Pourcel, Monica Pozzato, Manuela Pruess, Catherine Rivoire, Christian J. A. Sigrist, Karin Sonesson, Andre Stutz, Shyamala Sundaram, Michael Tognolli, Laure Verbregue, Cathy H. Wu, Cecilia N. Arighi, Leslie Arminski, Chuming Chen, Yongxing Chen, John S. Garavelli, Hongzhan Huang, Kati Laiho, Peter B. McGarvey, Darren A. Natale, Karen Ross, C. R. Vinayaka, Qinghua Wang 0003, Yuqi Wang, Lai-Su Yeh, Jian Zhang 0051, Patrick Ruch, and Douglas Teodoro

Published
2021
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6. UniRule: a unified rule resource for automatic annotation in the UniProt Knowledgebase.

Author

Alistair MacDougall, Vladimir Volynkin, Rabie Saidi, Diego Poggioli, Hermann Zellner, Emma Hatton-Ellis, Vishal Joshi, Claire O'Donovan, Sandra E. Orchard, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Delphine Baratin, Jerven T. Bolleman, Elisabeth Coudert, Edouard De Castro, Chantal Hulo, Patrick Masson, Ivo Pedruzzi, Catherine Rivoire, Cecilia N. Arighi, Qinghua Wang 0003, Chuming Chen, Hongzhan Huang, John Garavelli, C. R. Vinayaka, Lai-Su Yeh, Darren A. Natale, Kati Laiho, Maria Jesus Martin, Alexandre Renaux, and Klemens Pichler

Published
2021
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9. The UniProt-GO Annotation database in 2011.

Author

Emily C. Dimmer, Rachael P. Huntley, Yasmin Alam-Faruque, Tony Sawford, Claire O'Donovan, Maria Jesus Martin, Benoit Bely, Paul Browne, Wei Mun Chan, Ruth Y. Eberhardt, Michael Gardner, Kati Laiho, Duncan Legge, Michele Magrane, Klemens Pichler, Diego Poggioli, Harminder Sehra, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Kristian B. Axelsen, Marie-Claude Blatter, Emmanuel Boutet, Silvia Braconi-Quintaje, Lionel Breuza, Alan J. Bridge, Elisabeth Coudert, Anne Estreicher, Maria Livia Famiglietti, Serenella Ferro-Rojas, Marc Feuermann, Arnaud Gos, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Ursula Hinz, Chantal Hulo, Janet James, Silvia Jimenez, Florence Jungo, Guillaume Keller, Phillippe Lemercier, Damien Lieberherr, Patrick Masson, Madelaine Moinat, Ivo Pedruzzi, Sylvain Poux, Catherine Rivoire, Bernd Roechert, Michel Schneider, Andre Stutz, Shyamala Sundaram, Michael Tognolli, Lydie Bougueleret, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Isabelle Cusin, Paula Duek Roggli, Ioannis Xenarios, and Rolf Apweiler

Published
2012
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12. euHCVdb: the European hepatitis C virus database.

Author

Christophe Combet, Nicolas B. Garnier, Céline Charavay, Delphine Grando, Daniel Crisan, Julien Lopez, Alexandre Dehne-Garcia, Christophe Geourjon, Emmanuel Bettler, Chantal Hulo, Philippe Le Mercier, Ralf Bartenschlager, Helmut Diepolder, Darius Moradpour, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Charles M. Rice, Christian Trépo, François Penin, and Gilbert Deléage

Published
2007
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13. Sharing Knowledge in Virology

Author

Edouard de Castro, Chantal Hulo, Patrick Masson, and Philippe Le Mercier

Subjects
Library science, Sociology
Published
2021

14. [ViralZone : digitalizing for knowledge sharing]

Author

Philippe Le Mercier, Patrick Masson, Chantal Hulo, and Edouard de Castro

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Knowledge management, ViralZone, business.industry, Computer science, Virology, MEDLINE, business, Knowledge sharing
Published
2021

15. Collaborative annotation of genes and proteins between UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and dictyBase.

Author

Pascale Gaudet, Lydie Lane, Petra Fey, Alan J. Bridge, Sylvain Poux, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Kristian B. Axelsen, Silvia Braconi-Quintaje, Emmanuel Boutet, P. Brown, Elisabeth Coudert, Ruchira S. Datta, W. C. de Lima, Tulio de Oliveira, Severine Duvaud, N. Farriol-Mathis, Serenella Ferro-Rojas, Marc Feuermann, Alain Gateau, Ursula Hinz, Chantal Hulo, Janet James, Silvia Jimenez, Florence Jungo, Guillaume Keller, Phillippe Lemercier, Damien Lieberherr, Madelaine Moinat, Anastasia N. Nikolskaya, Ivo Pedruzzi, Catherine Rivoire, Bernd Roechert, Michel Schneider, E. Stanley, Michael Tognolli, Kimmen Sjölander, Lydie Bougueleret, Rex L. Chisholm, and Amos Bairoch

Published
2009
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16. HAMAP as SPARQL rules—A portable annotation pipeline for genomes and proteomes

Author

Edouard de Castro, Chantal Hulo, Delphine Baratin, Béatrice A. Cuche, Sebastien Gehant, Elisabeth Coudert, Catherine Rivoire, Ivo Pedruzzi, Nicole Redaschi, Alan Bridge, Patrick Masson, Ioannis Xenarios, Jerven Bolleman, and Andrea H. Auchincloss

Subjects
File Transfer Protocol, Computer science, Health Informatics, SPARQL, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Animals, Humans, RDF, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 030304 developmental biology, computer.programming_language, function, 0303 health sciences, Information retrieval, Syntax (programming languages), Research, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, InformationSystems_DATABASEMANAGEMENT, Molecular Sequence Annotation, prediction, Genomics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, computer.file_format, Pipeline (software), Computer Science Applications, UniProt, protein, computer, Software, RDF query language
Abstract

BackgroundGenome and proteome annotation pipelines are generally custom built and not easily reusable by other groups. This leads to duplication of effort, increased costs, and suboptimal annotation quality. One way to address these issues is to encourage the adoption of annotation standards and technological solutions that enable the sharing of biological knowledge and tools for genome and proteome annotation.ResultsHere we demonstrate one approach to generate portable genome and proteome annotation pipelines that users can run without recourse to custom software. This proof of concept uses our own rule-based annotation pipeline HAMAP, which provides functional annotation for protein sequences to the same depth and quality as UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standards Resource Description Framework (RDF) and SPARQL (a recursive acronym for the SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language). We translate complex HAMAP rules into the W3C standard SPARQL 1.1 syntax, and then apply them to protein sequences in RDF format using freely available SPARQL engines. This approach supports the generation of annotation that is identical to that generated by our own in-house pipeline, using standard, off-the-shelf solutions, and is applicable to any genome or proteome annotation pipeline.ConclusionsHAMAP SPARQL rules are freely available for download from the HAMAP FTP site, ftp://ftp.expasy.org/databases/hamap/sparql/, under the CC-BY-ND 4.0 license. The annotations generated by the rules are under the CC-BY 4.0 license. A tutorial and supplementary code to use HAMAP as SPARQL are available on GitHub at https://github.com/sib-swiss/HAMAP-SPARQL, and general documentation about HAMAP can be found on the HAMAP website at https://hamap.expasy.org.

