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Hair cycle arrest (HCA) is a noninflammatory alopecic disease affecting various dog breeds, particularly Pomeranian dogs. This disease is probably a hereditary disorder considering the strong breed predisposition. Despite efforts to identify the pathogenesis of this disease, an underlying specific cause is unknown.To identify candidate gene mutations for HCA in Pomeranian dogs.Four Pomeranian dogs diagnosed with HCA and four unaffected Pomeranian dogs.Whole blood was used for DNA extraction. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed, and variants were analysed using a Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) and SnpEff. All reads were aligned to the reference genome, Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha. Sanger sequencing was performed to define the complex mutations.A total of 113 variants of mitochondrial DNA were found to be effective gene mutations in the eight dogs. The affected dogs showed significantly increased effective mutations (average 57 variants) compared with unaffected dogs (average eight variants; p 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of chromosomal DNA mutations between the two groups.We suggest that an increased number of mitochondrial gene mutations are features for HCA in Pomeranian dogs.L'arrêt du cycle pilaire (HCA) est une alopécie non inflammatoire affectant diverses races de chiens, en particulier les chiens de Poméranie. Cette maladie est probablement une maladie héréditaire compte tenu de la forte prédisposition raciale. Malgré les efforts pour identifier la pathogenèse de cette maladie, une cause spécifique sous-jacente est inconnue.Identifier les mutations du gène candidat pour HCA chez les chiens de Poméranie.Quatre chiens de Poméranie diagnostiqués avec HCA et quatre chiens de Poméranie non affectés. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Du sang total a été utilisé pour l'extraction de l'ADN. Le séquençage du génome entier (WGS) a été réalisé et les variants ont été analysés à l'aide d'un kit d'outils d'analyse du génome (GATK) et de SnpEff. Toutes les lectures ont été alignées sur le génome de référence, Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha. Un séquençage Sanger a été réalisé pour définir les mutations complexes. RÉSULTATS: Un total de 113 variantes de l'ADN mitochondrial se sont révélées être des mutations génétiques efficaces chez les huit chiens. Les chiens affectés ont montré une augmentation significative des mutations efficaces (moyenne de 57 variantes) par rapport aux chiens non affectés (moyenne de huit variantes) (P 0,05). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le nombre de mutations chromosomiques de l'ADN entre les deux groupes.Nous suggérons qu'un nombre accru de mutations du gène mitochondrial sont des caractéristiques de l'HCA chez les chiens de Poméranie.INTRODUCCIÓN: la paralización del ciclo del pelo (HCA, por sus siglas en inglés) es una enfermedad alopécica no inflamatoria que afecta a varias razas de perros, en particular a los perros Pomeranian. Esta enfermedad es probablemente un trastorno hereditario considerando la fuerte predisposición racial. A pesar de los esfuerzos por identificar la patogenia de esta enfermedad, se desconoce una causa específica subyacente. OBJETIVO: identificar mutaciones genéticas candidatas para HCA en perros Pomeranian. ANIMALES: cuatro perros pomeranian diagnosticados con HCA y cuatro perros pomeranian no afectados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó sangre entera para la extracción de DNA. Se realizó la secuenciación del genoma completo (WGS) y las variantes se analizaron utilizando un kit de herramientas de análisis del genoma (GATK) y SnpEff. Todas las lecturas se alinearon con el genoma de referencia, Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha. Se realizó la secuenciación de Sanger para definir las mutaciones complejas. RESULTADOS: se encontraron un total de 113 variantes de DNA mitocondrial que eran mutaciones genéticas efectivas en los ocho perros. Los perros afectados mostraron un aumento significativo de mutaciones efectivas (promedio de 57 variantes) en comparación con los perros no afectados (promedio de ocho variantes) (P 0,05). No hubo diferencia significativa en el número de mutaciones de DNA cromosómico entre los dos grupos. CONCLUSIÓN E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: sugerimos que un mayor número de mutaciones genéticas mitocondriales son características de HCA en perros Pomeranian.Ein Haarzyklusarrest (HCA) ist eine nicht entzündliche alopezische Erkrankung, die verschiedene Hunderassen betrifft, vor allem Pomeranier. Wenn man die starke Rassenprädisposition in Betracht zieht, stellt diese Krankheit vermutlich eine angeborene Veränderung dar. Bisher ist die zugrundeliegende Ursache noch unbekannt, obwohl es Versuche gegeben hat, die Pathogenese dieser Krankheit zu erforschen. ZIEL: Die Identifizierung von Kandidatengenmutationen für die HCA von Pomeraniern.Vier Pomeranier, die mit HCA diagnostiziert worden waren und vier nicht betroffene Pomeranier.Vollblut wurde zur DNA-Extraktion verwendet. Eine Gesamtgenom Sequenzierung (WGS) wurde durchgeführt und Varianten mittels Genom Analysise Toolkit (GATK) und SnpEff analysiert. Alle ausgelesenen Genome wurden mit dem Referenzgenom, Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha, verglichen. Es wurde eine Sanger Sequenzierung durchgeführt, um die komplexen Mutationen zu definieren.Insgesamt wurden 113 Varianten mitochondraler DNA gefunden, die wirksame Genmutationen bei acht Hunden darstellten. Die betroffenen Hunde zeigten signifikant erhöhte wirksame Mutationen (im Durchschnitt 57 Varianten) im Vergleich zu nicht betroffenen Hunden (im Durchschnitt acht Varianten) (P 0,05). Es bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied bei der Anzahl der chromosomalen DNA-Mutationen zwischen den beiden Gruppen.Wir weisen darauf hin, dass eine zunehmende Anzahl mitochondraler Genmutationen Merkmale des HCA von Pomeraniern darstellen.背景: 毛周期停止は、様々な犬種、特にポメラニアン犬に発症する非炎症性の脱毛症である。この疾患は、犬種の強い素因を考慮すると、おそらく遺伝性疾患であると考えられる。本疾患の病態解明が進められているが、その根底にある特異的な原因は不明である。 目的: 本研究の目的は、ポメラニアンにおける毛周期停止の候補遺伝子変異を同定することであった。 供試動物: 毛周期停止と診断されたポメラニアン4頭および非罹患のポメラニアン4頭。 材料と方法: DNA抽出には全血を使用した。全ゲノム配列決定(WGS)を行い、ゲノム解析ツールキット(GATK)およびSnpEffを用いてバリアント解析を実施した。すべてのリードは参照ゲノムであるDog10K_Boxer_Tashaにアライメントされた。複雑な変異を定義するためにサンガー配列決定が行われた。 結果: 8頭の犬において、ミトコンドリアDNAの合計113の変異が有効な遺伝子変異であることが判明した。罹患犬は非罹患犬(平均8バリアント)と比較して、有意に有効変異が増加した(平均57バリアント)(P 0.05)。染色体DNAの変異数には、両群間に有意差はなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: ミトコンドリア遺伝子変異の増加は、ポメラニアンの毛周期停止の特徴であることが示唆された。.背景: 毛发周期停滞 (HCA) 是一种非炎性脱毛症，可以发生在各种犬种，尤其是博美犬。考虑到强烈的品种倾向性，这种疾病可能是一种遗传性疾病。尽管努力确定这种疾病的发病机制，但其潜在的具体原因尚不清楚。 目的: 鉴定博美犬 HCA 的候选基因突变。 动物: 4只诊断为 HCA 的博美犬和4只健康博美犬。 材料和方法: 使用全血提取DNA。进行全基因组测序 (WGS)，并使用基因组分析工具包 (GATK) 和 SnpEff 分析变体。所有读段均与参考基因组Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha一致。进行 Sanger 测序以确定复杂突变。 结果: 在8只犬中共发现113个线粒体 DNA 的变异体是有效的基因突变。与健康犬(平均8个变异)相比，病犬表现出有效突变显著增加(平均57个变异)(P 0.05)。两组染色体 DNA 突变数差异无统计学意义。 结论和临床意义: 我们认为线粒体基因突变数量增加是博美犬 HCA 的特征。.O sequestro folicular (SF) é uma doença alopécica não inflamatória que afeta várias raças de cães, particularmente lulus da Pomerânia. Esta doença é provavelmente um distúrbio hereditário considerando a forte predisposição da raça. Apesar dos esforços para identificar a patogênese desta doença, não se tem conhecimento de uma causa específica.Identificar mutações genéticas candidatas para SF em lulus da Pomerânia.Quatro cães da raça lulu da Pomerânia diagnosticados com SF e quatro cães da raça lulu da Pomerânia não afetados. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se sangue total para extração de DNA. O sequenciamento do genoma completo (WGS) foi realizado e as variantes foram analisadas usando um Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) e SnpEff. Todas as leituras foram alinhadas ao genoma de referência, Dog10K_Boxer_Tasha. Realizou-se o sequenciamento de Sanger para definir as mutações complexas.Um total de 113 variantes de DNA mitocondrial foram encontradas como mutações genéticas eficazes nos oito cães. Os cães afetados apresentaram mutações efetivas significativamente aumentadas (média de 57 variantes) em comparação com cães não afetados (média de oito variantes) (P0,05). Não houve diferença significativa no número de mutações do DNA cromossômico entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Sugerimos que um número aumentado de mutações genéticas mitocondriais são características para SF em lulus da Pomerânia.

Cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) is a promising therapeutic option for treating skin infections and wounds. Changes in biophysical skin parameters and the tolerability in dogs after applying CAMP is unknown.This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of CAMP on skin biophysical parameters [hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and surface temperature] and tolerability in dogs.Twenty client-owned dogs with normal skin.Cold atmospheric microwave plasma treatment was performed for 30 s and 1, 2 and 4 min, respectively, at different sites of normal canine skin in the inguinal area. Hydration, TEWL and surface temperature were measured five, three and three times, respectively, before and after CAMP application. After treatment, pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a modified Melbourne Pain Scale and the modified short form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (modified CMPS-SF).Transepidermal water loss values significantly decreased with 4 min of treatment, and hydration decreased significantly with 2 min of treatment. Temperature increased significantly with increasing treatment time. For other parameters, no significant changes were observed. No significant pain response or adverse effects were observed in most dogs, aside from mild erythema in the treatment area after 4 min.Cold atmospheric microwave plasma treatment was well-tolerated and did not significantly change canine skin biophysical parameters. CAMP achieves basic recommendations for safe use and is a potential therapeutic option for various skin diseases in dogs.Contexte - Le CAMP (Cold Atmospheric Microwave Plasma) est une option thérapeutique prometteuse pour le traitement des infections cutanées et des plaies. Les modifications des paramètres biophysiques de la peau et la tolérance chez les chiens après l'application de CAMP sont inconnues. Objectif - Cette étude visait à évaluer les effets in vivo du CAMP sur les paramètres biophysiques de la peau [hydratation, perte d'eau transépidermique (TEWL) et température de surface] et la tolérance chez le chien. Animaux - Vingt chiens de propriétaires à peau normale. Matériels et méthodes - Le traitement CAMP a été effectué pendant 30 s et 1, 2 et 4 min, respectivement, sur différents sites de peau canine normale dans la région inguinale. L'hydratation, la TEWL et la température de surface ont été mesurées cinq, trois et trois fois, respectivement, avant et après l'application de CAMP. Après le traitement, la douleur et les effets indésirables ont été évalués à l'aide d'une échelle de douleur de Melbourne modifiée et de la forme courte modifiée de l'échelle de mesure de la douleur composite de Glasgow (CMPS-SF modifiée). Résultats - Les valeurs de TEWL ont diminué de manière significative après 4 minutes de traitement et l'hydratation a diminué de manière significative après 2 minutes de traitement. La température a augmenté de manière significative avec l'augmentation du temps de traitement. Pour les autres paramètres, aucun changement significatif n'a été observé. Aucune réponse significative à la douleur ni aucun effet indésirable n'ont été observés chez la plupart des chiens, à l'exception d'un léger érythème dans la zone de traitement après 4 minutes. Conclusion et signification clinique - Le traitement CAMP a été bien toléré et n'a pas modifié de manière significative les paramètres biophysiques de la peau canine. CAMP répond aux recommandations de base pour une utilisation sûre et constitue une option thérapeutique potentielle pour diverses maladies de la peau chez les chiens.Introducción- el plasma de microondas atmosférico frío (CAMP) es una opción terapéutica prometedora para el tratamiento de infecciones y heridas de la piel. Se desconocen los cambios en los parámetros biofísicos de la piel y la tolerabilidad en perros después de aplicar CAMP. Objetivo- este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos in vivo de CAMP en los parámetros biofísicos de la piel [hidratación, pérdida de agua transepidérmica (TEWL) y temperatura superficial] y la tolerabilidad en perros. Animales - Veinte perros de propietarios particulares con piel normal. Materiales y métodos - El tratamiento CAMP se realizó durante 30 s y 1, 2 y 4 min, respectivamente, en diferentes sitios de piel canina normal en el área inguinal. La hidratación, el TEWL y la temperatura superficial se midieron cinco, tres y tres veces, respectivamente, antes y después de la aplicación de CAMP. Después del tratamiento, el dolor y los efectos adversos se evaluaron mediante una escala de dolor de Melbourne modificada y la escala de dolor de medida compuesta de Glasgow de forma abreviada modificada (CMPS-SF modificada). Resultados- los valores de TEWL disminuyeron significativamente con 4 min de tratamiento y la hidratación disminuyó significativamente con 2 min de tratamiento. La temperatura aumentó significativamente con el aumento del tiempo de tratamiento. Para otros parámetros no se observaron cambios significativos. En la mayoría de los perros no se observaron reacciones significativas de dolor ni efectos adversos, aparte de un leve eritema en el área de tratamiento después de 4 min. Conclusión y significado clínico- el tratamiento con CAMP fue bien tolerado y no cambió significativamente los parámetros biofísicos de la piel canina. CAMP obtuvo recomendaciones básicas para un uso seguro y es una opción terapéutica potencial para diversas enfermedades de la piel en perros.Hintergrund - Kaltes atmosphärisches Mikrowellen Plasma (CAMP) ist eine vielversprechende therapeutische Option zur Behandlung von Hautinfektionen und Wunden. Veränderungen der biophysischen Hautparameter und der Toleranz bei Hunden nach Anwendung von CAMP ist bisher nicht bekannt. Ziel - Diese Studie zielte darauf ab, die in vivo Wirksamkeit von CAMP auf biophysische Parameter der Haut [Hydration, Transepidermaler Wasserverlust (TEWL) und die Oberflächentemperatur] und die Verträglichkeit bei Hunden zu evaluieren. Tiere - Es wurden zwanzig Hunde in Privatbesitz, alle mit normaler Haut, inkludiert. Materialien und Methoden - Eine CAMP Behandlung wurde für 30 s und 1, 2 bzw 4 Minuten an verschiedenen Stellen normaler Hundehaut in der Inguinalgegend durchgeführt. Hydration, TEWL und die Oberflächentemperatur wurde fünf, drei bzw dreimal vor und nach der CAMP Anwendung gemessen. Nach der Behandlung wurden Schmerz und Nebenwirkungen mittels modifizierter Melbourne Pain Scale sowie der modifizierten Kurzform der Glasgow Measure Pain Scale (modifizierte CMPS-SF) evaluiert. Ergebnisse - Die TEWL Werte nahmen nach 4 Minuten der Behandlung, die Hydration nach 2 Behandlungsminuten signifikant ab. Die Temperatur nahm mit zunehmender Behandlungsdauer signifikant zu. Für die anderen Parameter konnten keine signifikanten Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Es wurden bei den meisten Hunden keine signifikanten Schmerzreaktionen oder Nebenwirkungen beobachtet, außer einem geringen Erythem nach 4 Minuten in der behandelten Körperregion. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung - Die Behandlung mit CAMP wurde gut toleriert und veränderte die biophysischen Parameter der Hundehaut nicht signifikant. Daher kann die CAMP grundsätzlich zur sicheren Anwendung bei Hunden empfohlen werden und stellt eine potenzielle Therapieoption für verschiedene Hauterkrankungen bei Hunden dar.背景 - 低音大気圧マイクロ波プラズマ (CAMP) は、皮膚の感染症や創傷の治療法として有望である。イヌにCAMPを適用した場合の皮膚の生物物理学的パラメータの変化と忍容性は不明である。 目的 -本研究は、犬の皮膚の生物物理学的パラメータ (水和性、経皮水分蒸散量(TEWL) 、表面温度) および忍容性に及ぼすCAMPのin vivo効果を評価することを目的とした。 供試動物 - 正常な皮膚を持つオーナー所有犬20頭。 材料と方法 -正常なイヌの鼠径部皮膚の異なる部位に、CAMP処理を30秒、1分、2分、4分それぞれ実施した。水和性、TEWL、表面温度はCAMP塗布の前後にそれぞれ5回、3回、3回測定した。治療後、修正メルボルン疼痛尺度及び修正短形式グラスゴー複合測定疼痛尺度 (修正CMPS-SF) を用いて、疼痛および副作用を評価した。 結果 - TEWL値は4分間の治療で有意に減少し、水和性は2分間の治療で有意に減少した。表面温度は治療時間が長くなるにつれて有意に上昇した。その他のパラメータについては、有意な変化は認められなかった。4分後の治療部位の軽度の紅斑を除けば、ほとんどの犬で有意な疼痛反応や副作用は観察されなかった。 結論と臨床的意義 - CAMP治療は忍容性が高く、犬の皮膚の生物物理学的パラメータに有意な変化を与えなかった。CAMPは安全使用のための基本的な推奨事項を満たしており、犬の様々な皮膚疾患に対する潜在的な治療オプションであると考えられる。.背景-冷大气微波等离子体(CAMP)是治疗皮肤感染和伤口的一种有前景的治疗选择。尚不清楚应用CAMP后犬的生物物理皮肤参数变化和耐受性。 目的-本研究旨在评价CAMP对犬皮肤生物物理参数[水合作用、经表皮水分流失(TEWL)和表面温度]和耐受性的体内影响。 动物-20只皮肤正常的私家犬。 材料与方法-在腹股沟区正常犬皮肤不同部位分别进行CAMP治疗30s和1、2和4 min。应用CAMP前后分别测量5次、3次和3次水化、TEWL和表面温度。治疗后采用改良墨尔本疼痛量表和改良简明格拉斯哥综合测量疼痛量表(改良CMPS-SF)评价疼痛和不良反应。 结果-治疗4 min后,TEW L值显著下降,治疗2 min后, 水合作用显著下降。随着治疗时间的增加,温度显著增加。对于其他参数,未观察到显著变化。除4 min后治疗区域出现轻度红斑外,在大多数犬中未观察到显著的疼痛反应或不良反应。 结论和临床意义-CAMP治疗耐受性良好,未显著改变犬皮肤生物物理参数。CAMP实现了安全使用的基本建议,是犬各种皮肤病的潜在治疗选择.Contexto - O plasma frio atmosférico de micro-ondas (CAMP) é uma opção terapêutica promissora para o tratamento de infecções cutâneas e feridas. Não se sabe a respeito das alterações nos parâmetros biofísicos da pele e a tolerabilidade de cães após a aplicação de CAMP. Objetivo - Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos in vivo de CAMP nos parâmetros biofísicos da pele [hidratação, perda de água transepidérmica (TEWL) e temperatura da superfície] e a tolerabilidade em cães. Materiais e métodos - O tratamento com CAMP foi realizado por 30s e 1, 2 e 4 min, respectivamente, em diferentes locais da pele canina normal na região inguinal. Hidratação, TEWL e temperatura da superfície foram medidas cinco, três e três vezes, respectivamente, antes e após a aplicação do CAMP. Após o tratamento, a dor e os efeitos adversos foram avaliados usando uma escala de dor de Melbourne modificada e a escala de medida composta de dor de Glasgow modificada (CMPS-SF modificada). Resultados - Os valores de TEWL reduziram significativamente com o tratamento de 4 min, e a hidratação reduziu significativamente com dois minutos de tratamento. A temperatura aumentou significativamente com o aumento do tempo de tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações significativas para outros parâmetros. Não se observou uma resposta de dor significativa ou efeitos adversos na maioria dos cães, além de eritema leve na área tratada após 4 min. Conclusão e significância clínica - O tratamento com CAMP foi bem tolerado e não alterou significativamente os parâmetros biofísicos da pele canina. CAMP requer recomendações básicas de segurança na sua utilização e é uma opção terapêutica potencial para várias dermatopatias em cães.

