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1. Accumulation of soil microbial extracellular and cellular residues during forest rewilding: Implications for soil carbon stabilization in older plantations

Author

National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Liao, Jiahui [0000-0003-3689-9073], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Yan, Zhengming [0009-0002-7602-743X], Ren, Tingting [0000-0002-7843-5683], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Shi, Ke, Liao, Jiahui, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Yan, Zhengming, Ren, Tingting, Ruan, Honghua, National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Liao, Jiahui [0000-0003-3689-9073], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Yan, Zhengming [0009-0002-7602-743X], Ren, Tingting [0000-0002-7843-5683], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Shi, Ke, Liao, Jiahui, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Yan, Zhengming, Ren, Tingting, and Ruan, Honghua

Abstract

Soil microbial residues are a critical component of stable soil organic carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems. Plantations are anticipated to increase soil stable carbon stocks and contribute toward addressing global climate change. How rewilding, as a strategy to restore the multiple ecological functions of plantations, affects soil microbial residues remains to be elucidated. Here, we divided microbial residues into extracellular residues (using extracellular polymeric substances, i.e., EPS, as a proxy) and cellular residues (estimated by amino sugars) and investigated the changes in their accumulation over four decades (6–45 years) of Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantation development. It was found that forest rewilding resulted in a linear accumulation of soil microbial residues and enhanced their contributions to the soil organic carbon. Specifically, EPS-polysaccharide increased by 126.5%, while the total cellular residue carbon, fungal cellular residue carbon, and bacterial cellular residue carbon increased by 73.4%, 77.2%, and 54.3%, respectively. Correspondingly, the contributions of EPS-polysaccharide and total cellular residue carbon to the soil organic carbon increased by 66.1% and 32.1%, respectively. The main drivers behind extracellular and cellular residues differed, with fine root biomass being the main driver of extracellular residues, while soil nitrogen and organic carbon content were the main drivers of cellular residues. Our study demonstrated that through rewilding, microbial extracellular and cellular residues could continuously accumulate in soils and contribute significantly to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon, highlighting the need to incorporate both microbial residues into soil carbon models to address global climate change. The results suggested that plantations should be allowed to grow older rather than being prematurely harvested, as they promote soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, which has important implications f

Published
2024

2. Increased fine root production coupled with reduced aboveground production of plantations under a three-year experimental drought

Author

National Key Research and Development Program (China), Yancheng Teachers University, Jiangsu Forestry, Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Liu, Yuwei [0009-0002-5276-9033], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Wang, Cuiting, Sun, Yuan, Zou, Xiaoming, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Yang, Jingyan, Wang, Guobing, Liu, Yuwei, Ruan, Honghua, National Key Research and Development Program (China), Yancheng Teachers University, Jiangsu Forestry, Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Liu, Yuwei [0009-0002-5276-9033], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Wang, Cuiting, Sun, Yuan, Zou, Xiaoming, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Yang, Jingyan, Wang, Guobing, Liu, Yuwei, and Ruan, Honghua

Abstract

Climate change has led to more frequent and intense droughts. A better understanding of forest production under drought stress is critical for assessing the resilience of forests and their capacity to deliver ecosystem services under climate change. However, the direction and magnitude of drought effects on aboveground and belowground forest ecosystem components remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a drought experiment including 30 % and 50 % throughfall reduction in a poplar plantation in the eastern coast of China to test how different drought intensities affected aboveground and fine root production. We further investigated the responses of soil physicochemical properties (e.g., soil moisture, soil pH, soil carbon, and soil nitrogen), and microbial properties (e.g., total microbial biomass, fungi:bacteria ratios, and Gram+:Gram− bacteria ratios) to drought. We found that the aboveground production decreased by 12.2 % and 19.3 % following 30 % and 50 % drought intensities, respectively. However, fine root production increased by 21.6 % and 35.1 % under 30 % and 50 % drought intensities, respectively. Moreover, all above- and belowground components exhibited stronger responses to 50 % compared with 30 % drought intensity. Our results provide some of the first direct evidence for simultaneous responses of forest above- and belowground production to moderate and intense droughts, by demonstrating that fine root production is more sensitive than aboveground production to both levels of drought stress.

Published
2024

3. Unreported role of earthworms as decomposers of soil extracellular polymeric substance

Author

National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program (China), Liao, Jiahui [0000-0003-3689-9073], Ren, Tingting [0000-0002-7843-5683], Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Liao, Jiahui, Li, Yuanyuan, Ni, Juanping, Ren, Tingting, Shi, Ke, Zou, Xiaoming, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Ruan, Honghua, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program (China), Liao, Jiahui [0000-0003-3689-9073], Ren, Tingting [0000-0002-7843-5683], Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Liao, Jiahui, Li, Yuanyuan, Ni, Juanping, Ren, Tingting, Shi, Ke, Zou, Xiaoming, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, and Ruan, Honghua

Abstract

Soil microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are important components of soil organic carbon (SOC), which are thought to promote the formation of soil structures and induce the stabilization of SOC. Earthworms may not only stimulate the production of EPS through the promotion of microbial activity and microbial biomass, but might also accelerate the decomposition of EPS via ingestion, resulting in SOC sequestration or loss. However, the exact impacts of earthworms on EPS in soils have never been evaluated. Here, a pioneering experiment involving two species of endogeic earthworms (Drawida gisti and Metaphire guillelmi) with different body sizes was conducted to investigate their impacts on soil EPS. It was found that the D. gisti and M. guillelmi earthworms reduced the soil EPS-protein concentrations by 12.6 % and 17.6 %, respectively; however, they did not affect the EPS-polysaccharide concentration. Moreover, the presence of these endogeic earthworms increased soil microbial biomass, and elevated microbial respiration, microbial metabolic quotient, dissolved organic carbon, and soil pH. The results of this study provide the first evidence for the decoupling effects of earthworms on extracellular residual components. This suggests that earthworms may alter the molecular composition of SOM, thereby influencing its persistence and soil-atmosphere carbon exchange.

Published
2024

4. Linking fine root lifespan to root chemical and morphological traits—A global analysis

Author

Hou, J., Reich, P.B., Sun, T., Phillips, R.P., Lambers, H., Chen, H.Y.H., Ding, Y., Comas, L.H., Valverde-Barrantes, O.J., Solly, Emily, Freschet, G.T., Hou, J., Reich, P.B., Sun, T., Phillips, R.P., Lambers, H., Chen, H.Y.H., Ding, Y., Comas, L.H., Valverde-Barrantes, O.J., Solly, Emily, and Freschet, G.T.

Abstract

Fine root lifespan is a critical trait associated with contrasting root strategies of resource acquisition and protection. Yet, its position within the multidimensional “root economics space” synthesizing global root economics strategies is largely uncertain, and it is rarely represented in frameworks integrating plant trait variations. Here, we compiled the most comprehensive dataset of absorptive median root lifespan (MRL) data including 98 observations from 79 woody species using (mini-)rhizotrons across 40 sites and linked MRL to other plant traits to address questions of the regulators of MRL at large spatial scales. We demonstrate that MRL not only decreases with plant investment in root nitrogen (associated with more metabolically active tissues) but also increases with construction of larger diameter roots which is often associated with greater plant reliance on mycorrhizal symbionts. Although theories linking organ structure and function suggest that root traits should play a role in modulating MRL, we found no correlation between root traits associated with structural defense (root tissue density and specific root length) and MRL. Moreover, fine root and leaf lifespan were globally unrelated, except among evergreen species, suggesting contrasting evolutionary selection between leaves and roots facing contrasting environmental influences above vs. belowground. At large geographic scales, MRL was typically longer at sites with lower mean annual temperature and higher mean annual precipitation. Overall, this synthesis uncovered several key ecophysiological covariates and environmental drivers of MRL, highlighting broad avenues for accurate parametrization of global biogeochemical models and the understanding of ecosystem response to global climate change.

Published
2024

5. Fungal necromass is reduced by intensive drought in subsoil but not in topsoil

Author

National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Liu, Yuwei [0009-0002-5276-9033], Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Liu, Yuwei, Zou, Xiaoming, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Wang, Cuiting, Zhang, Chen, Ruan, Honghua, National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Liu, Yuwei [0009-0002-5276-9033], Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Liu, Yuwei, Zou, Xiaoming, Chen, H.Y.H., Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Wang, Cuiting, Zhang, Chen, and Ruan, Honghua

Abstract

The frequency and intensity of droughts worldwide are challenging the conservation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Microbial necromass is a key component of SOC, but how it responds to drought at specific soil depths remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted a 3-year field experiment in a forest plantation to investigate the impacts of drought intensities under three treatments (ambient control [CK], moderate drought [30% throughfall removal], and intensive drought [50% throughfall removal]) on soil microbial necromass pools (i.e., bacterial necromass carbon, fungal necromass carbon, and total microbial necromass carbon). We showed that the effects of drought on microbial necromass depended on microbial groups, soil depth, and drought intensity. While moderate drought increased total (+9.1% ± 3.3%) and fungal (+13.5% ± 4.9%) necromass carbon in the topsoil layer (0–15 cm), intensive drought reduced total (−31.6% ± 3.7%) and fungal (−43.6% ± 4.0%) necromass in the subsoil layer (15–30 cm). In contrast, both drought treatments significantly increased the BNC in the topsoil and subsoil. Our results suggested that the effects of drought on the microbial necromass of the subsoil were more pronounced than those of the topsoil. This study highlights the complex responses of microbial necromass to drought events depending on microbial community structure, drought intensity and soil depth with global implications when forecasting carbon cycling under climate change.

