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Let $\mathcal F$ be a holomorphic foliation on a compact K\'ahler surface with hyperbolic singularities and no foliation cycle. We prove that if the limit set of $\mathcal F$ has zero Lebesgue measure, then its complement is a modification of a Stein domain. The proof consists in building, in several steps, a metric of positive curvature for the normal bundle of $\mathcal F$ near the limit set. Then we construct a proper strictly plurisubharmonic exhaustion function for the complement of the limit set, by adapting Brunella's ideas to our singular context. The arguments hold more generally when the limit set is thin, a property relying on Brownian motion.

International audience; Reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is one of the top priorities of public health policies worldwide. One of the recognized means of achieving this objective is to improve the diet quality. The Nutri-Score (N-S) is a [five-color - A, B, C, D, E letters] front-of-pack labelling logo intended to help consumers quickly identify the healthier prepackaged foods within a food category. Available studies have shown that the N-S is an efficient tool to achieve this aim in terms of consumers' awareness, perception, understanding and purchasing and that its use may help to reduce the prevalence of NCDs. The N-S is currently implemented on a voluntary basis in seven European countries and a discussion is underway within the European Commission to achieve a harmonized mandatory label. However, no study on the putative impact of the N-S on children's dietary patterns and health is available. The N-S is not applicable to infants' and young children's formulas and to specific baby foods, the compositions of which are already laid down in European Union regulations. The N-S does not replace age-appropriate dietary guidelines. As children consume an increasing number of adult type and processed foods, the relevance of the N-S for children should be evaluated considering the children's high specific requirements, especially in younger children. This is especially necessary for fitting fat and iron requirements, whereas protein-rich foods should be better framed. Moreover, efforts should be made to inform on how to use the N-S and in education on healthy diets.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) and food allergy (FA) are common conditions, especially during the first 12 months of life. When GOR leads to troublesome symptoms, that affect the daily functioning of the infant and family, it is referred to as GOR disease (GORD). The role of food allergens as a cause of GORD remains controversial. This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) position paper aims to review the evidence for FA-associated GORD in young children and translate this into clinical practice that guides healthcare professionals through the diagnosis of suspected FA-associated GORD and medical and dietary management. The task force (TF) on non-IgE mediated allergy consists of EAACI experts in paediatric gastroenterology, allergy, dietetics and psychology from Europe, United Kingdom, United States, Turkey and Brazil. Six clinical questions were formulated, amended and approved by the TF to guide this publication. A systematic literature search using PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE databases (until June 2021) using predefined inclusion criteria based on the 6 questions was used. The TF also gained access to the database from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology working group, who published guidelines on GORD and ensured that all publications used within that position paper were included. For each of the 6 questions, practice points were formulated, followed by a modified Delphi method consisting of anonymous web-based voting that was repeated with modified practice points where required, until at least 80% consensus for each practice point was achieved. This TF position paper shares the process, the discussion and consensus on all practice points on FA-associated GORD.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) and food allergy (FA) are common conditions, especially during the first 12 months of life. When GOR leads to troublesome symptoms, that affect daily functioning of the infant and family, it is referred to GOR disease (GORD). The role of food allergens as a cause of GORD remains controversial. This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) position paper aims to review the evidence for FA-associated GORD in young children and translate this into clinical practice that guides healthcare professionals through the diagnosis of suspected FA-associated GORD and the medical and dietary management. The Task Force (TF) on non-IgE mediated allergy consists of EAACI experts in paediatric gastroenterology, allergy, dietetics and psychology from Europe, United Kingdom, United States, Turkey and Brazil. Six clinical questions were formulated, amended and approved by the TF to guide this publication. A systematic literature search using PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE databases (until June 2021) using a predefined inclusion criteria based on the 6 questions was used. The TF also gained access to the database from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology working group, who published guidelines on GORD and ensured that all publications used within that position paper were included. For each of the 6 questions, practice points were formulated, followed by a modified Delphi method consisting of anonymous web-based voting that was repated with modified practice points where required, until at least 80% consensus for each practice point was achieved. This TF position paper shares the process, the discussion and consensus on all practice points on FA-associated GORD.