Objectives Enterococcus pRE25 is a conjugative and mobilising multiresistance plasmid from Enterococcus faecalis RE25. pRE25-like enterococcal plasmid pWZ909 mediates the delivery of vancomycin resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via a Tn1546-like transposon. However, whether pRE25-like elements contribute to multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus spp. has not yet been investigated. Here we describe the first detection of multiresistance pRE25-like elements in the chromosomal DNA of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MDRSP). Methods A total of 46 MDRSP clinical strains were isolated from canine pyoderma in Korea. Their genetic characteristics were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR targeting pRE25-like elements. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on four isolates. Results WGS detected that the chromosomal 22-kb pRE25-like elements contained five antimicrobial resistance genes [cat, erm(B), aphA-3, aadK and sat4], IS1252, IS256, and a toxin–antitoxin system within copies of IS1216. BLASTn alignment analysis revealed that 84% of the chromosomal 22-kb pRE25-like elements sequence is homologous (99.8% identity) to the enterococcal pRE25 plasmid sequence. PCR assay showed that 52.2% of MDRSP isolates were positive for pRE25-like elements and were presumed to contain pRE25-like elements (pRE25 group). The sequence types (STs) of the pRE25 group were diverse, with 18 STs identified, among which 12 STs were first reported in Korea. Conclusion Enterococcal pRE25-like elements are suspected to be widespread in MDRSP isolated from companion dogs in Korea. Considering that companion dogs live in a closely shared environment with humans, continuous surveillance of pRE25-like elements is needed for other staphylococci commonly isolated from humans.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a new generation medical therapeutic option for bacterial infections. CAP causes physical cell wall rupture and DNA damage, therefore making it highly useful in the treatment of various conditions such as skin infections.The antimicrobial activity of cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) against major strains in canine skin infections was tested and the difference in antimicrobial activity between the antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was evaluated.American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and clinical isolates identified as methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (n = 27) and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (n = 13) were exposed to CAMP for 10 s, 30 s and 60 s. Afterwards, the bacterial survival rate was confirmed.Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) were more susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius) for the same duration of CAMP exposure. Only the Gram-negative bacteria were completely killed after 60 s exposure. In S. pseudintermedius isolates, CAMP exposure had similar antibacterial effects regardless of antibiotic resistance.CAMP has sufficient antimicrobial activity against major bacterial strains that cause pyoderma and otitis externa in dogs, and may be an alternative therapeutic option for S. pseudintermedius skin infections, for which antibiotics often are ineffective because of antimicrobial resistance in clinical veterinary medicine.Le CAP (Cold atmospheric plasma) est une nouvelle génération de traitement pour les infections bactériennes. CAP cause une rupture physique de la paroi et endommage l’ADN, le rendant ainsi hautement utile pour le traitement d’atteintes variées telles que les infections bactériennes. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: L’activité antimicrobienne de CAMP (cold atmospheric microwave plasma) contre des souches majeures des infections cutanées canines a été testée et la différence d’activité antimicrobienne entre les souches résistances ou sensibles aux antibiotiques de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius a été évaluée. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les souches ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Escherichia coli) et les souches cliniques isolées de S. pseudintermedius identifiées comme résistantes à la méticiline (n = 27) S. pseudintermedius sensibles à la méticiline (n = 13) ont été exposées à CAMP pendant 10 s, 30 s et 60 s. Ensuite, le taux de survie bactérien a été confirmé. RÉSULTATS: Les bactéries Gram-négatives (P. aeruginosa et E. coli) étaient plus sensibles que les bactéries Gram-positives (S. aureus et S. pseudintermedius) pour la même durée d’exposition au CAMP. Seules les bactéries Gram-négatives étaient complètement tuées après 60s d’exposition. Dans les souches de S. pseudintermedius, l’exposition à CAMP avait des effets antibactériens similaires au regard de la résistance antibiotique.Le CAMP a une activité antimicrobienne suffisante contre les souches bactériennes majeures causant pyodermite et otite externe chez le chien et peut être une option thérapeutique alternative pour les infections cutanées à S. pseudintermedius pour laquelle les antibiotiques sont souvent inefficaces en raison de résistances antimicrobiennes en médecine vétérinaire clinique.INTRODUCCIÓN: el plasma atmosférico frío (CAP) es una opción terapéutica médica de nueva generación para las infecciones bacterianas. El CAP provoca la ruptura física de la pared celular y el daño al DNA, por lo que es muy útil en el tratamiento de diversas afecciones, como las infecciones de la piel. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: se probó la actividad antimicrobiana del plasma de microondas atmosférico frío (CAMP) contra las principales cepas en las infecciones cutáneas caninas y se evaluó la diferencia en la actividad antimicrobiana entre las cepas resistentes y sensibles a los antibióticos de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: cepas de la American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli) y aislados clínicos identificados como S. pseudintermedius resistente a meticilina (n = 27) y S. pseudintermedius sensible a meticilina (n = 13) fueron expuestos a CAMP durante 10 s, 30 s y 60 s. Posteriormente, se valoró la tasa de supervivencia bacteriana. RESULTADOS: las bacterias Gram negativas (P. aeruginosa y E. coli) fueron más susceptibles que las bacterias Gram positivas (S. aureus y S. pseudintermedius) durante la misma duración de exposición a CAMP. Solo las bacterias Gram negativas murieron por completo después de 60 s de exposición. En los aislados de S. pseudintermedius, la exposición a CAMP tuvo efectos antibacterianos similares independientemente de la resistencia a los antibióticos. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: CAMP tiene suficiente actividad antimicrobiana contra las principales cepas bacterianas que causan pioderma y otitis externa en perros, y puede ser una opción terapéutica alternativa para las infecciones cutáneas por S. pseudintermedius, para las cuales los antibióticos a menudo son ineficaces debido a la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en medicina veterinaria.Kaltes atmosphärisches Plasma (CAP) zählt zu einer neuen Generation an medizinischen Behandlungsoptionen für bakterielle Infektionen. CAP verursacht eine physische Zellwandruptur und eine DNA Schädigung, was es in der Folge bei der Behandlung verschiedener Erkrankungen wie Hautinfektionen sehr wirkungsvoll macht.Die antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit von kaltem atmosphärischem Mikrowellenplasma (CAMP) wurde gegenüber wichtigen Stämmen bei Hautinfektionen des Hundes getestet und der Unterschied der antimikrobiellen Aktivität zwischen den Antibiotika-resistenten und den Antibiotika-empfindlichen Stämmen von Staphylococcus pseudintermedius evaluiert.Stämme (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa und Escherichia coli) aus der American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) und klinische Isolate, die als Methicillin-resistente S. pseudintermedius (n = 27) und Methicillin-empfindliche S. pseudintermedius (n = 13) isoliert worden waren, wurden CAMP für 10 s, 30 s und 60 s ausgesetzt. Danach wurde die bakterielle Überlebensrate bestätigt.Gram-negative Bakterien (P. aeruginosa und E. coli) waren empfindlicher als Gram-positive Bakterien (S. aureus und S. pseudintermedius) bei gleich langer Dauer der Exposition zu CAMP. Nur die Gram-negativen Bakterien waren nach einer 60 s dauernden Exponierung völlig abgetötet. In S. pseudintermedius Isolaten zeigte die Exponierung unabhängig von der antibiotischen Resistenz zu CAMP eine ähnliche antibakterielle Wirkung.CAMP zeigt eine ausreichende antimikrobielle Aktivität gegenüber bakteriellen Stämmen, die eine Pyodermie und eine Otitis externa bei Hunden verursachen und könnte eine alternative therapeutische Option für Hautinfektionen durch S. pseudintermedius darstellen, für die Antibiotika aufgrund der antimikrobiellen Resistenz in der klinischen Veterinärmedizin oft unwirksam sind.背景: 低温大気圧プラズマ (CAP) は、細菌感染症に対する新世代の治療法として注目されている。CAPは、物理的な細胞壁破壊とDNAの損傷を引き起こすため、皮膚感染症などの様々な症状の治療に非常に有用である。 仮説・目的: 本研究の目的は、犬の皮膚感染症における主要な菌株に対する低温マイクロ波プラズマ (CAMP) の抗菌活性を試験し、Staphylococcus pseudintermediusの抗生物質耐性菌株および抗生物質感受性菌株間の抗菌活性の違いを評価することであった。 材料・方法: American Type Culture Collection(ATCC) 株 (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli)と、メチシリン耐性S. pseudintermedius(n = 27)およびメチシリン感受性S. pseudintermedius(n = 13)と同定された臨床分離株をCAMPに10秒、30秒、60秒曝露し、その後、細菌の生存率を確認した。 結果: グラム陰性菌 (P. aeruginosaおよびE. coli) は、同じCAMP曝露時間でもグラム陽性菌 (S. aureusおよびS. pseudintermedius) よりも感受性が高かった。60秒の曝露で完全に死滅したのはグラム陰性菌のみであった。S. pseudintermedius分離菌では、CAMP曝露は抗生物質耐性にかかわらず同様の抗菌効果を示した。 結論および臨床上の重要性: CAMPは犬膿皮症および外耳炎の原因となる主要な細菌株に対して十分な抗菌活性を有しており、臨床獣医学では抗菌剤耐性のために抗生物質が効かないことが多いS. pseudintermedius皮膚感染症の代替治療法となる可能性がある。.背景: 大气低温等离子体(CAP)是新一代细菌感染的药物治疗选择。CAP引起物理性细胞壁破裂和DNA损伤, 因此使其在皮肤感染等多种疾病的治疗中非常有用。 假设/目的: 检测了大气低温微波等离子体(CAMP)对犬皮肤感染中主要菌株的抗菌活性, 并评价了假中间型葡萄球菌的抗生素耐药性和抗生素敏感性菌株之间的抗菌活性差异。 方法和材料: 将美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)菌株 (金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌) 和鉴定为耐甲氧西林假中间型链球菌(n = 27)和甲氧西林敏感假中间型链球菌(n = 13)的临床分离株暴露于CAMP 10s、30s和60s后, 证实了细菌存活率。 结果: 在相同的CAMP暴露时间内, 革兰氏阴性菌 (铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌) 比革兰氏阳性菌 (金黄色葡萄球菌和假中间型链球菌) 更敏感。暴露60s后仅完全杀灭革兰氏阴性菌。在假中间型链球菌分离株中, 无论抗生素耐药性如何, CAMP暴露均具有相似的抗菌作用。 结论和临床重要性: CAMP对引起犬脓皮病和外耳炎的主要细菌菌株具有足够的抗菌活性, 可能是假中间型葡萄球菌皮肤感染的替代治疗选择, 在临床兽药中, 由于抗菌药物耐药性, 抗生素通常无效。.O plasma atmosférico frio (PAF) é uma opção terapêutica de nova geração para infecções bacterianas. O PAF causa ruptura física da parede celular e danos ao DNA, sendo, portanto, altamente útil no tratamento de várias condições, como infecções de pele. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: A atividade antimicrobiana do plasma atmosférico frio de microondas (PAFM) contra as principais cepas em infecções cutâneas caninas foi testada e a diferença na atividade antimicrobiana entre as cepas de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius resistentes a antibióticos e suscetíveis a antibióticos foi avaliada. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Cepas da American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli) e isolados clínicos identificados como S. pseudintermedius resistente à meticilina (n = 27) e S. pseudintermedius sensível à meticilina (n = 13) foram expostos ao PAFM por 10 s, 30 s e 60 s. Posteriormente, a taxa de sobrevivência bacteriana foi confirmada.As bactérias Gram-negativas (P. aeruginosa e E. coli) foram mais suscetíveis do que as bactérias Gram-positivas (S. aureus e S. pseudintermedius) para a mesma duração da exposição PAFM. Apenas as bactérias Gram-negativas foram completamente mortas após 60 s de exposição. Nos isolados de S. pseudintermedius, a exposição ao PAFM teve efeitos antibacterianos semelhantes, independentemente da resistência aos antibióticos. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: PAFM tem atividade antimicrobiana suficiente contra as principais cepas bacterianas que causam piodermite e otite externa em cães, e pode ser uma opção terapêutica alternativa para infecções cutâneas por S. pseudintermedius, para as quais os antibióticos muitas vezes são ineficazes devido à resistência antimicrobiana na medicina veterinária.

This study aims to analyze the concept of companion robots for older adults from the perspective of nursing. This study employed a concept analysis. The literature from July 2011 to June 2021 was sought from databases using specific keywords. Any quantitative or qualitative study published in English or Korean focusing on companion robots for older adults was included in the study. Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis was used to clarify the antecedents, attributes, and consequences. Seventy-five eligible articles were studied. The findings were categorized into antecedents, attributes, and consequences. Companion robot antecedents were classified into individual factors, attitude toward robots, and caregiver and social factors. The defining attributes included human-robot interaction, function, features, structure, cost, and management of the robot being a companion. Consequences were categorized into user, caregiver, and health related. Companion robots are designed to enhance well-being, quality of life, and independence by providing service and companionship and assisting daily life. This mainly includes cognitive and social support, mobility support, relaxation, health monitoring, and self-care support through human-robot interaction. The attributes, antecedents, and consequences of companion robots identified in this study can inform future decision making and interventions by caregivers for aging in place.

Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) confers methicillin resistance and shows ability for horizontal transfer. However, little is known about the potential transfer of SCCmec between different species of staphylococci in a clinical setting. In this study, we investigated the genetic relationship of SCCmec between staphylococci isolated from dogs affected with pyoderma and their owners. Clinical isolates were collected from pyoderma lesions of dogs and from the nasal cavity and finger of owners. Clonal lineages were characterized using multi-locus sequence typing. Genetic relatedness of SCCmec in the isolates from dogs and owners was first evaluated with dru and SCCmec typing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to confirm the similarity of DNA sequences and the structural composition of SCCmec. A total of 100 Staphylococcus strains were isolated from 31 dog-owner pairs. One pair with isolates carrying the same SCCmec type V and dru type 11a was detected: 18D20-1 (S. pseudintermedius, dog), 18D20-2 (S. schleiferi, dog), and 18H20-F2 (S. epidermidis, dog owner). WGS revealed that these three isolates showed remarkable genetic similarity in SCCmec with respect to DNA sequences, dru type, structure composition of ccrC and the mec complex, and DR-1 in orfX, which is considered to be the insertion site of SCCmec. Entire identical nucleotide sequences of the whole SCCmec region in different Staphylococcus strains were absent between dogs and owners. However, the remarkable genetic similarity of SCCmec from staphylococci isolated from a dog and owner pair emphasizes that antimicrobial resistance surveillance adopted One Health concept should be continuously performed.