Published
2020

17. UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2021

Author

Fábio Madeira, Emmanuel Boutet, Ursula Hinz, Teresa Batista Neto, Parit Bansal, Manuela Pruess, Kristian B. Axelsen, Arnaud Kerhornou, Cecilia N. Arighi, Lai-Su L. Yeh, Shadab Ahmad, John S. Garavelli, Cathy H. Wu, Florence Jungo, Alan Bridge, Leonardo Gonzales, Sandra Orchard, Patrick Masson, Douglas Teodoro, Maria Jesus Martin, Anne Estreicher, Kamal Chikh Echioukh, Hongzhan Huang, Patrick Ruch, Christian J. A. Sigrist, C. R. Vinayaka, Yvonne Lussi, Anne Morgat, Yongxing Chen, Austra Cukura, Emanuele Alpi, Ramona Britto, Alexandr Ignatchenko, Sylvain Poux, Rizwan Ishtiaq, Lionel Breuza, Jun Fan, Edouard de Castro, Petteri Jokinen, Nicole Redaschi, Darren A. Natale, Daniel Rice, Giuseppe Insana, George Georghiou, Nevila Hyka-Nouspikel, Karen E. Ross, Katie Moulang, Vicente Lara, Arnaud Gos, Michael Tognolli, Alok Mishra, Ivo Pedruzzi, Nidhi Tyagi, Leyla Jael Garcia Castro, Edward Turner, Cristina Casals-Casas, Tunca Doğan, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Maria Livia Famiglietti, Andrew Nightingale, Paul Denny, Lucila Aimo, Rossana Zaru, Vishal Joshi, Alistair MacDougall, Andre Stutz, Penelope Garmiri, Carla Susana Oliveira, Hermann Zellner, Marie-Claude Blatter, Emily H Bowler-Barnett, Philippe Le Mercier, Abdulrahman Hussein, Catherine Rivoire, Tony Sawford, Milagros Rodriguez Lopez, Salvo Paesano, Vladimir Volynkin, Manuela Menchi, Hema Bye-A-Jee, Monica Pozzato, Kati Laiho, Delphine Baratin, Qinghua Wang, Leslie Arminski, Preethi Vasudev, Sangya Pundir, Jian Zhang, Emma Hatton-Ellis, Kate Warner, Lucille Pourcel, Elisabeth Gasteiger, Marc Feuermann, Thierry Lombardot, Jerven Bolleman, Mahdi Mahmoudy, Shyamala Sundaram, Alex Bateman, Xavier Watkins, Rahat Agivetova, Guoying Qi, Peter B. McGarvey, Xavier D. Martin, Chuming Chen, Jie Luo, Ray Coetzee, K Sonesson, Alan Wilter Sousa da Silva, ThankGod Ebenezer, Elena Speretta, Rodrigo Lopez, Elisabeth Coudert, Aurelien Luciani, Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen, Yuqi Wang, M Doche, Michele Magrane, Antonia Lock, Dolnide Dornevil, Sandrine Pilbout, Borisas Bursteinas, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Béatrice A. Cuche, Dushyanth Jyothi, Rabie Saidi, Joseph Sampson, Laure Verbregue, Sebastien Gehant, Guillaume Keller, Shriya Raj, Damien Lieberherr, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, and Teodoro, Douglas

Subjects
Proteomics, COVID-19 / virology, Computational Biology / methods, Molecular Sequence Annotation / methods, Proteome, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, Knowledge Bases, Computational biology, Proteomics / methods, Biology, ddc:616.0757, SARS-CoV-2 / physiology, COVID-19 / epidemiology, User-Computer Interface, Viral Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, SARS-CoV-2 / genetics, Data Curation / methods, Genetics, Redundancy (engineering), Viral Proteins / genetics, Humans, Database Issue, SARS-CoV-2 / metabolism, Databases, Protein, Pandemics, Data Curation, Proteome / metabolism, 030304 developmental biology, Proteome / genetics, Internet, 0303 health sciences, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 / prevention & control, COVID-19, Computational Biology, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Viral Proteins / metabolism, UniProt Knowledgebase, UniProt, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The aim of the UniProt Knowledgebase is to provide users with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible set of protein sequences annotated with functional information. In this article, we describe significant updates that we have made over the last two years to the resource. The number of sequences in UniProtKB has risen to approximately 190 million, despite continued work to reduce sequence redundancy at the proteome level. We have adopted new methods of assessing proteome completeness and quality. We continue to extract detailed annotations from the literature to add to reviewed entries and supplement these in unreviewed entries with annotations provided by automated systems such as the newly implemented Association-Rule-Based Annotator (ARBA). We have developed a credit-based publication submission interface to allow the community to contribute publications and annotations to UniProt entries. We describe how UniProtKB responded to the COVID-19 pandemic through expert curation of relevant entries that were rapidly made available to the research community through a dedicated portal. UniProt resources are available under a CC-BY (4.0) license via the web at https://www.uniprot.org/.

Published
2020

18. Improving HIV proteome annotation: new features of BioAfrica HIV Proteomics Resource

Author

Ioannis Xenarios, Paula Sommer, Chantal Hulo, Patrick Masson, Philippe Le Mercier, Megan Druce, and Tulio de Oliveira

Subjects
Proteomics, 0301 basic medicine, Proteome, ViralZone, HIV Infections, Computational biology, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Virus, Viral Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, Databases, Protein, Internet, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, virus diseases, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Virology, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Viral replication, Interaction with host, Host-Pathogen Interactions, HIV-1, Original Article, UniProt, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Information Systems
Abstract