CoMiSS((R)) was developed 7 years ago to increase the awareness of health care professionals towards the possibility that symptoms presented by infants could be related to cow's milk. While CoMiSS was conceived mostly on theoretical concepts, data is now available from 25 clinical trials. Based on this extensive research using the tool since 2015, we aim to propose an updated CoMiSS. The evidence was reviewed, debated and discussed by 10 experts, of whom seven were part of the original group. The panel concluded that the cut-off previously proposed to indicate the likelihood that symptoms may be cow's milk related should be lowered from >= 12 to >= 10. Data in healthy infants > 6 months are missing. Since the Brussels Infant and Toddlers Stool Scale (BITSS) was recently developed for non-toilet trained children, the Bristol Stool Scale was changed to the BITSS without changing the impact of stool characteristics on CoMiSS. Overall, CoMiSS raises awareness that symptoms might be cow's milk related. New studies are needed to determine if the change in cut-off and other small adaptions improve its sensitivity and specificity. Data for CoMiSS is still needed in presumed healthy infants between 6 and 12 months old. There may also be regional differences in CoMiSS, in healthy infants as well as in those with cow's milk allergy. Finally, we emphasize that CoMiSS is an awareness tool and not a diagnostic test.

Pregnant and lactating women are continuously and ubiquitously exposed to numerous environmental pollutants from various sources including air, food, water, and occupational and household environments. The available evidence shows that pollutants are present in human milk and one of the emerging questions is what happens when the nursing infant is involuntarily exposed to contaminants through breastfeeding.The available literature does not currently provide a conclusive evidence of any consistent or clinically relevant health consequences in infants exposed to environment chemicals through breast milk. The available data strongly suggest that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential harmful effects of pollutants contained in human milk. The committee of nutrition of the French Pediatric Society strongly supports breastfeeding but also calls for public health actions to reduce the overall contamination level in the environment, to continue promoting breastfeeding, and to support research in this area.

The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS™) was developed as a clinical tool aimed at increasing the awareness of health care professionals for the presence and intensity of clinical manifestations possibly related to cow's milk (CM) intake. This review summarizes current evidence on CoMiSS. We found twenty-five original studies, one pooled analysis of three studies, and two reviews on CoMiSS. Infants exhibiting symptoms possibly related to CM, present with a higher median CoMiSS (6 to 13; 16 studies) than apparently healthy infants (median from 3 to 4; and mean 3.6-4.7; 5 studies). In children with cow's milk allergy (CMA), 11 studies found that a CoMiSS of ≥12 predicted a favorable response to a CM-free diet; however, sensitivity (20% to 77%) and specificity (54% to 92%) varied. The decrease of CoMiSS during a CM elimination diet was also predictive of a reaction to an oral food challenge to diagnose CMA. A low CoMiSS (lt;6) was predictive for the absence of CMA. It was shown that no special training is required to use the tool in a reliable way. Intra-rater reliability was high with very low variability (intra-class correlation 0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.96

Symptoms related cow’s milk proteins allergy (CMPA) usually improve between two to four weeks following an elimination diet, firstly with extensively hydrolyzed formulas (eHF). The aim of the EVA study was to observe the evolution of CMPA-related symptoms in real life after initiation of a whey-based extensively hydrolyzed formula (w-eHF, Althéra®, Nestlé Health Science, Switzerland). This cross-sectional prospective non-interventional study was carried out alongside paediatricians in private practice in France between June 2019 and June 2020. Infants aged 0–3 years presenting with confirmed diagnosis or clinical symptoms suggesting CMPA were enrolled. Data were collected at enrolment (baseline visit) and three to five weeks later (follow-up visit). Symptoms were assessed using the Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS®). The per protocol population included 135 infants. The average number of symptoms per infant significantly decreased under the study formula (from 2.81 to 1.36, p < 0.001) and the proportions of infants with any CMPA related symptoms decreased. Daily crying and regurgitation showed the largest decline, respectively −44.4% and −31.85% (p < 0.001). These results describe the early management of symptoms suspected to be related to CMPA in routine practice that was rarely described in the literature. The number and severity of symptoms decreased most of the cases after commencing the study formula.