Published
2023

6. Soil fauna alter the responses of greenhouse gas emissions to changes in water and nitrogen availability

Author

National Science Foundation (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, Ontario Research Fund, Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Li, Yuanyuan, Liao, Jiahui, Chen, H.Y.H., Zou, Xiaoming, Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Ni, Juanping, Ren, Tingting, Xu, Hanmei, Ruan, Honghua, National Science Foundation (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Andalucía, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, Ontario Research Fund, Chen, H.Y.H. [0000-0001-9477-5541], Zou, Xiaoming [0000-0001-9023-3067], Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel [0000-0002-6499-576X], Ruan, Honghua [0000-0002-6075-474X], Li, Yuanyuan, Liao, Jiahui, Chen, H.Y.H., Zou, Xiaoming, Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, Ni, Juanping, Ren, Tingting, Xu, Hanmei, and Ruan, Honghua

Abstract

Fertilization and drought are two of the most important global change drivers that impacting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil organisms are among the fundamental biotic drivers of biogeochemical cycles and can play critical roles in mitigating global change. However, the contributions of soil macrofauna in explaining the responses of GHG emissions to fertilization and drought remain poorly understood. Here, we designed a three-factor microcosm experiment to examine how soil macrofauna (no fauna, earthworms, and millipedes) alter the responses of CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions, as well as the C and N contents in response to contrasting levels of N (N0: without N addition, N+: N addition) and available soil water (40% and 60% of soil water holding capacity). We show that soil fauna were significant regulators of CO2 and N2O emissions in response to changes in water and N availability, as supported by multiple identified statistical interactions. Millipedes were observed to reduce the positive influence of soil water availability on soil CO2 emissions in response to the addition of N. Similarly, earthworms weakened the effects of elevated N and water availability on soil N2O emissions. Moreover, CH4 emissions occurred only when millipedes were present. The structural equation models revealed that earthworms and millipedes modified soil CO2 and N2O emissions through their influences on soil total dissolved nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon. Overall, this study demonstrated that soil macrofauna can notably mediate the responses of GHG emissions and soil biogeochemical cycles to global environmental changes.

Published
2023

7. Native diversity buffers against severity of non-native tree invasions

Author

Delavaux, C., Crowther, T., Zohner, C., Robmann, N., Lauber, T., van den Hoogen, J., Kuebbing, S., Liang, J., de-Miguel, S., Nabuurs, G.-J., Reich, P.B., Abegg, M., Adou Yao, Y.C., Alberti, G., Almeyda Zambrano, A.M., Alvarado, B.V., Alvarez-Dávila, E., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Alves, L.F., Ammer, C., Antón-Fernández, C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arroyo, L., Avitabile, V., Aymard, G.A., Baker, T.R., Bałazy, R., Banki, O., Barroso, J.G., Bastian, M.L., Bastin, J.-F., Birigazzi, L., Birnbaum, P., Bitariho, R., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Bouriaud, O., Brancalion, P.H.S., Brandl, S., Brienen, R., Broadbent, E.N., Bruelheide, H., Bussotti, F., Gatti, R.C., César, R.G., Cesljar, G., Chazdon, R., Chen, H.Y.H., Chisholm, C., Cho, H., Cienciala, E., Clark, C., Clark, D., Colletta, G.D., Coomes, D.A., Cornejo Valverde, F., Corral-Rivas, J.J., Crim, P.M., Cumming, J.R., Dayanandan, S., de Gasper, A.L., Decuyper, M., Derroire, G., DeVries, B., Djordjevic, I., Dolezal, J., Dourdain, A., Engone Obiang, N.L., Enquist, B.J., Eyre, T.J., Fandohan, A.B., Fayle, T.M., Feldpausch, T.R., Ferreira, L.V., Fischer, M., Fletcher, C., Frizzera, L., Gamarra, J.G.P., Gianelle, D., Glick, H.B., Harris, D.J., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Hengeveld, G., Hérault, B., Herbohn, J.L., Herold, M., Hillers, A., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Hui, C., Ibanez, T.T., Amaral, I., Imai, N., Jagodziński, A.M., Jaroszewicz, B., Johannsen, V.K., Joly, C.A., Jucker, T., Jung, I., Karminov, V., Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kenfack, D., Kennard, D.K., Kepfer-Rojas, S., Keppel, G., Khan, M.L., Killeen, T.J., Kim, H.S., Kitayama, K., Köhl, M., Korjus, H., Kraxner, F., Laarmann, D., Lang, M., Lewis, S.L., Lu, H., Lukina, N.V., Maitner, B.S., Malhi, Y., Marcon, E., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Martin, E.H., Martynenko, O., Meave, J.A., Melo-Cruz, O., Mendoza, C., Merow, C., Mendoza, A.M., Moreno, V.S., Mukul, S.A., Mundhenk, P., Nava-Miranda, M.G., Neill, D., Neldner, V., Nevenic, R., Ngugi, M., Niklaus, P., Oleksyn, J., Ontikov, P., Ortiz-Malavasi, E., Pan, Y., Paquette, A., Parada-Gutierrez, A., Parfenova, E., Park, M., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Peri, P., Pfautsch, S., Phillips, O., Picard, N., Piedade, M., Piotto, D., Pitman, N., Polo, I., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A., Pretzsch, H., Ramirez Arevalo, F., Restrepo-Correa, Z., Rodeghiero, M., Rolim, S., Roopsind, A., Rovero, F., Rutishauser, E., Saikia, P., Salas-Eljatib, C., Saner, P., Schall, P., Shchepashchenko, D., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Schöngart, J., Searle, E., Seben, V., Serra-Diaz, J., Sheil, D., Shvidenko, A., Silva-Espejo, J., Silveira, M., Singh, J., Sist, P., Slik, F., Sonké, B., Souza, A., Stanislaw, M., Stereńczak, K., Svenning, J.-C., Svoboda, M., Swanepoel, B., Targhetta, N., Tchebakova, N., ter Steege, H., Thomas, R., Tikhonova, E., Umunay, P., Usoltsev, V., Valencia, R., Valladares, F., van der Plas, F., Do, T.V., van Nuland, M., Vasquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Viana, H., Vibrans, A., Vieira, S., von Gadow, K., Wang, H.-F., Watson, J., Werner, G., Wiser, S.K., Wittmann, F., Woell, H., Wortel, V., Zagt, R., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Zhou, M., Zhu, Z.-X., Zo-Bi, I., Maynard, D., Delavaux, C., Crowther, T., Zohner, C., Robmann, N., Lauber, T., van den Hoogen, J., Kuebbing, S., Liang, J., de-Miguel, S., Nabuurs, G.-J., Reich, P.B., Abegg, M., Adou Yao, Y.C., Alberti, G., Almeyda Zambrano, A.M., Alvarado, B.V., Alvarez-Dávila, E., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Alves, L.F., Ammer, C., Antón-Fernández, C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arroyo, L., Avitabile, V., Aymard, G.A., Baker, T.R., Bałazy, R., Banki, O., Barroso, J.G., Bastian, M.L., Bastin, J.-F., Birigazzi, L., Birnbaum, P., Bitariho, R., Boeckx, P., Bongers, F., Bouriaud, O., Brancalion, P.H.S., Brandl, S., Brienen, R., Broadbent, E.N., Bruelheide, H., Bussotti, F., Gatti, R.C., César, R.G., Cesljar, G., Chazdon, R., Chen, H.Y.H., Chisholm, C., Cho, H., Cienciala, E., Clark, C., Clark, D., Colletta, G.D., Coomes, D.A., Cornejo Valverde, F., Corral-Rivas, J.J., Crim, P.M., Cumming, J.R., Dayanandan, S., de Gasper, A.L., Decuyper, M., Derroire, G., DeVries, B., Djordjevic, I., Dolezal, J., Dourdain, A., Engone Obiang, N.L., Enquist, B.J., Eyre, T.J., Fandohan, A.B., Fayle, T.M., Feldpausch, T.R., Ferreira, L.V., Fischer, M., Fletcher, C., Frizzera, L., Gamarra, J.G.P., Gianelle, D., Glick, H.B., Harris, D.J., Hector, A., Hemp, A., Hengeveld, G., Hérault, B., Herbohn, J.L., Herold, M., Hillers, A., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Hui, C., Ibanez, T.T., Amaral, I., Imai, N., Jagodziński, A.M., Jaroszewicz, B., Johannsen, V.K., Joly, C.A., Jucker, T., Jung, I., Karminov, V., Kartawinata, K., Kearsley, E., Kenfack, D., Kennard, D.K., Kepfer-Rojas, S., Keppel, G., Khan, M.L., Killeen, T.J., Kim, H.S., Kitayama, K., Köhl, M., Korjus, H., Kraxner, F., Laarmann, D., Lang, M., Lewis, S.L., Lu, H., Lukina, N.V., Maitner, B.S., Malhi, Y., Marcon, E., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Martin, E.H., Martynenko, O., Meave, J.A., Melo-Cruz, O., Mendoza, C., Merow, C., Mendoza, A.M., Moreno, V.S., Mukul, S.A., Mundhenk, P., Nava-Miranda, M.G., Neill, D., Neldner, V., Nevenic, R., Ngugi, M., Niklaus, P., Oleksyn, J., Ontikov, P., Ortiz-Malavasi, E., Pan, Y., Paquette, A., Parada-Gutierrez, A., Parfenova, E., Park, M., Parren, M., Parthasarathy, N., Peri, P., Pfautsch, S., Phillips, O., Picard, N., Piedade, M., Piotto, D., Pitman, N., Polo, I., Poorter, L., Poulsen, A., Pretzsch, H., Ramirez Arevalo, F., Restrepo-Correa, Z., Rodeghiero, M., Rolim, S., Roopsind, A., Rovero, F., Rutishauser, E., Saikia, P., Salas-Eljatib, C., Saner, P., Schall, P., Shchepashchenko, D., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schmid, B., Schöngart, J., Searle, E., Seben, V., Serra-Diaz, J., Sheil, D., Shvidenko, A., Silva-Espejo, J., Silveira, M., Singh, J., Sist, P., Slik, F., Sonké, B., Souza, A., Stanislaw, M., Stereńczak, K., Svenning, J.-C., Svoboda, M., Swanepoel, B., Targhetta, N., Tchebakova, N., ter Steege, H., Thomas, R., Tikhonova, E., Umunay, P., Usoltsev, V., Valencia, R., Valladares, F., van der Plas, F., Do, T.V., van Nuland, M., Vasquez, R., Verbeeck, H., Viana, H., Vibrans, A., Vieira, S., von Gadow, K., Wang, H.-F., Watson, J., Werner, G., Wiser, S.K., Wittmann, F., Woell, H., Wortel, V., Zagt, R., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T., Zhang, C., Zhao, X., Zhou, M., Zhu, Z.-X., Zo-Bi, I., and Maynard, D.