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the pathogens that cause the greatest global concern, with approximately 35 million people currently infected with HIV. Extensive HIV research has been performed, generating a large amount of HIV and host genomic data. However, no effective vaccine that protects the host from HIV infection is available and HIV is still spreading at an alarming rate, despite effective antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. In order to develop effective therapies, we need to expand our knowledge of the interaction between HIV and host proteins. In contrast to virus proteins, which often rapidly evolve drug resistance mutations, the host proteins are essentially invariant within all humans. Thus, if we can identify the host proteins needed for virus replication, such as those involved in transporting viral proteins to the cell surface, we have a chance of interrupting viral replication. There is no proteome resource that summarizes this interaction, making research on this subject a difficult enterprise. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, we curated a resource presents detailed annotation on the interaction between the HIV proteome and host proteins. Our resource was produced in collaboration with ViralZone and used manual curation techniques developed by UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Our new website also used previous annotations of the BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteome Resource, which has been accessed by approximately 10 000 unique users a year since its inception in 2005. The novel features include a dedicated new page for each HIV protein, a graphic display of its function and a section on its interaction with host proteins. Our new webpages also add information on the genomic location of each HIV protein and the position of ARV drug resistance mutations. Our improved BioAfrica HIV-1 Proteome Resource fills a gap in the current knowledge of biocuration. Database URL: http://www.bioafrica.net/proteomics/HIVproteome.html

Published
2016
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19. A structured annotation frame for the transposable phages: A new proposed family 'Saltoviridae' within the Caudovirales

Author

Philippe Le Mercier, Patrick Masson, Ariane Toussaint, and Chantal Hulo

Subjects
Genetics, Transposable element, Phage taxonomy, biology, “Myosaltovirinae”, viruses, “Siphosaltovirinae”, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Myoviridae, biology.organism_classification, Genome, Phage protein annotation, Siphoviridae, Viral Proteins, Caudovirales, Lytic cycle, Lysogenic cycle, Virology, Proteobacteria, DNA Transposable Elements, Bacterial virus, “Saltoviridae”
Abstract

Enterobacteriophage Mu is the best studied and paradigm member of the transposable phages. Mu-encoded proteins have been annotated in detail in UniProtKB and linked to a controlled vocabulary describing the various steps involved in the phage lytic and lysogenic cycles.Transposable phages are ubiquitous temperate bacterial viruses with a dsDNA linear genome. Twenty-six of them, that infect α, β and γ-proteobacteria, have been sequenced. Their conserved properties are described. Based on these characteristics, we propose a reorganization of the Caudovirales, to allow for the inclusion of a “Saltoviridae” family and two newly proposed subfamilies, the “Myosaltovirinae” and “Siphosaltovirinae”. The latter could temporarily be included in the existing Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families.

Published
2015
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20. The UniProt-GO Annotation database in 2011

Author

Rachael P. Huntley, Florence Jungo, Tony Sawford, Harminder Sehra, Shyamala Sundaram, Phillippe Lemercier, Bernd Roechert, Silvia Braconi-Quintaje, Guillaume Keller, Madelaine Moinat, Sylvain Poux, Paul Browne, Rolf Apweiler, Kristian B. Axelsen, Kati Laiho, Andre Stutz, Janet James, Catherine Rivoire, Diego Poggioli, Wei Mun Chan, Ivo Pedruzzi, Anne Estreicher, Silvia Jimenez, Paula Duek Roggli, Michael Gardner, Serenella Ferro-Rojas, Claire O'Donovan, Patrick Masson, Maria Jesus Martin, Michele Magrane, Elizabeth Coudert, Benoit Bely, Michael Tognolli, Emmanuel Boutet, Isabelle Cusin, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Yasmin Alam-Faruque, Klemens Pichler, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Ursula Hinz, Ruth Y. Eberhardt, Duncan Legge, L Famiglietti, E. Dimmer, Michael Schneider, Marc Feuermann, Lionel Breuza, Arnaud Gos, Damien Lieberherr, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Marie-Claude Blatter, Lydie Bougueleret, Ioannis Xenarios, and Alan Bridge

Subjects
0303 health sciences, business.industry, Databases, Protein, Molecular Sequence Annotation/standards, Vocabulary, Controlled, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Articles, Biology, File format, Bioinformatics, World Wide Web, 03 medical and health sciences, Consistency (database systems), Annotation, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Controlled vocabulary, Genetics, Data set (IBM mainframe), The Internet, UniProt, business, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

The GO annotation dataset provided by the UniProt Consortium (GOA: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/GOA) is a comprehensive set of evidenced-based associations between terms from the Gene Ontology resource and UniProtKB proteins. Currently supplying over 100 million annotations to 11 million proteins in more than 360,000 taxa, this resource has increased 2-fold over the last 2 years and has benefited from a wealth of checks to improve annotation correctness and consistency as well as now supplying a greater information content enabled by GO Consortium annotation format developments. Detailed, manual GO annotations obtained from the curation of peer-reviewed papers are directly contributed by all UniProt curators and supplemented with manual and electronic annotations from 36 model organism and domain-focused scientific resources. The inclusion of high-quality, automatic annotation predictions ensures the UniProt GO annotation dataset supplies functional information to a wide range of proteins, including those from poorly characterized, non-model organism species. UniProt GO annotations are freely available in a range of formats accessible by both file downloads and web-based views. In addition, the introduction of a new, normalized file format in 2010 has made for easier handling of the complete UniProt-GOA data set.

Published
2017

21. ViralZone: recent updates to the virus knowledge resource

Author

Patrick Masson, Lore Gruenbaum, Philippe Le Mercier, Edouard de Castro, Chantal Hulo, Hans Bitter, Lydie Bougueleret, Ioannis Xenarios, and Laurent Essioux

Subjects
Hepatitis B virus, Internet, ViralZone, Event (computing), viruses, Genome, Viral, Articles, Computational biology, Virus Internalization, Biology, Ontology (information science), Virus Replication, Virology, Virus, Viral Proteins, Vocabulary, Controlled, Viral replication, Viral evolution, Databases, Genetic, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Controlled vocabulary, Genetics, UniProt, Virus Physiological Phenomena, Hepatitis B virus/physiology, Viral Proteins/genetics
Abstract

ViralZone (http://viralzone.expasy.org) is a knowledge repository that allows users to learn about viruses including their virion structure, replication cycle and host–virus interactions. The information is divided into viral fact sheets that describe virion shape, molecular biology and epidemiology for each viral genus, with links to the corresponding annotated proteomes of UniProtKB. Each viral genus page contains detailed illustrations, text and PubMed references. This new update provides a linked view of viral molecular biology through 133 new viral ontology pages that describe common steps of viral replication cycles shared by several viral genera. This viral cell-cycle ontology is also represented in UniProtKB in the form of annotated keywords. In this way, users can navigate from the description of a replication-cycle event, to the viral genus concerned, and the associated UniProtKB protein records.