ObjectivesThe MOSAIC study aimed to evaluate if the Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) can be used as a stand-alone diagnostic tool for cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA).DesignSingle-blinded, prospective, multicentre diagnostic accuracy study.Setting10 paediatric centres in China.Participants300 non-breastfed infants (median age 16.1 weeks) with suspected CMPA.InterventionsAfter performing the baseline CoMiSS, infants commenced a cow’s milk protein elimination diet with amino acid-based formula for 14 days. CoMiSS was repeated at the end of the elimination trial. Infants then underwent an open oral food challenge (OFC) with cow’s milk-based formula (CMF) in hospital. Infants who did not react during the OFC also completed a 14-day home challenge with CMF. A diagnosis of CMPA was made if acute or delayed reactions were reported.Primary outcome measuresA logistic regression model for CoMiSS to predict CMPA was fitted and a receiver–operator characteristic (ROC) curve generated. An area under the curve (AUC) of ≥0.75 was deemed adequate to validate CoMiSS as a diagnostic tool (target sensitivity 80%–90% and specificity 60%–70%).ResultsOf 254 infants who commenced the OFC, 250 completed both challenges, and a diagnosis of CMPA made in 217 (85.4%). The median baseline CoMiSS in this group fell from 8 (IQR 5–10) to 5 (IQR 3–7) at visit 2 (pConclusionsThe present study did not support the use of CoMiSS as a stand-alone diagnostic tool for CMPA. Nevertheless, CoMiSS remains a clinically useful awareness tool to help identify infants with cow’s milk-related symptoms.Trial registration numberNCT03004729; Pre-results.

International audience

We study the regularity of the Green current for semi-extremal endomorphisms of \begin{document}$ \mathbb{P}^2 $\end{document} . Under suitable assumptions, we show that the pointwise lower Radon-Nikodym derivative of stable slices with respect to the one dimensional Lebesgue measure is bounded at almost every point for the equilibrium measure. This provides a weak amount of metric regularity for the Green current along holomorphic discs.

It is well-established that food proteins, such as egg, soya, cow's milk and wheat, are detectable in breastmilk for many hours or days after ingestion. Exposure to these proteins is important to the process of developing tolerance but can also sometimes elicit IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated allergic symptoms in breastfed infants. Non-IgE-mediated allergy, outside of food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis and eosinophilic oesophagitis, is not well understood, leading to variations in the diagnosis and management thereof. A primary objective of the European Academy for Allergy and Clinical Immunology is to support breastfeeding in all infants, including those with food allergies. A Task Force was established, to explore the clinical spectrum of non-IgE-mediated allergies, and part of its objectives was to establish diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated allergies in breastfed infants. Eight questions were formulated using the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) system and Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) criteria for data inclusion, and consensus was achieved on practice points through the Delphi method. This publication aims to provide a comprehensive overview on this topic with practice points for healthcare professionals.

