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Italy is the second largest extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) producer within the European Union. Despite its importance in preserving rural landscape and in supporting household economy, the EVOO sector faces several constraints due to high management costs, small farm size, lack of cooperation and investment, production vulnerability, and farmers’ ageing. Such a number of weak points suggests the need to identify and adopt innovative approaches, at both the farm and oil mill levels. In order to address these priorities, a fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) survey was carried out in Umbria region, central Italy, involving key local stakeholders of the EVOO value chain in the Orvieto district. Based on stakeholders’ perception and knowledge, this paper aims to identify and evaluate the most relevant components of the local olive oil value chain, and predict scenarios responding to hypothetical changes of the same components. These stakeholders were firstly invited to each build an individual fuzzy cognitive map and then, grouped all together, build a joint fuzzy cognitive map. Finally, the maps represented both the individual and the grouped stakeholders’ perceptions. The maps were translated into adjacency matrices in order to create an FCM model by applying the software “Mental Modeler”. In total, 24 participants, including practitioners, multipliers, researchers, suppliers and members of local administration, participated in the survey. The component analysis and the scenario analysis highlighted several priority issues: to preserve the ecosystem functioning, to implement cooperation, innovation and education, to adapt and mitigate climate change. The main novelty of this study is that all stakeholders’ categories in the EVOO sector recognize several challenges to sustain the EVOO value chain, in particular, climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-flled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the frst time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the frst time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible., European Union (EU), United States Department of Energy (DOE)

Tradução da folha informativa do projeto AFINET - Em Itália e Portugal, assim como noutros países europeus, existem vários exemplos de práticas agroflorestais que são utilizadas tradicionalmente. A sua ocorrência era frequente em muitas áreas rurais até à introdução de práticas de agricultura intensiva. Atualmente, estes sistemas podem funcionar como um exemplo da evolução histórica da agricultura, pois a sua presença é limitada devido à elevada mão-de-obra que exigem, dificuldade de mecanização e baixa produção em comparação com as vinhas especializadas. Em Itália, historicamente, os sistemas agroflorestais mais importantes incluem oliveiras (Olea europea) intercaladas com cereais ou consociadas com pastagem e vinha (Vitis vinifera), associadas a árvores que funcionam como tutores vivos (da vinha). Estes sistemas eram também frequentes nas regiões centro e norte de Portugal (como por exemplo, a "vinha-do-enforcado"). Nestas regiões, várias espécies de árvores como choupos (Populus spp.), bordos (Acer spp.) e amoreiras (Morus spp.) eram utilizadas como tutores, sendo escolhidas de acordo com as condições locais e os objetivos de gestão da exploração.

L'Italie importe lamajorité des plantesmédicinales de pays d'Europe orientale, d'Extrême-Orient et d'Amérique latine. Pour cette raison, la culture de plantes médicinales est particulièrement intéressante et novatrice. En Europe, la France est le pays de référence pour ce type de production, tandis qu'en Italie, la culture des herbes médicinales a toujours été reléguée dans des zones marginales, car les zones planes sont exploitées pour des cultures plus rentables. La culture de plantes médicinales en Italie est souvent pratiquée dans les zones montagneuses, ou ne convenant pas à d'autres cultures. L'iris est connue et appréciée depuis l'Antiquité pour les propriétés de ses rhizomes séchés. L'iris est utilisée depuis des siècles dans les secteursmédical et cosmétique : comme remède contre la toux, les morsures de serpent et la dépression, pour les parfums, les poudres, les savons et les pigments.

Tradução da folha informativa - Em Itália, e noutros países europeus (à excepção da França)a maioria das plantas medicinais são importadas da região do leste europeu, extremo Oriente e América Latina. Por esse motivo, nas áreas onde o cultivo ainda não é suficiente para satisfazer a procura, este representa uma oportunidade interessante e inovadora. A França é o país europeu de referência para as plantas medicinais, enquanto na Itália a produção destas plantas esteve sempre limitada às áreas marginais, pois nas zonas planas cultivam-se culturas consideradas mais rentáveis. Por esse motivo as plantas medicinais são normalmente produzidas em zonas declivosas ou montanhosas,em áreas limitadas e terrenos desadequados a culturas mais rentáveis. As plantas do género Iris são conhecidas e apreciadas desde tempos antigos pelas propriedades dos seus rizomas depois de secos.