Abstract

Determining the drivers of non-native plant invasions is critical for managing native ecosystems and limiting the spread of invasive species1,2. Tree invasions in particular have been relatively overlooked, even though they have the potential to transform ecosystems and economies3,4. Here, leveraging global tree databases5-7, we explore how the phylogenetic and functional diversity of native tree communities, human pressure and the environment influence the establishment of non-native tree species and the subsequent invasion severity. We find that anthropogenic factors are key to predicting whether a location is invaded, but that invasion severity is underpinned by native diversity, with higher diversity predicting lower invasion severity. Temperature and precipitation emerge as strong predictors of invasion strategy, with non-native species invading successfully when they are similar to the native community in cold or dry extremes. Yet, despite the influence of these ecological forces in determining invasion strategy, we find evidence that these patterns can be obscured by human activity, with lower ecological signal in areas with higher proximity to shipping ports. Our global perspective of non-native tree invasion highlights that human drivers influence non-native tree presence, and that native phylogenetic and functional diversity have a critical role in the establishment and spread of subsequent invasions.

Published
2023
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8. Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests

Author

Venier, L.A., Thompson, I.D., Fleming, R., Malcolm, J., Aubin, I., Trofymow, J.A., Langor, D., Sturrock, R., Patry, C., Outerbridge, R.O., Holmes, S.B., Haeussler, S., De Grandpre, L., Chen, H.Y.H., Bayne, E., Arsenault, A., and Brandt, J.P.

Subjects
Biological diversity -- Analysis, Economic development -- Analysis -- Canada, Taigas -- Research -- Environmental aspects, Forest management -- Methods -- Analysis, Environmental issues
Abstract

Much of Canada's terrestrial biodiversity is supported by boreal forests. Natural resource development in boreal forests poses risks to this biodiversity. This paper reviews the scientific literature to assess the effects of natural resource development on terrestrial biodiversity in Canadian boreal forests. We address four questions: (1) To what extent have Canadian boreal forests changed due to natural resource development? (2) How has biodiversity responded to these changes? (3) Will the biodiversity of second-growth forests converge with that of primary boreal forests? (4) Are we losing species from boreal forests? We focus on trees, understory plants, insects, fungi, selected mammals, and songbirds because these groups have been most studied. We review more than 600 studies and found that changes in community composition are prevalent in response to large-scale conversion of forest types, changes in stand structures and age distributions, and altered landscape structure resulting from forest management and habitat loss associated with other developments such as oil and gas, hydroelectric, and mining. The southern boreal forest has been more highly impacted than the north due to more extensive forest management and the cumulative effects of multiple forms of development. There is abundant evidence that most species are not in danger of being extirpated from the boreal forest due to these anthropogenic changes. A few species, including woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), have, however, undergone long-term range contractions. Significant gaps in our ability to assess the effects of natural resource development on biodiversity in the boreal zone are the lack of long-term spatial and population data to monitor the impact of forest changes on ecosystems and species. Key words: terrestrial biodiversity, boreal forest, natural resource development, forest management, forest conversion. Une bonne partie de la biodiversite du Canada se retrouve en foret boreale. Le developpement des ressources naturelles dans des forets boreales presente des risques pour cette biodiversite. Les auteurs presentent une revue de la litterature pour evaluer les effets du developpement des ressources naturelles sur la biodiversite terrestre dans les forets boreales canadiennes. Ils ont souleve quatre questions: (1) jusqu'il quel point les forets boreales canadiennes se sont vues modifiees par le developpement des ressources naturelles ? (2) Comment la biodiversite a-t-elle reagi a ces changements ? (3) Y aura-t-il convergence de la biodiversite des forets de seconde venue avec celle des forets boreales primaires ? (4) Subissons-nous des pertes d'especes en forets boreales ? Les auteurs se sont interesses en particulier aux arbres, aux plantes de sous-bois, aux insectes, aux champignons, a des mammiferes et oiseaux chanteurs selectionnes, car ces groupes ont ete les plus etudies. Ils ont suivi plus de 600 especes et ont constate que les changements de composition prevalent en reaction a des modifications a grande echelle des types forestiers, des changements de la structure, des classes d'age, des modifications aux structures des paysages resultant de l'amenagement forestier, ainsi que des pertes d'habitat associees avec d'autres developpements comme l'huile, le gaz, l'hydroelectricite et les mines. La partie meridionale de la foret boreale a recu plus d'impacts que la partie nordique suite a des amenagements forestiers plus intensifs et aux effets cumulatifs des diverses formes de developpement. Il y a beaucoup de preuves que la plupart des especes ne se retrouvent pas en danger d'extinction en forets boreales sous l'influence de modifications anthropogenes. Quelques especes, incluant le caribou forestier (Rangifer tarandus) et l'ours grizzly (Ursus arctos) ont cependant subi des contractions d'habitat a long terme. On observe des deficiences significatives dans notre capacite a evaluer les effets du developpement des ressources naturelles sur la biodiversite dans la zone boreale, du a l'absence de donnees spatiales et a long terme sur les populations, pour suivre l'impact des modifications forestieres sur les ecosystemes et les especes. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: biodiversite terrestre, foret boreale, developpement des ressources naturelles, amenagement forestier, conversion des forets., 1. Introduction Biodiversity, broadly defined as the variety of life and its processes, including genes, species, communities, and ecosystems and the ecological and evolutionary processes that keep them functioning (Noss [...]

Published
2014
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10. Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire: an expert assessment

Author

Abbott, B.W., Jones, J.B., Schuur, E.A.G., Chapin III, F.S., Bowden, W.B., Bret-Harte, M.S., Epstein, H.E., Flannigan, M.D., Harms, T.K., Hollingsworth, T.N., Mack, M.C., McGuire, A.D., Natali, S.M., Rocha, A.V., Tank, S.E., Turetsky, M.R., Vonk, J.E., Wickland, K.P., Aiken, G.R., Alexander, H.D., Amon, R.M.W., Benscoter, B.W., Bergeron, Y., Bishop, K., Blarquez, O., Bond-Lamberty, B., Breen, A.L., Buffam, I., Cai, Y., Carcaillet, C., Carey, S.K., Chen, J.M., Chen, H.Y.H., Christensen, T.R., Cooper, L.W., Cornelissen, J.H.C., de Groot, W.J., DeLuca, T.H., Dorrepaal, E., Fetcher, N., Finlay, J.C., Forbes, B.C., French, N.H.F., Gauthier, S., Girardin, M.P., Goetz, S.J., Goldammer, J.G., Gough, L., Grogan, P., Guo, L., Higuera, P.E., Hinzman, L., Hu, F.S., Hugelius, G., Jafarov, E.E., Jandt, R., Johnstone, J.F., Karlsson, J., Kasischke, E.S., Kattner, G., Kelly, R., Keuper, F., Kling, G.W., Kortelainen, P., Kouki, J., Kuhry, P., Laudon, H., Laurion, I., Macdonald, R.W., Mann, P.J., Martikainen, P.J., McClelland, J.W., Molau, U., Oberbauer, S.F., Olefeldt, D., Paré, D., Parisien, M., Payette, S., Peng, C., Pokrovsky, O.S., Rastetter, E.B., Raymond, P.A., Raynolds, M.K., Rein, G., Reynolds, J.F., Robards, M., Rogers, B.M., Schädel, C., Schaefer, K., Schmidt, I.K., Shvidenko, A., Sky, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Starr, G., Striegl, R.G., Teisserenc, R., Tranvik, L.J., Virtanen, T., Welker, J.M., Zimov, S., Abbott, B.W., Jones, J.B., Schuur, E.A.G., Chapin III, F.S., Bowden, W.B., Bret-Harte, M.S., Epstein, H.E., Flannigan, M.D., Harms, T.K., Hollingsworth, T.N., Mack, M.C., McGuire, A.D., Natali, S.M., Rocha, A.V., Tank, S.E., Turetsky, M.R., Vonk, J.E., Wickland, K.P., Aiken, G.R., Alexander, H.D., Amon, R.M.W., Benscoter, B.W., Bergeron, Y., Bishop, K., Blarquez, O., Bond-Lamberty, B., Breen, A.L., Buffam, I., Cai, Y., Carcaillet, C., Carey, S.K., Chen, J.M., Chen, H.Y.H., Christensen, T.R., Cooper, L.W., Cornelissen, J.H.C., de Groot, W.J., DeLuca, T.H., Dorrepaal, E., Fetcher, N., Finlay, J.C., Forbes, B.C., French, N.H.F., Gauthier, S., Girardin, M.P., Goetz, S.J., Goldammer, J.G., Gough, L., Grogan, P., Guo, L., Higuera, P.E., Hinzman, L., Hu, F.S., Hugelius, G., Jafarov, E.E., Jandt, R., Johnstone, J.F., Karlsson, J., Kasischke, E.S., Kattner, G., Kelly, R., Keuper, F., Kling, G.W., Kortelainen, P., Kouki, J., Kuhry, P., Laudon, H., Laurion, I., Macdonald, R.W., Mann, P.J., Martikainen, P.J., McClelland, J.W., Molau, U., Oberbauer, S.F., Olefeldt, D., Paré, D., Parisien, M., Payette, S., Peng, C., Pokrovsky, O.S., Rastetter, E.B., Raymond, P.A., Raynolds, M.K., Rein, G., Reynolds, J.F., Robards, M., Rogers, B.M., Schädel, C., Schaefer, K., Schmidt, I.K., Shvidenko, A., Sky, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Starr, G., Striegl, R.G., Teisserenc, R., Tranvik, L.J., Virtanen, T., Welker, J.M., and Zimov, S.