This French multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study aimed to describe the family history of atopy in infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA), and the related diagnostic approaches used by specialists in a real-life ambulatory setting.In total, 1674 infants with suspected CMPA [median age 4.5 months (range: 0.1-18.0), males 54%] were enrolled in the study by 466 private physicians (pediatricians: 97%). Family history of atopy was defined as a known history of atopy in at least one first- (father, mother, and/or sibling) and/or second-degree relative (grandparents, uncles, and aunts), as reported by parents to physicians.Atopy in a first-degree relative was more common among infants with documented or high probability of CMPA (in 84% and 80% of cases, respectively, vs. the other subgroups, P=0.005). Most infants experienced digestive (92%) and skin (61%) symptoms suggestive of CMPA. Delayed reactions were reported in 64% of infants. According to a post-classification based on the results of previous diagnostic tests and procedures, 1133 infants (68%) had highly probable (52%) or documented CMPA (16%). In these infants, a history of atopy was reported in first- and/or second-degree relative(s) in 86% of cases (81% in first-degree relatives). Whatever the family history of atopy, the characteristics of the infants were similar, except for fewer pets in the case of negative family atopy (14% vs. 25%, P0.001). Atopy in a parent was more frequent in infants who presented with the first signs suggestive of CMPA within the first 6 months of life vs. those with later first symptoms (75% vs. 65%, P=0.063).This French study confirms the high rate of family history of atopy in first-degree relatives of infants with probable or documented CMPA.

Purpose: The present study assessed the role of an amino acid-based formula (AAF) in the growth of infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Methods: Non-breastfed, term infants aged 0-6 months with symptoms suggestive of CMPA were recruited from 10 pediatric centers in China. After enrollment, infants were started on AAF for two weeks, followed by an open food challenge (OFC) with cow's milk-based formula (CMF). Infants with confirmed CMPA remained on AAF until 9 months of age, in conjunction with a cow's milk protein-free complementary diet. Body weight, length, and head circumference were measured at enrollment and 9 months of age. Measurements were converted to weight-for-age, length-for-age, and head circumference-for-age Z scores (WAZ, LAZ, HCAZ), based on the World Health Organization growth reference. Results: Of 254 infants (median age 16.1 weeks, 50.9% male), 218 (85.8%) were diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated CMPA, 33 (13.0%) tolerated CMF, and 3 (1.2%) did not complete the OFC. The mean WAZ decreased from 0.119 to -0.029 between birth and enrollment (p=0.067), with significant catch-up growth to 0.178 at 9 months of age (p=0.012) while being fed the AAF. There were no significant changes in LAZ (0.400 vs. 0.552; p=0.214) or HCAZ (-0.356 vs. -0.284; p=0.705) from the time of enrollment to age 9 months, suggesting normal linear and head growth velocity. Conclusion: The amino acid-based study formula, in conjunction with a cow's milk protein-free complementary diet, supported normal growth till 9 months of age in a cohort of Chinese infants with challenge-confirmed non-IgE-mediated CMPA.

BackgroundThe vast majority of the world population declares affiliation to a religion, predominantly Christianity and Islam. Many religions have special dietary rules, which may be more or less strictly adhered to.MethodsReligious food rules were collected from holy books and religious websites as well as their translation into dietary practices. The literature was searched for potential associations between these rules and potential nutritional consequences.ResultsJewish, Islamic and Indian religions support prolonged breastfeeding. Religious avoidance of alcohol is probably beneficial to health. When strictly applied, a few rules may lead to nutritional inadequacies, mainly in populations living in unfavourable socio-economic or environmental conditions. In Jewish and Muslim observants, animal slaughtering procedures may increase the risk of iron deficiency. Jews may be at risk of excess sodium intake related to home-prepared foods. A vegan diet, as observed by some believers, often by drifting from original precepts, or by some Hindus or Buddhists, may result in vitamin B12, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium and n-3 fatty acids deficiencies.ConclusionWhen implemented in accordance with the rules, most religious food precepts are not detrimental to health, as suggested by the fact that they have more or less been followed for millennia. Nevertheless, some practices may lead to nutritional inadequacies, such as iron, calcium, vitamin D and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Patients with low socio-economic status, children and women of childbearing age are of particular risk of such deficiencies. Being aware of them should help health professionals to take an individualized approach to decide whether to supplement or not.