En Italie et au Portugal, ainsi que dans de nombreux pays européens, il existe plusieurs exemples de pratiques agroforestières traditionnelles. Ces pratiques étaient courantes dans de nombreuses zones rurales jusqu'à l'introduction de l'agriculture intensive. Actuellement, de tels systèmes peuvent jouer un rôle d'exemple dans l'évolution historique de l'agriculture car leur présence est limitée en raison de la forte demande de maind'oeuvre, de la difficulté à mécaniser et de la production limitée par rapport aux vignobles classiques. En Italie, historiquement, les systèmes agroforestiers les plus importants associaient oliviers (Olea europea L.), céréales ou pâturages, et vignes (Vitis vinifera L.) montant sur des arbres. Ce système était également fréquent dans les régionsdu centre etdu norddu Portugal.Dans ces régions, différentes espèces d'arbres telles que les peupliers (Populus spp.), les érables (Acer spp.) et lesmûriers (Morus spp.) étaient utilisés comme tuteurs, en fonction des conditions pédoclimatiques du site et des objectifs de gestion de la ferme.

L'Italie importe lamajorité des plantesmédicinales de pays d'Europe orientale, d'Extrême-Orient et d'Amérique latine. Pour cette raison, la culture de plantes médicinales est particulièrement intéressante et novatrice. En Europe, la France est le pays de référence pour ce type de production, tandis qu'en Italie, la culture des herbes médicinales a toujours été reléguée dans des zones marginales, car les zones planes sont exploitées pour des cultures plus rentables. La culture de plantes médicinales en Italie est souvent pratiquée dans les zones montagneuses, ou ne convenant pas à d'autres cultures. L'iris est connue et appréciée depuis l'Antiquité pour les propriétés de ses rhizomes séchés. L'iris est utilisée depuis des siècles dans les secteursmédical et cosmétique : comme remède contre la toux, les morsures de serpent et la dépression, pour les parfums, les poudres, les savons et les pigments.

En Italie et au Portugal, ainsi que dans de nombreux pays européens, il existe plusieurs exemples de pratiques agroforestières traditionnelles. Ces pratiques étaient courantes dans de nombreuses zones rurales jusqu'à l'introduction de l'agriculture intensive. Actuellement, de tels systèmes peuvent jouer un rôle d'exemple dans l'évolution historique de l'agriculture car leur présence est limitée en raison de la forte demande de maind'oeuvre, de la difficulté à mécaniser et de la production limitée par rapport aux vignobles classiques. En Italie, historiquement, les systèmes agroforestiers les plus importants associaient oliviers (Olea europea L.), céréales ou pâturages, et vignes (Vitis vinifera L.) montant sur des arbres. Ce système était également fréquent dans les régionsdu centre etdu norddu Portugal.Dans ces régions, différentes espèces d'arbres telles que les peupliers (Populus spp.), les érables (Acer spp.) et lesmûriers (Morus spp.) étaient utilisés comme tuteurs, en fonction des conditions pédoclimatiques du site et des objectifs de gestion de la ferme.