Osteosarcoma is known to be one of the frequently occurring cancers in dogs. Its prognosis is usually very poor, with a high incidence of lung metastasis. Although radiation therapy has become a major therapeutic choice for canine osteosarcoma, the high costs and unexpected side effects prevent some patients from considering this treatment. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is an ionized gas with high energy at low temperatures, and it produces reactive oxygen species that mediate many signaling pathways. Although many researchers have used CAP as an anticancer therapeutic approach in humans, its importance has been neglected in veterinary medicine. In this study, D-17 and DSN canine osteosarcoma cell lines were treated with CAP to observe its anticancer activity. By high-content screening and flow cytometry, CAP-treated cells showed growth arrest and apoptosis induction. Moreover, the osteosarcoma cells exhibited reduced migration and invasion activity when treated with CAP. Overall, CAP exerted an anticancer effect on canine osteosarcoma cell lines. CAP may have the potential to be used as a novel modality for treating cancer in veterinary medicine.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major bacterial species associated with canine pyoderma and otitis. Fusidic acid is used to treat skin infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The incidence of resistance to fusidic acid in S. pseudintermedius has importance in terms of limiting treatment options for bacterial infections.To evaluate the occurrence and mechanisms of fusidic acid resistance in clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius.Fifty-two S. pseudintermedius isolates were collected from dogs with pyoderma (n = 36) or otitis (n = 16).The disk diffusion method determined that isolates24 mm were resistant to fusidic acid. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured by the E-test in those with confirmed resistance to fusidic acid by the disk diffusion method. Phenotypically fusidic acid resistant isolates were subjected to PCR to detect the presence of resistance-related genes (fusA, fusB, fusC and fusD) and fusA was further sequenced to identify point mutations.Fourteen of 52 (27%) S. pseudintermedius isolates were resistant to fusidic acid and all of these showed low-level resistance. Among fusidic acid resistant isolates, fusA point mutations were confirmed in 11 isolates and amino acid substitutions were found in five. fusC was detected in seven isolates, but neither fusB nor fusD was detected.This study demonstrates the occurrence and resistance mechanisms to fusidic acid in clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius. Continuous monitoring for fusidic acid resistance is recommended.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius est une espèce bactérienne majeure associée aux otites et pyodermites canines. L'acide fucidique est utilisé pour traiter les infections cutanées causées par les bactéries Gram-positives. L'incidence de la résistance à l'acide fucidique de S. pseudintermedius a de l'importance en terme de limitation des options thérapeutiques des infections bactériennes. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Evaluer le développement et les mécanismes de la résistance à l'acide fucidique des souches cliniques de S. pseudintermedius.Cinquante deux souches de S. pseudintermedius ont été prélevées de chiens atteints de pyodermites (n = 36) ou d'otites (n = 16). MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: La méthode de diffusion sur disque a déterminé que les souches24 mm étaient résistantes à l'acide fucidique. Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (mICs) ont été mesurées par E-test pour celles qui ont confirmé la résistance à l'acide fucidique par la méthode de disque de diffusion. Les souches phénotypiquement résistantes à l'acide fucidique ont été soumises à PCR pour détecter la présence de gènes lié à la résistance (fusA, fusB, fusC et fusD) et fusA a été ensuite séquencé pour identifier les points de mutation. RÉSULTATS: Quatorze des 52 (27%) souches de S. pseudintermedius étaient résistantes à l'acide fucidique et montraient une résistance de faible niveau. Parmi les souches résistantes à l'acide fucidique les points de mutation de fusA étaient confirmés dans 11 souches et les substitutions d'acide aminé étaient trouvés pour cinq. FusC a été détecté dans sept souches mais ni fusB ni fusD n'a été détecté.Cette étude montre le développement et les mécanismes de résistance à l'acide fucidique des souches clinques de S. pseudintermedius. Un monitoring continu pour la résistance à l'acide fucidique est recommandé.INTRODUCCIÓN: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius es una especie bacteriana importante asociada con la pioderma y la otitis caninas. El ácido fusídico se usa para tratar infecciones de la piel causadas por bacterias Gram-positivas. La incidencia de resistencia al ácido fusídico en S. pseudintermedius tiene importancia en términos de limitar las opciones de tratamiento para infecciones bacterianas. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: evaluar la aparición y los mecanismos de resistencia al ácido fusídico en aislados clínicos de S. pseudintermedius. ANIMALES: se obtuvieron 52 aislados de S. pseudintermedius de perros con pioderma (n = 36) u otitis (n = 16). MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: el método de difusión en disco determinó que los aislados24 mm eran resistentes al ácido fusídico. Las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (MICs) se midieron mediante la prueba E en aislados con resistencia confirmada al ácido fusídico mediante el método de difusión en disco. Los aislados fenotípicamente resistentes al ácido fusídico se sometieron a PCR para detectar la presencia de genes relacionados con la resistencia (fusA, fusB, fusC y fusD) y se secuenciaron genes fusA para identificar mutaciones puntuales. RESULTADOS: Catorce de 52 (27%) de los aislados de S. pseudintermedius fueron resistentes al ácido fusídico y todos ellos mostraron resistencia de bajo nivel. Entre los aislados resistentes al ácido fusídico, se confirmaron mutaciones puntuales en fusA en 11 aislados y se encontraron sustituciones de aminoácidos en cinco. Se detectó fusC en siete aislamientos, pero no se detectaron fusB ni fusD. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: este estudio demuestra la aparición y los mecanismos resistentes al ácido fusídico en aislados clínicos de S. pseudintermedius. Se recomienda la evaluación continua de la resistencia al ácido fusídico.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ist eine wichtige Bakterienspezies, die mit der caninen Pyodermie und Otitis im Zusammenhang steht. Fucidinsäure wird verwendet, um Hautinfektionen zu behandeln, die durch Gram-positive Bakterien verursacht werden. Das Auftreten einer Resistenz gegen Fucidinsäure bei S. pseudintermedius ist von großer Wichtigkeit, da es die Behandlungsoptionen für bakterielle Infektionen limitiert.Eine Evaluierung des Auftretens und der Mechanismen einer Fucidinsäure Resistenz bei klinischen Isolaten von S. pseudintermedius.Zweiundfünfzig S. pseudintermedius Isolate wurden von Hunden mit Pyodermie (n =36) oder Otitis (n = 16) gesammelt.Mittels Diskdiffusionsmethode wurde bestimmt, dass Isolate24mm auf Fucidinsäure resistent waren. Es wurde die minimale Hemmstoffkonzentration (MICs) mittels E-Test bei jenen gemessen, bei denen eine Resistenz zu Fucidinsäure mittels Diskdiffusionsmethode festgestellt worden war. Phänotypisch Fucidinsäure resistente Isolate wurden einer PCR unterzogen, um das Auftreten von Resistenz-bezogenen Genen festzustellen (fusA, fusB, fusC und fusD) und fusA wurde weiter sequenziert, um Punktmutationen zu identifizieren.Vierzehn von 52 (27%) S. pseudintermedius Isolate waren gegen Fucidinsäure resistent, wobei diese alle ein niedriges Level an Resistenz zeigten. Unter den Fucidinsäure resistenten Isolaten wurden Punktmutationen bei fusA bei 11 Isolaten bestätigt und Aminosäuresubstitutionen wurden bei fünf von ihnen gefunden. fusC wurde bei sieben Isolaten gefunden, während weder fusB noch fusD gefunden wurden.Diese Studie zeigt das Auftreten und die Resistenzmechanismen von Fucidinsäure bei klinischen Isolaten von S. pseudintermedius. Es ist daher eine kontinuierliche Überwachung der Fucidinsäure Resistenz zu empfehlen.背景: Staphylococcus pseudintermediusは犬膿皮症および中耳炎に関連する主要な細菌種である。フシジン酸は、グラム陽性菌による皮膚感染症の治療に使用される。 S. pseudintermediusにおけるフシジン酸耐性発生率は、細菌感染症の治療選択肢を制限するという点で重要である。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、S. pseudintermediusの臨床分離株におけるフシジン酸耐性の発生およびメカニズムを評価することである。 供試動物: 膿皮症(n = 36)または中耳炎(n = 16)の罹患犬から得た52株のS. pseudintermedius分離株。 材料と方法: ディスク拡散法により、24 mm未満の分離株はフシジン酸に耐性があると判断した。ディスク拡散法によりフシジン酸に対する耐性が確認されたものの、最小発育阻止濃度(MIC)はEテストで測定した。表現型のフシジン酸耐性分離株は、耐性関連遺伝子(fusA、fusB、fusCおよびfusD)の存在を検出するためPCRを実施し、さらに点変異を同定するため、fusAのシーケンスを実施した。 結果: 52株中14(27%)のS. pseudintermedius分離株がフシジン酸に耐性があり、これらはすべて低レベルの耐性を示した。フシジン酸耐性分離株中11株でで、fusAの点変異が確認され、アミノ酸置換は5株で発見された。 fusCは7分離株で検出されたが、fusBおよびfusDのどちらも検出されなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: 本研究は、S. pseudintermediusの臨床分離株におけるフシジン酸の発生と耐性メカニズムを示している。フシジン酸耐性の継続的な監視が推奨される。.背景: 假中间型葡萄球菌是犬脓皮病和耳炎的主要细菌种类。夫西地酸可用于治疗革兰阳性菌引起的皮肤感染。假中间型葡萄球菌对夫西地酸的耐药发生率,在限制细菌感染的治疗选择方面具有重要意义。 假设/目的: 评价假中间型葡萄球菌临床分离株对夫西地酸耐药的发生率和机制。 动物: 从脓皮病 (n=36) 或耳炎 (n=16) 患犬身上采集假中间型葡萄菌52株。 方法和材料: 用纸片扩散法测定,分离株24mm 说明对夫西地酸耐药。用纸片扩散法确认对夫西地酸耐药后,再用 E-test测定最小抑菌浓度 (MIC)。PCR检测夫西地酸耐药株表型是否存在耐药相关基因(fusA、fusB、fusC和fusD),并对fusA进一步测序,鉴定点突变。 结果: 52 株假中间型葡萄球菌中有14株 (27%) 对夫西地酸耐药,且均表现为低水平耐药。在夫西地酸耐药菌株中,证实11株有fusA点突变,5株发现氨基酸替换。7株中检测到fusC,但均未检测到fusB和fusD。 结论和临床意义: 本研究证明了假中间型葡萄球菌临床分离株对夫西地酸耐药的发生率和机制。建议持续监测夫西地酸耐药性。.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius é uma importante espécie bacteriana associada com piodermite e otite caninas. O ácido fúsidico é utilizado para tratar infecções causadas por bactérias Gram-positivas. A incidência de resistência ao ácido fusídico nos S. pseudintermedius é importante em termos de limitações de opções terapêuticas para infecções bacterianas. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a ocorrência e os mecanismos de resistência ao ácido fusídico em isolados clínicos de S. pseudintermedius.Cinquenta e dois isolados de S. pseudintermedius foram coletados de cães com piodermite (n = 36) ou otite (n = 16). MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: O método de difusão em disco determinou que isolados menores que24 mm eram resistentes ao ácido fusídico. As concentrações inibitórias mínimas (MICs) foram mensuradas pelo E-teste naqueles isolados apresentando resistência confirmada ao ácido fusídico no método de difusão em disco. Os isolados resistentes ao ácido fusídico fenotipicamente foram submetidos a PCR para detectar a presença dos genes relacionados à resistência (fusA, fusB, fusC e fusD) e p fusA foi posteriormente sequenciado para identificar mutações pontuais.Quatorze de 52 (27%) de isolados de S. pseudintermedius foram resistentes ao ácido fusídico e todos estes apresentaram baixo grau de resistência. Dentre os isolados resistentes ao ácido fusídico, mutações pontuais em fusA foram confirmadas em 11 isolados e substituições de aminoácidos foram encontradas em cinco. O fusC foi detectado em sete isolados, já fusB e fusC não foram identificados. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Este estudo demonstra a ocorrência e os mecanismos de resistência ao ácido fusídico em isolados clínicos de S. pseudintermedius. Recomenda-se o monitoramento contínuo para resistência ao ácido fusídico.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunist pathogen that causes purulent inflammation in the skin and in the ears of dogs. Among the various virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, biofilms have been reported to result in antibiotic resistance, leading to therapeutic limitations. Cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) is known to have a high antimicrobial effect, which causes physical cell wall rupture and DNA damage.The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of CAMP against planktonic bacteria and the biofilm of P. aeruginosa.The antibacterial effect of CAMP against P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 and clinical isolates (n = 30) was evaluated using the colony count method. We also assessed the effect of CAMP on biofilm of P. aeruginosa ATCC strain by the colony count method, water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).The complete eradication of P. aeruginosa (ATCC strain and clinical isolates) was achieved within 120 s at 50 W, and clinical isolates required 60 s shorter than the ATCC strain for complete eradication at 50 W. We also confirmed the time-dependent bactericidal effect of CAMP at 50 W against ATCC strain biofilm.CAMP was effective against both planktonic bacteria and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. However, further studies on in vivo efficacy and safety in canine skin and ears are necessary to fully validate its clinical application.背景-铜绿假单胞菌是一种条件致病菌, 可引起犬皮肤和耳部化脓性炎症。在铜绿假单胞菌的各种毒力因子中, 有报道生物膜导致抗生素耐药, 限制了疗效。已知冷大气微波等离子体(CAMP)具有较高的抗菌作用, 从而引起物理细胞壁破裂和DNA损伤。 假设/目的-本研究的目的是评价CAMP对浮游细菌和铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的抗菌和抗生物膜作用。 方法和材料-使用菌落计数法评价CAMP对铜绿假单胞菌ATCC10145和临床分离株(n = 30)的抗菌作用。我们还通过菌落计数法、水溶性四唑盐(WST)试验和激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)评估了CAMP对铜绿假单胞菌ATCC菌株生物膜的影响。 结果-铜绿假单胞菌 (ATCC菌株和临床分离株) 在50 W下120 s内完全根除, 在50 W下,临床分离株完全根除所需时间比ATCC菌株短60 s。我们还证实了50 WCAMP对ATCC菌株生物膜的时间依赖性杀菌作用。 结论和临床重要性-CAMP对抑制浮游细菌和铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成均有效。但有必要对犬皮肤和耳部的体内疗效和安全性进行进一步研究, 以充分验证其临床应用。.Pseudomonas aeruginosa est un pathogène opportuniste qui provoque une inflammation purulente de la peau et des oreilles des chiens. Parmi les différents facteurs de virulence de P. aeruginosa, il a été rapporté que les biofilms entraînent une résistance aux antibiotiques, entraînant des limitations thérapeutiques. Le CAMP (Cold atmospheric microwave plasma) est connu pour avoir un effet antimicrobien élevé, ce qui provoque une rupture physique de la paroi cellulaire et des dommages à l'ADN. HYPOTHÈSE/OBJECTIFS: L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les effets antibactériens et antibiofilm du CAMP contre les bactéries planctoniques et le biofilm de P. aeruginosa. MÉTHODES ET MATÉRIEL: L'effet antibactérien du CAMP contre P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 et les isolats cliniques (n = 30) a été évalué à l'aide de la méthode de comptage des colonies. Nous avons également évalué l'effet du CAMP sur le biofilm de la souche ATCC de P. aeruginosa par la méthode de comptage des colonies, le dosage du sel de tétrazolium hydrosoluble (WST) et la microscopie confocale à balayage laser (CLSM). RÉSULTATS: L'éradication complète de P. aeruginosa (souche ATCC et isolats cliniques) a été réalisée en 120 s à 50 W, et les isolats cliniques ont nécessité 60 s de moins que la souche ATCC pour une éradication complète à 50 W. Nous avons également confirmé l’effet bactéricide temps dépendant du CAMP à 50 W contre le biofilm de la souche ATCC.CAMP était efficace contre les bactéries planctoniques et la formation de biofilm de P. aeruginosa. Cependant, d'autres études sur l'efficacité et l'innocuité in vivo dans la peau et les oreilles canines sont nécessaires pour valider pleinement son application clinique.Pseudomonas aeruginosa ist ein opportunistisches Pathogen, welches eine eitrige Entzündung in der Haut und in den Ohren von Hunden verursacht. Unter den verschiedenen Virulenzfaktoren von P. aeruginosa wird ein Biofilm beschrieben, welcher zu antibiotischer Resistenz führt, was wiederum zu therapeutischen Limitierungen führt. Kaltes atmosphärisches Mikrowellenplasma (CAMP) ist bekannt für eine starke antimikrobielle Wirkung, die eine physische Zellwandruptur und eine Schädigung der DNA verursacht.Das Ziel dieser Studie war eine Evaluierung der antibakteriellen und Antibiofilm Wirksamkeiten von CAMP gegenüber planktonischen Bakterien und dem Biofilm von P. aeruginosa.Die antibakterielle Wirkung von CAMP gegenüber P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 und klinischen Isolaten (n = 30) wurde mittels Koloniezählungsmethode evaluiert. Wir untersuchten auch die Auswirkung von CAMP auf den Biofilm von P. aeruginosa ATCC Stamm mittels Koloniezählungsmethode, wasserlöslichem Tetrazolium Salz (WST) Assay und konfokaler Laserscanmikroskopie (CLSM).Die gänzliche Auslöschung von P. aeruginosa (ATCC Stamm und klinische Isolate) wurde innerhalb von 120s bei 50 W erzielt, klinische Isolate benötigten 60s weniger als die ATCC Stämme für eine komplette Auslöschung bei 50 W. Wir bestätigten auch eine Zeit-abhängige bakterizide Wirkung von CAMP bei 50 W gegenüber dem Biofilm von ATCC Stämmen.CAMP war gegenüber planktonischen Bakterien sowie Biofilmbildung von P. aeruginosa wirksam. Es sind jedoch weitere Studien nötig, um die in vivo Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit auf der Haut und in den Ohren des Hundes zu untersuchen, um die klinische Applikation vollständig zu validieren.背景-Pseudomonas aeruginosaは、犬の皮膚や耳に膿性の炎症を引き起こす日和見病原体である。P. aeruginosaの様々な病原因子の中でも、バイオフィルムは抗生物質耐性をもたらすことが報告されており、治療の限界につながっている。冷気マイクロ波プラズマ (CAMP) は高い抗菌効果を持つことが知られており、物理的な細胞壁の破壊及びDNAの損傷を引き起こす。 仮説・目的-本研究の目的は、浮遊性細菌およびP. aeruginosaのバイオフィルムに対するCAMPの抗菌・抗バイオフィルム効果を評価することであった。 材料と方法 - P. aeruginosa ATCC10145および臨床分離株 (n = 30) に対するCAMPの抗菌効果をコロニーカウント法で評価した。また、P. aeruginosa ATCC株のバイオフィルムに対するCAMPの効果をコロニーカウント法、水溶性テトラゾリウム塩 (WST) アッセイ法、共焦点レーザー走査型顕微鏡 (CLSM) で評価した。 結果 - P. aeruginosa(ATCC株および臨床分離株) の完全な根絶は50Wで120秒以内に達成され、臨床分離株は50Wでの完全な根絶にATCC株よりも60秒短い時間を必要とした。また、ATCC株のバイオフィルムに対するCAMPの50Wでの時間依存的な殺菌効果を確認した。 結論と臨床上の重要性 - CAMPは、浮遊性細菌及びP. aeruginosaのバイオフィルム形成の両方に対して有効であった。しかし、その臨床応用を完全に検証するためには、犬の皮膚や耳におけるin vivoの有効性及び安全性に関するさらなる研究が必要である。.Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um patógeno oportunista que causa inflamação purulenta na pele e orelhas de cães. Dentre os fatores de virulência de P. aeruginosa, os biofilmes têm sido relatados como causadores de resistência a antimicrobianos, levando a limitações terapêuticas. O plasma atmosférico frio (CAMP) é conhecido por apresentar elevada ação antimicrobiana, que causa ruptura física da parede celular e dano ao DNA. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antibacterianos e antibiofilme do CAMP contra bactérias P. aeruginosa nas formas planctônica e biofilme. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: O efeito antibacteriano de CAMP contra P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 e isolados clínicos (n = 30) foi avaliado utilizando o método de contagem de colônias. Nós também avaliamos o efeito de CAMP no biofilme de P. aeruginosa cepa ATCC pelo método de contagem de colônias, ensaio de sal de tetrazólio solúvel em água (WST) e microscopia confocal de varredura a laser (CLSM).A erradicação completa de P. aeruginosa (cepa ATCC e isolados clínicos) foi obtida dentro de 120 s a 50 W, e os isolados clínicos precisaram de 60 s a menos que a cepa ATCC para completar a erradicação a 50 W. Nós também confirmamos o efeito bactericida tempo-dependente do CAMP a 50 W contra o biofilme da cepa ATCC. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O CAMP foi eficaz contra bactérias planctônicas e formação de biofilme de P. aeruginosa. Entretanto, mais estudos sobre a eficácia in vivo e a segurança na pele canina e orelhas são necessários para validar a sua aplicação clínica.INTRODUCCIÓN: Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un patógeno oportunista que causa inflamación purulenta en la piel y en los oídos de los perros. Entre los diversos factores de virulencia de P. aeruginosa, se ha informado que la formación de biopelículas da lugar a resistencia a los antibióticos, lo que genera limitaciones terapéuticas. Se sabe que el plasma de microondas atmosférico frío (CAMP) tiene un alto efecto antimicrobiano, que provoca la ruptura física de la pared celular y daño al DNA bacteriano. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos antibacterianos y antipelículas biológicas de CAMP contra bacterias planctónicas y el biofilm de P. aeruginosa. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: Se evaluó el efecto antibacteriano de CAMP contra P. aeruginosa ATCC10145 y aislados clínicos (n = 30) utilizando el método de recuento de colonias. También evaluamos el efecto de CAMP sobre la biopelícula de la cepa ATCC de P. aeruginosa mediante el método de recuento de colonias, el ensayo de sal de tetrazolio soluble en agua (WST) y la microscopía de barrido láser confocal (CLSM). RESULTADOS: la eleiminación completa de P. aeruginosa (cepa ATCC y aislados clínicos) se logró con 120s a 50 W, y los aislados clínicos requirieron 60s menos que la cepa ATCC para la eliminación completa a 50 W. También confirmamos efecto bactericida dependiente de tiempo de CAMP a 50 W contra la biopelícula de la cepa ATCC. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: CAMP fue eficaz tanto contra las bacterias planctónicas como contra la formación de biopelículas de P. aeruginosa. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre la eficacia y seguridad in vivo en piel y oídos caninos para validar completamente su aplicación clínica. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: CAMP was effective against both planktonic bacteria and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. However, further studies on in vivo efficacy and safety in canine skin and ears are necessary to fully validate its clinical application.