Exclusive breastfeeding ideally up to 6 months of life is the feed of choice for infants and should be promoted by healthcare professionals. However, when human milk is not sufficient or not available, infant formula, generally cow's milk-based, meeting strictly regulated nutritional and safety requirements, are recommended. Human breastmilk feeding has a positive health impact for both mother and child, but there is limited evidence that it has a long-term protective effect on the development of allergic disease. Some studies have found an association of an increased risk to develop cow's milk allergy with early exposure to cow's milk protein in formula milk. As a result, over the last 30 years, partially hydrolyzed formulas (pHF) have gained popularity and, more recently, become embroiled in a debate about their role in the primary prevention of allergic outcomes. Similar debates exist in regards to the potential preventative effects of pre-, pro- and synbiotics as well as nutritional factors, notably vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids. This paper aims to critically address these aspects, drawing information from published data interpreted by an international expert group in paediatrics, allergy, gastro-intestinal diseases and nutrition. This group of experts emphasize that human milk is the optimal source of infant nutrition. With regards to pHFs, whilst no harm has been shown with their use and some studies have suggested potential benefit preventing atopic dermatitis in at risk infants, there is insufficient evidence for or against their routine recommendation for primary allergy prevention. The method of hydrolysation differs for every formula. There is insufficient evidence to recommend supplementation with vitamin D, omega-3 LCPUFA, specific prebiotic oligosaccharides or specific probiotic strains during pregnancy, lactation and early life to prevent the development of allergic disease in children. There remains a need for well-designed trials with the currently commercialised pHFs and supplements to allow for better clarity and evidence-based recommendations.

Formulas adapted to infant feeding, although most of the time made from cow’s milk proteins, can be made from hydrolyzed rice protein but they must be classified as “formulas for specific medical needs”, according to European regulations. The nutritional quality of rice proteins is thus suitable to be used in infant formulas giving that it is supplemented by certain amino acids which can be lacking. Besides, hydrolysis is required to facilitate their water solubility and digestibility. Owing to a low allergenicity of rice and to the absence of the cross-allergy between milk proteins and rice proteins, these formulas are adapted to the diet of children with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), which explains their growing use in some countries. However, CMPA, an expanding disorder, has consequences for growth, bone mineralization, and often has an association with allergy to other foods, including cow’s milk extensive hydrolysate, so that a surveillance of the adaption of hydrolyzed rice protein formulas (HRPF) to CMPA, the absence of unexpected side effects, and the appropriate response to its various health hazards seems mandatory. This paper analyses the health problem deriving from CMPA, the industrial development of hydrolyzed rice protein formulas, and the limited number of clinical studies, which confirms, at the moment, a good allergic tolerance and safety. The goal is to better advise heath care professionals on their use of HRPFs during CMPA.

Functional constipation (FC) is a chronic constipation for which no physiological, anatomical or iatrogenic origin can be evidenced. This condition has a high impact on a patient’s quality of life and healthcare costs. Since FC is frequently associated with low physical activity and a diet low in fiber and/or water, first-line recommendations focus on sufficient activity, and sufficient fiber and water intake. In case of inefficacy of these measures, numerous drug treatments are available, either over the counter or on prescription. Magnesium sulfate has a long history in the treatment of FC, and magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties. The laxative effect of magnesium and sulfate has since been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, it appears that no clinical studies aiming at demonstrating their efficacy in FC had been conducted before the 21st century. In this paper, we reviewed the clinical data reporting the efficacy of magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters. In view of their reported efficacy and safety, magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral waters may represent a natural treatment for FC.