Agroforestry is a land use practice in which woody perennials (trees or shrubs) are integrated with crops and/or livestock on the same land unit. Such practices have shaped key features of the rural landscape in Mediterranean countries, where trees have been traditionally and deliberately retained by farmers or included in cultivated or grazed lands. Global and European policies acknowledge the role that agroforestry can play to promote multifunctional agriculture providing products and delivering additional, highly important, ecosystem services. Nevertheless, it is also recognised that several constraints such as the lack of knowledge and expertise of farmers, land users and policy makers concerning agroforestry systems establishment and management hamper the adoption of agroforestry systems. In order to fill this gap, a European research project, funded within the EU’s H2020 research and innovation programme, started in January 2017: Agroforestry Innovation Networks (AFINET). AFINET acts at EU level in order to take up research results into practice and to promote innovative ideas to face challenges and resolve problems of practitioners. To achieve this objective, AFINET proposes an innovative methodology based on the creation of a European interregional network, linking different Regional Agroforestry Innovation Networks (RAINs). RAINs are working groups created in nine strategic regions of Europe, interconnected and articulated through the figure of the Innovation Broker. RAIN in Italy is focused on multipurpose olive tree systems in the territory around Orvieto Municipality, Umbria Region, Central Italy. The network considers the extra-virgin olive oil value chain, from the olive production on farm to the olive processing, producing oil and residues, at the oil mill. Through the RAIN, we expect to improve the management of olive orchards, promoting the adoption of agroforestry solutions and practices, and to improve the extra-virgin olive oil production process by identifying innovative uses of the bio-residues. This paper reports the results obtained in the first and second RAIN meetings, organized in September 2017 and January 2018, with the participation of 27 and 39 stakeholders from the local olive oil chain, respectively. The first meeting was mainly aimed to introduce the AFINET project and its tools and to implement a participative approach in order to identify bottlenecks and opportunities of the extra-virgin olive oil value chain, according to stakeholder knowledge and experience. The second meeting was focused on the identification of potential innovations that should be implemented within the olive oil value chain according to stakeholders’ needs and perceptions.

It is recognised that several constraints such as the lack of knowledge and expertise of farmers, land users and policy makers concerning agroforestry systems establishment and management hamper the adoption of agroforestry systems (Camilli et al. 2017). AFINET project acts at EU level in order to direct research results into practice and promote innovative ideas to face challenges and solve practitioners' problems. AFINET proposes an innovative methodology based on the creation of a European Interregional Network, linking different Regional Agroforestry Innovation Networks (RAINs). RAINs represent different climatic, geographical, social and cultural conditions and enclose a balanced representation of the key actors with complementary types of expertise (farmers, policy makers, advisory services, extension services, etc.). The Italian RAIN is focused on the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) value chain, with the main aim to promote agroforestry management of local olive orchards. Olive trees are still managed traditionally, often in marginal sites, with minimal mechanization and relatively low external inputs such as chemical treatments in comparison to other crops. The presence of permanent crops (olive trees) guarantees a partially tree cover reducing hydrogeological risk. Soil management usually keeps natural grassing reducing soil carbon emission and increasing soil fertility (Bateni et al. 2017). Intercropping with cereals and/or fodder legumes and livestock can also be practiced in olive orchards, increasing the complexity of the olive tree multifunctional system. Moreover, olive orchards can be managed as agroforestry systems since they can be intercropped with arable crops (cereals, legumes) and/or combined with livestock (sheep, poultry). The RAIN process, involving local stakeholders, highlighted the main bottlenecks of the EVOO value chain related to communication and dissemination of knowledge, technical and management aspects, market and policy. In order to contrast bottlenecks and exploit opportunities of the olive oil supply chain, the identified innovations are: i) adoption of best practices: testing and experimenting innovative agroforestry systems introducing different crop/animals species and varieties; ii) improve the management of the olive orchards: encouraging and increasing the organic production; iii) valorisation of olive processing residues: identifying and testing innovative products (bio-materials, olive paste as example); iv) arise the awareness among consumers: educating people about the benefits of olive oil consumption, creating networks among stakeholders, improving marketing and commercialization. Creating a Bio-district, defined as a geographical area where farmers, citizens, tourist operators, associations and public authorities enter into an agreement for the sustainable management of local resources, emerged a powerful tool to implement the innovation in the local EVOO value chain.