Published
2017

22. The ins and outs of eukaryotic viruses: Knowledge base and ontology of a viral infection

Author

Jane Lomax, Edouard de Castro, Chantal Hulo, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Rebecca E. Foulger, Sylvain Poux, Lydie Bougueleret, Ioannis Xenarios, Patrick Masson, and Philippe Le Mercier

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, ViralZone, viruses, Cell Membranes, lcsh:Medicine, Virus Physiological Phenomena, Ontology (information science), Virus Replication, Membrane Fusion, Biochemistry, Terminology, Zika virus, Viral factory, Databases, Genetic, lcsh:Science, Data Management, Multidisciplinary, Gene Ontologies, Genomics, Nucleic acids, Eukaryotic Cells, Virus Diseases, Viruses, Cellular Structures and Organelles, UniProt, Research Article, Computer and Information Sciences, DNA transcription, Computational biology, DNA replication, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Terminology as Topic, Virology, Genetics, Ontologies, Host Cells, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Cell Biology, DNA, Genome Analysis, biology.organism_classification, Viral Replication, 030104 developmental biology, Viral replication, lcsh:Q, Gene expression, Viral Transmission and Infection
Abstract

Viruses are genetically diverse, infect a wide range of tissues and host cells and follow unique processes for replicating themselves. All these processes were investigated and indexed in ViralZone knowledge base. To facilitate standardizing data, a simple ontology of viral life-cycle terms was developed to provide a common vocabulary for annotating data sets. New terminology was developed to address unique viral replication cycle processes, and existing terminology was modified and adapted. The virus life-cycle is classically described by schematic pictures. Using this ontology, it can be represented by a combination of successive terms: “entry”, “latency”, “transcription”, “replication” and “exit”. Each of these parts is broken down into discrete steps. For example Zika virus “entry” is broken down in successive steps: “Attachment”, “Apoptotic mimicry”, “Viral endocytosis/ macropinocytosis”, “Fusion with host endosomal membrane”, “Viral factory”. To demonstrate the utility of a standard ontology for virus biology, this work was completed by annotating virus data in the ViralZone, UniProtKB and Gene Ontology databases.

Published
2017

23. Activities at the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt)

Author

Borisas Bursteinas, L-S Yeh, Klemens Pichler, Guillaume Keller, C Casal-Casas, Gerritsen, A Da Silva, Prudence Mutowo, Xavier D. Martin, Peter B. McGarvey, Volynkin, J Lew, K Sonesson, M. C. Blatter, L Pureza, Rodrigo Lopez, Anne Estreicher, Alex Bateman, Ramona Britto, A-L Veuthey, Penelope Garmiri, Patrick Masson, Baris E. Suzek, Cathy H. Wu, Paul Gane, Maria Jesus Martin, Shyamala Sundaram, Yasmin Alam-Faruque, Ioannis Xenarios, Alan Bridge, WM Chan, Guoying Qi, L Famiglietti, Christian J. A. Sigrist, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Hermann Zellner, Matthew Corbett, Monica Pozzato, Thierry Lombardot, S Staehli, Jerven Bolleman, Sylvain Poux, Séverine Duvaud, Tony Sawford, Chuming Chen, Xavier Watkins, Yuqi Wang, Elisabeth Gasteiger, Kati Laiho, Qinghua Wang, M Bingley, Lydie Bougueleret, Kristian B. Axelsen, Yongxing Chen, Salvo Paesano, Andrew Nightingale, Nicole Redaschi, Emma Hatton-Ellis, John S. Garavelli, Delphine Baratin, Darren A. Natale, Gayatri Chavali, E de Castro, Leslie Arminski, Damien Lieberherr, Elena Cibrian-Uhalte, Catherine Rivoire, Bernd Roechert, Yerramalla, Hongzhan Huang, Alistair MacDougall, Edd Turner, Maria Victoria Schneider, Aleksandra Shypitsyna, Jie Zhang, Michele Magrane, Dolnide Dornevil, Lara, M Donnelly, F. Fazzini, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Emanuele Alpi, Benoit Bely, Brigitte Boeckmann, Rolf Apweiler, Rachael P. Huntley, Lionel Breuza, Sangya Pundir, Lorenzo Cerutti, Tunca Doğan, EB Casanova, P van Rensburg, Rabie Saidi, Jie Luo, Mickael Goujon, Laure Verbregue, Tony Wardell, W Liu, Andre Stutz, P Lemercier, Hamish McWilliam, Ivo Pedruzzi, P-A Binz, Sebastien Gehant, Béatrice A. Cuche, Carlos Bonilla, Duncan Legge, C. R. Vinayaka, Anne Morgat, Diego Poggioli, J Arganiska, Teresa Batista Neto, Emmanuel Boutet, Florence Jungo, Ursula Hinz, Parit Bansal, Sandra Orchard, Ricardo Antunes, Manuela Pruess, M Feuermann, S. Rosanoff, Claire O'Donovan, Cecilia N. Arighi, J. James, M Doche, Elisabeth Coudert, M De Giorgi, Reija Hieta, Sandrine Pilbout, Arnaud Gos, Michael Tognolli, Leyla Jael Garcia Castro, and Lucila Aimo

Subjects
Proteomics, 0303 health sciences, Internet, Representation (systemics), Genome database, Proteins, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Computational biology, Genomics, Biology, Ontology (information science), Universal Protein Resource, II. Protein sequence and structure, motifs and domains, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Ontology, Sequence Analysis, Protein, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Genetics, UniProt, Databases, Protein, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

The mission of the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) (http://www.uniprot.org) is to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive, high-quality and freely accessible resource of protein sequences and functional annotation. It integrates, interprets and standardizes data from literature and numerous resources to achieve the most comprehensive catalog possible of protein information. The central activities are the biocuration of the UniProt Knowledgebase and the dissemination of these data through our Web site and web services. UniProt is produced by the UniProt Consortium, which consists of groups from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the Protein Information Resource (PIR). UniProt is updated and distributed every 4 weeks and can be accessed online for searches or downloads.