Resume Des aliments dietetiques destines a des fins medicales speciales (ADDFMS) contenant une fraction proteique a base de proteines de riz hydrolysees (PRH) sont commercialises en Europe depuis les annees 2000 pour le traitement de l’allergie aux proteines de lait de vache (APLV). Les formules a base de PRH (FPRH) sont proposees comme une alternative vegetale aux formules a base de proteines de lait de vache extensivement hydrolysees (FPLV-eH) a cote des formules de proteines de soja dont l’utilisation dans l’APLV est controversee. Les FPRH ne contiennent pas de phyto-estrogenes et sont produites a partir de riz non genetiquement modifie. Les FPRH sont d’origine vegetale, a l’exception de l’ajout de vitamine D3 (cholecalciferol). Comme la teneur en acides amines des proteines de riz differe de celle des proteines du lait de femme, la qualite proteique de ces formules est amelioree par addition de lysine, threonine et tryptophane libres. La consommation de FPRH a augmente : par exemple, en France, elle represente 4,9 %, en volume, de toutes les formules destinees aux enfants de 0 a 3 ans. Plusieurs etudes ont montre l’efficacite des FPRH dans le traitement de l’APLV. Elles assurent une croissance satisfaisante des les 1res semaines de vie des nourrissons et des enfants en bas âge, tant chez les enfants en bonne sante que chez ceux atteints d’APLV. Les FPRH peuvent etre utilisees pour traiter les enfants atteints d’APLV soit d’emblee, soit en deuxieme intention en cas de mauvaise tolerance aux FPLV-eH pour des raisons organoleptiques ou par manque d’efficacite. En France, le cout des FPRH est proche de celui des preparations standard premium pour nourrissons ou de suite.

Let $f$ be a holomorphic endomorphism of $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ of degree $d\geq 2$. We estimate the local directional dimensions of closed positive currents $S$ with respect to ergodic dilating measures $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$. We infer several applications. The first one is an upper bound for the lower pointwise dimension of the equilibrium measure, towards a Binder–DeMarco’s formula for this dimension. The second one shows that every current $S$ containing a measure of entropy $h_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}}>\log d$ has a directional dimension ${>}2$, which answers a question of de Thélin–Vigny in a directional way. The last one estimates the dimensions of the Green current of Dujardin’s semi-extremal endomorphisms.

Resume La prise en charge dietetique de l’allergie aux proteines du lait de vache requiert l’elimination du regime de toute proteine de lait. Pour les nourrissons non allaites au sein, la principale mesure consiste a remplacer le lait infantile standard par une formule dont l’allergenicite de la fraction proteique a ete considerablement reduite ou supprimee. Cette fraction proteique peut etre a base d’hydrolysats de proteines de lait de vache ou de riz ou encore a base d’acides amines. La surveillance de la croissance staturo-ponderale des enfants atteints est indispensable. La reintroduction du lait se fait toujours prudemment et progressivement. Lorsque l’enfant grandit et reste allergique au lait de vache, l’utilisation de formes cuites du lait facilite considerablement son alimentation.

International audience; Due to transient gut immaturity, most very preterm infants receive parenteral nutrition (PN) in the first few weeks of life. Yet providing enough protein and energy to sustain optimal growth in such infants remains a challenge. Extrauterine growth restriction is frequently observed in very preterm infants at the time of discharge from hospital, and has been found to be associated with later impaired neurodevelopment. A few recent randomized trials suggest that intensified PN can improve early growth; whether or not such early PN improves long-term neurological outcome is still unclear. Several other questions regarding what is optimal PN for very preterm infants remain unanswered. Amino acid mixtures designed for infants contain large amounts of branched-chain amino acids and taurine, but there is no consensus on the need for some nonessential amino acids such as glutamine, arginine, and cysteine. Whether excess growth in the first few weeks of life, at a time when very preterm infants receive PN, has an imprinting effect, increasing the risk of metabolic or vascular disease at adulthood continues to be debated. Even though uncertainty remains regarding the long-term effect of early PN, it appears reasonable to propose intensified initial PN. The aim of the current position paper is to review the evidence supporting such a strategy with regards to the early phase of nutrition, which is mainly covered by parenteral nutrition. More randomized trials are, however, needed to further support this type of approach and to demonstrate that this strategy improves short- and long-term outcome.