Background Reports of canine pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) are uncommon in the veterinary literature. Rarer still are cases describing dogs with both skin lesions and internal organ involvement. Objective To describe a case of canine PG with skin and internal organ involvement. Animals A client-owned dog. Methods and materials Complete blood count, serum chemistry, C-reactive protein and SNAP cPL tests, and abdominal ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration of the spleen were performed. Results The dog was treated with oral prednisolone and ciclosporin. After three months of therapy, ultrasonography revealed normalization of the spleen and resolution of skin lesions. Conclusion and clinical importance Dogs with skin lesions compatible with PG should be screened carefully for internal organ involvement. Ciclosporin may be a useful treatment for the immediate and long-term management of canine PG.

Topical use of ginsenosides, the major bioactive substances in Panax ginseng, has been used for the treatment of irritated skin complaints. However, the protective mechanisms of ginsenosides remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of ginsenoside F2 (GF2) on the skin inflammation. To induce irritant dermatitis, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was applied on the surface of the mouse ears with or without treatments of GF2 and dexamethasone for 24 h. Protective effects of GF2 on edema and inflammation were assessed by measuring ear thickness, weights of skin punch, and inflammatory responses. In gross findings, treatments with GF2 significantly decreased skin thickness and weight compared to those of TPA-treated groups, which was comparable with the protective effects of dexamethasone. In addition, expression of inflammatory mediators was remarkably reduced in GF2-treated ears compared to that of vehicle-treated ears of mice. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analyses revealed that TPA treatment significantly increased infiltration of interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing dermal γδ T cells, while frequencies of γδ T cells was decreased by GF2 treatment, subsequently ameliorating inflammation in skin. Concomitantly, TPA-mediated skin inflammation was significantly ameliorated in IL-17A knock out mice. Furthermore, GF2 treatment inhibited infiltration and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of neutrophils in damaged ears compared with vehicle-treated mice. These results clearly suggest that GF2 treatment ameliorates TPA-induced dermal inflammation by inhibiting production of IL-17 and ROS in γδ T cells and neutrophils, respectively. Therefore, as a natural compound, application of GF2 may be a novel therapeutic approach for treating skin inflammation.