Published
2013

24. The Gene Ontology: enhancements for 2011

Author

P D'Eustachio, Benjamin C. Hitz, Julie Park, Paul Browne, Douglas G. Howe, Cynthia J. Krieger, Kalpana Karra, Stan Laulederkind, Karen R. Christie, Susan Tweedie, Eurie L. Hong, Lydie Bougueleret, Michele Magrane, Cathy R. Gresham, Rolf Apweiler, Lisa Matthews, Dong Li, Philippa J. Talmud, Ioannis Xenarios, J. M. Cherry, Tanya Z. Berardini, Deborah A. Siegele, Rama Balakrishnan, D. Sitnikov, A. Auchinchloss, Selina S. Dwight, Tony Sawford, Paul J. Kersey, Ruth C. Lovering, Ruth Y. Eberhardt, Ursula Hinz, Lakshmi Pillai, Sylvain Poux, Edith D. Wong, Klemens Pichler, Kati Laiho, Malcolm J. Gardner, Stephen G. Oliver, Lionel Breuza, Kara Dolinski, P Lemercier, Kristian B. Axelsen, Midori A. Harris, Adrienne E. Zweifel, H. Drabkin, Guillaume Keller, Marek S. Skrzypek, Daniel M. Staines, Fiona M. McCarthy, Nicholas H. Brown, Mark D. McDowall, Antonia Lock, Mary Shimoyama, Maria C. Costanzo, Teresia Buza, S. Jimenez, Rex L. Chisholm, Paul W. Sternberg, Hui Wang, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Rebecca E. Foulger, Melinda R. Dwinell, Judith A. Blake, Marcus C. Chibucos, B. K. McIntosh, C. D. Amundsen, Jane Lomax, L Famiglietti, Tom Hayman, Michael Tognolli, Eva Huala, James C. Hu, Patrick Masson, Maria Jesus Martin, Benoit Bely, Shuai Weng, Heather C. Wick, E. Dimmer, L. Ni, Catherine Rivoire, Christopher J. Mungall, H. Sehra, P. Duek-Roggli, Maria Victoria Schneider, Dianna G. Fisk, Michael S. Livstone, Ivo Pedruzzi, Shyamala Sundaram, Donna K. Slonim, Isabelle Cusin, Stuart R. Miyasato, Timothy F. Lowry, Varsha K. Khodiyar, Seth Carbon, Elisabeth Coudert, Jürg Bähler, Juancarlos Chan, Evelyn Camon, Daniel P. Renfro, Anne Estreicher, M. C. Blatter, Robert S. Nash, P Gaudet, Sven Heinicke, K. Van Auken, Stacia R. Engel, Alan Bridge, Ralf Stephan, Mary E. Dolan, Shane C. Burgess, Petra Fey, Shur-Jen Wang, Damien Lieberherr, Duncan Legge, P. Porras Millán, Andre Stutz, Yasmin Alam-Faruque, Gail Binkley, Bernd Roechert, S. Branconi-Quintaje, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, S. Basu, Kim Rutherford, M. Moinat, Monte Westerfield, Arnaud Gos, Eleanor J Stanley, Valerie Wood, Ranjana Kishore, Diego Poggioli, S. Ferro-Rojas, Victoria Petri, Florence Jungo, Suzanna E. Lewis, Emmanuel Boutet, Warren A. Kibbe, M Feuermann, Claire O'Donovan, W. M. Chan, J. James, David P. Hill, Rachael P. Huntley, M. Gwinn Giglio, Paul Thomas, Jodi E. Hirschman, Paola Roncaglia, Gene Ontology Consortium, Blake, JA., Dolan, M., Drabkin, H., Hill, DP., Ni, L., Sitnikov, D., Burgess, S., Buza, T., Gresham, C., McCarthy, F., Pillai, L., Wang, H., Carbon, S., Lewis, SE., Mungall, CJ., Gaudet, P., Chisholm, RL., Fey, P., Kibbe, WA., Basu, S., Siegele, DA., McIntosh, BK., Renfro, DP., Zweifel, AE., Hu, JC., Brown, NH., Tweedie, S., Alam-Faruque, Y., Apweiler, R., Auchinchloss, A., Axelsen, K., Argoud-Puy, G., Bely, B., Blatter, M-., Bougueleret, L., Boutet, E., Branconi, S., Breuza, L., Bridge, A., Browne, P., Chan, WM., Coudert, E., Cusin, I., Dimmer, E., Duek-Roggli, P., Eberhardt, R., Estreicher, A., Famiglietti, L., Ferro-Rojas, S., Feuermann, M., Gardner, M., Gos, A., Gruaz-Gumowski, N., Hinz, U., Hulo, C., Huntley, R., James, J., Jimenez, S., Jungo, F., Keller, G., Laiho, K., Legge, D., Lemercier, P., Lieberherr, D., Magrane, M., Martin, MJ., Masson, P., Moinat, M., O'Donovan, C., Pedruzzi, I., Pichler, K., Poggioli, D., Porras Millán, P., Poux, S., Rivoire, C., Roechert, B., Sawford, T., Schneider, M., Sehra, H., Stanley, E., Stutz, A., Sundaram, S., Tognolli, M., Xenarios, I., Foulger, R., Lomax, J., Roncaglia, P., Camon, E., Khodiyar, VK., Lovering, RC., Talmud, PJ., Chibucos, M., Gwinn Giglio, M., Dolinski, K., Heinicke, S., Livstone, MS., Stephan, R., Harris, MA., Oliver, SG., Rutherford, K., Wood, V., Bahler, J., Lock, A., Kersey, PJ., McDowall, MD., Staines, DM., Dwinell, M., Shimoyama, M., Laulederkind, S., Hayman, T., Wang, S-., Petri, V., Lowry, T., D'Eustachio, P., Matthews, L., Amundsen, CD., Balakrishnan, R., Binkley, G., Cherry, JM., Christie, KR., Costanzo, MC., Dwight, SS., Engel, SR., Fisk, DG., Hirschman, JE., Hitz, BC., Hong, EL., Karra, K., Krieger, CJ., Miyasato, SR., Nash, RS., Park, J., Skrzypek, MS., Weng, S., Wong, ED., Berardini, TZ., Li, D., Huala, E., Slonim, D., Wick, H., Thomas, P., Chan, J., Kishore, R., Sternberg, P., Van Auken, K., Howe, D., and Westerfield, M.

Subjects
Quality Control, 0303 health sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Databases, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Annotation/standards, Vocabulary, Controlled, Inference, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Articles, Biology, Ontology (information science), World Wide Web, Open Biomedical Ontologies, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, 0302 clinical medicine, Resource (project management), Controlled vocabulary, Genetics, Social media, Function (engineering), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology, media_common
Abstract

The Gene Ontology (GO) (http://www.geneontology.org) is a community bioinformatics resource that represents gene product function through the use of structured, controlled vocabularies. The number of GO annotations of gene products has increased due to curation efforts among GO Consortium (GOC) groups, including focused literature-based annotation and ortholog-based functional inference. The GO ontologies continue to expand and improve as a result of targeted ontology development, including the introduction of computable logical definitions and development of new tools for the streamlined addition of terms to the ontology. The GOC continues to support its user community through the use of e-mail lists, social media and web-based resources.

