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Facile simple co-precipitation to fabricate a CuO nanoparticles via green synthesis by using Citrus limetta extract. The synthesized samples were analysed using X-ray diffraction analysis and the highest crystallinity was contemplated for CuO nanoparticles was carried out by green synthetic protocols using Citrus limetta extract. CuO nanoparticles was synthesized and its crystallinity were optimized with modicum amount of copper. The optical morphological properties of the CuO nanoparticles were studied using UV, SEM, AFM, FE-SEM, Zeta-potential, FT-IR, TEM and EDX. The CuO nanoparticles shows more superior catalytic activity in various reactions without any phase transfer agents, toxic solvents and inert atmosphere, especially, allowing a maximum conversion and also give a good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Amid growing environmental concerns and the need for a sustainable future, green synthetic methodologies are gaining popularity for their simplicity and nontoxicity. In pursuit of the eco‐friendly synthesis of nanomaterials, the study reports an innovative synthesis of Ag‐CuO nanocomposites via the coprecipitation method utilizing Citrus limetta fruit juice extract as the bioreductant and stabilizing agent. The morphological and structural characteristics of the fabricated nanocomposites were evaluated by ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The nanocomposites were crystalline with particle sizes ranging from 15 to 24 nm and exhibited spherical and rod‐like shapes. The band gap value and specific surface area of the nanocomposites were found to be 1.5 eV and 25.50 m2/g, respectively. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis and electrochemical studies revealed significant charge separation and effective charge migration behaviour of the nanocomposites, respectively. The nanocomposites effectively catalysed the synthesis of Schiff bases from aryl aldehydes and aromatic amines at room temperature and without solvents. The reactions proceeded in a brief time with excellent product yields, and the nanocatalyst retained its activity for five consecutive cycles. The nanocomposites also efficiently catalysed the photodegradation of Congo red dye under visible light. A significant degradation of 94.33% was attained in 55 min, and the nanocatalyst maintained its efficacy over four consecutive reaction cycles. Moreover, the nanocomposites exhibited notable anticancer properties against the MCF‐7 (human breast) cell line, demonstrating a remarkable cytotoxicity rate of 87.79%. The findings highlight the efficacy of the biosynthesized nanocomposites in catalysis, environmental remediation and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial dye degradation involves several processes by which dyes are broken down, ideally into innocuous products. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most commonly employed dyes in the textile industry and is released into water in routine industry processes. These discharges lead to creating a nocuous nature for humans and animals. Drugs are also discharged into water bodies from various pharmaceutical industries. In these two contexts, in the present work, the green synthesis of calcium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ca-doped ZnO NPs) is achieved using the aqueous peel extract of Citrus limetta by the solution combustion technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized Ca-doped ZnO NPs are investigated using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The prepared NPs were subjected to photocatalytic degradation of MB dye under visible-light illumination, which shows ~ 95% dye degradation. The synthesized Ca-doped ZnO NPs were also employed to adsorb tinidazole (TDZ), a nitroimidazole antibiotic, from water samples. An excellent adsorptive capacity of the NPs was observed for selectively adsorbing the TDZ ~ 96.2%. The drug TDZ was found to have pseudo-second-order kinetics. The catalyst recycling proved its repeatability; removal of the dye reached up to 92% after three successive usages. Therefore, using waste Citrus limetta peel extract, the multifunctional Ca-doped ZnO NPs were synthesized, which maintained effective adsorption potential and photocatalytic abilities and could be used as an effective material for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we propose an ecofriendly process for the biofabrication of AgNPs by applying fruit waste of Citrus limetta. The aqueous extracts from the peels of the fruit were used as green chelating and stabilizing agents. Structural, optical, vibrational, morphological, and magnetic properties were established using UV–Vis (ultraviolet visible spectroscopy), XRD (X-rays diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), ESR (electron spin resonance), and PPMS (physical property management system), while the thermal properties were established using TGA/DTG (thermal gravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry). XRD pattern revealed intense peaks with single-phase purity, while the Debye–Scherrer approximation revealed an average crystallite size of 33.18 nm. The W–H plot revealed the size of 55.2 nm and strain 2.68 × 10−4. FTIR spectra revealed the involvement of different functional groups and major IR vibrations were observed at 2329 cm−1, 2092 cm−1, 1794 cm−1, 1268 cm−1, and 754 cm−1. TGA/DTG revealed major weight loss events at 240 °C and 360 °C. SEM revealed spherical or quasi-spherical morphology, while EDS confirmed the presence of elemental silver. The M-H behavior for all measurement temperature shows diamagnetic behavior. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed a high proportion of free electrons. Furthermore, the pharmacognostic and nanomedicinal potential CL-AgNPs was established using multiple in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The in vivo wound healing assays in mice revealed excellent healing potential which were similar to positive control. The percent wound healing is reported to be 93% on the 14th day of incision after application of CL-AgNPs. Bioassays were performed to assess enzyme inhibition potential of the CL-AgNPs for Alzheimer disease and antidiabetic applications. The AChE and BChE potential of the CL-AgNPs was highest at 1000 µg mL−1, i.e., 92% and 56%, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibition potential for the CL-AgNPs was higher as compared to the α-glucosidase, while the DPPH free radical scavenging was reported to be 70% to 11% at varying concentrations between 1000 and 62.5 µg mL−1. Overall, our results indicate that the waste fruit peels can be a sustainable and eco-friendly resource of synthesis of the multifunctional nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study emphasized an attempt to identify reducing agents (polyphenols/flavonoids/ other bioactive compounds) present in Citrus Limetta peel extract to form stabilized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and its involvement on photocatalytic degradation of textile organic dye. The involvement of anti-oxidant molecules present in Citrus Limetta peel extract before NPs synthesis (BS) and filtrate remained after synthesis of NPs (AS) were monitored by LC–MS analytical method. The observed % RSC, polyphenol and flavonoid contents of BS were greater than AS. Therefore, the anti-oxidant activity and number of identified compounds were lower in AS; signifies the capping of anti-oxidant molecules in BS for the formation of NPs. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was observed that, the synthesized ZnO NPs have wurtzite crystalline structure. The size of the nanoparticles were 41 nm with spherical shape. Complete degradation of MB was observed with synthesized ZnO-NPs from Citrus Limetta peel extract. Small amount (0.9 g/L) of prepared ZnO NPs were effective to degrade textile dye MB solution up to 95% in 150 min. The intermediates produced during photo-degradation for time intervals of 30 min, 90 min and 150 min were also identified by using GC–MS analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's pairwise comparison with a significance value of P ≤ 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl3, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's pairwise comparison with a significance value of P = 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl³, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fruit peel wastes produced during the processing of different agriculture-related products after production are not utilized to their full potential, and their environmental impact has become a significant global issue. Citrus peel waste is rich in nutrients and has biopotential activity. Objective: The main objective of the current study is to analyze peels of Citrus limetta qualitatively and quantitatively and synthesize Zinc oxide Nanoparticles using the green synthesis method. Methodology: The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial activity of C. limetta peels ZnO NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated by the Agar Disc Diffusion method. Results: The UV-Vis spectrum was measured in the 200 – 400 nm range, and the crystalline structure was analyzed via XRD. SEM/EDS analysis confirmed the nano-spherical structures and the agglomeration of the synthesized ZnO NPs. A minimal inhibitory effect against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa by C. limetta peels ZnO NPs was observed. Conclusion: Hence, the green synthesized ZnO NPs offer an effective and economical way to utilize citrus peel waste in both food and non-food sectors.

Green corrosion inhibitors are of recent interest because of their cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and eco-friendly characteristics. Plant extracts have been recognized as valuable resources for the corrosion inhibition of metallic alloys. Out of those, one of the most important properties is to exhibit excellent corrosion inhibition on metal surfaces. In the present paper, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of Citrus limetta, commonly known as Mosambi peel extract on mild steel surfaces in an acidic environment has been reported through investigation by some electrochemical methods such as weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance. The investigated green inhibitor was found to exhibit corrosion inhibition efficiency of 93% on the mild steel surfaces in hydrochloric acid media. The adsorption mechanism of the peel extract on a mild steel surface was interpreted and it confirms there is a combination of both physisorption and chemisorption associated with the interaction between the Citrus limetta peel extract and mild steel surface. The extract was characterized using fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

The current research work is aimed to study the potential of citrus limetta peel (fruit waste) as a novel filler in thermoplastic composites. Three different sizes of citrus limetta peel (CLP) fillers were processed and their thermal characteristics such as thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) were evaluated to investigate the degradation behaviour of each filler size under temperature. FTIR analysis of the CLP was also done to study the structure of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in cellulose. The morphological study was also performed on both the outer surface as well as the inner surface of CLP in order to examine the surface characteristics. Based on the thermal characteristics of CLP filler, CLP-filled thermoplastic (poly-lactic acid) composite samples (by 20% weight percentage) were successfully fabricated using the injection moulding technique and were evaluated for their thermal, mechanical, and microstructural behaviour. It has been established that CLP fillers are amenable to processing using closed-mould processes such as injection moulding with fabricated products finding possible application in non-structural products, preferably in the particle board industry. As per the feasibility analysis, CLP fillers have the potential to be commercially exploited for product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the dangers to human health posed by the use of plastic films for food preservation, new functional films derived from non-toxic and rich in antioxidant biosources must be developed. Chitosan (CH)-based active antioxidant films were developed by infused with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and 5, 10, and 20% of Citrus limetta pomace extract (LPE) (v/v % of film forming solution). An increase in the LPE amount resulted in films with increased thickness. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the smooth, compact, and dense nature of the CH-LPE films and the uniform dispersion of HNT. An X-ray diffraction study revealed the crystallinity of CH/HNT/LPE films was greater than that of CH film. CH films with LPE possessed a better elongation ratio (maximum of 31.64%) with reduced tensile strength than pure CH also affected the water vapor permeability of the film. The CH film with the addition of HNT and LPE (20% v/v) was optimal for producing functional films with 80.42% antioxidant properties. Within the context of the food processing sector, CH/HNT/LPE films have the potential to be utilized as active packaging material in order to improve the oxidative stability of lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Liquefaction of biomass has an advantage over other thermochemical processes of conversion and its co‐liquefaction aims to overcome the restrictions and limitations imposed upon single feedstock liquefaction. Valorization of Citrus limetta peel and pulp wastes by their co‐liquefaction in a hydrogen‐donor solvent such as methanol was chosen as an objective herein for efficient conversion of raw materials to obtain better quality biocrude. RESULTS: A maximum biocrude yield of 11.25 wt. % was obtained from solvothermal co‐liquefaction of Citrus limetta peel and pulp biomasses at 260 °C temperature, with 30 min residence time, at three different ratios of biomass to solvent (1:2, 1:3 and 1:4). This was higher than the biocrude yield from liquefaction of individual C. limetta pulp biomass as well as other studies on similar citrus fruit wastes. The higher heating value (HHV) of biocrude was raised to 25.72 MJ kg−1 at 1:3 biomass:solvent ratio by co‐liquefaction, showing its synergy over individual C. limetta peel biocrude. The presence of esters, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids in the biocrude product were found from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) results. The biochar obtained was mesoporous in nature and could be employed for adsorption in bioremediation of water and soil. CONCLUSION: Co‐liquefaction of homogeneous lignocellulosic biomasses have the ability to boost production and the quality of the biocrude and biochar attained in comparison to products of individual liquefaction. Future studies on upgrading the quality of products are required. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a five-factorial central composite design was employed to optimize pectin extraction from novel source, through ultrasound-assisted extraction. A 35.58% yield was obtained under optimized conditions of pH 1.0, solid (g): liquid (mL) ratio 1:24, amplitude 84.2 Hz, duty cycle 23 s/30 s, and time 30 min. The equivalent weight, methoxyl content, anhydrouronic acid content, degree of esterification, water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity of the extracted pectin were 796.40 ± 2.07, 8.29 ± 0.38%, 71.32 ± 0.54%, 64.66 ± 2.08%, 8.04 ± 0.10 g water/g pectin, and 2.24 ± 030 g oil/g pectin, respectively. The chemical profile of the extracted pectin was assessed with FTIR and NMR analyses. The extracted pectin was utilized as a butter substitute in cookies. Up to 30% butter in cookies could be replaced with the extracted pectin without altering the sensory and physicochemical properties. Overall, results of presented work suggest that using waste-derived pectin as a fat substitute in cookies offers a sustainable and health-promoting approach for converting waste into wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus plants are widely utilized for edible purposes and medicinal utility throughout the world. However, because of the higher abundance of the antimicrobial compound D-Limonene, the peel waste cannot be disposed of by biogas production. Therefore, after the extraction of D-Limonene from the peel wastes, it can be easily disposed of. The D-Limonene rich essential oil from the Citrus limetta risso (CLEO) was extracted and evaluated its radical quenching, bactericidal, and cytotoxic properties. The radical quenching properties were DPPH radical scavenging (11.35 ± 0.51 µg/mL) and ABTS scavenging (10.36 ± 0.55 µg/mL). There, we observed a dose-dependent antibacterial potential for the essential oil against pathogenic bacteria. Apart from that, the essential oil also inhibited the biofilm-forming properties of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, and S. aureus. Further, cytotoxicity was also exhibited against estrogen receptor-positive (MCF7) cells (IC50: 47.31 ± 3.11 µg/mL) and a triple-negative (MDA-MB-237) cell (IC50: 55.11 ± 4.62 µg/mL). Upon evaluation of the mechanism of action, the toxicity was mediated through an increased level of reactive radicals of oxygen and the subsequent release of cytochrome C, indicative of mitotoxicity. Hence, the D-Limonene rich essential oil of C. limetta is useful as a strong antibacterial and cytotoxic agent; the antioxidant properties exhibited also increase its utility value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Waste-derived Citrus limetta peel was utilized as a sulfonated acid catalyst. • Maximum SCOME yield of 98.84 % achieved through RSM optimization matrices. • The catalyst showed good reusability till the fourth cycle with > 75 % conversion. • The cost of catalyst and SCOME is found to be $ 3.664/kg and $ 0.438/L, respectively. Spent cooking oil (SCO) was transformed into spent cooking oil methyl ester (SCOME) via CLAC@SO 3 H supported on novel Citrus limetta peel as a renewable