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a challenging pathogen cultured from cases of acute and chronic canine otitis and sometimes in cases of deep pyoderma. The spread of antimicrobial resistance, especially carbapenem resistance, is a serious therapeutic challenge worldwide. Hypothesis/objectives To investigate the identification and characterization of resistant P. aeruginosa clinical canine isolates. Materials Clinical isolates (n = 80) were collected from dogs with pyoderma (n = 18) and otitis (n = 62) in Korea. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using agar dilution and using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for recording susceptibility for human Pseudomonas isolates; genetic relatedness of isolates was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and SpeI macrorestriction analysis. The class 1 integrons were amplified and sequenced using primer walking. Results Most isolates were susceptible to colistin (97.5%), polymyxin B (96.3%), ciprofloxacin (81.3%) and meropenem (80.0%); whereas resistance to aztreonam (80%), piperacillin (52.5%), piperacillin/tazobactam (41.3%) and cefepime (37.5%) was high; 12 carbapenem-nonsusceptible isolates (15%) were detected. MLST revealed 45 different sequence types (STs) and macrorestriction analysis detected 55 distinct pulsotypes (PTs), which were divided into 25 clonal groups. Among carbapenem-nonsusceptible isolates, 10 (83.3%) were VIM-2-producing strains. Nine VIM-2-producing isolates were identified as ST1047 and harboured the same 2.8 kb class 1 integron. One remaining isolate was ST1203 with 2.1 kb class 1 integron. Conclusions and clinical importance This study demonstrated the diversity of the phenotype and genotype of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from dogs with pyoderma and otitis. The identification of VIM-2-producing P. aeruginosa in dogs is alarming and warrants further surveillance.

The purpose of this case report was to present the treatment of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in dogs with end-stage CKD with uncontrolled uremia. Hemodialysis were carried out 6 patients who failed to improve clinical status with conventional management for CKD. Four dogs with urea reduction ratio (URR) range of 57-72% and 1 dog with URR of 37.3% showed good outcome with decreasing tendency of pre-dialysis Therefore, we suggest that CRRT could be recommended for use in CKD dogs with uncontrolled azotemia or uremia and should be monitor carefully throughout the CRRT.

Seventeen dogs were treated with L-ornithin-L-aspartate (LOLA; experimental group). Three dogs were treated with lactulose recognized therapy (control group). Following LOLA administration, 15 dogs experienced a significant decrease in ammonia level (p ＜ 0.05) and showed clinical signs of improvement. However, there were no clinical signs of improvement in two dogs, even though the ammonia level decreased. Conversely, the clinical signs of the control group also improved and the ammonia level decreased, although these changes were not significant (p ＞ 0.05). These results suggest that LOLA is an effective drug to treat hyperammonemia in veterinary medicine.

Bacterial infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is challenging in a small animal practice. Zoonotic transmission may occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic profiles of MRSP isolated from bacterial infections of canine skin in Korea and to compare their molecular lineages with dominant strains from other countries. Sixty MRSP isolates were obtained from the lesions of canine pyoderma and otitis externa. Their genetic diversity was assessed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A ( spa ) typing and direct-repeat unit ( dru ) typing. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) elements were characterized by multiplex PCR. Thirty-nine different sequence types (STs) were detected. Among them, 21 STs were identified as internationally new sequence types. Fourteen dru types (dts) were detected, and the major types were dt11a and dt11y. spa typing characterised 21 isolates (35%, 21/60), including spa types t02 (n = 8), t05 (n = 5), t06 (n = 6), and t15 (n = 2). Two clonal complexes, CC568 and CC677, were revealed by MLST; this result differed from the dominant STs detected in MRSP isolates from Europe, North America, and other Asian countries. SCC mec type V was the major type (27/60. 45%), and 30 (50%) isolates were non-typeable by conventional classifying method. This is the first report about the clonal lineage of MRSP isolated from Korea. MRSP isolated from dogs in Korea displays independent lineage from other countries. Surveillance is needed to confirm cross-national disseminating patterns.

Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is an allergic skin disease with characteristic clinical features associated with immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Identification of the causative allergens is the diagnostic goal, which is essential to treat and manage CAD patients. CAD is commonly associated with environmental allergens surrounding the patients. For this reason, it is important for diagnostic tests to select allergens that are related to the environment of each country and each province. There are two main allergen-specific tests, serological IgE test (SAT) and intradermal skin test (IDT). SAT did not show direct cutaneous reaction but did show serological reaction against allergens. However, SAT is simpler and more convenient than IDT in small animal practice. In this study, we selected domestically prevalent allergens for SAT, including 60 food allergens and 60 inhalant allergens, and tested eight dogs tentatively diagnosed with CAD based on Favrot’s criteria. Furthermore, IDT was performed on four dogs from the SAT group for comparison of SAT and IDT, and the results were very similar. In SAT, four types of mites (Bloomia tropicalis, Glycophagus domesticus, Euroglyphus maynei, and mite mixture 1 Korea; house dust mites), four types of molds (Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, mold fungi mixture 11, mold fungi mixture), and one type of pollen (tree pollen mix 3 Korea) induced a reaction in more than half of dogs tested. In IDT, all four dogs reacted positively to Dermatophagoides farinae, and three reacted positively to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and house dust. The mean agreement rate between SAT and IDT in this study was 76.3%. This is the first trial to apply local allergens for SAT in Korean veterinary medicine, and it might play an important role for diagnoses and management of animal allergic diseases.

Helicobacter spp. may have multiple routes of transmission. It is unclear, however, whether the agent is zoonotic and therefore transmitted from an animal reservoir, including dogs. The aim of this population-based study was to assess the relationship between pet ownership or frequent exposure to dogs and Helicobacter spp. infection, especially focusing on HHLO-2 (Helicobacter heilmannii-like organisms type 2) in saliva and feces samples in Korea, using non-invasive genus/species-specific PCR. One hundred twenty-four eligible human subjects and 39 dogs participated in this study. Relativity of contact with dogs and Helicobacter spp. infection diagnosed by genus-specific PCR showed a statistically significant result (P

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria in dogs with otitis externa has led to a need for novel therapeutic agents.To examine the antibacterial effects of manuka oil combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tromethamine (Tris-EDTA) against Gram-negative bacteria isolates from dogs with otitis externa.A total of 53 clinical isolates including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion; the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of manuka essential oil, with or without Tris-EDTA, were investigated.A total of 44 isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 19 strains were multidrug-resistant, with resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial classes. The MICs and MBCs of manuka oil alone were ≥1% (v/v) and ≥2% (v/v), respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of Tris-EDTA (1.125:0.3 mg/mL) without manuka oil. However, the combination of manuka oil with Tris-EDTA significantly decreased the MICs (ranging from 0.06% to 0.5%, v/v; P 0.001) and MBCs (ranging from 0.06% to 1%, v/v; P 0.001). There also was no significant difference between multidrug-resistant and nonresistant bacterial isolates in terms of the antimicrobial activity of manuka oil with Tris-EDTA.The study findings suggest that manuka oil, especially when combined with Tris-EDTA, may be a promising alternative therapeutic option for Gram-negative otic pathogens. Clinical studies are needed to assess potential for in vivo ototoxic effects and efficacy.L'augmentation de la prévalence des résistances antimicrobiennes parmi les bactéries chez les chiens avec otite externe a mené à un besoin de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Examiner les effets antibactériens d'huile de manuka combiné avec le Tris-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tromethamine) contre les souches de bactéries Gram négatives de chiens avec otite externe. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: un total de 53 souches cliniques comprenant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae et Proteus mirabilis. La sensibilité antimicrobienne a été déterminée avec un disque de diffusion; les concentrations animales inhibitrices (CMIs) et les concentrations bactéricides minimum (MBCs) d'huile de manuka, avec ou sans Tris-EDTA, ont été étudiées. RÉSULTATS: Un total de 44 souches était résistant à au moins un antibiotique et 19 souches étaient multirésistantes avec une résistance à au moins un agent de trois ou plus d'une des classes antimicrobiennes. Les MICs et MBCs d'huile de manuka seule étaient respectivement ≥1% (v/v) et ≥2% (v/v). Il n'y avait pas d'effet antimicrobien de Tris-EDTA (1.125:0.3 mg/mL) sans huile de manuka. Cependant, la combinaison d'huile de manuka et de Tris-EDTA a diminué significativement les MICs (allant de 0.06% à 0.5%, v/v; P0.001) et MBCs (allant de 0.06% to 1%, v/v; P0.001). Il n'y avait pas non plus de différence significative entre les souches bactériennes multirésistantes et non résistantes en termes d'activité antimicrobienne d'huile de manuka avec Tris-EDTA.Les données de l’étude suggèrent que l'huile de manuka, en particulier en combinaison avec le Tris-EDTA, peut être une alternative prometteuse pour le traitement des pathogènes Gram-négatifs des otites. Les études cliniques sont nécessaires pour déterminer l'efficacité et les effets ototoxiques in vivo.INTRODUCCIÓN: la creciente prevalencia de resistencia a los antimicrobianos entre las bacterias en perros con otitis externa ha llevado la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVO: examinar los efectos antibacterianos del aceite de manuka combinado con ácido etilendiaminotetraacético-trometamina (Tris-EDTA) frente a aislados de bacterias Gram-negativas de perros con otitis externa. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: un total de 53 aislados de casos clínicos, incluidos Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae y Proteus mirabilis. La susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se determinó mediante la prueba de difusión en disco; se investigaron las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (MICs) y las concentraciones bactericidas mínimas (MBCs) del aceite esencial de manuka, con o sin Tris-EDTA. RESULTADOS: un total de 44 aislamientos fueron resistentes a al menos un antibiótico y 19 cepas fueron resistentes a múltiples fármacos, con resistencia a al menos un agente en tres o más clases de antimicrobianos. Las MICs y MBCs del aceite de manuka por sí solo fueron ≥1% (v/v) y ≥2% (v/v), respectivamente. No hubo efecto antimicrobiano de Tris-EDTA (1,125:0,3 mg/mL) sin aceite de manuka. Sin embargo, la combinación de aceite de manuka con Tris-EDTA disminuyó significativamente las MICs (en un rango de 0,06% a 0,5%, v/v; P0,001) y MBCs (en un rango de 0,06% a 1%, v/v; P0,001). Tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre los aislamientos bacterianos multirresistentes y no resistentes en términos de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite de manuka con Tris-EDTA. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: los resultados del estudio sugieren que el aceite de manuka, especialmente cuando se combina con Tris-EDTA, puede ser una opción terapéutica alternativa prometedora para los patógenos óticos Gram-negativos. Se necesitan estudios clínicos en casos de otitis para evaluar el potencial in vivo de dichos efectos y su toxicidad.Die zunehmende Prävalenz der antimikrobiellen Resistenz bei Hunden mit Otitis externa hat dazu geführt, dass neue therapeutische Wirkstoffe benötigt werden.Eine Untersuchung der antibakteriellen Wirkung von Manukaöl in Kombination mit Ethylendiaminetetraacetic Säure-Tromethamine (Tris-EDTA) gegen Gram-negative Bakterienisolate von Hunden mit Otitis externa.Insgesamt wurden 53 klinische Isolate mit Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae und Proteus mirabilis verwendet. Die antimikrobielle Empfindlichkeit wurde mittels Diskdiffusion bestimmt; die minimalen Hemmstoffkonzentrationen (MICs) und die minimalen Bakterienkonzentrationen (MBCs) von essentiellem Manukaöl, mit oder ohne Tris-EDTA, wurden untersucht.Insgesamt waren 44 Isolate zu mindestens einem Antibiotikum resistent und 19 Stämme waren multiresistent, mit einer Resistenz zu mindestens einem Wirkstoff aus drei oder mehreren Antibiotika Klassen. Die MICs bzw die MBCs von Manukaöl alleine waren ≥ 1% (v/v) bzw. ≥ 2% (v/v). Es bestand keine antimikrobielle Wirkung von Tris-EDTA (1,125:0,3 mg/mL) ohne Manukaöl. Die Kombination von Manukaöl mit Tris-EDTA führte jedoch zu einer signifikanten Erniedrigung der MICs (Bereich von 0,06% bis 0,5%; v/v; P0,001) und der MBCs (Bereich von 0,06% bis 1%; v/v; P0,001). Es bestand auch kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den multiresistenten und den nicht-resistenten bakteriellen Isolaten in Bezug auf die antimikrobielle Aktivität des Manukaöls mit Tris-EDTA.Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie weisen darauf hin, dass Manukaöl, vor allem wenn es mit Tris-EDTA kombiniert wird, eine vielversprechende alternative Behandlungsoption für Gram-negative Pathogene der Ohren darstellt. Es sind noch klinische Studien nötig, um potentielle ototoxische Wirkungen und die Wirksamkeit in vivo zu erfassen.背景: 外耳炎を呈した犬の細菌に対する抗菌薬耐性の増加は、新しい治療薬の必要性をもたらしている。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、外耳炎を呈した犬から分離したグラム陰性菌に対するエチレンジアミン四酢酸-トロメタミン(Tris-EDTA)と併用したマヌカ油の抗菌効果を調査することであった。 材料と方法-緑膿菌、大腸菌、Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniaeおよびProteus mirabilisを含む合計53株の臨床分離株。抗菌薬感受性試験は、ディスク拡散法により決定した。 Tris-EDTAの有無にかかわらず、マヌカ精油の最小発育阻止濃度(MIC)および最小殺菌濃度(MBC)を調査した。 結果: 合計44株の分離株が少なくとも1つの抗生物質に耐性、19株が多剤耐性(3つ以上の抗菌薬クラスの少なくとも1つに耐性)であった。マヌカ油単独のMICおよびMBCは、それぞれ≥1%(v / v)および≥2%(v / v)であった。マヌカ油を含まないTris-EDTA(1.125:0.3 mg / mL)の抗菌効果はなかった。ただし、マヌカ油およびTris-EDTAの併用により、MIC(範囲: 0.06%-0.5%、v / v; P0.001)およびMBC(範囲: 0.06%-1%、v / v; P0.001 )と有意に減少した。また、Tris-EDTAを併用したマヌカ油の抗菌活性に関して、多剤耐性菌および非耐性菌の間に大きな違いはなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: 本研究結果は、マヌカ油が、特にTris-EDTAと併用した場合、耳道内グラム陰性病原体に対する有望な代替治療選択肢である可能性を示唆している。生体内耳毒性の影響および有効性の可能性を評価するには、臨床研究が必要である。.背景: 犬外耳炎中细菌耐药性增加,导致了对新型治疗药物的需求。 假设/目的: 研究麦卢卡油与乙二胺四乙酸-三甲胺(Tris-EDTA)联用对犬外耳炎中革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌作用。 方法和材料: 共有53种临床分离株,包括铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肺炎支原体和变形杆菌。采用纸片扩散法进行药敏测试;研究有或无Tris-EDTA添加的麦卢卡精油的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。 结果: 共有44株分离株对至少一种抗生素具有耐药性,且有19株具有多重耐药性,对三种或更多类型抗生素中的至少一种药物具有耐药性。单独使用麦卢卡油的MIC和MBC分别≥1%(v / v)和≥2%(v / v)。无麦卢卡油的Tris-EDTA(1.125:0.3 mg / mL)无抗菌作用。然而,当麦卢卡油与Tris-EDTA联用时,显著降低了MIC(从0.06%到0.5%,v / v; P0.001)和MBC(从0.06%到1%,v / v; P0.001 )。就麦卢卡油与Tris-EDTA的抗微生物活性而言,多重耐药菌和非耐药菌之间无显著差异。 结论和临床价值: 研究结果表明,麦卢卡油,特别是与Tris-EDTA联用时,有希望成为耳源性革兰氏阴性菌的替代治疗选择。需要临床研究来进一步评估体内耳毒性和疗效。.A crescente prevalência de resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias de cães com otite externa levou à necessidade de novos agentes terapêuticos. HIPÓTESE / OBJETIVO: Examinar os efeitos antibacterianos do óleo de manuka combinado com ácido etilenodiaminotetracético-trometamina (Tris-EDTA) contra bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas de cães com otite externa. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Um total de 53 isolados clínicos, incluindo Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae e Proteus mirabilis. A susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foi determinada utilizando difusão em disco; foram investigadas as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (MICs) e as concentrações bactericidas mínimas (MBCs) do óleo essencial de manuka, com ou sem Tris-EDTA.Um total de 44 isolados foram resistentes a pelo menos um antibiótico e 19 cepas foram multirresistentes com resistência a pelo menos um agente em três ou mais classes de antimicrobianos. As MICs e MBCs do óleo de manuka isolados foram ≥1% (v/v) e ≥2% (v/v), respectivamente. Não houve efeito antimicrobiano de Tris-EDTA (1,125: 0,3 mg / mL) sem óleo de manuka. No entanto, a combinação de óleo de manuka com Tris-EDTA diminuiu significativamente as MICs (variando de 0,06% a 0,5%, v/v; P0,001) e as MBCs (variando de 0,06% a 1%, v/v; P0,001). Também não houve diferença significativa entre isolados bacterianos multirresistentes e não resistentes em termos da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo de manuka com Tris-EDTA. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o óleo de manuka, especialmente quando combinado com Tris-EDTA, pode ser uma opção terapêutica promissora para patógenos otológicos Gram-negativos. Estudos clínicos são necessários para avaliar o potencial de efeitos ototóxicos e eficácia in vivo.