Published
2011

25. euHCVdb: the European hepatitis C virus database

Author

Céline Charavay, Christian Trepo, Philippe Le Mercier, Nicolas Garnier, Daniel Crisan, Emmanuel Bettler, Charles M. Rice, Chantal Hulo, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Julien Lopez, Christophe Geourjon, François Penin, Delphine Grando, Ralf Bartenschlager, Christophe Combet, Alexandre Dehne-Garcia, Helmut M. Diepolder, Darius Moradpour, Gilbert Deléage, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
MESH: Databases, Protein, Models, Molecular, MESH: Sequence Analysis, Protein, Protein Conformation, Hepatitis C virus, Genome, Viral, Hepacivirus, Viral quasispecies, Biology, computer.software_genre, medicine.disease_cause, Genome, User-Computer Interface, Viral Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Protein Conformation, Gene mapping, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Genetics, medicine, MESH: Hepacivirus, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Databases, Protein, MESH: User-Computer Interface, 030304 developmental biology, Sequence (medicine), Internet, 0303 health sciences, Database, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Genomics, Genomics, Articles, Hepatitis C, medicine.disease, MESH: Viral Proteins, Subtyping, 3. Good health, MESH: Internet, Molecular virology, MESH: Genome, Viral, computer, MESH: Models, Molecular
Abstract

International audience; The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome shows remarkable sequence variability, leading to the classification of at least six major genotypes, numerous subtypes and a myriad of quasispecies within a given host. A database allowing researchers to investigate the genetic and structural variability of all available HCV sequences is an essential tool for studies on the molecular virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis C as well as drug design and vaccine development. We describe here the European Hepatitis C Virus Database (euHCVdb, http://euhcvdb.ibcp.fr), a collection of computer-annotated sequences based on reference genomes. The annotations include genome mapping of sequences, use of recommended nomenclature, subtyping as well as three-dimensional (3D) molecular models of proteins. A WWW interface has been developed to facilitate database searches and the export of data for sequence and structure analyses. As part of an international collaborative effort with the US and Japanese databases, the European HCV Database (euHCVdb) is mainly dedicated to HCV protein sequences, 3D structures and functional analyses.

Published
2007

26. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteomics resource at BioAfrica

Author

Patrick Masson, Tulio de Oliveira, Philippe Le Mercier, Chantal Hulo, Megan Druce, and Paula Sommer

Subjects
Resource (biology), ViralZone, medicine.drug_class, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), virus diseases, Drug resistance, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Proteomics, Bioinformatics, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), medicine, UniProt, Antiviral drug
Abstract

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS, one of the Worlds' deadliest infections, with approximately 34 million people currently infected with HIV. As a result, numerous HIV research has been carried out in the past 30 years, producing a large number of publications. This has highlighted the need for comprehensive, accurate and well-annotated HIV resources that allow for easy access to reliable information that is normally difficult to find. Furthermore, with the increase in antiviral drug resistance there is an ever-growing necessity for the development of novel antiviral therapies. Considering that the current antiviral drugs target specific HIV proteins, extensive knowledge of these proteins is required by researchers. The BioAfrica HIV proteomics resource was developed in 2005 to provide users with the latest information on HIV-1 proteins1. This included information on protein structure, post-translational and transcriptional modifications, gene expression, protein function, and protein-protein interactions; as well as to provide links to relevant bioinformatics tools. This resource has been very popular over the years and has been referenced in UniProt. In a joint-collaboration between Africa Centre and the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), the BioAfrica HIV proteomics resource has been updated to include current knowledge on HIV protein research. Furthermore, additional features to the resource have been added; including information on HIV-1/human protein-protein interactions, genomic location and sequence information, HIV anti-retrovirals and drug resistance mutations, as well as links to relevant HIV databases. In addition, this proteomics resource has been linked to a comprehensive and well-annotated HIV resource that has curated knowledge on aspects of the HIV life cycle. This HIV resource is housed in ViralZone (http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/4976.html) and was created as part of the same Swiss-South Africa collaboration. The BioAfrica HIV proteomics resource is publically accessible via the BioAfrica website (http://bioafrica.net/proteomics/HIVproteome.html).

Published
2015

27. Bacterial Virus Ontology; Coordinating across Databases

Author

Chantal Hulo, Patrick Masson, Edouard de Castro, Sylvain Poux, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Ariane Toussaint, Philippe Le Mercier, David Osumi-Sutherland, Lydie Bougueleret, and Ioannis Xenarios

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Databases, Factual, ViralZone, viruses, 030106 microbiology, computer.software_genre, Genome, Article, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Terminology as Topic, life-cycle, Virology, phage, Bacteriophages, ontology, Pathologie maladies infectieuses, Genetics, Life-cycle, biology, Database, Ontology, Lambda phage, biology.organism_classification, Virus Release, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Biological Ontologies, Viral replication, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Phage, Sciences pharmaceutiques, Bacterial virus, Viral genome circularization, computer
Abstract

Bacterial viruses, also called bacteriophages, display a great genetic diversity and utilize unique processes for infecting and reproducing within a host cell. All these processes were investigated and indexed in the ViralZone knowledge base. To facilitate standardizing data, a simple ontology of viral life-cycle terms was developed to provide a common vocabulary for annotating data sets. New terminology was developed to address unique viral replication cycle processes, and existing terminology was modified and adapted. Classically, the viral life-cycle is described by schematic pictures. Using this ontology, it can be represented by a combination of successive events: entry, latency, transcription/replication, host-virus interactions and virus release. Each of these parts is broken down into discrete steps. For example enterobacteria phage lambda entry is broken down in: viral attachment to host adhesion receptor, viral attachment to host entry receptor, viral genome ejection and viral genome circularization. To demonstrate the utility of a standard ontology for virus biology, this work was completed by annotating virus data in the ViralZone, UniProtKB and Gene Ontology databases., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2017