Cow's milk is one of the most common foods responsible for allergic reactions in children. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) involves immunoglobulin E (IgE)- and non-IgE-mediated reactions, the latter being both variable and nonspecific. Guidelines thus emphasize the need for physicians to recognize the specific syndromes of CMA and to respect strict diagnostic modalities. Whatever the clinical pattern of CMA, the mainstay of treatment is the elimination from the diet of cow's milk proteins. The challenge is that both the disease and the elimination diet may result in insufficient height and weight gain and bone mineralization. If, during CMA, the mother is not able or willing to breastfeed, the child must be fed a formula adapted to CMA dietary management, during infancy and later, if the disease persists. This type of formula must be adequate in terms of allergic efficacy and nutritional safety. In older children, when CMA persists, the use of cow's milk baked or heated at a sufficient temperature, frequently tolerated by children with CMA, may help alleviate the stringency of the elimination diet. Guidance on the implementation of the elimination diet by qualified healthcare professionals is always necessary. This guidance should also include advice to ensure adequate bone growth, especially relating to calcium intake. Specific attention should be given to children presenting with several risk factors for weak bone mineral density, i.e., multiple food allergies, vitamin D deficiency, poor sun exposure, steroid use, or severe eczema. When CMA is outgrown, a prolonged elimination diet may negatively impact the quality of the diet over the long term.

Non-IgE-mediated, also labeled cell-mediated, allergic reactions to foods are more common than usually thought and probably account for approximately more than 40% of cases of cow’s milk allergy during infancy and young childhood. Food allergy is now described in the form of syndromes, among which food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) and food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) are gaining increased recognition. FPIES occurs in infancy but may also occur in older children and in adults. The dominant symptom is emesis, repetitive in the chronic FPIES form and explosive in the acute form. Acute FPIES begins 1– 4 h following ingestion of the offending food. Diarrhea is frequent, between 5 and 10 h later, and may be accompanied by lethargy and dehydration, which both characterize severity. Cow’s milk is the most frequent food trigger, followed by soy. FPIES may develop up to 1 year of age, but may also occur in the newborn, and is possible in exclusively breastfed infants, in relation with the mother’s consumption of offending foods. FPIES may occur to solid foods (grains like rice or oat, meats, fish, egg, and vegetables). When starting during infancy, FPIES has a good prognosis and disappears grossly at 2 years of age. FPIES to fish or shellfish is more frequent in older children and adults and is long lasting. International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of FPIES have been published recently. FPIAP starts in the first few months of life and is typically manifested with rectal bleeding in well-appearing breastfed infants during the first months of life in reaction to cow’s milk consumed by the mother. The condition is transient but represents one of the major causes of colitis during infancy.

Resume La prise en charge dietetique de l’allergie aux proteines du lait de vache requiert l’elimination du regime de toute trace de proteines de lait. Pour les nourrissons non allaites au sein, la principale mesure dietetique consiste a remplacer le lait infantile standard par une formule dont l’allergenicite de la fraction proteique a ete supprimee. Celle-ci peut etre a base d’hydrolysats de proteines de lait de vache ou de riz ou encore a base d’acides amines. La surveillance de la croissance staturoponderale des enfants atteints est indispensable. La reintroduction du lait, cru ou cuit, se fait toujours prudemment et progressivement. Lorsque l’enfant grandit et reste allergique au lait de vache, l’utilisation de formes cuites du lait facilite considerablement son alimentation.