Abstract

As the permafrost region warms, its large organic carbon pool will be increasingly vulnerable to decomposition, combustion, and hydrologic export. Models predict that some portion of this release will be offset by increased production of Arctic and boreal biomass; however, the lack of robust estimates of net carbon balance increases the risk of further overshooting international emissions targets. Precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors driving carbon balance are unlikely in the near future, so to address this gap, we present estimates from 98 permafrost-region experts of the response of biomass, wildfire, and hydrologic carbon flux to climate change. Results suggest that contrary to model projections, total permafrost-region biomass could decrease due to water stress and disturbance, factors that are not adequately incorporated in current models. Assessments indicate that end-of-the-century organic carbon release from Arctic rivers and collapsing coastlines could increase by 75% while carbon loss via burning could increase four-fold. Experts identified water balance, shifts in vegetation community, and permafrost degradation as the key sources of uncertainty in predicting future system response. In combination with previous findings, results suggest the permafrost region will become a carbon source to the atmosphere by 2100 regardless of warming scenario but that 65%–85% of permafrost carbon release can still be avoided if human emissions are actively reduced.

Published
2016

11. Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests

Author

Liang, J., Crowther, Thomas Ward, Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, Ernst‐Detlef, McGuire, A.D., Bozzato, F., Pretzsch, H., De-Miguel, Sergio, Paquette, A., Hérault, Bruno, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Barrett, C.B., Glick, H.B., Hengeveld, G.M., Nabuurs, G.J., Pfautsch, S., Viana, H., Vibrans, A.C., Ammer, C., Schall, P., Verbyla, D., Tchebakova, N., Fischer, Markus, Watson, J.V., Chen, H.Y.H., Lei, X., Schelhaas, M.J., Lu, H., Gianelle, D., Parfenova, E.I., Salas, C., Lee, E., Lee, B., Kim, H.S., Bruelheide, H., Coomes, David A., Piotto, D., Sunderland, T., Schmid, B., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Sonké, B., Tavani, R., Zhu, J., Brandl, S., Vayreda, J., Kitahara, F., Valladares Ros, Fernando, Liang, J., Crowther, Thomas Ward, Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, Ernst‐Detlef, McGuire, A.D., Bozzato, F., Pretzsch, H., De-Miguel, Sergio, Paquette, A., Hérault, Bruno, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Barrett, C.B., Glick, H.B., Hengeveld, G.M., Nabuurs, G.J., Pfautsch, S., Viana, H., Vibrans, A.C., Ammer, C., Schall, P., Verbyla, D., Tchebakova, N., Fischer, Markus, Watson, J.V., Chen, H.Y.H., Lei, X., Schelhaas, M.J., Lu, H., Gianelle, D., Parfenova, E.I., Salas, C., Lee, E., Lee, B., Kim, H.S., Bruelheide, H., Coomes, David A., Piotto, D., Sunderland, T., Schmid, B., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Sonké, B., Tavani, R., Zhu, J., Brandl, S., Vayreda, J., Kitahara, F., and Valladares Ros, Fernando

Abstract

The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone - US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation - is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.

Published
2016

12. Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests1.

Author

Venier, L.A., Thompson, I.D., Fleming, R., Malcolm, J., Aubin, I., Trofymow, J.A., Langor, D., Sturrock, R., Patry, C., Outerbridge, R.O., Holmes, S.B., Haeussler, S., De Grandpré, L., Chen, H.Y.H., Bayne, E., Arsenault, A., and Brandt, J.P.

Subjects
FOREST management, TAIGAS, PLANT growth, HABITATS, NATURAL resources
Abstract

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2014
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13. Root structure of western hemlock and western redcedar in single- and mixed-species stands.

Author

Wang, X.L., Klinka, K., Chen, H.Y.H., and de Montigny, L.

Subjects
PLANT roots, EASTERN hemlock, EASTERN redcedar
Abstract

Analyzes the structural pattern of roots in pure hemlock, pure redcedar and mixed-stands in British Columbia. Variations in the density of roots along the lateral gradient among stand types and root size classes; Potential of some forest sites to support mixed-species stands; Use of the vertical and horizontal distributions of root density in describing the root structural pattern.

Published
2002
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14. The number of tree species on Earth