28. UniProt: a hub for protein information

Author

Ursula Hinz, Prudence Mutowo, Laure Verbregue, Weizhong Li, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Hermann Zellner, Shyamala Sundaram, P Lemercier, Guoying Qi, Parit Bansal, Tony Sawford, Sebastien Gehant, Delphine Baratin, Francesco Fazzini, Monica Pozzato, Séverine Duvaud, Lai-Su L. Yeh, Nicole Redaschi, Emma Hatton-Ellis, Darren A. Natale, Damien Lieberherr, Luis Figueira, Bernd Roechert, Borisas Bursteinas, Gayatri Chavali, Brigitte Boeckmann, Cristina Casal-Casas, Baris E. Suzek, Cathy H. Wu, Paul Gane, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Klemens Pichler, Rachael P. Huntley, Sangya Pundir, Alan Bridge, Edouard de Castro, Benoit Bely, Kristian B. Axelsen, Emmanuel Boutet, Andre Stutz, Penelope Garmiri, Christian J. A. Sigrist, John S. Garavelli, Rolf Apweiler, Peter B. McGarvey, Patrick Masson, Maria Jesus Martin, K Sonesson, Xavier Watkins, Ioannis Xenarios, Vladimir Volynkin, Hamish McWilliam, Mark Bingley, Guillaume Keller, Hongzhan Huang, Rabie Saidi, Sylvain Poux, Tunca Doğan, Yuqi Wang, Diego Poggioli, Rodrigo Lopez, Alistair MacDougall, Kati Laiho, Qinghua Wang, W Liu, Carlos Bonilla, Duncan Legge, C. R. Vinayaka, Anne Morgat, Thierry Lombardot, Jerven Bolleman, Nevila Nouspikel, Aleksandra Shypitsyna, Emanuele Alpi, Yongxing Chen, Anne Lise Veuthey, Andrew Nightingale, Béatrice A. Cuche, Alex Bateman, Ramona Britto, Alan Wilter Sousa da Silva, Jie Luo, Lionel Breuza, Marie Claude Blatter, Elena Cibrian-Uhalte, Michel Schneider, Chuming Chen, Michele Magrane, L Famiglietti, Meher Shruti Yerramalla, Lydie Bougueleret, Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen, Anne Estreicher, Dolnide Dornevil, Catherine Rivoire, Jian Zhang, S Staehli, Andrew Peter Cowley, Tony Wardell, Ivo Pedruzzi, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Salvo Paesano, Elisabeth Gasteiger, Luis Pureza, Marc Feuermann, Leslie Arminski, Xavier D. Martin, Teresa Batista Neto, Steven Rosanoff, Florence Jungo, Sandra Orchard, Claire O'Donovan, Elisabeth Coudert, Ricardo Antunes, Sandrine Pilbout, Vicente Lara, Arnaud Gos, Reija Hieta, Manuela Pruess, Joanna Arganiska, Edward Turner, Maurizio De Giorgi, M Doche, Cecilia N. Arighi, Michael Tognolli, Leyla Jael Garcia Castro, and Lucila Aimo

Subjects
Proteome, Computer science, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Computational biology, Accession number (bioinformatics), DNA sequencing, World Wide Web, Identifier, Annotation, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Genetics, Database Issue, natural sciences, UniProt, Databases, Protein
Abstract

UniProt is an important collection of protein sequences and their annotations, which has doubled in size to 80 million sequences during the past year. This growth in sequences has prompted an extension of UniProt accession number space from 6 to 10 characters. An increasing fraction of new sequences are identical to a sequence that already exists in the database with the majority of sequences coming from genome sequencing projects. We have created a new proteome identifier that uniquely identifies a particular assembly of a species and strain or subspecies to help users track the provenance of sequences. We present a new website that has been designed using a user-experience design process. We have introduced an annotation score for all entries in UniProt to represent the relative amount of knowledge known about each protein. These scores will be helpful in identifying which proteins are the best characterized and most informative for comparative analysis. All UniProt data is provided freely and is available on the web at http://www.uniprot.org/.

Published
2014

29. Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource

Author

Vicente Lara, Arnaud Gos, Nikolas Pontikos, L. Bollondi, L Famiglietti, Barker Wc, Chuming Chen, Michael Tognolli, Patrick Masson, Salvo Paesano, Tony Sawford, Sandrine Pilbout, Jerven Bolleman, Jian Zhang, S Staehli, Elisabeth Gasteiger, David Binns, Ursula Hinz, Nadine Gruaz-Gumowski, Chantal Hulo, Maria Jesus Martin, M. Corbett, Veuthey Al, Paul Browne, Guillaume Keller, S. Jimenez, Roberts Nv, Brigitte Boeckmann, Natale Da, Suzek Be, Edward Turner, T. Kappler, Steven Rosanoff, Leslie Arminski, Florence Jungo, M Donnelly, P. Dubey, Ruth Y. Eberhardt, Lydie Bougueleret, Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen, Maria Victoria Schneider, Lionel Breuza, Isabelle Cusin, Delphine Baratin, E. Dimmer, Rachael P. Huntley, Julius O.B. Jacobsen, Arighi Cn, Quintaje Sb, Alan Bridge, Nicole Redaschi, Shyamala Sundaram, Peter B. McGarvey, Rebecca E. Foulger, Duncan Legge, Andre Stutz, Monica Pozzato, Raja Mazumder, Anne Morgat, M Doche, K Sonesson, Anne Estreicher, Blatter Mc, Manuela Pruess, Serenella Ferro, Séverine Duvaud, F. Fazzini, Rolf Apweiler, Natarajan Tg, E. Stanley, M Feuermann, Claire O'Donovan, J. James, Ivo Pedruzzi, Castro Lg, Wu Ch, M Bingley, W Liu, He Huang, Bernd Roechert, Laure Verbregue, Elisabeth Coudert, Ioannis Xenarios, M. Moinat, Sandra Orchard, P Lemercier, Damien Lieberherr, Ricardo Antunes, Ghislaine Argoud-Puy, Sebastien Gehant, Qiang Wang, Klemens Pichler, S. Patient, Nicolas Hulo, Diego Poggioli, J. Nchoutmboube, Emmanuel Boutet, H. Sehra, Chan Wm, Yasmin Alam-Faruque, M. Kleen, Van Rensburg P, Kati Laiho, Kristian B. Axelsen, John S. Garavelli, Christian J. A. Sigrist, Amos Marc Bairoch, Yongxing Chen, A. Fedotov, Yeh Ls, Sylvain Poux, Lynette Bower, Quan Lin, Daniel Barrell, Benoit Bely, U. Ugochukwu, Xavier D. Martin, Catherine Rivoire, E. Decastro, Jie Luo, Alain Gateau, Michele Magrane, Dolnide Dornevil, Vinayaka Cr, Andrea H. Auchincloss, Yuqi Wang, An algorithmic view on genomes, cells, and environments (BAMBOO), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne] (SIB), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation (IMEP-LAHC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie et de physique des milieux condensés (IMPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UniProt Consortium, Apweiler, R., Martin, MJ., O'Donovan, C., Magrane, M., Alam-Faruque, Y., Antunes, R., Barrell, D., Bely, B., Bingley, M., Binns, D., Bower, L., Browne, P., Chan, WM., Dimmer, E., Eberhardt, R., Fazzini, F., Fedotov, A., Foulger, R., Garavelli, J., Castro, LG., Huntley, R., Jacobsen, J., Kleen, M., Laiho, K., Legge, D., Lin, Q., Liu, W., Luo, J., Orchard, S., Patient, S., Pichler, K., Poggioli, D., Pontikos, N., Pruess, M., Rosanoff, S., Sawford, T., Sehra, H., Turner, E., Corbett, M., Donnelly, M., van Rensburg, P., Xenarios, I., Bougueleret, L., Auchincloss, A., Argoud-Puy, G., Axelsen, K., Bairoch, A., Baratin, D., Blatter, MC., Boeckmann, B., Bolleman, J., Bollondi, L., Boutet, E., Quintaje, SB., Breuza, L., Bridge, A., deCastro, E., Coudert, E., Cusin, I., Doche, M., Dornevil, D., Duvaud, S., Estreicher, A., Famiglietti, L., Feuermann, M., Gehant, S., Ferro, S., Gasteiger, E., Gateau, A., Gerritsen, V., Gos, A., Gruaz-Gumowski, N., Hinz, U., Hulo, C., Hulo, N., James, J., Jimenez, S., Jungo, F., Kappler, T., Keller, G., Lara, V., Lemercier, P., Lieberherr, D., Martin, X., Masson, P., Moinat, M., Morgat, A., Paesano, S., Pedruzzi, I., Pilbout, S., Poux, S., Pozzato, M., Redaschi, N., Rivoire, C., Roechert, B., Schneider, M., Sigrist, C., Sonesson, K., Staehli, S., Stanley, E., Stutz, A., Sundaram, S., Tognolli, M., Verbregue, L., Veuthey, AL., Wu, CH., Arighi, CN., Arminski, L., Barker, WC., Chen, C., Chen, Y., Dubey, P., Huang, H., Mazumder, R., McGarvey, P., Natale, DA., Natarajan, TG., Nchoutmboube, J., Roberts, NV., Suzek, BE., Ugochukwu, U., Vinayaka, CR., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Yeh, LS., and Zhang, J.