acid catalyst through esterification. The characteristics of the engineered catalyst were performed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX). The parameters that influence SCOME conversion were optimized utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). Using CLAC@SO 3 H catalyst (6 wt%), the conversion of SCO with methanol with 40 wt% (equivalent molar ratio of 12:1) gave 98.84 % SCOME conversion after 90 min at 65 °C. The catalyst's economic viability and deactivation study were also tested, and the catalyst yielded a biodiesel conversion > 75 wt% after four subsequent cycles. The most crucial quotient for evaluating catalyst activity, TOF (turnover frequency), was determined to be 0.0126 mol/g.h−1. Investigation of the two types of kinetic analysis was conducted for the esterification reaction, and it followed the pseudo-first-order reaction with activation energy (E a) of 55.87 kJ/mol for the reaction. In addition, the thermodynamic functions estimated that the reaction was a non-spontaneous and endergonic character. FTIR and GC–MS analyses confirmed biodiesel production, with its characterizations similar to ASTM standards. As calculated using cost analysis, the cost of CLAC@SO 3 H and SCOME was $3.93/kg and $0.511/kg, subsequently signifying its outstanding economic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Magnetic nanocatalyst support@Fe 3 O 4 was prepared from waste Citrus limetta peel. • Maximum biodiesel yield of 97.92 % achieved through RSM optimization matrices. • Catalyst demonstrated significant catalytic potency till the 6th run with > 80 % yield. • Cost of nanocatalyst and biodiesel is USD 0.533/kg and USD 1.005/L respectively. • Bibliometric analysis was performed to make recommendations for biodiesel research. The current investigation delved into biodiesel synthesis from castor oil (CO) employing a magnetic nanocatalyst contrived from waste Citrus limetta peel ash (CLPA@Fe 3 O 4). SEM, TEM, EDAX, XRD, XPS, VSM, and FTIR were used meticulously to analyze the synthesized catalyst. The catalyst's core–shell arrangement kept its regulated size and shape and enhanced its surface properties, significantly increasing its stability. The optimal biodiesel yield of 97.92 % was accomplished utilizing CLPA@Fe 3 O 4 catalyst through transesterification under the ideal reaction conditions of 30 wt% methanol concentration, the catalyst of 6 wt%, 60 °C temperature, and 3 h reaction time. The thermodynamics study advocated the transesterification process to be endothermic and nonspontaneous, while the kinetic tests were revealed to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics. The transesterification of CO employing the current catalyst was found to have an activation energy of 33.138 kJ mol−1. Nevertheless, an extraneous magnet could recover the prepared magnetic iron oxide-supported nanocatalyst from the reactor, as the catalyst showed a strong magnetization of 31.56 (emu/g). The catalyst showed excellent reusability up to 80 % for 6 consecutive cycles. The turnover frequency of the catalyst was ascertained to be 0.011 mol g−1.h−1, which measures the ability to drive biodiesel synthesis. The conversions from CO to biodiesel were validated via FTIR and GC–MS analysis. It is essential to highlight that biodiesel's key fuel properties align with the standards set by ASTM D6751, indicating promising prospects for its future industrial use. The life cycle cost analysis of the catalyst and biodiesel, i.e., USD 0.533/kg and USD 1.005/L, indicates excellent potential for commercialization. Lastly, using creative bibliometric analysis to identify the gaps in the literature, the study made recommendations for the synthesis of biodiesel utilizing nanocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorting and grading are qualitative operational tasks performed in food processing industries. Realization of higher accuracy in mass estimation is the key inclination of this work. In this work, an automated technique for mass estimation of citrus limetta is devised based on the geometrical features derived from pre-processed images. Dataset includes 250 data samples of citrus limetta, whose images are acquired in different orientations. Two novel handcrafted distance-based geometrical features along with four conventional geometrical features were employed for regression analysis. Predictive modeling is conducted with configuration of 150 training and 100 testing data samples and subject to regression analysis for mass estimation. Multiple linear and support vector regression models with linear, polynomial and radial basis function (RBF) kernels were employed for mass estimation with two different model configurations, conventional and conventional with handcrafted features, for which an R2 score of 0.9815, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 10.94 grams, relative averages of accuracy and error of 96.61% and 3.39% respectively is achieved for the proposed model and configuration which was validated using k-fold cross-validation. Through comparison with performance of model with conventional and conventional with handcrafted features configurations, it was established that inclusion of handcrafted features was able to increase the performance of the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit and vegetable wastes create unhygienic conditions and pose a environmental pollution. The utilization of such wastes as carbon sources for production of enzyme with microbial intervention could be an ecofriendly and profitable approach, apart from diminishing the waste load. The present investigation focused on the feasibility of using mosambi (Citrus limetta) peel as substrate for multienzyme production (pectinase, cellulase and amylase) through microbial intervention. Fifteen fungi were isolated from organic waste and screened in vitro their potential of biodegradation of mosambi peel through enzymes production. The best performing isolate was selected and identified as Trichoderma asperellum NG-125 (accession number-MW287256). Conditions viz. temperature, pH, incubation