Author

Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Peter B. Reich, Javier G. P. Gamarra, Tom Crowther, Cang Hui, Albert Morera, Jean-Francois Bastin, Sergio de-Miguel, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Jens-Christian Svenning, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Cory Merow, Brian Enquist, Maria Kamenetsky, Junho Lee, Jun Zhu, Jinyun Fang, Douglass F. Jacobs, Bryan Pijanowski, Arindam Banerjee, Robert A. Giaquinto, Giorgio Alberti, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Esteban Alvarez-Davila, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Valerio Avitabile, Gerardo A. Aymard, Radomir Balazy, Chris Baraloto, Jorcely G. Barroso, Meredith L. Bastian, Philippe Birnbaum, Robert Bitariho, Jan Bogaert, Frans Bongers, Olivier Bouriaud, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Francis Q. Brearley, Eben North Broadbent, Filippo Bussotti, Wendeson Castro da Silva, Ricardo Gomes César, Goran Češljar, Víctor Chama Moscoso, Han Y. H. Chen, Emil Cienciala, Connie J. Clark, David A. Coomes, Selvadurai Dayanandan, Mathieu Decuyper, Laura E. Dee, Jhon Del Aguila Pasquel, Géraldine Derroire, Marie Noel Kamdem Djuikouo, Tran Van Do, Jiri Dolezal, Ilija Đ. Đorđević, Julien Engel, Tom M. Fayle, Ted R. Feldpausch, Jonas K. Fridman, David J. Harris, Andreas Hemp, Geerten Hengeveld, Bruno Herault, Martin Herold, Thomas Ibanez, Andrzej M. Jagodzinski, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Tommaso Jucker, Ahto Kangur, Victor N. Karminov, Kuswata Kartawinata, Deborah K. Kennard, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Gunnar Keppel, Mohammed Latif Khan, Pramod Kumar Khare, Timothy J. Kileen, Hyun Seok Kim, Henn Korjus, Amit Kumar, Ashwani Kumar, Diana Laarmann, Nicolas Labrière, Mait Lang, Simon L. Lewis, Natalia Lukina, Brian S. Maitner, Yadvinder Malhi, Andrew R. Marshall, Olga V. Martynenko, Abel L. Monteagudo Mendoza, Petr V. Ontikov, Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi, Nadir C. Pallqui Camacho, Alain Paquette, Minjee Park, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Pablo Luis Peri, Pascal Petronelli, Sebastian Pfautsch, Oliver L. Phillips, Nicolas Picard, Daniel Piotto, Lourens Poorter, John R. Poulsen, Hans Pretzsch, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Mirco Rodeghiero, Rocío Del Pilar Rojas Gonzáles, Samir G. Rolim, Francesco Rovero, Ervan Rutishauser, Purabi Saikia, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Vladimír Šebeň, Marcos Silveira, Ferry Slik, Bonaventure Sonké, Alexandre F. Souza, Krzysztof Jan Stereńczak, Miroslav Svoboda, Hermann Taedoumg, Nadja Tchebakova, John Terborgh, Elena Tikhonova, Armando Torres-Lezama, Fons van der Plas, Rodolfo Vásquez, Helder Viana, Alexander C. Vibrans, Emilio Vilanova, Vincent A. Vos, Hua-Feng Wang, Bertil Westerlund, Lee J. T. White, Susan K. Wiser, Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Lise Zemagho, Zhi-Xin Zhu, Irié C. Zo-Bi, Jingjing Liang, Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto, Reich, Peter B, Gamarra, Javier GP, Crowther, Tom, Keppel, Gunnar, Liang, Jingjing, Cazzolla Gatti R., Reich P.B., Gamarra J.G.P., Crowther T., Hui C., Morera A., Bastin J.-F., de-Miguel S., Nabuurs G.-J., Svenning J.-C., Serra-Diaz J.M., Merow C., Enquist B., Kamenetsky M., Lee J., Zhu J., Fang J., Jacobs D.F., Pijanowski B., Banerjee A., Giaquinto R.A., Alberti G., Almeyda Zambrano A.M., Alvarez-Davila E., Araujo-Murakami A., Avitabile V., Aymard G.A., Balazy R., Baraloto C., Barroso J.G., Bastian M.L., Birnbaum P., Bitariho R., Bogaert J., Bongers F., Bouriaud O., Brancalion P.H.S., Brearley F.Q., Broadbent E.N., Bussotti F., Castro da Silva W., Cesar R.G., Cesljar G., Chama Moscoso V., Chen H.Y.H., Cienciala E., Clark C.J., Coomes D.A., Dayanandan S., Decuyper M., Dee L.E., Del Aguila Pasquel J., Derroire G., Djuikouo M.N.K., Van Do T., Dolezal J., Dordevic I.D., Engel J., Fayle T.M., Feldpausch T.R., Fridman J.K., Harris D.J., Hemp A., Hengeveld G., Herault B., Herold M., Ibanez T., Jagodzinski A.M., Jaroszewicz B., Jeffery K.J., Johannsen V.K., Jucker T., Kangur A., Karminov V.N., Kartawinata K., Kennard D.K., Kepfer-Rojas S., Keppel G., Khan M.L., Khare P.K., Kileen T.J., Kim H.S., Korjus H., Kumar A., Laarmann D., Labriere N., Lang M., Lewis S.L., Lukina N., Maitner B.S., Malhi Y., Marshall A.R., Martynenko O.V., Monteagudo Mendoza A.L., Ontikov P.V., Ortiz-Malavasi E., Pallqui Camacho N.C., Paquette A., Park M., Parthasarathy N., Peri P.L., Petronelli P., Pfautsch S., Phillips O.L., Picard N., Piotto D., Poorter L., Poulsen J.R., Pretzsch H., Ramirez-Angulo H., Restrepo Correa Z., Rodeghiero M., Rojas Gonzales R.D.P., Rolim S.G., Rovero F., Rutishauser E., Saikia P., Salas-Eljatib C., Schepaschenko D., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Seben V., Silveira M., Slik F., Sonke B., Souza A.F., Sterenczak K.J., Svoboda M., Taedoumg H., Tchebakova N., Terborgh J., Tikhonova E., Torres-Lezama A., van der Plas F., Vasquez R., Viana H., Vibrans A.C., Vilanova E., Vos V.A., Wang H.-F., Westerlund B., White L.J.T., Wiser S.K., Zawila-Niedzwiecki T., Zemagho L., Zhu Z.-X., Zo-Bi I.C., Liang J., Purdue University [West Lafayette], University of Wisconsin-Madison, FAO Forestry, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto [0000-0001-5130-8492], Reich, Peter B [0000-0003-4424-662X], Hui, Cang [0000-0002-3660-8160], Morera, Albert [0000-0002-6777-169X], de-Miguel, Sergio [0000-0002-9738-0657], Svenning, Jens-Christian [0000-0002-3415-0862], Serra-Diaz, Josep M [0000-0003-1988-1154], Alberti, Giorgio [0000-0003-2422-3009], Bongers, Frans [0000-0002-8431-6189], Bouriaud, Olivier [0000-0002-8046-466X], Brancalion, Pedro HS [0000-0001-8245-4062], César, Ricardo Gomes [0000-0002-3392-8089], Chen, Han YH [0000-0001-9477-5541], Cienciala, Emil [0000-0002-1254-4254], Coomes, David [0000-0002-8261-2582], Djuikouo, Marie Noel Kamdem [0000-0003-0064-5151], Van Do, Tran [0000-0001-9059-5842], Feldpausch, Ted R [0000-0002-6631-7962], Jaroszewicz, Bogdan [0000-0002-2042-8245], Jeffery, Kathryn J [0000-0002-2632-0008], Kennard, Deborah K [0000-0003-4842-8260], Kim, Hyun Seok [0000-0002-3440-6071], Labrière, Nicolas [0000-0002-8037-2001], Maitner, Brian S [0000-0002-2118-9880], Malhi, Yadvinder [0000-0002-3503-4783], Peri, Pablo Luis [0000-0002-5398-4408], Phillips, Oliver L [0000-0002-8993-6168], Poorter, Lourens [0000-0003-1391-4875], Poulsen, John R [0000-0002-1532-9808], Salas-Eljatib, Christian [0000-0002-8468-0829], Schepaschenko, Dmitry [0000-0002-7814-4990], Silveira, Marcos [0000-0003-0485-7872], Slik, Ferry [0000-0003-3988-7019], Sonké, Bonaventure [0000-0002-4310-3603], Terborgh, John [0000-0003-1853-8311], Wiser, Susan K [0000-0002-8938-8181], Liang, Jingjing [0000-0001-9439-9320], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Coomes, David A [0000-0002-8261-2582]

Subjects
Cambios Antropogénicos, Richness, SAMPLE, Earth, Planet, Rarity, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, DIVERSITY, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Trees, forest, Bioma, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Biome, espèce (taxon), HETEROGENEITY, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Forest Biodiversity, hyperdominance, Riqueza de Especies, Ecosystem Services, biodiversity, forests, hyperdominance, rarity, richness, biodiversity, Multidisciplinary, Hyperdominance, Overall Scale, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Biodiversity, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Écologie des populations, PE&RC, COVERAGE, Boscos i silvicultura, Biometris, Forest Ecosystems, ABUNDANCE, Anthropogenic Changes, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversité, леса, Conservation of Natural Resources, F40 - Écologie végétale, Servicios de los Ecosistemas, Vulnerability, ECOLOGIA DE POPULAÇÕES, Arbre, ECOLOGY, Biodiversidad, forests, rarity, richness, Ecosistemas Forestales, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, COMPLETENESS, Árboles, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Richness Species, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, K70 - Dégâts causés aux forêts et leur protection, Biodiversidad Forestal, Escala Global, Vegetatie, деревья, Vegetation, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, biodiversité forestière, биоразнообразие, PATTERNS, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Vulnerabilidad
Abstract

One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119 (6), ISSN:0027-8424, ISSN:1091-6490