Background Sarcoptic mange in free-ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is a widespread zoonotic disease that causes severe skin lesions with significant morbidity and mortality. Fluralaner is a member of the isoxazoline chemical class and is an acaricide and insecticide widely used in flea, tick and mite infections of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of orally administered fluralaner in free-ranging raccoon dogs naturally infected with sarcoptic mange. Animals Six raccoon dogs rescued at the Seoul Wildlife Center between November 2017 and April 2018. Methods and materials Raccoon dogs were treated with a single dose of a chewable fluralaner tablet. Clinical lesion scoring and superficial skin scraping were performed weekly for three weeks to assess treatment efficacy; the general health was assessed daily to monitor response and observe any adverse drug reactions. Results Within seven days of treatment, a marked reduction in skin lesions was observed and mites were no longer present in skin scrapings. There was no evidence of re-infestation and no additional drug administration was required. Conclusions and clinical importance Although this was a nonrandomized, uncontrolled study of a small number of animals, it demonstrated that fluralaner may be suitable for treating sarcoptic mange in raccoon dogs.

Two dogs were presented with melena, vomiting and depression after accidental swallowing of candy formof Strepsils (flurbiprofen), which is one of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in human medicine for controllinga sore throat. These dogs had common signs of anemia induced by gastrointestinal ulceration and hemorrhage withazotemia and leukocytosis. The dogs were treated with blood transfusion, fluid therapy, proton-pump inhibitor,antiemetics, mucus protectant and antibiotic. Although most of clinical signs of two dogs were resolved, azotemicproblem with evidence of renal injury have remained.Keywords : dogs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Strepsils (flurbiprofen), toxicity 개와 고양이에서 인의용 비스테로이드성 항염증제(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)를 사고로 섭취하여 발생하는 중독은 흔하게 발생하며, 대표적인 종류로는ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen 등이 보고되어 있다 [8].NSAIDs는 cyclooxygenase 효소를 억제하여 프로스타글란딘의 생성을 감소시켜 항염증, 진통, 해열 효과를 나타내는 약물 그룹으로 인의와 수의에서 흔히 사용된다. NSAIDs는 사용빈도가 많은 약물이지만 장기간 또는 과량 복용할 경우 부작용이 나타날 수 있어 주의가 필요하다. NSAIDs의 부작용으로는 위장관 부작용, 신장 기능 저하, 간 독성, 알레르기성피부 반응 등이 있다 [11]. 이 중 위장관과 신장에서 발생하는 부작용이 가장 흔하고 중요한 부작용으로 알려져 있다 [5].플루르비프로펜(flurbiprofen)은 프로피온산 유도체 계열의NSAIDs로서 인의에서는 류마티스성 관절염과 같은 염증성질병의 치료를 위한 경구제제와 수술 중 축동방지와 포도막염 등의 치료를 위한 점안제제로 사용되고 있다 [1]. 최근에국내에 소개된 제품인 스트렙실은 플루르비프로펜을 함유한경구제제의 일종인 사탕 형태의 트로키(troche) 제제로, 인후두염의 증상 완화 효과가 있다 [2, 6, 13]. 수의에서는 만성파괴성 치주질환에 플루르비프로펜을 경구 투약하였을 때 뼈흡수가 억제되었다는 연구 보고를 제외하면 개에서 본 제제를 치료 목적으로 경구 적용한 사례는 드물며, 점안제제만을인의에서와 같은 목적으로 사용하고 있다 [7]. 본 증례에서는 보호자의 인식 부족으로 수의에서 허가되어 있지 않은 인의용 NSAIDs인 스트렙실을 투여한 두 마리개에서의 플루르비프로펜 중독과 이에 대한 치료 및 임상경과를 보고하고자 한다.첫 번째는 2012년 3월에 발생한 증례로, 체중 3.5 kg의15세 중성화 수컷 몰티즈가 내원 1일 전 보호자가 복용하는스트렙실 2/3알(1.67 mg/kg)을 섭취한 후, 혈구토, 흑색변, 식욕부진의 증상을 보여 서울대학교 동물병원에 내원하였다.본 환자는 기관 허탈증, 이첨판폐쇄부전증 및 삼첨판폐쇄부전증에 대하여 furosemide (후릭스, 일양약품, 한국), benazepril(시바쎈, 한국노바티스, 한국), pimobendan(베트메딘, 베링거인겔하임동물약품, 한국)을 복용하며 본원에서 치료를 받고있는 상태였다. 신체검사에서 체온, 심박동수, 호흡수는 정상이었고 5% 정도의 미약한 탈수 상태가 확인되었다. 전혈구검사와 말초 혈액 도말 검사에서는 적혈구의 대소부동증과 다염성 등의 재생성이 확인되지 않는 빈혈과 호중구의 독성변화가 동반된백혈구 증가증이 나타났다. 혈청화학검사에서는 저나트륨혈증, 저염소혈증의 전해질 불균형과 질소혈증이 확인되었다

In humans, skin barrier dysfunction is thought to be responsible for enhanced penetration of allergens. Similar to conditions seen in humans, canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is characterized by derangement of corneocytes and disorganization of intercellular lipids in the stratum corenum (SC) with decreased ceramide levels. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a moisturizer containing ceramide on dogs with CAD. Dogs (n = 20, 3~8 years old) with mild to moderate clinical signs were recruited and applied a moisturizer containing ceramide for 4 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, pruritus index for canine atopic dermatitis (PICAD) scores, and canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI) scores of all dogs were evaluated. Skin samples from five dogs were also examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using ruthenium tetroxide. TEWL, PICAD, and CADESI values decreased (p < 0.05) and skin hydration increased dramatically over time (p < 0.05). Electron micrographs showed that the skin barrier of all five dogs was partially restored (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that moisturizer containing ceramide was effective for treating skin barrier dysfunction and CAD symptoms.

We investigated Malassezia species and genotypes colonizing dogs, comparing those recovered from the ear canal with those from other anatomical body sites, as well as from diseased and healthy skin. The Malassezia isolates were obtained from four types of skin samples, i.e., diseased ear, diseased skin, healthy ear, and healthy skin. Sequences of the 26S ribosomal DNA region, the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS-1) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) DNA region were analyzed. These confirmed the presence of Malassezia pachydermatis, which could be separated into three main sequence genotype groups (A, B, C). Genotype A was the most common, only two genotype B isolates were recovered from diseased skin lesion and genotype C was more likely to be isolated from ear samples than from other healthy or diseased-skin sites. The present findings provide the basis for further studies of genotypic diversity in M. pachydermatis, as well as their pathogenic potential.