time and nutrient addition were optimized for efficient enzymes production. The maximum enzyme activity (U ml−1 min−1) of pectinase (595.7 ± 2.47), cellulase (497.3 ± 2.06) and amylase (440.9 ± 1.44) were observed at pH 5.5, incubation temperature of 30 °C after 10 days of fermentation. Moreover, macro-nutrients such as ammonium sulfate (0.1%) and potassium-di-hydrogen-ortho-phosphate (0.01%) further also enhanced the production of enzymes. The SDS-PAGE analysis of purified pectinase, cellulase and amylase using showed molecular mass of 43, 66 and 33 kDa, respectively. The enzyme retention activity (ERA) of aforesaid enzymes was also tested with four different natural fiber matrices viz., bagasse, rice husk, paddy straw and wheat straw. Among these, the maximum ERA was observed on bagasse matrix (pectinase—56.35%, cellulose—77.68% and amylase 59.54%). Enzymatic juice clarification yield obtained with test enzyme was 75.8%, as compared to 80.5% of commercial enzyme. The result indicates that T. asperellum may be exploited as multifaceted biocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a fast and visual detection method of antidepressant sertraline (SRT) drug by the core-shell AuNPs@CDs as the nanoprobes. The CDs has been eco-friendly synthesized from sweet lemon wastes to directly reduce Au+ to AuNPs without any external photoirradiation process or additional reductants. Optimizing key variables that impact the sensing process has been done using the central composite design (CCD) approach to simulate the assay condition before the analysis. Adding SRT with different concentrations to the nanoprobes under mildly acidic conditions presents an absorbance peak at 560 nm with purple color tonalities that differ from the behavior of alone nanoprobes (530 nm, pink color). The obtained absorption change is linearly proportional to the increase of SRT concentration from 1 μM to 35 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) value of 100 nM. The color changes with a vivid tonality from pink and purple to violet as the colorful fingerprint patterns are readily traceable by the naked eye, allowing the visual assay of SRT. The greenness of the developed approach is well evaluated by some international indexes including the complimentary green analytical procedure (ComplexGAPI) and also, the analytical greenness (AGREE) indexes. The proposed waste-derived nanoprobes based on the eco-friendly procedure not only conduct quantitative and qualitative non-invasive analysis of SRT by the naked eye but also, may widen for other applications in various fields. [Display omitted] • Core–shell AuNPs@CDs as nanoprobe was eco-friendly synthesized from the sweet lemon waste. • A green and cost-effective methodology was proposed to detect SRT in biofluids quickly. • Key variables affecting the sensing process were optimized by a CCD approach. • Non-invasive detection of SRT presents vivid color changes from pink, and purple to violet. • The two international indexes well evaluated the greenness of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus limetta or sweet lime is a widely consumed fruit worldwide. The wastes generated from their processing are enormous and are discarded without any value-addition. Biomass liquefaction in hydrogen-donor solvent is an effective thermochemical conversion technique to produce value added products such as biocrude and biochar from wet biomasses directly. Thus, liquefaction studies of Citrus limetta peel and pulp were conducted using solvent methanol at temperatures of 240 °C–280 °C, 30 min residence time as well as 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 ratios of biomass to solvent. The impact of temperature as well as biomass to solvent ratio on yield of biocrude and biochar were investigated herein. Biocrude produced from Citrus limetta peel at 240 °C and 1:3 ratio of biomass to solvent is maximum (12.5 wt. %). At reaction parameters of 280 °C and 1:4 ratio of biomass to solvent, biocrude from Citrus limetta pulp showed higher heating value of 27.18 MJ kg−1 which was the maximum obtained in this study. The gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, ketones, ethers, esters and fatty acid methyl esters as major compounds. The characteristics and energy content of biochar demonstrated their potentiality for bioenergy applications. [Display omitted] • Utilization of discarded Citrus limetta fruit wastes as renewable energy resource. • Effects of process parameters on liquefaction of Citrus limetta fruit waste biomass. • Maximum HHV (27.18 MJ kg−1) biocrude from Citrus limetta pulp at 280 °C & B/S of 1:4. • Maximum yield (12.5 wt%) of biocrude from Citrus limetta peel at 240 °C and B/S of 1:3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Citrus limetta peels (CLP), a waste material generated by juice industries, has scarcely been reported for the production of yeast enzymes. The study was conducted to obtain a multienzyme preparation from a yeast consortium under solid-state fermentation of CLP. The substrate, CLP, was pretreated using either acid or alkali, and factors affecting production of multienzyme were studied by generating two separate Plackett–Burman designs. Since, alkali-pretreated CLP yielded higher titers; therefore, significant factors affecting multienzyme preparation using this substrate were optimized by employing Box–Behnken design. The analysis revealed that under optimized conditions, i.e., cultivation of yeast strains for 72 h to alkali-pretreated CLP moistened with mineral salt medium having pH 5 yielded more than 10 IU mL−1 of cellulase, xylanase, and amylase. The multienzyme was studied for its application to saccharify fruit and non-fruit wastes and for orange juice clarification. The data showed that the enzyme preparation could release 3.03 mg L−1 h−1 of reducing sugars from various crude substrates and was able to reduce turbidity of orange juice by 11% with substantial decrease in viscosity and acidity. Hence, CLP appeared as a promising substrate to produce multienzyme preparation from yeast consortium.