Published
2022

15. Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

Author

Jingjing Liang, Javier G. P. Gamarra, Nicolas Picard, Mo Zhou, Bryan Pijanowski, Douglass F. Jacobs, Peter B. Reich, Thomas W. Crowther, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Sergio de-Miguel, Jingyun Fang, Christopher W. Woodall, Jens-Christian Svenning, Tommaso Jucker, Jean-Francois Bastin, Susan K. Wiser, Ferry Slik, Bruno Hérault, Giorgio Alberti, Gunnar Keppel, Geerten M. Hengeveld, Pierre L. Ibisch, Carlos A. Silva, Hans ter Steege, Pablo L. Peri, David A. Coomes, Eric B. Searle, Klaus von Gadow, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Akane O. Abbasi, Meinrad Abegg, Yves C. Adou Yao, Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Jan Altman, Esteban Alvarez-Dávila, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González, Luciana F. Alves, Bienvenu H. K. Amani, Christian A. Amani, Christian Ammer, Bhely Angoboy Ilondea, Clara Antón-Fernández, Valerio Avitabile, Gerardo A. Aymard, Akomian F. Azihou, Johan A. Baard, Timothy R. Baker, Radomir Balazy, Meredith L. Bastian, Rodrigue Batumike, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Nithanel Mikael Hendrik Benu, Robert Bitariho, Pascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Frans Bongers, Olivier Bouriaud, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Susanne Brandl, Francis Q. Brearley, Jaime Briseno-Reyes, Eben N. Broadbent, Helge Bruelheide, Erwin Bulte, Ann Christine Catlin, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Ricardo G. César, Han Y. H. Chen, Chelsea Chisholm, Emil Cienciala, Gabriel D. Colletta, José Javier Corral-Rivas, Anibal Cuchietti, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Javid A. Dar, Selvadurai Dayanandan, Thales de Haulleville, Mathieu Decuyper, Sylvain Delabye, Géraldine Derroire, Ben DeVries, John Diisi, Tran Van Do, Jiri Dolezal, Aurélie Dourdain, Graham P. Durrheim, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Teresa J. Eyre, Tom M. Fayle, Lethicia Flavine N. Feunang, Leena Finér, Markus Fischer, Jonas Fridman, Lorenzo Frizzera, André L. de Gasper, Damiano Gianelle, Henry B. Glick, Maria Socorro Gonzalez-Elizondo, Lev Gorenstein, Richard Habonayo, Olivier J. Hardy, David J. Harris, Andrew Hector, Andreas Hemp, Martin Herold, Annika Hillers, Wannes Hubau, Thomas Ibanez, Nobuo Imai, Gerard Imani, Andrzej M. Jagodzinski, Stepan Janecek, Vivian Kvist Johannsen, Carlos A. Joly, Blaise Jumbam, Banoho L. P. R. Kabelong, Goytom Abraha Kahsay, Viktor Karminov, Kuswata Kartawinata, Justin N. Kassi, Elizabeth Kearsley, Deborah K. Kennard, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Mohammed Latif Khan, John N. Kigomo, Hyun Seok Kim, Carine Klauberg, Yannick Klomberg, Henn Korjus, Subashree Kothandaraman, Florian Kraxner, Amit Kumar, Relawan Kuswandi, Mait Lang, Michael J. Lawes, Rodrigo V. Leite, Geoffrey Lentner, Simon L. Lewis, Moses B. Libalah, Janvier Lisingo, Pablito Marcelo López-Serrano, Huicui Lu, Natalia V. Lukina, Anne Mette Lykke, Vincent Maicher, Brian S. Maitner, Eric Marcon, Andrew R. Marshall, Emanuel H. Martin, Olga Martynenko, Faustin M. Mbayu, Musingo T. E. Mbuvi, Jorge A. Meave, Cory Merow, Stanislaw Miscicki, Vanessa S. Moreno, Albert Morera, Sharif A. Mukul, Jörg C. Müller, Agustinus Murdjoko, Maria Guadalupe Nava-Miranda, Litonga Elias Ndive, Victor J. Neldner, Radovan V. Nevenic, Louis N. Nforbelie, Michael L. Ngoh, Anny E. N’Guessan, Michael R. Ngugi, Alain S. K. Ngute, Emile Narcisse N. Njila, Melanie C. Nyako, Thomas O. Ochuodho, Jacek Oleksyn, Alain Paquette, Elena I. Parfenova, Minjee Park, Marc Parren, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy, Sebastian Pfautsch, Oliver L. Phillips, Maria T. F. Piedade, Daniel Piotto, Martina Pollastrini, Lourens Poorter, John R. Poulsen, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Hans Pretzsch, Mirco Rodeghiero, Samir G. Rolim, Francesco Rovero, Ervan Rutishauser, Khosro Sagheb-Talebi, Purabi Saikia, Moses Nsanyi Sainge, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Antonello Salis, Peter Schall, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Bernhard Schmid, Jochen Schöngart, Vladimír Šebeň, Giacomo Sellan, Federico Selvi, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Douglas Sheil, Anatoly Z. Shvidenko, Plinio Sist, Alexandre F. Souza, Krzysztof J. Stereńczak, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Somaiah Sundarapandian, Miroslav Svoboda, Mike D. Swaine, Natalia Targhetta, Nadja Tchebakova, Liam A. Trethowan, Robert Tropek, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Peter Mbanda Umunay, Vladimir A. Usoltsev, Gaia Vaglio Laurin, Riccardo Valentini, Fernando Valladares, Fons van der Plas, Daniel José Vega-Nieva, Hans Verbeeck, Helder Viana, Alexander C. Vibrans, Simone A. Vieira, Jason Vleminckx, Catherine E. Waite, Hua-Feng Wang, Eric Katembo Wasingya, Chemuku Wekesa, Bertil Westerlund, Florian Wittmann, Verginia Wortel, Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Chunyu Zhang, Xiuhai Zhao, Jun Zhu, Xiao Zhu, Zhi-Xin Zhu, Irie C. Zo-Bi, Cang Hui, Liang, Jingjing, Gamarra, Javier GP, Picard, Nicolas, Zhou, Mo, Keppel, Gunnar, Hui, Cang, Liang J., Gamarra J.G.P., Picard N., Zhou M., Pijanowski B., Jacobs D.F., Reich P.B., Crowther T.W., Nabuurs G.-J., de-Miguel S., Fang J., Woodall C.W., Svenning J.-C., Jucker T., Bastin J.-F., Wiser S.K., Slik F., Herault B., Alberti G., Keppel G., Hengeveld G.M., Ibisch P.L., Silva C.A., ter Steege H., Peri P.L., Coomes D.A., Searle E.B., von Gadow K., Jaroszewicz B., Abbasi A.O., Abegg M., Yao Y.C.A., Aguirre-Gutierrez J., Zambrano A.M.A., Altman J., Alvarez-Davila E., Alvarez-Gonzalez J.G., Alves L.F., Amani B.H.K., Amani C.A., Ammer C., Ilondea B.A., Anton-Fernandez C., Avitabile V., Aymard G.A., Azihou A.F., Baard J.A., Baker T.R., Balazy R., Bastian M.L., Batumike R., Bauters M., Beeckman H., Benu N.M.H., Bitariho R., Boeckx P., Bogaert J., Bongers F., Bouriaud O., Brancalion P.H.S., Brandl S., Brearley F.Q., Briseno-Reyes J., Broadbent E.N., Bruelheide H., Bulte E., Catlin A.C., Cazzolla Gatti R., Cesar R.G., Chen H.Y.H., Chisholm C., Cienciala E., Colletta G.D., Corral-Rivas J.J., Cuchietti A., Cuni-Sanchez A., Dar J.A., Dayanandan S., de Haulleville T., Decuyper M., Delabye S., Derroire G., DeVries B., Diisi J., Do T.V., Dolezal J., Dourdain A., Durrheim G.P., Obiang N.L.E., Ewango C.E.N., Eyre T.J., Fayle T.M., Feunang L.F.N., Finer L., Fischer M., Fridman J., Frizzera L., de Gasper A.L., Gianelle D., Glick H.B., Gonzalez-Elizondo M.S., Gorenstein L., Habonayo R., Hardy O.J., Harris D.J., Hector A., Hemp A., Herold M., Hillers A., Hubau W., Ibanez T., Imai N., Imani G., Jagodzinski A.M., Janecek S., Johannsen V.K., Joly C.A., Jumbam B., Kabelong B.L.P.R., Kahsay G.A., Karminov V., Kartawinata K., Kassi J.N., Kearsley E., Kennard D.K., Kepfer-Rojas S., Khan M.L., Kigomo J.N., Kim H.S., Klauberg C., Klomberg Y., Korjus H., Kothandaraman S., Kraxner F., Kumar A., Kuswandi R., Lang M., Lawes M.J., Leite R.V., Lentner G., Lewis S.L., Libalah M.B., Lisingo J., Lopez-Serrano P.M., Lu H., Lukina N.V., Lykke A.M., Maicher V., Maitner B.S., Marcon E., Marshall A.R., Martin E.H., Martynenko O., Mbayu F.M., Mbuvi M.T.E., Meave J.A., Merow C., Miscicki S., Moreno V.S., Morera A., Mukul S.A., Muller J.C., Murdjoko A., Nava-Miranda M.G., Ndive L.E., Neldner V.J., Nevenic R.V., Nforbelie L.N., Ngoh M.L., N'Guessan A.E., Ngugi M.R., Ngute A.S.K., Njila E.N.N., Nyako M.C., Ochuodho T.O., Oleksyn J., Paquette A., Parfenova E.I., Park M., Parren M., Parthasarathy N., Pfautsch S., Phillips O.L., Piedade M.T.F., Piotto D., Pollastrini M., Poorter L., Poulsen J.R., Poulsen A.D., Pretzsch H., Rodeghiero M., Rolim S.G., Rovero F., Rutishauser E., Sagheb-Talebi K., Saikia P., Sainge M.N., Salas-Eljatib C., Salis A., Schall P., Schepaschenko D., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Schongart J., Seben V., Sellan G., Selvi F., Serra-Diaz J.M., Sheil D., Shvidenko A.Z., Sist P., Souza A.F., Sterenczak K.J., Sullivan M.J.P., Sundarapandian S., Svoboda M., Swaine M.D., Targhetta N., Tchebakova N., Trethowan L.A., Tropek R., Mukendi J.T., Umunay P.M., Usoltsev V.A., Vaglio Laurin G., Valentini R., Valladares F., van der Plas F., Vega-Nieva D.J., Verbeeck H., Viana H., Vibrans A.C., Vieira S.A., Vleminckx J., Waite C.E., Wang H.-F., Wasingya E.K., Wekesa C., Westerlund B., Wittmann F., Wortel V., Zawila-Niedzwiecki T., Zhang C., Zhao X., Zhu J., Zhu X., Zhu Z.-X., Zo-Bi I.C., Hui C., Purdue University [West Lafayette], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Groupement d'Interêt Public Ecosystèmes Forestiers GIP ECOFOR (GIP ECOFOR ), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and Stellenbosch University

Subjects
Bos- en Landschapsecologie, WASS, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Co-limitation, Ontwikkelingseconomie, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Trees, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Development Economics, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Life Science, Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, BIOS Plant Development Systems, Vegetatie, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, biogeography, biodiversity, Vegetation, Ecology, Biodiversity, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Latitudinal gradients, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Bioclimatic dominance, Biogeography, LATITUDE, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Corporate Governance & Legal Services, Tree, Global LDG
Abstract