Il progetto AFINET (Agroforestry Innovation Network) è un network tematico finanziato nell'ambito del programma H2020 che coinvolge 13 diversi istituti di ricerca e università di 9 paesi europei. Il progetto ha l'obiettivo di raccogliere e condividere le conoscenze scientifiche e tecniche riguardo l'agroforestry e individuare le innovazioni da attuare in risposta a problematiche e debolezze di sistemi agroforestali specifici di determinate aree geografiche europee. Il progetto adotta diversi strumenti di comunicazione al fine di trasmettere le conoscenze ad un ambito bacino di stakeholder come brevi raccomandazioni (practice abstracts), articoli tecnici, schede informative (factsheets), materiale audiovisivo (foto, video tutorial, ecc.). AFINET ha costituito una piattaforma on line (Knowledge Cloud, KC) in cui il materiale divulgativo prodotto è a disposizione degli utenti ed è facile da usare. Nel database sono inserite tute le informazioni esistenti a livello locale, nazionale ed europeo riguardo l'agroforestry. Il progetto ha adottato un approccio partecipativo che si è sviluppato mediante la costituzione di reti di stakeholder locali (RAINs, Regional Agroforestry Innovation Networks) operativi nei diversi paesi partner. Durante le RAIN, organizzate a cadenza semestrale durante i 3 anni di progetto, i diversi stakeholder (agricoltori, operatori forestali, ricercatori, consulenti, enti pubblici e associazioni di categoria) hanno condiviso le problematiche del settore agroforestale ed hanno identificato le opportunità di sviluppo in innovazioni tecnico-pratiche. Il CNR-IRET di Porano ha presto in esame la filiera olivicola nel comprensorio orvietano (Umbria sud-occidentale) e attraverso le RAIN ha individuato le seguenti innovazioni: (i) adottare buone pratiche agroforestali, anche attraverso la sperimentazione di nuove forme di consociazione agroforestale nella gestitone degli uliveti in risposta ai cambiamenti climatici; (ii) migliorare la gestitone degli uliveti promuovendo in particolare la gestitone sostenibile; (iii) valorizzare i residui del processo di lavorazione delle olive (sansa, acqua di vegetazione) in filiere innovative (creazione di biomateriali, produzione di pasta di olive per il consumo animale e umano); (iv) promuovere la consapevolezza tra i consumatori sui benefici legati al consumo di prodotti ottenuti in forme di uso del suolo sostenibile quali i sistemi agroforestali. Il contatto tra gli stakeholder è mantenutto con l'invito di newsletter periodiche, mediante la condivisione di informazioni tramite i social media (Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp) e con il sito internet (www.eurafagroforestry.eu/afinet). Il materiale resterà disponibile oltre la durata del progetto attraverso i principali canali di diffusione esistenti che gli agricoltori utilizzano spesso, nonché attraverso il sito web del PEI-AGRI.

Priorità di ricerca per la Riserva dell'Uomo e della Biosfera MAB UNESCO del Monte Peglia Orvieto, Palazzo del Comune, 29 gennaio 2019, 16.30

Tradução de folha informativa do projeto AFINET - As folhas de oliveira são fibrosas e de baixa digestibilidade, especialmente em termos de proteína bruta, e por isso promovem uma fermentação ruminal muito pobre. No entanto, quando frescas, têm um valor nutritivo superior e poderão ser incluídas com sucesso como suplemento na dieta animal. Na fase em que têm elevado teor em óleo, a quantidade de protozoários no rúmen diminui, aumentando a eficiência na síntese de proteínas microbianas. No caso de animais lactantes, a alimentação com folhas de oliveira resulta numa melhoria da qualidade da gordura do leite devido ao teor elevado de ácido linoleico. A alimentação do gado ovino com folhas de oliveira tem também um efeito positivo no perfil dos ácidos gordos do queijo, melhorando a qualidade da nutrição humana.

Olive leaves are fibrous with a low digestibility, especially in crude protein, and they promote very poor rumen fermentation. However, if adequately supplemented, they may be successfully used in animal diets mostly fresh when the nutritive value of olive tree leaves is greater. When olive leaves are rich in oil, ruminal protozoa decrease, and this could increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Furthermore, for lactating animals, olive tree leaves result in an improvement in milk fat quality due to the high linolenic acid content, compared to diets based on conventional forages. Feeding olive tree leaves to ewes also has a positive effect on the fatty acid profile of cheese and therefore improves its human nutrition quality. Olive orchard grazing can offer a lot of benefits: sheep reduce costs by controlling grass and suckers growing and increasing nitrogen recycling, while the olive leaves provide high quality feed in winter when the availability of grass is reduced.