Citrus plants are widely utilized for edible purposes and medicinal utility throughout the world. However, because of the higher abundance of the antimicrobial compound D-Limonene, the peel waste cannot be disposed of by biogas production. Therefore, after the extraction of D-Limonene from the peel wastes, it can be easily disposed of. The D-Limonene rich essential oil from the Citrus limetta risso (CLEO) was extracted and evaluated its radical quenching, bactericidal, and cytotoxic properties. The radical quenching properties were DPPH radical scavenging (11.35 ± 0.51 µg/mL) and ABTS scavenging (10.36 ± 0.55 µg/mL). There, we observed a dose-dependent antibacterial potential for the essential oil against pathogenic bacteria. Apart from that, the essential oil also inhibited the biofilm-forming properties of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, and S. aureus. Further, cytotoxicity was also exhibited against estrogen receptor-positive (MCF7) cells (IC50: 47.31 ± 3.11 µg/mL) and a triple-negative (MDA-MB-237) cell (IC50: 55.11 ± 4.62 µg/mL). Upon evaluation of the mechanism of action, the toxicity was mediated through an increased level of reactive radicals of oxygen and the subsequent release of cytochrome C, indicative of mitotoxicity. Hence, the D-Limonene rich essential oil of C. limetta is useful as a strong antibacterial and cytotoxic agent; the antioxidant properties exhibited also increase its utility value.

Citrus limetta is well known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Methanolic extract of Citrus limetta (MECL) was used to assess cellular and humoral immune responses in mice by carrying out cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), carbon clearance assay, haemagglutination assay (HA) and mice lethality assay. Methanolic extract of Citrus limetta peel was administered orally to mice in two doses 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. The extract treated groups showed improvement in neutropenia induced by cyclophosphamide and improvement in the WBC profile. Skin thickness was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg groups in comparison to control in DTH. The phagocytic index was significantly (P<0.05) more in 400mg/kg group in carbon clearance assay. Mice were vaccinated with hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine before challenge with Pasteurella multocida for mice lethality test. Percentage mortality was decreased in 400mg/kg treated group in comparison to negative control Antibody titre response to sheep red blood cells was significantly (P<0.05) higher with dose 400mg/kg in HA. Results suggested the effectiveness of the methanolic extract of Citrus limetta as an immunostimulating agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the extraction of juice from Citrus limetta, huge amount of by-products especially peel is generated. The peel contains good amount of phytochemical having many health benefits. The presence of bitter compound in peel limits its application in human foods. This study has been undertaken to apply peel of Citrus limetta bio extract on woven cotton textiles for antibacterial finish. With a view to understand the effect of various functional groups present in the plant, molecular characterisation was done using FTIR. Chemical groups responsible for antibacterial behaviour and the chemical structure of this plant were investigated through GCMS. Citrus limetta treated fabric has greater colour depth (K/S value) at higher concentration in comparison to fabrics treated with lower concentrations. Zone of inhibition in Citrus limetta treated fabrics reveal that it has excellent antibacterial effect against Escherichia.coli and Listeria monocytogeneus bacteria. Cotton fabrics also generate fragrance after treatment with Citrus limetta. Fragrance intensity ratings of 200 respondents have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extract of Citrus limetta leaves was estimated in the present study for antidepressant activity. This activity was evaluated by using the rat behavioral model i.e. forced swimming and tail suspension model for 14 days, with estimation of neurotransmitters in animals brain. The sedative effect was evaluated by actophotometer. The extract (200 mg/kg) administered orally showed significant (p

• Mosquitoes are notorious pests to higher vertebrates and cause millions of death every year. • Citrus limetta leaf methanol extract (LME) and its major phyto-compound (MPC) had significant toxic effect for controlling vector mosquitoes and it could generate a healthy environment. • The phyto-compounds were identified by different spectral analysis like GC–MS, Mass spectrum and FT-IR. • The MPC, Corynan-17-0l,18,19-didehydro-10-methoxy-,acelate (ester) had noteworthy mosquitocidal activity and less toxic effects and safer for the selected non-target organisms. In the present study, Citrus limetta major phyto-compound (MPC) was identified from leaf methanolic extract (LME) through different spectral analysis such as GC–MS, Mass spectrum and FT-IR. The MPC of Corynan-17-0l,18,19-didehydro-10-methoxy-,acelate (ester) isolated from LME was tested with various concentrations (10–90 μg/mL) against 3rd instars mosquito larvae of Aedes albopictus, Anopheles maculatus and Culex mimulus under laboratory condition by using the standard protocol. GC–MS analysis of LME revealed the presence of six phyto-compounds of which, Corynan-17-0l,18,19-didehydro-10-methoxy-,acelate (ester) (C 22 H 28 N 2 O 3) was found as MPC (39.01%). MS analysis supports the existence of MPC. Further, FTIR spectral data was used to find and confirm the exact functional group(s). The LC 50 values of LME and MPC were recorded as 15.56, 13.72, 11.45 and 88.21, 86.49 and 79.72 μg/mL respectively. Moreover, less susceptible and higher suitability index were noticed on aquatic non-target fauna (NTF). We hypothesized that C. limetta LME and MPC of Corynan-17-0l,18,19-didehydro-10-methoxy-,acelate (ester) could be the important element, responsible for the larval toxicity. This suty promises an eco-friendly approach for the control of human vector mosquitoes (HVMs) and least toxic effects on non-target fauna (NTF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet lemon juice was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum LS5 to produce a probiotic juice. The cell counts of the L. plantarum LS5 increased from 7.0 ± 0.1 to 8.63 ± 0.38 log CFU/mL during fermentation (37 °C for 48 h) (p