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers. The team collaboration and manuscript development are supported by the web-based team science platform: science-i.org, with the project number 202205GFB2. We thank the following initiatives, agencies, teams and individuals for data collection and other technical support: the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI) for establishing the data standards and collaborative framework; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program; University of Alaska Fairbanks; the SODEFOR, Ivory Coast; University Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB, Ivory Coast); the Queensland Herbarium and past Queensland Government Forestry and Natural Resource Management departments and staff for data collection for over seven decades; and the National Forestry Commission of Mexico (CONAFOR). We thank M. Baker (Carbon Tanzania), together with a team of field assistants (Valentine and Lawrence); all persons who made the Third Spanish Forest Inventory possible, especially the main coordinator, J. A. Villanueva (IFN3); the French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns (raw data 2005 and following annual surveys, were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159; site accessed on 1 January 2015)); the Italian Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns raw data 2005 and following surveys were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/; site accessed on 27 April 2019); Swiss National Forest Inventory, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL and Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Switzerland; the Swedish NFI, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU; the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (89967 and 109244) and the South African Research Chair Initiative; the Danish National Forestry, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, UCPH; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES, grant number 88881.064976/2014-01); R. Ávila and S. van Tuylen, Instituto Nacional de Bosques (INAB), Guatemala, for facilitating Guatemalan data; the National Focal Center for Forest condition monitoring of Serbia (NFC), Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia; the Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (Germany) for providing National Forest Inventory data; the FAO and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for undertaking the SAFE (Safe Access to Fuel and Energy) and CBIT-Forest projects; and the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (AfriTRON) and the ForestPlots.net initiative for their contributions from Amazonian and African forests. The Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment are provided by the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank https://nvs.landcareresearch.co.nz/. We thank the International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA); the Forestry Corporation of New South Wales, Australia; the National Forest Directory of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of the Argentine Republic (MAyDS) for the plot data of the Second National Forest Inventory (INBN2); the National Forestry Authority and Ministry of Water and Environment of Uganda for their National Biomass Survey (NBS) dataset; and the Sabah Biodiversity Council and the staff from Sabah Forest Research Centre. All TEAM data are provided by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, and partially funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and other donors, with thanks to all current and previous TEAM site manager and other collaborators that helped collect data. We thank the people of the Redidoti, Pierrekondre and Cassipora village who were instrumental in assisting with the collection of data and sharing local knowledge of their forest and the dedicated members of the field crew of Kabo 2012 census. We are also thankful to FAPESC, SFB, FAO and IMA/SC for supporting the IFFSC. This research was supported in part through computational resources provided by Information Technology at Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana.This work is supported in part by the NASA grant number 12000401 ‘Multi-sensor biodiversity framework developed from bioacoustic and space based sensor platforms’ (J. Liang, B.P.); the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis projects 1017711 (J. Liang) and 1016676 (M.Z.); the US National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institutes grant NSF‐DBI‐2021898 (P.B.R.); the funding by H2020 VERIFY (contract 776810) and H2020 Resonate (contract 101000574) (G.-J.N.); the TEAM project in Uganda supported by the Moore foundation and Buffett Foundation through Conservation International (CI) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (TREECHANGE, grant 6108- 00078B) and VILLUM FONDEN grant number 16549 (J.-C.S.); the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK (NERC) project NE/T011084/1 awarded to J.A.-G. and NE/S011811/1; ERC Advanced Grant 291585 (‘T-FORCES’) and a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award (O.L.P.); RAINFOR plots supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council, notably NERC Consortium Grants ‘AMAZONICA’ (NE/F005806/1), ‘TROBIT’ (NE/D005590/1) and ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1); CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the European Union, the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA) and donors to the CGIAR Fund; AfriTRON network plots funded by the local communities and NERC, ERC, European Union, Royal Society and Leverhume Trust; a grant from the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (S.L.L.); National Science Foundation CIF21 DIBBs: EI: number 1724728 (A.C.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019BC083) (H.L.). UK NERC Independent Research Fellowship (grant code: NE/S01537X/1) (T.J.); a Serra-Húnter Fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia (Spain) (S.d.-M.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.A.S.); a grant from the Franklinia Foundation (D.A.C.); Russian Science Foundation project number 19-77-300-12 (R.V.); the Takenaka Scholarship Foundation (A.O.A.); the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant number Am 149/16-4 (C.A.); the Romania National Council for Higher Education Funding, CNFIS, project number CNFIS-FDI-2022-0259 (O.B.); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2019-05109 and STPGP506284) and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (36014) (H.Y.H.C.); the project SustES—Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797) (E.C.); Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del estado de Durango (2019-01-155) (J.J.C.-R.); Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, Government of India (file number PDF/2015/000447)— ‘Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of different forest types in Central India in response to climate change’ (J.A.D.); Investissement d’avenir grant of the ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABEX-0025) (G.D.); National Foundation for Science & Technology Development of Vietnam, 106-NN.06-2013.01 (T.V.D.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (T.J.E.); a Czech Science Foundation Standard grant (19-14620S) (T.M.F.); European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007– 2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (L. Finer, M. Pollastrini, F. Selvi); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (J.F.); CNPq productivity grant number 311303/2020-0 (A.L.d.G.); DFG grant HE 2719/11-1,2,3; HE 2719/14-1 (A. Hemp); European Union’s Horizon Europe research project OpenEarthMonitor grant number 101059548, CGIAR Fund INIT-32-MItigation and Transformation Initiative for GHG reductions of Agrifood systems RelaTed Emissions (MITIGATE+) (M.H.); General Directorate of the State Forests, Poland (1/07; OR-2717/3/11; OR.271.3.3.2017) and the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (A.M.J.); Czech Science Foundation 18-10781 S (S.J.); Danish of Ministry of Environment, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Forest Monitoring Program—NFI (V.K.J.); State of São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP as part of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program Project Functional Gradient-PELD/BIOTA-ECOFOR 2003/12595-7 & 2012/51872-5 (C.A.J.); Danish Council for Independent Research—social sciences—grant DFF 6109– 00296 (G.A.K.); Russian Science Foundation project 21-46-07002 for the plot data collected in the Krasnoyarsk region (V.K.); BOLFOR (D.K.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, Government of India (grant number BT/PR7928/ NDB/52/9/2006, dated 29 September 2006) (M.L.K.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (J.N.K.); Korea Forest Service (2018113A00-1820-BB01, 2013069A00-1819-AA03, and 2020185D10- 2022-AA02) and Seoul National University Big Data Institute through the Data Science Research Project 2016 (H.S.K.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.K.); CSIR, New Delhi, government of India (grant number 38(1318)12/EMR-II, dated: 3 April 2012) (S.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, government of India (grant number BT/ PR12899/ NDB/39/506/2015 dated 20 June 2017) (A.K.); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) #88887.463733/2019-00 (R.V.L.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) (H.L.); project of CEPF RAS ‘Methodological approaches to assessing the structural organization and functioning of forest ecosystems’ (AAAA-A18-118052590019-7) funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (N.V.L.); Leverhulme Trust grant to Andrew Balmford, Simon Lewis and Jon Lovett (A.R.M.); Russian Science Foundation, project 19-77-30015 for European Russia data processing (O.M.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (M.T.E.M.); the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (S.M.); the Secretariat for Universities and of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social Fund (A. Morera); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (V.J.N.); Pinnacle Group Cameroon PLC (L.N.N.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (M.R.N.); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2018-05201) (A.P.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (E.I.P.); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 778322 (H.P.); Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi, government of India (grant number YSS/2015/000479, dated 12 January 2016) (P.S.); the Chilean Government research grants Fondecyt number 1191816 and FONDEF number ID19 10421 (C.S.-E.); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories (P.S.); European Space Agency projects IFBN (4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp) and CCI Biomass (4000123662/18/I-NB) (D. Schepaschenko); FunDivEUROPE, European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (M.S.-L.); APVV 20-0168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency (V.S.); Manchester Metropolitan University’s Environmental Science Research Centre (G.S.); the project ‘LIFE+ ForBioSensing PL Comprehensive monitoring of stand dynamics in Białowieża Forest supported with remote sensing techniques’ which is co-funded by the EU Life Plus programme (contract number LIFE13 ENV/PL/000048) and the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland (contract number 485/2014/WN10/OP-NM-LF/D) (K.J.S.); Global Challenges Research Fund (QR allocation, MMU) (M.J.P.S.); Czech Science Foundation project 21-27454S (M.S.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (N. Tchebakova); Botanical Research Fund, Coalbourn Trust, Bentham Moxon Trust, Emily Holmes scholarship (L.A.T.); the programmes of the current scientific research of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (V.A.U.); FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology—Project UIDB/04033/2020. Inventário Florestal Nacional—ICNF (H. Viana); Grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (C.W.); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (B.W.); ATTO project (grant number MCTI-FINEP 1759/10 and BMBF 01LB1001A, 01LK1602F) (F.W.); ReVaTene/ PReSeD-CI 2 is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of Côte d’Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction-Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD (I.C.Z.-B.); the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF, grant 89967) (C.H.). The Tropical Plant Exploration Group 70 1 ha plots in Continental Cameroon Mountains are supported by Rufford Small Grant Foundation, UK and 4 ha in Sierra Leone are supported by the Global Challenge Research Fund through Manchester Metropolitan University, UK; the National Geographic Explorer Grant, NGS-53344R-18 (A.C.-S.); University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Office grant (M.J.L.); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección General de Asuntos de Personal Académico, Grant PAPIIT IN-217620 (J.A.M.). Czech Science Foundation project 21-24186M (R.T., S. Delabye). Czech Science Foundation project 20-05840Y, the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (LTAUSA19137) and the long-term research development project of the Czech Academy of Sciences no. RVO 67985939 (J.A.). The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (grant number 0452995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (grant number 7330) (M.B.). Research grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) (309764/2019; 311303/2020) (A.C.V., A.L.G.). The Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (grant number CKJ-JYRC-2022-83) (H.-F.W.). The Ugandan NBS was supported with funds from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Austrian Development Agency (ADC) and FAO. FAO’s UN-REDD Program, together with the project on ‘Native Forests and Community’ Loan BIRF number 8493-AR UNDP ARG/15/004 and the National Program for the Protection of Native Forests under UNDP funded Argentina’s INBN2.