Les feuilles d'oliviers sont fibreuses et peu faciles à digérer, en particulier à cause des protéines brutes, et elles peuvent entraîner une très mauvaise fermentation dans le rumen. Cependant, elles peuvent compléter avec succès des rations pour animaux, principalement quand elles sont fraîches, et qu'elles ont été récoltées au moment où les oliviers concentrent un maximum de nutriments dans leurs feuilles. Lorsque les feuilles d'oliviers sont riches en huile, les protozoaires du rumen diminuent, ce qui pourrait augmenter l'efficacité de la synthèse protéique microbienne. En outre, pour les animaux en lactation, les feuilles d'olivier améliorent la qualité de la matière grasse du lait en raison de la teneur élevée en acide linolénique, par rapport aux rations à base de fourrages classiques. L'alimentation des brebis en feuilles d'olivier a également un effet positif sur le profil d'acide gras du fromage et améliore donc sa qualité pour l'alimentation humaine. Le pâturage des oliveraies peut offrir de nombreux avantages : les moutons réduisent les coûts de désherbage en contrôlant la croissance de l'herbe et de la fertilisation grâce à leurs excréments qui favorisent le recyclage de l'azote. Les feuilles d'olivier quant à elles fournissent un fourrage de haute qualité en hiver lorsque la disponibilité en herbe est réduite.

Dzięki Włoskiej Sieci RAIN w ramach projektu AFINET, trzy gospodarstwa w rejonie Orvieto rozwinęły synergistyczną współpracę i wprowadziły hodowlę owiec w gajach oliwnych i winnicach. Rolnicy odnoszą korzyść z powiększenia obszarów pastwiskowych, podczas gdy owce zapewniają usuwanie chwastów i poprawę jakości i ilości materii organicznej w glebie.

Traditional olive orchards account for a large share of the area under olives in the EU, particularly in marginal areas. Traditional olive growing can survive only by improving olive farmer incomes and recognizing its multifunctional role. Italy is the second largest olive oil producer of the European Union, and Umbria can be considered as one of the most interesting regions because of the high quality production of extra virgin olive oil and a close connection with traditional knowledge and the local environment. The regional olive oil chain involves about 30,000 farms growing olive trees covering about 27,000 ha and including 270 oil mills. The olive oil production phase comprises the extraction of the oil and additional by-products (water, pomace and husk). By-product management is very important; the olive oil mill wastes have a great impact on soil and water environments because of high phyto-toxicity (phenol, lipid and organic acids). On the other hand, such wastes may be potentially valuable.

Les oliveraies traditionnelles représentent une part importante de la superficie consacrée à la production de l'olive dans l'UE, en particulier dans les zones marginales. L'oléiculture traditionnelle ne peut survivre qu'en améliorant les revenus de l'oléiculteur et en reconnaissant son rôle multifonctionnel. L'Italie est le deuxième producteur d'huile d'olive de l'Union européenne et l'Ombrie peut être considérée comme l'une des régions les plus intéressantes en raison de la qualité de sa production d'huile d'olive extra vierge couplée à sa mise en valeur des savoirs traditionnels et de l'environnement local. L'industrie régionale d'huile d'olive regroupe environ 30 000 exploitations oléicoles couvrant environ 27 000 ha et comprenant 270 huileries. La phase de production de l'huile d'olive comprend l'extraction de l'huile et de sous-produits supplémentaires (eau, grignons et peaux). La gestion des sous-produits est très importante. Les déchets de l'huile d'olive ont un impact important sur les sols et les eaux, en raison de leur phytotoxicité élevée (phénols, lipides et acides organiques). D'autre part, ces déchets peuvent être potentiellement précieux.