Sweet lime (Citrus limetta) is one of the citrus species and it is generally consumed fresh or processed to fruit juice. The squeezing method of fruit is an important factor affecting the quantity and composition of phenolic compounds of the juice. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds and determine the antioxidant activities of sweet lime peel and juices. For this purpose, sweet lime juices were prepared using two different methods. Firstly, sweet lime fruits were hand-squeezed without peeling. Secondly, fruits were hand-squeezed after the manual removal of the peel. The phenolic compounds of the peel and the two types of juices were analyzed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Twenty phenolic compounds were determined in all extracts, 18 of which were flavonoids and two were phenolic acids. The major compound was hesperidin both in the peel and juices. The procyanidin B dimer and luteolin were detected for the first time in sweet lime peel and juices in the present study. The amount of phenolic compounds of the peel was significantly higher than those of the juices. The total phenolic contents of the sweet lime juice increased about 13% from 444.55 to 502.54 mg/L due to the effect of the peel. The antioxidant capacity of the peel was found to be higher than those of the juices resulting from its high phenolic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesize of Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 and Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 /rGO nanocomposites via green and green deposition methods. • Citrus limetta essential oil was used as a reducing and caping agent. • Red shift in the band gap was observed in Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 /rGO nanocomposite. • Good photocatalyst for the removal ciprofloxacin antibiotic under the illumination of UV and Visible light. Dysprosium oxide-europium oxide (Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3) nanocomposite and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized via green methods using Citrus limetta essential oil which acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 nanocomposite was further anchored on rGO by green deposition method to get Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 /rGO nanocomposite. The bandgap energy of Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 /rGO was shifted from 5.10 eV to 3.66 eV due to the deposition of Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 on rGO as compared to undoped Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3. The average crystallite size of Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 /rGO nanocomposite was found 27.6 nm as calculated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, incorporation of Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 nanoparticles on rGO surface has significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic under the irradiation of visible and UV lights, which is 87 % and 91 % respectively. Hence the prepared nanocomposite Dy 2 O 3 /Eu 2 O 3 /rGO has shown promising photocatalytic efficiency to remove antibiotics from pharmaceutical industrial wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work aims to develop a biomaterial entrapped with iron nanoparticles by green synthesis method in which biomass act as both reducing and capping agent. Iron nanoparticles embedded in Citrus limetta peels were characterised using ICP-MS for determination of metal loading, XRD, XPS for crystallinity and oxidation states, TEM followed by FESEM-EDS for particle size and morphology. Sizes of nanoparticles were found to be in the range of 4–70 nm. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of different parameters such as contact time, amount of biomaterial and volume of chromium(VI) solution for 2500 mg L−1 of Cr(VI). Complete reduction was attained for a contact time of 5 min with 1.5 g of biomaterial for initial concentration of 2500 mg L−1. The experimental results inferred that 1 g of biomaterial completely reduced 33 mg of hexavalent Cr to trivalent Cr. XRD and XPS revealed that iron nanoparticles are in amorphous form while XPS confirms Fe0 state. The transition of Fe0 to Fe2+/Fe3+ during the treatment with chromium solution confirms the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils from the fruit peels of Citrus sinensis (Orange), Citrus limetta (Lime) and Citrus limon (Lemon) were extracted and investigated for their antimicrobial activities against some selected microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans). Phytochemical analysis of the oil extracts shows the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates (reducing sugar) and phenol. Flavonoids occurred in the highest amount in C. sinensis. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the various functional groups present in the extracted oils.. antimicrobial studies showed that the extracted oils had antimicrobial effect on the test organisms, which is attributed to the phytochemicals and functional groups of the oil. The oils in combination showed synergistic antimicrobial effects on the organisms tested. With C. sinensis essential oil (1.5 ml), the zone of inhibition was highest on Staphylococcus aureus. With C. limetta (1.0 ml), the inhibition zone (27 mm) was also highest on S. aureus. Concentration of 2.0 ml gave the highest inhibition (15.5 mm) on S. aureus. The zones of inhibition with different quantities of orange peel oil, against the selected microbes were not significantly different (P-Value - 0.013). There was also no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of microbes at different concentrations of lime and lemon essential oils, with PValues of 0.0956 and 0.01225 respectively. It may be concluded that essential oils of C. sinensis, C. limetta and C. limon have antimicrobial properties and may be applied in the treatment of diseases induced by the pathogens. Further research is needed to achieve appropriate