Published
2022

16. Effects of natural resource development on the terrestrial biodiversity of Canadian boreal forests1.

Author

Venier, L.A., Thompson, I.D., Fleming, R., Malcolm, J., Aubin, I., Trofymow, J.A., Langor, D., Sturrock, R., Patry, C., Outerbridge, R.O., Holmes, S.B., Haeussler, S., De Grandpré, L., Chen, H.Y.H., Bayne, E., Arsenault, A., and Brandt, J.P.

Subjects
*FOREST management, *TAIGAS, *PLANT growth, *HABITATS, *NATURAL resources
Abstract

Much of Canada's terrestrial biodiversity is supported by boreal forests. Natural resource development in boreal forests poses risks to this biodiversity. This paper reviews the scientific literature to assess the effects of natural resource development on terrestrial biodiversity in Canadian boreal forests. We address four questions: (1) To what extent have Canadian boreal forests changed due to natural resource development? (2) How has biodiversity responded to these changes? (3) Will the biodiversity of second-growth forests converge with that of primary boreal forests? (4) Are we losing species from boreal forests? We focus on trees, understory plants, insects, fungi, selected mammals, and songbirds because these groups have been most studied. We review more than 600 studies and found that changes in community composition are prevalent in response to large-scale conversion of forest types, changes in stand structures and age distributions, and altered landscape structure resulting from forest management and habitat loss associated with other developments such as oil and gas, hydroelectric, and mining. The southern boreal forest has been more highly impacted than the north due to more extensive forest management and the cumulative effects of multiple forms of development. There is abundant evidence that most species are not in danger of being extirpated from the boreal forest due to these anthropogenic changes. A few species, including woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) and grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos), have, however, undergone long-term range contractions. Significant gaps in our ability to assess the effects of natural resource development on biodiversity in the boreal zone are the lack of long-term spatial and population data to monitor the impact of forest changes on ecosystems and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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17. Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses

Author

Steidinger, B. S., Crowther, T. W., Liang, J., Van Nuland, M. E., Werner, G. D. A., Reich, P. B., Nabuurs, G., de-Miguel, S., Zhou, M., Picard, N., Herault, B., Zhao, X., Zhang, C., Routh, D., Peay, K. G., Abegg, Meinrad, Yao, C. Yves Adou, Alberti, Giorgio, Zambrano, Angelica Almeyda, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Anton-Fernandez, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo, Baker, Timothy, Balazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben, Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo, Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y. H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clark, David, Colletta, Gabriel, Condit, Richard, Coomes, David, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, Andre L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Geraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Ieda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurelie, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adande Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finer, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G. P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Euridice N., Huber, Markus, Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Kohl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal, Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver, Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schongart, Jochen, Searle, Eric, Seben, Vladimir, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonke, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Sterenczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, ter Steege, Hans, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Tran Van Do, Vasquez Martinez, Rodolfo, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua-Feng, Watson, James, Westerlund, Bertil, Wiser, Susan, Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Valladares, Fernando, Stanford University, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Purdue University [West Lafayette], Beijing Forestry University, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Western Sydney University, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universitat de Lleida, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National Polytechnique Yamoussoukro, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Stanford University [Stanford], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Western Sydney University (UWS), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Organization, Forêts et Sociétés (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), Steidinger B.S., Crowther T.W., Liang J., Van Nuland M.E., Werner G.D.A., Reich P.B., Nabuurs G., de-Miguel S., Zhou M., Picard N., Herault B., Zhao X., Zhang C., Routh D., Peay K.G., Abegg M., AdouYao C.Y., Alberti G., AlmeydaZambrano A., Alvarez-Davila E., Alvarez-Loayza P., Alves L.F., Ammer C., Anton-Fernandez C., Araujo-Murakami A., Arroyo L., Avitabile V., Aymard G., Baker T., Balazy R., Banki O., Barroso J., Bastian M., Bastin J.-F., Birigazzi L., Birnbaum P., Bitariho R., Boeckx P., Bongers F., Bouriaud O., Brancalion P.H.S., Brandl S., Brearley F.Q., Brienen R., Broadbent E., Bruelheide H., Bussotti F., Cazzolla Gatti R., Cesar R., Cesljar G., Chazdon R., Chen H.Y.H., Chisholm C., Cienciala E., Clark C.J., Clark D., Colletta G., Condit R., Coomes D., CornejoValverde F., Corral-Rivas J.J., Crim P., Cumming J., Dayanandan S., de Gasper A.L., Decuyper M., Derroire G., DeVries B., Djordjevic I., Ieda A., Dourdain A., Obiang N.L.E., Enquist B., Eyre T., Fandohan A.B., Fayle T.M., Feldpausch T.R., Finer L., Fischer M., Fletcher C., Fridman J., Frizzera L., Gamarra J.G.P., Gianelle D., Glick H.B., Harris D., Hector A., Hemp A., Hengeveld G., Herbohn J., Herold M., Hillers A., Honorio Coronado E.N., Huber M., Hui C., Cho H., Ibanez T., Jung I., Imai N., Jagodzinski A.M., Jaroszewicz B., Johannsen V., Joly C.A., Jucker T., Karminov V., Kartawinata K., Kearsley E., Kenfack D., Kennard D., Kepfer-Rojas S., Keppel G., Khan M.L., Killeen T., Kim H.S., Kitayama K., Kohl M., Korjus H., Kraxner F., Laarmann D., Lang M., Lewis S., Lu H., Lukina N., Maitner B., Malhi Y., Marcon E., Marimon B.S., Marimon-Junior B.H., Marshall A.R., Martin E., Martynenko O., Meave J.A., Melo-Cruz O., Mendoza C., Merow C., MonteagudoMendoza A., Moreno V., Mukul S.A., Mundhenk P., Nava-Miranda M.G., Neill D., Neldner V., Nevenic R., Ngugi M., Niklaus P., Oleksyn J., Ontikov P., Ortiz-Malavasi E., Pan Y., Paquette A., Parada-Gutierrez A., Parfenova E., Park M., Parren M., Parthasarathy N., Peri P.L., Pfautsch S., Phillips O., Piedade M.T., Piotto D., Pitman N.C.A., Polo I., Poorter L., Poulsen A.D., Poulsen J.R., Pretzsch H., RamirezArevalo F., Restrepo-Correa Z., Rodeghiero M., Rolim S., Roopsind A., Rovero F., Rutishauser E., Saikia P., Saner P., Schall P., Schelhaas M.-J., Schepaschenko D., Scherer-Lorenzen M., Schmid B., Schongart J., Searle E., Seben V., Serra-Diaz J.M., Salas-Eljatib C., Sheil D., Shvidenko A., Silva-Espejo J., Silveira M., Singh J., Sist P., Slik F., Sonke B., Souza A.F., Sterenczak K., Svenning J.-C., Svoboda M., Targhetta N., Tchebakova N., Steege H., Thomas R., Tikhonova E., Umunay P., Usoltsev V., Valladares F., van der Plas F., Van Do T., VasquezMartinez R., Verbeeck H., Viana H., Vieira S., von Gadow K., Wang H.-F., Watson J., Westerlund B., Wiser S., Wittmann F., Wortel V., Zagt R., Zawila-Niedzwiecki T., Zhu Z.-X., Zo-Bi I.C., Systems Ecology, Steidinger, BS, Crowther, TW, Liang, J, Van Nuland, ME, Werner, GDA, Reich, PB, Nabuurs, G, de-Miguel, S, Zhou, M, Picard, N, Herault, B, Zhao, X, Zhang, C, Routh, D, Peay, KG, Keppel, G, GFBI consortium, and Valladares, Fernando [0000-0002-5374-4682]

Subjects
symbiosi, 0106 biological sciences, Forest Ecology, SOM decomposition, biogeography, forest-tree symbioses, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biome, 01 natural sciences, forest-tree symbioses, Microbial ecology, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, forest ecosystems, PE&RC, séquestration du carbone, Biometris, Biogeography, Forêt, Écosystème forestier, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Climate control, Forest Ecology, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Symbiose, 010603 evolutionary biology, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Symbiosis, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Forest ecology, Temperate climate, Symbioses, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Forest, climate, Vegetatie, biogeography, Changement climatique, decomposition, Vegetation, Forest inventory, симбиозы, P34 - Biologie du sol, FUNGI, климат, 15. Life on land, Arid, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, SOM decomposition, forest inventory plots, лесные экосистемы, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

[EN] The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools, sequester carbon and withstand the effects of climate change. Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables—in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition—are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species, constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers—which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)—are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species., This work was made possible by the Global Forest Biodiversity Database, which represents the work of over 200 independent investigators and their public and private funding agencies (see Supplementary Acknowledgements), Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1128-0.

Published
2019

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