Subjects
Proteomics, 0303 health sciences, Sequence database, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, Proteins, Articles, Computational biology, Biology, Bioinformatics, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Systems Integration, Universal Protein Resource, 03 medical and health sciences, Information resource, Protein sequencing, Sequence Analysis, Protein, Metagenomics, UniProt Knowledgebase, Genetics, Databases, Protein/trends, Proteins/chemistry, Proteins/genetics, UniProt, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], Databases, Protein, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

International audience; The primary mission of Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) is to support biological research by maintaining a stable, comprehensive, fully classified, richly and accurately annotated protein sequence knowledgebase, with extensive cross-references and querying interfaces freely accessible to the scientific community. UniProt is produced by the UniProt Consortium which consists of groups from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the Protein Information Resource (PIR). UniProt is comprised of four major components, each optimized for different uses: the UniProt Archive, the UniProt Knowledgebase, the UniProt Reference Clusters and the UniProt Metagenomic and Environmental Sequence Database. UniProt is updated and distributed every 4 weeks and can be accessed online for searches or download at http://www.uniprot.org.

Published
2011

30. Collaborative annotation of genes and proteins between UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and dictyBase

Author

Ruchira S. Datta, Rex L. Chisholm, Michel Schneider, Alan Bridge, Catherine Rivoire, Sylvain Poux, Séverine Duvaud, Alain Gateau, P. Lemercier, W.C. de Lima, Elisabeth Coudert, Chantal Hulo, Emmanuel Boutet, Petra Fey, Ursula Hinz, Michael Tognolli, E. Stanley, Kristian B. Axelsen, Bernd Roechert, Amos Marc Bairoch, M. Moinat, Lydie Lane, A. Nikolskaya, Florence Jungo, Ivo Pedruzzi, P. Brown, Kimmen Sjölander, T. de Oliveira Lima, J. James, S. Jimenez, S. Braconi Quintaje, Guillaume Keller, Damien Lieberherr, Pascale Gaudet, S. Ferro Rojas, Andrea H. Auchincloss, N. Farriol-Mathis, Marc Feuermann, Lydie Bougueleret, Gaudet, Pascale, Lane, Lydie, Bridge, Alan James, Poux, Sylvain, Auchincloss Damay, Andréa, Axelsen, Kristian Buhl, Braconi Quintaje, Silvia, Boutet, Emmanuel, Coudert, Elisabeth, Lima, Wanessa Cristina, De Oliveira Lima, Tania, Duvaud, Séverine, Farriol-Mathis, Nathalie, Ferro Rojas, Serenella, Feuermann, Marc, Gateau, Alain, Hinz, Ursula, Hulo, Chantal, James, Janet, Jimenez, Silvia, Jungo, Florence, Keller, Guillaume Bertrand, Le Mercier, Philippe, Lieberherr, Damien, Moinat-Stuenkel, Ann Madelaine, Pedruzzi, Ivo, Rivoire, Catherine, Roechert, Bernd, Schneider, Michel, Tognolli, Michael, Bougueleret, Lydie, and Bairoch, Amos Marc

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Model organism database, biology, Protein database, Computational biology, DictyBase, biology.organism_classification, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Dictyostelium discoideum, World Wide Web, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Original Article, ddc:576, UniProt, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Information Systems
Abstract

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, a curated protein database, and dictyBase, the Model Organism Database for Dictyostelium discoideum, have established a collaboration to improve data sharing. One of the major steps in this effort was the 'Dicty annotation marathon', a week-long exercise with 30 annotators aimed at achieving a major increase in the number of D. discoideum proteins represented in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. The marathon led to the annotation of over 1000 D. discoideum proteins in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Concomitantly, there were a large number of updates in dictyBase concerning gene symbols, protein names and gene models. This exercise demonstrates how UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot can work in very close cooperation with model organism databases and how the annotation of proteins can be accelerated through those collaborations.

Published
2009

31. Representing virus-host interactions and other multi-organism processes in the Gene Ontology

Author

Patrick Masson, Chantal Hulo, Rebecca E. Foulger, P. Le Mercier, Jane Lomax, B. K. McIntosh, Sylvain Poux, and David Osumi-Sutherland

Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic), Microbiology (medical), ViralZone, Ontology, Annotation, Host, Computational biology, Biology, Ontology (information science), Bioinformatics, Microbiology, Virus, Set (abstract data type), Database, Gene Ontology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Viruses, Humans, ComputingMethodologies_GENERAL, UniProt, Host (network), Organism, Virus Physiological Phenomena
Abstract

Background The Gene Ontology project is a collaborative effort to provide descriptions of gene products in a consistent and computable language, and in a species-independent manner. The Gene Ontology is designed to be applicable to all organisms but up to now has been largely under-utilized for prokaryotes and viruses, in part because of a lack of appropriate ontology terms. Methods To address this issue, we have developed a set of Gene Ontology classes that are applicable to microbes and their hosts, improving both coverage and quality in this area of the Gene Ontology. Describing microbial and viral gene products brings with it the additional challenge of capturing both the host and the microbe. Recognising this, we have worked closely with annotation groups to test and optimize the GO classes, and we describe here a set of annotation guidelines that allow the controlled description of two interacting organisms. Conclusions Building on the microbial resources already in existence such as ViralZone, UniProtKB keywords and MeGO, this project provides an integrated ontology to describe interactions between microbial species and their hosts, with mappings to the external resources above. Housing this information within the freely-accessible Gene Ontology project allows the classes and annotation structure to be utilized by a large community of biologists and users.

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