Isolates of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis obtained from skin samples of healthy dogs and of dogs with atopic dermatitis in Japan, Taiwan and Korea were molecularly characterized using intergenic pacer 1 (IGS1) region analysis. The percentage of IGS1 subtype isolates detected in healthy skin was as follows: 1A (6%), 1B (27%), 1C (11%), 2A (6%), 2B (6%), 3A (11%), 3B (6%), 3C (3%) and 3D (24%). In contrast, the most prevalent isolates detected in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis were subtype 3D in Japan and Taiwan and subtype 3C in Korea. All subtype isolates grew well on acidic medium (pH 6). However, subtype 3C and 3D isolates grew better than the other subtype isolates on medium at pH 8.

Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease occurring in 10% of the canine population. Although most studies have focused on the pathophysiological mechanism involved in CAD, the detrimental impact of CAD on quality of life has received only little attention. Hair cortisol analysis is becoming a valuable tool in monitoring chronic stress. To further validate this approach in CAD, we compared the hair cortisol concentration of atopic dogs with that of healthy conditioned dogs. The extent and severity of cutaneous lesions of atopic dermatitis were assessed according to modified CADESI-03 scores. In addition, skin barrier function was evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum conductance. The correlation between CAD severity and hair cortisol concentration was evaluated. The level of hair cortisol evaluated by ELISA assay showed that the atopic dermatitis group had significantly increased cortisol levels compared to that of the healthy control group. A significant positive correlation was identified between hair cortisol level and the CADESI score in CAD patients. The TEWL value of the cubital flexor of the forelimb in the atopic group was significantly higher compared to the healthy controls. These findings imply that the hair cortisol analysis can be an effective and objective biomarker in assessment of long-term stress of CAD patients.

Enterococci are major zoonotic bacteria that cause opportunistic infections in human beings and animals. Moreover, pathogenic strains can be disseminated between human beings and animals, particularly companion animals that come into frequent contact with people. Recently, Enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17 (CC17) has emerged as a pandemic clone. Most CC17 strains are ampicillin resistant and possess virulence genes such as esp and hyl. Despite the possible dissemination of CC17 between human beings and animals, prevalence data about CC17 in animals is limited. In the present study, the phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance were compared, as well as virulence gene profiles from 184 enterococci strains isolated from chickens, pigs, companion animals, and human patients in Korea. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREF) strains were selected, and multilocus sequence typing was performed to investigate the dispersion of CC17 among animals and human beings. The companion animal and human isolates showed high resistance rates to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin, whereas food animal isolates showed high tetracycline and erythromycin resistance rates. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium was only detected in human (21/21 E. faecium, 100%) and companion animal (3/5 E. faecium, 60%) isolates, and all human AREF strains and 1 canine AREF strain were confirmed as CC17. In conclusion, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and the distribution of enterococcal CC17 in companion animal enterococcal strains were similar to those of human strains rather than to those of food animal strains.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate and assess C-reactive protein (CRP) changes in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis with or without antibiotics. We also evaluated availability of CRP levels to serve as an indicator for monitoring or diagnosing bacterial cystitis. Serial CRP concentrations in dogs with induced bacterial cystitis were higher than those of controls (p < 0.001). CRP concentrations peaked on day 7 and gradually decreased thereafter. In the treatment group, CRP concentrations decreased after medication compared to the untreated group (p = 0.032). CRP levels had a linear correlation with urine white blood cell counts among all groups (r = 0.837, p < 0.001, n = 140). Compared to the negative urine culture group, dogs with positive urine culture results had higher CRP concentrations (median 43.8 mg/L vs. 5.9 mg/L; p < 0.001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.955; when cut-off value was 12.2 mg/L, CRP measurements were found to have a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 86.4%. This result indicates that rapid increases of CRP occurred after inducing bacterial cystitis and CRP may be a useful indicator for monitoring or diagnosing canine bacterial cystitis together with sediment urinalysis and urine bacterial culture.

Topical or oral azole antifungals are commonly used in canine atopic dermatitis (AD), as the lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis exacerbates canine AD. To examine whether canine AD lesions harbor azole-resistant M. pachydermatis isolates in East Asia, we investigated the in vitro susceptibility of M. pachydermatis isolates to ketoconazole (KTZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) obtained from AD lesions of canines in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of KTZ and ITZ were measured by the E-test using Sabouraud dextrose agar with 0.5% Tween 40. The MICs of KTZ and ITZ for isolates from canines with AD were significantly higher than the MICs for isolates from healthy canines. Our findings suggested that the clinical isolates from canine AD skin lesions were less susceptible to azoles than those from normal canine skin in East Asia.

Gnotobiotic piglets (n = 10) were hand-reared in conventional germ-free facilities. Piglet body temperatures were measured with rectal and non-contact infrared thermometry (NIFT) on the lower eyelid, auricular center and margin, parietal regions, axilla, central abdomen and dorsum, and the perianal region. Body temperature measurements at central abdomen, cranial dorsum, and perianal regions had NIFT values which had a significant linear relationship (p

Background Mupirocin is a topical antibacterial drug used for the treatment of staphylococcal infections, including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). The recent emergence of resistance to mupirocin is a major concern in many countries. Objectives This study investigated the prevalence and genotype of mupirocin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolated from pet dogs with pyoderma. Samples A total of 110 clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius were collected from dogs with pyoderma (n = 110) between July 2010 and September 2016. All animals were client-owned dogs. Methods Low- and high-level mupirocin resistance were evaluated with both the broth microdilution and disk diffusion tests. Mupirocin resistance in S. pseudintermedius isolates was confirmed by genetic analysis of the ileS-2 and naive ileS genes. Results MRSP and meticillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius were detected in 69 and 41 dogs, respectively. One MRSP strain was highly resistant to mupirocin and contained the high-level mupirocin resistance gene ileS-2. There were no low-level mupirocin-resistant isolates. Conclusion and clinical importance Mupirocin is a useful topical antibacterial for MRSP, but a clinical MRSP isolate that had not previously been exposed to mupirocin exhibited the high-level mupirocin resistance in phenotype and genotype. Therefore, continuous monitoring for mupirocin resistance is important in small animal practice.

To construct a sensory neuropathy model, excess pyridoxine (150 mg/kg s.i.d.) was injected subcutaneously in dogs over a period of 7 days. During the administrations period, the dogs experienced body weight reduction and proprioceptive loss involving the hindquarters. After pyridoxine administration was completed, electrophysiological recordings showed that the M wave remained at a normal state, but the H-reflex of the treated dogs disappeared at 7 days. The dorsal funiculus of L(4) was disrupted irregularly in the axons and myelin with vacuolation. The dorsal root ganglia of L(4), and sciatic and tibial nerves showed degenerative changes and vacuolation. However, the lateral and ventral funiculi of L(4) showed a normal histopathologic pattern. Although this subcutaneous administration method did not cause systemic toxicity and effectively induced sensory neuropathy, this study confirmed the possibility of producing a pyridoxine-induced sensory neuropathy model in dogs with short-term administration.

This first survey of small animal veterinarians in Korea explores demographic patterns, previous learning experiences, and program preferences for continuing veterinary medical education (CVME). Data were analyzed to identify and describe learning needs and preferences. Respondents' average CVME hours (38.4 hours/year) exceeded the mandatory 10 hours per year. Almost all respondents recognized the importance of CVME. Lack of time and travel distance were identified as significant barriers to CVME participation. CVME courses scheduled after 9 p.m. on weekdays with a registration fee of up to $50 US per hour were preferred. Respondents clearly defined the educational quality criteria of preferred CVME programs: delivery in a series of interventions in a small seminar format, with lectures on theory combined with practical skill-building wet labs taught by experienced veterinarians and board-certified specialists. Small animal veterinarians in Korea are enthusiastic life-long learners who are strongly motivated to select CVME learning activities based on self-identified needs. The changing environment of veterinary medicine in Korea demands an evolution of CVME quality criteria, such as clear program goals reflecting veterinarians' educational needs and desirable competencies, and specific measurable learning objectives. Moreover, the current accreditation system, which does not encourage hands-on skill development formats, needs urgent improvement.

Betanodaviruses are the causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in cultured marine fish. A total of 237 apparently healthy aquarium fish, marine (65 species) and freshwater (12 species) fishes and marine invertebrates (4 species), which were stocked in a commercial aquarium in Seoul, South Korea, were collected from November 2005 to February 2006. The brains of the fish and other tissues of the invertebrates were examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR to detect betanodavirus. Positive nested PCR results were obtained from the brains of 8 marine fish species (shrimp fish Aeoliscus strigatus, milkfish Chanos chanos, three spot damsel Dascyllus trimaculatus, Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus, pinecone fish Monocentris japonica, blue ribbon eel Rhinomuraena quaesita, look down fish Selene vomer, yellow tang Zebrasoma flavesenes), 1 marine invertebrate species (spiny lobster Pamulirus versicolor), and 2 freshwater fish species (South American leaf fish Monocirrhus polyacanthus and red piranha Pygocentrus nattereri). The detection rate in nested PCR was 11/237 (4.64%). These subclinically infected aquarium fish and invertebrates may constitute an inoculum source of betanodaviruses for cultured fishes in the Korean Peninsula.

The hypoglycemic effects after oral administration of vanadium have been studied previously in many species such as rats, mice and even humans. However, there has been no prior report on the glucose lowering effect of vanadium on diabetic dogs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of oral vanadium on diabetic dogs. Diabetes mellitus in the dogs studied was induced by alloxan monohydrate intravenous injection. The dogs were divided into two groups, one was the diabetic control (DC) group (n = 4) and the other was the vanadium treated (DV) group (n = 6). Fresh water was supplied to the dogs in the DC group, but sodium metavanadate solution (0.1approximately 0.2 mg/ml) was given to the dogs in DV group from one week after the alloxan injection. The fasting glucose levels, fructosamine and serum chemistry profiles were compared between the two groups weekly for three weeks. The fasting blood glucose levels in DV group were significantly lower than those in the DC group (p < 0.01). Fructosamine levels in the DV group were also lower than those in the DC group (p < 0.05). The serum chemistry profiles were not significantly different in comparisons between the two groups. However, the cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the DV group compared to the DC group (p < 0.05). Our findings showed that oral vanadium administration had a hypoglycemic effect on chemically induced diabetic dogs.

SummaryTo elucidate the hormonal change and alteration in cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during the early stage of autoimmune thyroiditis, we have developed a canine model of this disease, in which normal dogs were immunized with bovine thyroglobulin (Tg) and/or canine thyroid extract. Serum samples were collected weekly, anti-canine Tg antibody was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and total T4 levels by radioimmunoassay. We also assayed T lymphocyte proliferation in response to Tg, as well as measuring cytokine mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). All six dogs immunized with bovine Tg had both canine Tg autoantibody and anti-T4 antibody. When the sample from the highest TgAA titre time-point was compared with baseline the expression of mRNA encoding the Th1-type cytokine such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-15 was increased during the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Expression of the Th2-type cytokine, IL-6 showed minimal change and IL-4 expression was not detected in any of the samples. Expression of the T suppressive cytokine, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was increased in the presence of antigen stimulation. These findings suggest that, although autoimmune thyroiditis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease, systemic cytokine mRNA expression is also changed.

Topical or oral azole antifungals are commonly used in canine atopic dermatitis (AD), as the lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis exacerbates canine AD. To examine whether canine AD lesions harbor azole-resistant M. pachydermatis isolates in East Asia, we investigated the in vitro susceptibility of M. pachydermatis isolates to ketoconazole (KTZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) obtained from AD lesions of canines in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of KTZ and ITZ were measured by the E-test using Sabouraud dextrose agar with 0.5% Tween 40. The MICs of KTZ and ITZ for isolates from canines with AD were significantly higher than the MICs for isolates from healthy canines. Our findings suggested that the clinical isolates from canine AD skin lesions were less susceptible to azoles than those from normal canine skin in East Asia.