formulation into dosage forms, of the test oils. The superior antimicrobial properties demonstrated by the oil blends can be exploited further with a view to generating new effective antimicrobial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Citrus fruit peels are traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of skin disorders but it lacks proper pharmacological intervention. Citrus limetta Risso (Rutaceae) is an important commercial fruit crops used by juice processing industries in all continents. Ethnopharmacological validation of an essential oil isolated from its peels may play a key role in converting the fruit waste materials into therapeutic value added products. Aim of the study To evaluate the chemical and pharmacological ( in-vitro and in-vivo ) profile of essential oil isolated from Citrus limetta peels ( Clp-EO) against skin inflammation for its ethnopharmacological validation. Materials and methods Hydro-distilled essential oil extracted from Citrus limetta peels ( Clp-EO) was subjected to gas chromatography (GC) analysis for identification of essential oil constituents and its anti-inflammatory evaluation through in vitro and in vivo models. Results Chemical fingerprint of Clp-EO revealed the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbon and limonene is the major component. Pre-treatment of Clp-EO to the macrophages was able to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in LPS-induced inflammation as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress. In in-vivo study, topical application of Clp-EO was also able to reduce the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear thickness, ear weight, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines production and ameliorate the histological damage in the ear tissue. In-vitro and in-vivo toxicity study indicate that it is safe for topical application on skin. Conclusion These findings suggested the preventive potential of Clp-EO for the treatment of inflammation linked skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet lemon juice was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum LS5 to produce a probiotic juice. The cell counts of the L. plantarum LS5 increased from 7.0 ± 0.1 to 8.63 ± 0.38 log CFU/mL during fermentation (37 °C for 48 h) (p < 0.05) and decreased from 8.63 ± 0.38 to 7.14 ± 0.21 log CFU/mL after storage (4 °C for 28 d). Antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 was observed in fermented sweet lemon juice. Immediately after fermentation, pH, lactic acid and antioxidant capacity of the samples increased, while glucose and fructose, total acidity, citric acid and phenolic decreased. During storage, phenolics, and antioxidant decreased in both fermented and non-fermented samples during storage. Moreover, the ascorbic acid was more stable in fermented juice compared to non-fermented juice. Fermentation of sweet lemon juice could improve the chemical as well as antibacterial properties of the juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies of Citrus spp. peel have shown hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities. Citrus limetta has been studied for its therapeutic properties. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a health problem in Mexico and worldwide, that takes a vital importance due to its high incidence. Recently, scientists have searched natural sources to control the disease. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the in vitro hypoglycemic activity and in vivo postprandial glycemic effect of C. limetta peel flour by glucose adsorption and retardation assays as well as postprandial serum glucose levels using a group of female Balb-c mice, respectively. Results: C. limetta peel flour showed a glucose adsorption capacity of 16.58 mM, having a similar effect regarding the positive control. The glucose diffusion in the dialysate was elevated, with a glucose dialysis retardation index of 33.79% in a period of 3 h, showing similar results to positive control. Postprandial serum glucose levels in the animal group treated with C. limetta peel flour showed a glucose level of 41.4 mg/dL, being this value significantly lower than negative control group and similar to positive control. Toxicity tests showed good tolerance to the dose of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion: C. limetta peel flour could act as a source of functional compounds for the control of DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-wastes including leaves, manure, plant parts, and vegetables, etc. are usually unusable, therefore discarded in agricultural activities which may lead to different environmental and health issues. This study is focused on the use of agro-waste to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles which are applied for the degradation of two synthetic dyes. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are synthesized from the fruit peel extract of Citrus limetta (C. limetta). The optimized conditions to synthesize ZnO-NPs were 80 °C temperature, 9 pH, 1:4 reactant ratio and 80 min contact time. ZnO-NPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy showing a λ max at 350 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the shape and size of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles, size varied from 40 to 42 nm. ZnO-NPs were then applied for the remediation of two dyes Basic Brilliant Flavine Y-40 (dye A), and Direct Fast Rose FR Red 227 (dye B) following the optimization of experimental factors like dye concentration, nanoparticles concentration, pH, H 2 O 2 level and temperature. The synthetic dyes were decolorized 30% at 0.02%, and 49% at 0.04% with dye concentration, 43% at 5 mg and 56% at 4% NPs, 58% and 63% at 7 pH, 71% at 0.4 M, and 76% at 0.5 M H 2 O 2 and 85% and 89% at 50 °C for dye A and dye B. The experimental results exhibited that COD, TOC and toxicity assessments were 74.56 & 73.24% and 92 & 91% for dye A and dye B, respectively. The UV–Visible and FTIR studies also confirmed the degradation of the targeted dyes. The current study suggested a greener approach towards environmental remediation for a neat and clean environment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]