The Mediterranean region is a biocultural hotspot. It is full of history and remains. Is this enough to revenge an our own Mediterranean legacy? How this legacy was given us? What kind of evolution our identity heritage was subjected to? In other words: how much valuable and viable the present identity is? The "TERROIR" concept might provide us some answers. A skilled spatial analysis might provide an excellent assessment of landscape elements and land-uses. But, what about the functionality of that landscape? As a final consideration: a landscape terroir is definitely the results of the human-environmental interaction; depending on human practices, a terroir can be more or less valuable and viable; to maintain the local legacy for the future generation, it is better to recover and certify the good practices that make the terroir viable, rather than an a priori recognition of the simple origin of a product.

The article is a short overview for stakeholders of the potentialities of the cultivation of olive trees in agroforestry systems in Italy

Since the last decades of the XX Century, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has supported multifunctional role of agricultural systems to contrast monoculture, promoting the adoption of more sustainable agricultural practices (Reg. 2078/1992) and the afforestation of arable lands (Reg. 2080/1992). During the following CAP reforms this strategy has continued to be promoted. Since the year 2000, according to the Council Regulation 1257/1999, forestry issues were included and supported by the Rural Development Programs (RDPs). The main objective of the aid scheme was to extend woodland areas with due regard to environmental impact. The following CAP programming period (2017-2013) was regulated by Reg. (EC) 1698/2005 aimed at promoting the sustainable use of forest land, the expansion of forest resources in agricultural or not agricultural land, the promotion of the combination of extensive agriculture and forestry systems. According to this Reg., in addition to the measure 214 (agri-environment payments) and the measures 221 and 223 (afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural lands, respectively), a measure supporting the first establishment of agroforestry systems on arable lands was introduced (measure 222). Among EU27, few member states included the measure 222 within their Rural Development Programs (Pillar I) and the measure 222 was adopted by few European farmers. The reasons of this unsuccessful uptake were the lack of knowledge and information among stakeholders, the lack of funds to cover maintenance costs of the new agroforestry systems, the contrast with the Single Farm Payment (Pillar II). Since 2012, the European Agroforestry Federation (EURAF) has conducted a lobby action at the European Commission with the aim to improve the support to agroforestry systems in the CAP programming period (2014-2020) and the current CAP still supports forestry measures, including agroforestry systems, according to the Reg. (EC) 1305/2013. This paper aims to highlight the opportunities available to promote agroforestry within the CAP 2014-2020, focusing on cross-compliance, Pillar I and Pillar II, stressing the constraints that still hamper the conservation and the adoption of agroforestry systems in the European rural areas. Recommendations to improve future European policies to better supporting agroforestry are also suggested.

Sono stati organizzati tre incontri della Rete Regionale di Innovazione Agroforestale nell'ambito del progetto AFINET (Agroforestry Innovation NETwork). Durante tali incontri sono stati evidenziati tutti gli aspetti critici del settore olivicolo. I principali problemi riscontrati sono stati il cambiamento climatico e la mancanza di conoscenza delle migliori pratiche agricole. Questi problemi critici spesso portano all'abbandono. Sono state sottolineate le opportunità che i sistemi agroforestali possono offrire a questo settore e sono state stabilite le basi per una futura cooperazione tra le parti interessate. Attraverso la conversione di estesi oliveti a sistemi silvopastorali e silvoarabili è possibile affrontare la sfida di ridurre l'abbandono migliorando la gestione e il reddito degli agricoltori. - Three meetings of the Regional Agroforestry Innovation Network were organizedwhitin the AFINET project (Agroforestry Innovation NETwork). During that meetings all the critical aspects of the olive oil value chain were highlighted. The major problems were found to be climate change and lack of knowledge of the best mangement practices. These critical issues often lead to abandonment. The opportunities that agroforestry systems can offer to this sector were stressed and the basis for a future cooperation among stakeholders were established. Through the conversion of extensive olive groves to silvopastoral and silvoarable systems it is possible to face the challenge of reducing abandonment by improving farmers' management and income.