Aim This French study assessed a quick, non-invasive, immuno-chromatographic, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) stool antigen test for detecting infections in children. Methods We enrolled 158 children, with a median age of 8.5 years (range eight months to 17 years), with digestive symptoms suggesting upper gastrointestinal tract disease. Upper digestive endoscopy was performed with gastric biopsy-specimens for histology, a rapid urease test, culture test and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The H. pylori stool antigen test was performed twice for each child and the results were compared to the reference method. Results The reference methods showed that 23 (14.6%) of the 158 children tested were H. pylori positive. The H. pylori stool antigen test showed 91.3% sensitivity, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 86.9-95.6 and 97% specificity (95% CI 94.3-99.6), 30.84 positive likelihood ratio and 0.09 negative likelihood ratio. The test accuracy was 96.2% (95% CI 93.2-99.1). The two blinded independent observers produced identical H. pylori stool antigen test results and the Kappa coefficient for the H. pylori stool antigen test was one. Conclusion The H. pylori stool antigen test was found to be a consistent, reliable, quick, and specific test for detecting the H. pylori infection in children. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background: Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT®), currently investigated in the treatment of food allergy, needs the integrity of the skin to warrant safety and efficacy. Mutations in the gene encoding the key epidermal protein filaggrin (FLG) are risk factors for peanut allergy and disrupt the skin intergrity. We investigated the association between FLG deficiency and peanut EPIT® efficacy in a murine model. Methods: FLG mutant mice deficient in filaggrin (FLG-/-) or wild-type (WT) mice were sensitized with peanut protein extract (peanut protein) and cholera toxin. Sensitized mice received a patch per week during 8 weeks for EPIT®, using Viaskin®, and were then submitted to sustained peanut oral exposure. We assessed blood humoral and cellular responses and evaluated eosinophil infiltration in the gut mucosa. The different steps of allergen capture and transportation following deposition on the skin was also analyzed in sensitized mice. Results: Sensitization of mice was confirmed by a significant increase of specific Th2 biaised immunological responses. In sensitized mice, EPIT® significantly reduced IgE levels, splenocytes secretion of Th2 cytokines and recruitment of eosinophils in esophagus, compared to sensitized mice without epicutaneous immunotherapy. The allergen applied onto the skin of FLG-/- mice did not undergo passive skin passage or systemic delivery. Instead, the allergen was captured by skin CD205highDCs, which migrated to afferent lymph nodes, as already described in WT mice. Conclusions: EPIT® was efficient and safe in FLG-/- mice, suggesting that in Humans EPIT® keeps efficacy and safety in the presence of loss of function of FLG.

International audience; No abstract available

National audience; ’ARFID (trouble d’alimentation sélective et/ou d’évitement) a été récemment ajouté au DSM V dans la classification des troubles du comportement alimentaire (TCA). L’ARFID se caractérise par un manque d’intérêt pour l’alimentation ou un évitement de certains aliments, en raison de leurs caractéristiques sensorielles se traduisant par un déficit d’apports nutritionnels. Ce comportement peut entraîner des carences nutritionnelles importantes et peut, dans les cas graves, générer une dépendance aux suppléments nutritionnels oraux et interférer avec le fonctionnement psychosocial. La prévalence de l’ARFID peut atteindre 3 % dans la population générale. L’ARFID est souvent associée à des symptômes gastro-intestinaux et apparaît principalement chez les enfants souffrant de troubles anxieux. Compte tenu de la forte prévalence de ce trouble alimentaire, une enquête nutritionnelle systématique rapide devrait être réalisée à chaque consultation pédiatrique. Le traitement doit être adapté à la gravité du problème nutritionnel et peut nécessiter une hospitalisation avec une prise en charge multidisciplinaire (pédiatre, nutritionniste, diététicien, psychologues et orthophonistes).

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International audience; Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) has recently been added to the DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) as a new class of eating disorders (EDs). ARFID is characterized by a lack of interest in eating or avoiding specific types of foods because of their sensory characteristics. This avoidance results in decreased nutritional intake, eventually causing nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, ARFID can lead to dependence on oral nutritional supplements, which interferes with psychosocial functioning. The prevalence of ARFID can be as high as 3% in the general population, and it is often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and mainly appears in children with anxiety disorders. Given the high prevalence of ARFID, a rapid and systematic nutrition survey should be conducted during every pediatric consultation. Its treatment should also be adapted depending on the severity of the nutritional problem and may involve hospitalization with multidisciplinary care (pediatrician, nutritional therapist, dietitian, psychologists, and speech therapists).